EXPERIMENT NO: 5

Date of Performance:
Date of Submission:

AIM:
Perform string manipulation operations and aggregate functions.

THEORY:
SQL string functions are primarily utilized for string manipulation. The built-in SQL String
functions make it easier for us to find and alter string values
Examples of String Functions in SQL
ASCII () - It gives you the ASCII value of a character.
Code:
SELECT ASCII ('t');
Output:
116

CHAR_LENGTH () - It gives you the number of characters in the string.

Code:
SELECT CHAR_LENGTH ('world!');
Output:
6

CONCAT () - It appends two strings to create the new single string, as shown in the example.
Code:
SELECT CONCAT ('educba', '.com')
Output:
educba.com

CONCAT_WS () -It appends two strings with a given symbol in between to concatenate them
Code:
SELECT CONCAT_WS ('_', 'educba', 'to', 'learn');
Output:
educba_to_learn

FIND_IN_SET () - It finds out the index position of any symbol or character from the given set
Code:
SELECT FIND_IN_SET ('v', 'z, x, v, b, n, m');
Output:
3

FORMAT () - It changes the format of the text from a string to any other format.
Code:
FORMAT ("0.254", "Percent");
Output:
‘25.40%’

INSERT () - It helps you insert text, integer, float, or double into your database.
Code:
INSERT INTO mydb (name, age) VALUES (‘sdf’, 20);
Output:
Inserted successfully
INSTR () - It gives you the first occurrence of the index of a character in the string.
Code:
INSTR('educba to learn', 'e');
Output:
1 // (the first occurrence of ‘e’)

LCASE () - It will replace every character in the string in their lowercase letter.
Code:
LCASE("eduCBA.com To Learn");
Output:
educba.com to learn

LEFT () - It is used to get the substring from the left of the string to the given index position.
Code:
SELECT LEFT('educba.com', 3);
Output:
edu

LENGTH () - Gives you the length of the string.

Code:
LENGTH('educba.com');
Output:
10

LOCATE () - It gives you the position of a substring in the given string.

Code:
SELECT LOCATE('cba', 'educba.com', 1);
Output:
4

LOWER () - It converts every character in a string to lowercase from uppercase.

Code:
SELECT LOWER('EDUCBA.COM');
Output:
educba.com

LPAD () - It adds left padding with the given symbol to make the string of a given size.
Code:
SELECT LPAD('yahoo', 7, '@');
Output:
@@yahoo

LTRIM () - It trims the given characters/ blank spaces from the left of the string.
Code:
LTRIM(' yahoo');
Output:
yahoo

MID () - It gives the substring from a given position to the number of characters in the string.
Code:
SELECT MID("educba.com", 3, 2);
Output:
uc

POSITION () - It gives you the index position of the character in the string.
Code:
SELECT POSITION('u' IN 'educba.com');
Output:
3

REPEAT () - It repeats the string to the number of times given.

Code:
SELECT REPEAT('educba ', 2);
Output:
educba educba

REPLACE () - It returns a new string by removing the given string from the original.
Code:
REPLACE ('456yahoo456', '456');
Output:
yahoo

REVERSE () - It reverses the characters in a string.

Code:
SELECT REVERSE('educba.com');
Output:
moc.abcuda

RIGHT () - It is used to get the substring from the right of the string to the given index.
Code:
SELECT RIGHT('educba.com', 4);
Output:
.com

RPAD () - It adds the right padding with the given symbol to make the string of the given size.
Code:
RPAD('educba', 9, '@');
Output:
‘educba@@@’

RTRIM () - It trims the given characters / blank spaces from the right of the string.
Code:
SELECT RTRIM('educba ');
Output:
educba

SPACE () - It adds the number of spaces specified.

Code:
SELECT SPACE(6);

Output:
‘ ‘

STRCMP () -
Matches two strings.
 o If both the strings are the same, it gives 0.
o If the first is smaller than the second, then it gives -1.
o If the first is bigger than the second, then it gives 1.
Code:
SELECT STRCMP('zomato.com', 'educba.com');
Output:
1

SUBSTR () - It returns a new substring from a given position to the number of characters.
Code:
SUBSTR('educba.com', 1, 4);
Output:
educ

SUBSTRING () - It gives you the substring character from the given string.
Code:
SELECT SUBSTRING('eduCba.com', 4, 1);
Output:
‘C’

SUBSTRING_INDEX () - It gives you the substring until it finds the given symbol.
Code:
SELECT SUBSTRING_INDEX( anillondhe' , 'l', 1);
Output:
ani

UCASE () – It will replace every character in the string in their uppercase letter.
Code:
SELECT UCASE("EduCbA");

Output:
EDUCBA

SQL Aggregate Functions

COUNT FUNCTION
● COUNT function is used to Count the number of rows in a database table. It can work on
both numeric and non-numeric data types.
● COUNT function uses the COUNT (*) that returns the count of all the rows in a specified
table. COUNT (*) considers duplicate and Null.

Sample table:
PRODUCT_MAST

PRODUC COMPANY QTY RATE COST

T

Item1 Com1 2 10 20
Item2 Com2 3 25 75
Item3 Com1 2 30 60
Item4 Com3 5 10 50
Item5 Com2 2 20 40
Item6 Cpm1 3 25 75
Item7 Com1 5 30 150
Item8 Com1 3 10 30
Item9 Com2 2 25 50
Item10 Com3 4 30 120

Syntax

COUNT (*)
or
COUNT ([ALL|DISTINCT] expression)

Code:
SELECT COUNT (*) FROM PRODUCT_MAST;

Output:
10

COUNT with WHERE

SELECT COUNT(*) FROM PRODUCT_MAST WHERE RATE>=20;

Output:
7

COUNT () with DISTINCT

SELECT COUNT (DISTINCT COMPANY) FROM PRODUCT_MAST;

Output:
3

COUNT() with GROUP BY

SELECT COMPANY, COUNT(*) FROM PRODUCT_MAST GROUP BY COMPANY;

Output:
Com1 5
Com2 3
Com3 2

COUNT () with HAVING

SELECT COMPANY, COUNT (*) FROM PRODUCT_MAST GROUP BY COMPANY

HAVING COUNT (*)>2;

Output:
Com1 5
Com2 3
SUM Function
Sum function is used to calculate the sum of all selected columns. It works on numeric fields
only.
Syntax:

SUM()
or
SUM( [ALL|DISTINCT] expression )

Code:
SELECT SUM(COST) FROM PRODUCT_MAST;

Output:
670

SUM() with WHERE

Code:
SELECT SUM(COST) FROM PRODUCT_MAST WHERE QTY>3;

Output:
320

SUM() with GROUP BY

Code:
SELECT SUM(COST) FROM PRODUCT_MAST
WHERE QTY>3 GROUP BY COMPANY;

Output:
Com1 150
Com2 170

SUM() with HAVING

Code:
SELECT COMPANY, SUM(COST) FROM PRODUCT_MAST
GROUP BY COMPANY HAVING SUM(COST)>=170;

Output:
Com1 335
Com3 170
AVG function
The AVG function is used to calculate the average value of the numeric type. AVG function
returns the average of all non-Null values.

Syntax

AVG()
or
AVG( [ALL|DISTINCT] expression )

Code:
SELECT AVG(COST) FROM PRODUCT_MAST;

Output:
67.00

MAX Function
MAX function is used to find the maximum value of a certain column. This function determines
the largest value of all selected values of a column.

MAX()
or
MAX( [ALL|DISTINCT] expression )

Code:
SELECT MAX(RATE) FROM PRODUCT_MAST;

Output:
30

MIN Function
MIN function is used to find the minimum value of a certain column. This function determines
the smallest value of all selected values of a column.

Syntax

MIN()
or
MIN( [ALL|DISTINCT] expression )

Code:
SELECT MIN(RATE) FROM PRODUCT_MAST;

Output:
10

CONCLUSION:
SQL String functions are the predefined functions that allow the database users for
string manipulation. These functions only accept, process, and give results of the string data type.

Aggregate functions are a very powerful tool in databases. They serve the same purpose as their
equivalents in MS Excel, but the magic is that DBA can query data and apply functions in the
same statement

MARKS & SIGNATURE:

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