AIR UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

EXPERIMENT NO 1

Lab Title: INTRODUCTION TO LAB EQUIPMENT

Student Name: Reg. No:

Objective:

LAB ASSESSMENT:
Excellent Good Average Satisfactory Unsatisfactory
Attributes (5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
Ability to Conduct
Experiment
Ability to assimilate the
results
Effective use of lab
equipment and follows
the lab safety rules

Total Marks: Obtained Marks:

LAB REPORT ASSESSMENT:

Excellent Good Average Satisfactory Unsatisfactory
Attributes
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)

Data presentation

Experimental results

Conclusion

Total Marks: Obtained Marks:

Date: Signature:

LABORATORY
EXPERIMENT
NO. 01
INTRODUCTION TO LAB
EQUIPMENT

OBJECTIVE

1. To get familiarization with DMM.

2. To get accustomed with Bread Board.
3. Introduction to DC Power Supply, Oscilloscope and Function Generator.
4. To know their usage, operation and basic safety requirements.

DISCUSSION
Digital Multi-Meter (DMM):

A digital multi-meter or DMM is test equipment used for resistance, voltage, current measurement and
other electrical parameters as per requirement and displaying the results in the mathematical digits form
on an LCD or LED readout. It is a type of multi-meter which functions digitally. Parts of a meter include
the display, selector dial and connection sockets.

A basic multimeter facilitates the measurement of the following quantities:

• DC voltage
• DC current
• AC voltage
• AC current (not all basic meters have this function)
• Resistance
• Continuity - indicated by a buzzer or tone

Symbols or Abbreviations used on a meter are as follows:

A multimeter must be connected in parallel in a circuit in order to measure voltage. So this means the two
test probes should be connected in parallel with the voltage source, load or any other two points across
which voltage needs to be measured.
A multimeter must be inserted in series in a circuit in order to measure current.

Measure resistance when components are not connected in a circuit: It is always advisable not to
measure the resistance of an item that is in a circuit. It is always best to make the measurement of the
component on its own out of the circuit. If a measurement is made in-circuit, then all the other
components around it will have an effect. Any other paths that will allow current to pass will affect the
readings, making them inaccurate to some degree.
If the multimeter reads 1 or displays OL, it's overloaded. You will need to try a higher mode such as
200kΩ mode or 2MΩ (megaohm) mode. There is no harm if this happen, it simply means the range knob
needs to be adjusted. If the multimeter reads 0.00 or nearly zero, then you need to lower the mode to 2kΩ
or 200Ω.

Bread Board:

An electronics breadboard (as opposed to the type on which sandwiches are made) is actually referring to
a solderless breadboard. These are great units for making temporary circuits and prototyping, and they
require absolutely no soldering.
Another common use of breadboards is testing out new parts, such as Integrated circuits (ICs). When you
are trying to figure out how a part works and constantly rewiring things, you don’t want to have to solder
your connections each time.
DC Power Supply:

The power supply (PS) has two variable (0 to 30Volts) and one fixed (5Volts) dc voltage source. The
variable supply has a current limit, which can be set by the user.
• Press the Power On button.
• If using the variable dc supply, connect the red lead with + and the black lead with - .
• The voltage and current can be set to desired level by rotating the knobs & the resulting value
appears on the display.
• If using the fixed 5 Volts supply, connect red lead with + and black with -.
Function Generator:

The Function Generator is a supply that typically provides a sinusoidal, square and triangular waveform
for a range of frequencies. Function generator can be used to set the output frequency of waveforms. The
function generator can also be used to set the amplitude of waveforms with the help of scope.
SPECIFICATIONS
Freq Range: 0.1Hz to 10MHz
Amplitude: >= 10Vpp
Attenuator: -20dB
FUNCTION DESCRIPTION Freq Indicator
Indicate the current frequency
Freq Range Selector
To select the required frequency range by pressing the relevant push button
Function Selector
Press one of the three push buttons to select the desired output waveforms.
Duty Function
Pull out and rotate the knob to adjust the duty cycle of the waveform (Square wave only) DC
Offset Control
Pull out the knob to select any DC level of the waveform between +-10V, turn clockwise to set a positive
DC level waveform and invert for negative DC level waveform.
20dB Attenuation
Press the knob to adjust a -20dB output.
Main Output Terminal
Main signal output
TTL/CMOS Output Terminal
TTL/CMOS compatible signal output

Oscilloscope:

An oscilloscope is a laboratory instrument commonly used to display and analyze the waveform of
electronic signals. In effect, the device draws a graph of the instantaneous signal voltage as a function of
time.
A typical oscilloscope can display alternating current (AC) or pulsating direct current (DC) waveforms
having a frequency as low as approximately 1 hertz (Hz) or as high as several megahertz (MHz). High-
end oscilloscopes can display signals having frequencies up to several hundred gigahertz (GHz). The
display is broken up into so-called horizontal divisions and vertical divisions. Time is displayed from left
to right on the horizontal scale. Instantaneous voltage appears on the vertical scale, with positive values
going upward and negative values going downward.
The screen is divided into vertical and horizontal divisions. The vertical sensitivity is provided in
volts/div, while the horizontal scale is provided in time/div. If a particular signal occupies 6 vertical
divisions and vertical sensitivity is 5mV/div, the magnitude of the signal can be determined from the
following equation:

Signal Voltage(unknown)= Voltage Sensitivity (V/div) x Number of Divisions = (5mV/div) x (6div)= 30mV

Now, if one cycle of the same signal occupies 8 divisions on the horizontal scale with a horizontal
sensitivity of 5us/div, the period and frequency of the signal can be determined using following
equations:

Period of Waveform= Horizontal Sensitivity(sec/div) x Number of Divisions = (5usec/div) x (8div) = 40usec

Oscilloscope Panel Explanation Power Switch
A push button that turns the power source on and off.
CAL Terminal
A voltage terminal for calibration. To be used for adjusting the probe. Capable of 1 volt peak to peak,
positive polarity, square wave signals with approx. 1KHz is enabled.
INTEN Control
For adjusting the brightness of the trace line.
FOCUS Control
For adjusting the focus and attaining the clearest displays possible.
TRACE ROTA Control
For adjusting the slop of horizontal line.
VERTICAL POSITION Control
For adjusting the vertical position of Channel waveform displayed on the screen.
VOLTS/DIV Control
For setting the vertical axis sensitivity
VARIABLE Control
For fine adjustment of axis sensitivity
VERT MODE Switch
C H 1: For displaying the CH1 input signal
C H 2: For displaying the CH2 input signal
A L T: Switches between CH1 and CH2 input signals for each sweep and displays them on screen.
C H O P: For displaying CH1 and CH2 input signals one after the other on the screen. A
D D: For displaying combined waveform of CH1 and CH2 input signals.
CH INVERT Switch
That button is used to invert the polarity of input signal.
SLOPE Control
For selecting the slope polarity of the triggered sweep signal.
EXT TRIG Input Jack
The input terminal for externally generated trigger signals.
HORIZONTAL POSITION Control
For adjusting the horizontal position of waveform.
SWEEP TIME/DIV Control
For setting the sweep time.
X10MAG Switch
Press this switch to magnify the display 10 times.

LAB TASK
• Turn On the oscilloscope and adjust the necessary controls to establish a clear, bright, horizontal
line across the centre of screen.

• Connect the function generator to one vertical channel of the oscilloscope and set the output of
the generator to a 1KHz sinusoidal waveform.

• Set the vertical sensitivity of the scope to 2V/div and adjust the amplitude control of the function
generator to establish a 6V peak to peak sinusoidal waveform on oscilloscope screen.

• Draw the waveform shown on oscilloscope by properly labelling the axis.

RESULTS
CONCLUSION

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