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MUCLecture 2023 10755503

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27 views5 pages

MUCLecture 2023 10755503

Uploaded by

sanyengere
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Fundamentals of Radio-physics

First Semester

Lecture 2 part 1.
The x-ray generator

By

Prof.Dr.Raad Shaker Alnayli


MS.c.Reem Taumu Yousif

2023-2024
 The x-ray generator: is the power source of the x-ray tube which provides
electrical power and signals required for the operation of the x-ray tube.
 It supplies current at a high voltage to the x-ray tube (20 to 150 kV) needed for x-
ray production.
 The tube voltage is supplied Symmetrically to the tube, i.e. a net potential
difference of 150 kV is achieved by feeding -75 kV to the cathode and +75 kV to
the anode
In Mammography with tube voltages <40 kV and with some high performance
tubes one electrode is kept at ground potential schematic diagram showing the
basic components of the x-ray generator

schematic diagram showing the basic components of the x-ray generator


 Single-phase generator: uses a single-phase input line voltage source and
produces either a single-pulse or a two-pulse DC waveform, depending on the
high-voltage rectifier circuits.
 Three-phase generators: use a three-phase AC line source (3 voltage sources)
each with a single-phase

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 the high-frequency generator: is the recent choice for medical diagnostic x-ray
systems. A high-frequency alternating waveform (up to 50,000 Hz) is used for
efficient transformation of low to high voltage. High-frequency has many distinct
advantages such as (i) single phase or three-phase input voltage can be used, (ii)
closed-loop feedback and regulation circuits ensure reproducible and accurate kVp
and mA values, and (iii) variation in the voltage applied to the x-ray tube is like
three-phase generator.


 Ripple, or voltage ripple, refers to the fluctuation in voltage output of some
X-ray generators. The voltage ripple of a DC waveform is defined as the
difference between the peak voltage and the minimum voltage, divided by the
peak voltage and multiplied by 100 . It is given a percentage value
R = (kVp–kVmin) / kVp
Single-phase and two-phase generators have 100% ripple. Three-phase generators
have ripple values between 5 and 15%. Modern X-ray generators use high-
frequency inverters to create an approximate DC waveform, minimizing the ripple
effect to less than 1%.

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 The Exposure Time.
The exposure time controls the length of the x-ray exposure by determining how
long the current (mA) will be passing through the x-ray tube.
Exposure Timers It consists of a mechanical or electronic device whose action is to
make and break the high voltage across the tube on the primary side of the high
voltage section.

There are five types of timers:

 Mechanical Timers
 Synchronous Timers
 Electronic Timers
 mAs Timers
 Phototimers
 Falling load generator
The purpose of falling load generator is to produce an x-ray exposure in the
shortest possible exposure time by the operating x-ray tube at it maximum kilowatt
rating during the entire exposure.
 To avoid image blurring due to patient motion, short exposure times are
mandatory. To produce the shortest possible exposure
 In a Falling load generator, when a mAs is selected, the generator starts with
maximum mA possible based on the heat-loading potential of the x-ray tube. When
the tube reaches its maximum heat load, the generator automatically reduces the
mA to the next lower level, that the tube can handle and the exposure continues
with lower levels of mA till it delivers the set mAs.
With this technique the generator always uses the shortest exposure time possible
to deliver the set mAs.
Please see the graphical representation of the technique for easy understanding:

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 Limitation of the x-ray tube
1.Low output
2. Unstable X-Ray production.
3.This tube cannot produce x- rays continually.
4.We cannot operate the kVp and the mAs independently as there is presence of gases.

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