COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PATH LOSS

PREDICTION MODELS FOR URBAN

MACROCELLULAR ENVIRONMENTS
A. Obota , O. Simeonb , J. Afolayanc
Department of Electrical/Electronics & Computer Engineering, University of Uyo, Akwa
Ibom State, Nigeria.
a
Email: [email protected]
b
Email: [email protected]
c
Email: [email protected]

Abstract
A comparative analysis of path loss prediction models for urban macrocellular
environments is presented in this paper. Specifically, three path loss prediction
models namely free space, Hata and Egli were used to predict path losses. The
calculated path loss values were compared with practical measured data obtained
from a Visafone base station located in Uyo, Nigeria. The comparative analysis
reveals that the mean square error (MSE) for free space, Hata and Egli were
16.24dB, 2.37dB and 8.40dB respectively. The results showed that Hata’s model
is the most accurate and reliable path loss prediction model for macrocellular
urban propagation environments, since its MSE value of 2.37dB is smaller than
the acceptable minimum MSE value of 6dB for good signal propagation.
Keywords: macrocellular areas, path loss prediction models, Hata model, mean square error

1. Introduction nals generally propagate by means of any or

a combination of these three basic propaga-
Nowadays, wireless communication technol- tion mechanisms; reflection, diffraction, and
ogy is influencing every area of modern life, scattering [2, 3]. One of the most impor-
and has encouraged useful researches in nearly tant features of the propagation environment
all fields of human endeavour. Cellular ser- is path (propagation) loss. Path loss is de-
vices are today being used by millions of peo- fined as the difference (in dB) between the
ple worldwide. The third generation (3G) effective transmitted power and the received
wireless network such as code division mul- power, and may or may not include the effect
tiple access (CDMA2000) is designed to facil- of the antenna gains [4]. Path loss may be due
itate high-speed data communications in ad- to many effects, such as free-space loss, refrac-
dition to voice calls. tion, diffraction, reflection, aperture-medium
Importantly, the knowledge of the propaga- coupling loss, and absorption (penetration)
tion characteristics of a mobile radio channel losses. Path loss is also influenced by terrain
is essential for designing any wireless (mobile) contours, environment (urban or rural, vege-
communication system in a given region [1]. tation and foliage), propagation medium (dry
In terrestrial cellular radio systems, radio sig- or moist air), the distance between a base sta-

Nigerian Journal of Technology Vol. 30, No. 3, October 2011.

Path Loss Prediction Models for Urban Macrocellular Environments 51
tion (BS) and mobile station (MS), and the 1.1. Contribution and relevance of the
height and location of transmitting and re- study
ceiving antennas.
The need for efficient planning in mobile ra-
Usually, the calculation of path loss is called dio systems is extremely important because
path loss prediction. On the basis of the imprecise path loss prediction models always
mobile radio environment, path loss predic- lead to networks with high co-channel inter-
tion models are classified into two main cate- ference and waste of power. An accurate es-
gories: outdoor and indoor prediction models timation of path loss is useful for predict-
[4]. Furthermore, with respect to the size of ing coverage areas of base stations, frequency
the coverage areas the outdoor path loss pre- assignments, proper determination of electric
diction models are subdivided into megacellu- field strength, interference analysis, handover
lar, macrocellular, and microcellular, whereas optimization, and power level adjustments.
the indoor prediction models are subdivided Most of the existing path loss prediction mod-
into two classes: Picocellular and femtocel- els have limitations. By comparing them
lular [3]. Megacell areas are extremely large with the practical measured data, the most
cells spanning hundreds of kilometers. “Mega- accurate path loss prediction model for ur-
cells are served mostly by low-earth orbiting ban propagation environment is highlighted.
mobile satellites”. The telecommunication companies in Nigeria
whether based on GSM or CDMA technolo-
Macrocellular areas span a few kilometres gies operating at radio frequency band of 800
to tens of kilometers, depending on the loca- to 900MHz, should apply the knowledge pre-
tion [5]. These are the traditional “cells” cor- sented in this article in radio link budget de-
responding to the coverage area of a base sta- sign and analysis so as to further improve their
tion associated with traditional cellular tele- services, thereby serving high quality signals
phony base stations. The frequency of oper- to their teeming subscribers in urban areas.
ation is mostly around 900MHz. Macrocells
can be classified into different channel types: 1.2. Arrangement of the paper
urban, suburban, and rural propagation envi-
The rest of the paper is arranged as follows:
ronments [6]. Microcells are cells that span
a review of existing path loss prediction mod-
hundreds of metres to a kilometre. The span
els such as Free space, Plane earth propaga-
of picocells is between 30m and 100m, while
tion, Okumura, Hata and Egli are presented
femtocells span from a few metres to few tens
in section 2. In section 3, predicted path loss
of metres.
values were obtained from a numerical prob-
The path loss prediction (propagation) lem using the path loss prediction models,
models are broadly divided into three types, while section 4 describes the data collection
namely: theoretical, empirical, and site- method for measured path loss values. Sec-
specific models [7]. This paper addresses the tion 5 dwells on results, while discussion, con-
comparisons between the theoretical path loss clusion and recommendation are presented in
models, empirical path loss models and the section 6 followed by references.
practical measured path losses from a Visa-
fone CDMA2000 base station. At the end of 2. Review of Related Works
the comparative analysis using different prop-
agation models, the most accurate and reli- In this section, some existing theoretical,
able path loss prediction model that could be empirical and terrain-specific path loss mod-
adopted for urban path loss calculations in els are reviewed. Sample models reviewed in-
Nigeria is recommended. cludes, the Free space path loss model [4],

Nigerian Journal of Technology Vol. 30, No. 3. October 2011.

52 A. OBOT, O. SIMEON, J. AFOLAYAN
Plane earth propagation model [4, 11], Oku- When antenna gains are unity (isotropic an-
mura model [8], Hata model [4], and Egli tennas), Equation (3) can be re-written as
model [10]. These models reveal that path
λ2
 
loss increases as the transmitter-receiver sep- P L(dB) = −10 log10 (4)
(4π)2 d2
aration distance increases.
or
(4π)2 d2
 
2.1. Theoretical path loss models P L(dB) = 10 log10 (5)
λ2
Theoretical models were derived based on
the physical laws of wave propagation. The According to Nadir et al [7], substituting (λ
theoretical path loss prediction models are di- (in km) = 0.3/f (in MHz)), and rationalizing
Equation (5), produces the generic free space
vided into two basic types; namely: Free space
path loss formula, which is stated in Equation
path loss model, and Plane earth propagation (6):
model.
P L(dB) = 32.5 + 20 log10 (f in MHz) + 20 log10 (d in km) (6)

2.1.1. Free space path loss model where f is the carrier frequency.
In free space, the wave is not reflected or The path losses predicted by the free space
absorbed [7]. The free space path loss model path loss model of either Equation (5) or
is used to predict received signal strength Equation (6) are not accurate, because most
when the transmitter and receiver have a often mobiles antennas in urban areas gener-
clear, unobstructed line of sight path between ally do not have line of sight path to base sta-
them. Satellite communication systems and tions.
microwave line of sight radio links typically
undergo free space propagation. The free 2.1.2. Plane earth propagation model
space power received by a receiver antenna The Free space propagation model does
not consider the effects of propagation over
from a radiating transmitter antenna is given ground. When a radio wave propagates over
by [3], ground, some of the power will be reflected
Pt Gt Gr λ2 due to the presence of ground and then re-
Pr (d) = (1) ceived by the receiver. The Plane earth model
(4π)2 d2 L
computes the received signal to be the sum of
where: Pr (d) is the received power which is a direct signal and that reflected from a flat,
a function of the transmitter-receiver separa- smooth earth. The path loss equation for the
Plane earth model is [4].
tion distance, Pt is the base station transmit
P L(dB) = 40 log10 d−20 log10 hb −20 log10 hm −10 log10 Gb −10 log10 Gm
power, Gt is the transmitter antenna gain, Gr (7)
is the receiver antenna gain, λ is the signal where d represents the path length in metres,
wavelength, d is the distance between trans- hb and hm in metres are the antenna heights at
mitting and receiving antennas, L is the sys- the base station and the mobile respectively,
tem loss factor not related to propagation while Gb and Gm are the gains of the base and
(L ≥ 1). mobile stations respectively.
Quantitatively, path loss in decibel is When the transmitting and receiving anten-
nas are omnidirectiional, Equation (7) reduces
P L(dB) = Pt (dB) − Pr (dB) (2)
to Equation (8), as illustrated by [7, 11].
The path loss in decibel for the free space P L(dB) = 40 log10 d − 20 log10 hb − 20 log10 hm
model when antenna gains are included is
given by [4], (8)
 
The Plane earth model is not appropri-
Pt Gt Gr λ ate for mobile CDMA/GSM path loss predic-
P L(dB) = 100 log10 = −10 log10 (3)
Pr (4π)2 d2 L
tions because it does not consider the reflec-
tions from buildings, multiple propagations

Nigerian Journal of Technology Vol. 30, No. 3. October 2011.

Path Loss Prediction Models for Urban Macrocellular Environments 53
and diffraction effects. Furthermore, if the where L50 (dB) is the median value (i.e. 50th
mobile height changes (as it does in practice) percentile) of path (propagation) loss, LF is
then the predicted path loss also changes. the free space loss, and can be calculated using
either Equation (5) or Equation (6), Amu is
2.2. Empirical path loss models the median attenuation relative to free space,
Empirical models are usually a set of equa- G(hb ) is the base station antenna height gain
tions derived from extensive field measure- factor, G(hm ) is the mobile antenna height
ments [8, 9]. There are various empirical path gain factor, and GAREA is the gain or correc-
loss prediction models for macrocellular ar- tion factor due to the type of environment.
eas such as Okumura model, Hata model, and Amu (f, d) and GAREA are determined by
Egli model. These models depend on loca- looking up Okumura curves shown in Figure
tion, frequency, range and clutter type such 1.
as urban, sub-urban and countryside [7]. G(hb ) and G(hm ) are calculated using these
simple formulae:
2.2.1. Okumura model
G(hb ) = 20 log10 1000m > hb > 30m (10)
The Okumura’s model [8] is an empirical
 
model based on extensive drive test measure- hm
ments made in Japan at several frequencies G(hm ) = 10 log10 hm ≤ 3m (11)
3
within the range of 150 to 1920MHz, but is ex-  
hm
trapolated up to 3000MHz. Okumura’s mod- G(hm ) = 20 log10 10m ≤ hm ≤ 3m
els is developed for macrocells with cells diam- 3
(12)
eters of 1 to 100km. The height of the base
Okumura’s model is considered to be among
station antenna is between 30-100m [4]. The
the simplest and best in terms of accuracy in
Okumura’s model takes into account some
path loss prediction for mature cellular and
propagation parameters such as the type of
land mobile systems in cluttered environment.
environment and the terrain irregularity.
The major disadvantage with Okumura model
Okumura developed a set of curves giving
is its slow response to rapid changes in terrain,
the median attenuation relative to free space
therefore the model is fairly good in urban and
(Amu ), in an urban area over a quasi-smooth
suburban areas, but not as good in rural areas
terrain with a base station effective antenna
[4].
height (hb ) of 200m and a mobile antenna
height (hm ) of 3m. These curves were de- 2.2.2. Hata model
veloped from extensive measurements using Hata model is an empirical formulation of
vertical omni-directional antenna at both the the graphical path loss data provided by Oku-
base and mobile, and are plotted as a func- mura’s model, and is valid from 150MHz to
tion of frequency in the range of 100MHz to 1500MHz [13]. The standard formula for me-
1920 MHz, and as a function of distance from dian path loss prediction model for urban
the base station in the range 1km to 100km macrocellular environment is given by [2, 4,
[4]. The plots of Amu (f, d) and correction fac- 7, 9, 12].
tor (GAREA ) for a wide range of frequencies is
shown in Figure 1 [12]. L50 (urban)(dB) = 69.55 + 26.16 log10 fc −
The path loss prediction formula according 13.82 log10 (hb ) − a(hm )+
to Okumura’s model is expressed as [4, 8, 12, (44.0 − 6.55 log10 hb ) log10 d
13]: (13)
L50 (dB) = LF + Amu (f d) − G(hb ) − G(hm ) − GAREA (9) where fc is the carrier frequency (in MHz)
from 150MHz to 1500MHz, hb is the base sta-
tion antenna height (in metres) ranging from

Nigerian Journal of Technology Vol. 30, No. 3. October 2011.

54 A. OBOT, O. SIMEON, J. AFOLAYAN


)






+,- (

*
 +,-

% "   " %%&

'




    !"#$"%&

(

    '



'








 





  










 
   )  ' 
 




   

Figure 1: The correction factor GAREA for different types of terrain and the median attenuation relative
to free space over a quasi-smooth terrain.

30m to 200m, hm is the mobile antenna height

(in metres) ranging from 1m to 10m, d is the 
base station to mobile separation distance (in
L50 (dB) = L50 (urban) − 2[log10 (fc /28)]2 − 5.4
km), and a(hm ) is the correction factor for ef-
(17)
fective mobile antenna height which is a func-
and for path loss in open rural environment,
tion of the size of the coverage area.

 
the formula is modified as
For a large city (dense urban), the mobile
antenna correction factor is given by:

a(hm ) = 3.2(log10 11.75hm )2 − 4.97dB L50 (dB) = L50 (urban) − 4.78 × 4 × (log10 fc )2 +
forfc ≥ 300M Hz (14) 18.33 × log10 fc − 40.94
(18)
Hata model is well suited for path loss pre-
a(hm ) = 8.29(log10 1.54hm )2 − 1.1dB
dictions in macrocellular urban environment.
forfc ≤ 300M Hz (15) It is the most widely used radio frequency
propagation model for predicting the behavior
For a small to medium sized city (urban), of cellular transmission [12]. It includes the
the mobile antenna correction factor is:
effects of diffraction, reflection and scatter-
a(hm ) = (1.1 log10 fc − 0.7)hm − (1.56 log10 fc − 0.8)dB (16) ing caused by the city structures. The model
is not suitable for microcell planning, and it
To obtain the path loss in suburban area, is not valid for 1800MHz to 2000MHz per-
the standard Hata model in Equation (13) is sonal communication systems (PCS) applica-
modified as tions [7].

Nigerian Journal of Technology Vol. 30, No. 3. October 2011.

Path Loss Prediction Models for Urban Macrocellular Environments 55
2.2.3. Egli model hb = base station antenna height = 100m,
The Egli’s model [10] is a terrain model for hm = mobile station antenna height = 2m,
radio frequency propagation. It predicts the d = base station to mobile separation dis-
total path loss for point-to-point link (line of tance = 4km,
sight transmission). Typically, it is suitable Gb = base station antenna gain = 1,
for cellular communication scenarios where Gm = mobile antenna gain = 1.
one antenna is fixed and another is mobile. (i) The Free space path loss model is ob-
Egli model is applicable to scenarios where tained from Equation (6):
the transmission has to go over an irregular P L(dB) = 32.5 + 20 log10 (f in MHz) + 20 log10 (d in km)
terrain. Egli model is not applicable to sce- = 32.5 + 20 log10 900 + 20 log10 4
= 32.5 + 59.08 + 12.04
narios where some vegetative obstruction is = 103.62dB
in the middle of the link. The Eglis model is
formally expressed as [12]: The calculated Free space loss value is
 2  2 103.62dB
hb hm 40 (ii) The Hata model for a medium urban
P L(dB) = Gb Gm 2
(19)
d f city based on Equation (13) is
where: Gb is the gain of the base station an- L50 (urban)(dB) = 69.55 + 26.16 log10 fc − 13.82 log10 (hb )
tenna, whose unit is dimensionless, Gm is the −a(hm ) + (44.9 − 6.55 log10 hb ) log10 d
gain of the mobile station antenna, whose unit
is dimensionless, hb is the height of the base For a medium urban city, a(hm ) is given by
station antenna in metres, hm is the height of Equation (16)
the mobile station antenna in metres, d is the a(hm ) = (1.1 log10 fc −0.7)hm −(1.56 log10 fc −0.8)dB
distance from base station antenna to mobile
station antenna in metres, and f is the fre- a(hm ) = (1.1 log10 900−0.72)(2)−(1.56 log10 900−0.8)
quency of transmission in megahertz (MHz). a(hm ) = 1.29dB
L50 (urban)(dB) = 69.55 + 26.16 log10 900−
3. Numerical Problem 13.82 log10 100 − 1.29 + (44.9−
6.55 log10 100) log10 4
A 900MHz cellular system operates in a
L50 (urban)(dB) = 69.55 + 77.28 − 27.63 − 1.29 + 19.15
medium urban city from a base station with = 137.05dB
height of 100m, and the mobile station in-
stalled in a vehicle has an antenna height of The predicted path loss value according to
2m. The distance between the mobile and the Hata model is 137.05dB.
base station is 4km. The base station and (iii) The Egli model is obtained from Equa-
mobile antennae are isotropic. Determine the tion (19)
path loss using the following path loss predic-  2
hb hm 2 40


tion models [3]: P L(dB) = Gb Gm d2 f
(i) Free space path loss model, 100×2 2 40 2



= (1)(1) 40002 900
(ii) Hata model and, = 125.11dB
(iii) Egli model.
Repeat the numerical problem for cases in The calculated path loss for Egli model is
which the distance between the mobile and 125.11dB.
the base station are 1km, 2km, 3km, and 5km. Applying the path loss prediction formulae
The numerical analysis of path loss using stated in the above numerical solutions, the
the path loss prediction methods are as pre- path loss results when the distance between
sented. Given: f = transmission frequency = the mobile and base station are 1km, 2km,
900MHz, 3km, 4km, and 5km are as shown in table 1.

Nigerian Journal of Technology Vol. 30, No. 3. October 2011.

 56 A. OBOT, O. SIMEON, J. AFOLAYAN

Table 1: Numerical Path Loss for different Path Loss Prediction Models.
Distance (km) Free Space Model (dB) Hata Model (dB) Egli Model (dB)
1.00 91.58 117.90 101.02
2.00 97.60 127.48 113.06
3.00 101.12 133.07 120.11
4.00 103.57 137.05 125.11
5.00 105.56 140.13 128.98

system (GPS). The laptop is equipped with

ZXPOS CNT1 and CNA7 softwares. ZXPOS










is a professional foreground test soft-
CNTI










for communication networks, whereas
ware











CNA7 is an analysis software [12,15]. The











ZXPOS CNT1 and CNA7 were used in ana-







lyzing the CDMA2000 network measurement

   data for path loss calculations. The test phone

was used to capture and collect the received
power levels at the specified distances, and
the collected signal strength were relayed to
the laptop for displayed. The GPS was used
to measure the transmitter to receiver (T-R)
separation distances between the base station
Figure 2: Diagram showing the base station (BS) and the test phone. The experimental data
transmitter and the three different radio routes. were taken at distances ranging from 1km to
5km for the three radio paths. The measure-
ment data such as the T-R separation distance
4. Data Collection Method
in km, base station transmit power, mobile
This research requires practical measured receiver (test phone) signal strength; antenna
data from the field for purpose of comparison gains and the measured path loss in dBm are
with the results obtained from different path recorded in Table 2.
loss prediction models. This is done in order
to obtain a reliable prediction of radio signal 5. Results and Discussion
propagation for urban environments [14]. A
drive test measurements for path loss data col- After determining the measured path losses
lection were conducted radically from a visa- for routes a, b, and c as shown in Table 2, ra-
fone CDMA2000 base station located at 29 dio path a is selected for comparative analysis
Ikono street in Uyo City. The base station with the path loss prediction model of Table 1.
antenna height is 50m while the base station The numerical path loss for different path loss
transmits frequency is 870.52MHZ. The field prediction models versus the practical mea-
measurements from the base station trans- sured path loss is shown in Table 3.
mitter were carried out along three different A more accurate comparative analysis for
routes, designated as radio path a, b and c as determining the best path loss prediction
depicted in Figure 2. model for macrocellular environments is the
The data collection tools consist of a test use of the mean square error (MSE) approach.
phone connected through a cable to a laptop The MSE is the ratio of dispersion of mea-
during the drive test, and a global positioning sured path loss values and describes how good

Nigerian Journal of Technology Vol. 30, No. 3. October 2011.

Path Loss Prediction Models for Urban Macrocellular Environments 57

Table 2: The collected measurements for CDMA2000 base station.

Radio path T-R (km) BS TX power MS Rx BS Antenna MS An- Measured path
(dBm) power gain (dBi) tenna gain loss (PL) (dBm)
(dBm) (dBi)
a 1.00 40.00 -68.02 17.00 0.00 125.71
2.00 40.00 -73.64 17.00 0.00 132.50
3.00 40.00 -80.36 17.00 0.00 136.63
4.00 40.00 -87.75 17.00 0.00 140.02
5.00 40.00 -95.13 17.00 0.00 145.81
b 1.00 40.00 -66.58 17.00 0.00 124.30
2.00 40.00 -74.13 17.00 0.00 130.25
3.00 40.00 -80.92 17.00 0.00 136.24
4.00 40.00 -86.00 17.00 0.00 141.00
5.00 40.00 -94.25 17.00 0.00 147.02
c 1.00 40.00 -69.50 17.00 0.00 126.55
2.00 40.00 -72.32 17.00 0.00 131.70
3.00 40.00 -81.60 17.00 0.00 137.25
4.00 40.00 -85.75 17.00 0.00 141.00
5.00 40.00 -96.42 17.00 0.00 145.60

Table 3: Comparison of predicted path losses with the measured path losses.
Distance (km) Free space model Hata model (dB) Egli model (dB) Measured path loss
(dB) (dB)
1.00 91.58 117.90 101.02 125.71
2.00 97.60 127.48 113.06 132.50
3.00 101.12 133.07 120.11 136.63
4.00 103.57 137.05 125.11 140.02
5.00 105.56 140.13 128.98 145.81

Table 4: MSE evaluations for Free space, Hata and Egli models.
d (km) Free space model (Pm − Pr )2 Hata model (Pm − pr )2 Egli model (pm − pr )
1.00 1164.86 61.00 609.60
2.00 1218.01 25.20 377.91
3.00 1260.96 12.67 272.91
4.00 1328.60 8.82 222.31
5.00 1620.06 32.26 283.25
PN 2
PN 2
PN 2
i=1 (pm − pr ) = 6592.49 i=1 (pm − pr ) = 139.95 i=1 (pm − pr ) =
1765.98

Nigerian Journal of Technology Vol. 30, No. 3. October 2011.

58 A. OBOT, O. SIMEON, J. AFOLAYAN
the propagation model matches experimental loss values with the measured path loss val-
data. It is commonly used to verify the accu- ues. At the end of the comparative analy-
racy of path loss models. The MSE according sis using different path loss prediction mod-
to [7, 16] is given by: els, Hata’s model has the lowest MSE value of
v 2.37dB, which is an acceptable value since it
N is less than the minimum MSE value of 6dB
u
u1 X
MSE = t (Pm − Pr )2 (20) for good signal propagation. Hence, the rec-
N I=1
ommended path loss prediction model for ur-
ban path loss calculations in Nigeria is the
where: Pm is the measured path loss (dB),
Hata model. Telecommunication companies
Pr is the predicted path loss (dB), N is the
can improve their services by using the req-
number of measured data points.
uisite Hata model in their link budget design
Hence, the computed MSE for Free space
and analysis.
path loss prediction model, Hata path loss
prediction model, and Egli path loss predic-
tion model are presented in Table 4. References
1. Hess, G. C. Land-Mobile Radio System En-
qP
N
MSE (Free space model) = (P − Pr )2 /(N )
√ i=1 m
= 6592.49/5 = 16.24dB gineering, Norwood, MA; Artech House,
1993.
√ 2. Stuber, G. L. Principles of Mobile Commu-
MSE (Hata model) = 139.95/5 = 2.37dB nication, Second Edition, Kluwer Academic
Publishers, Boston, 2001, Pp. 39- 125.
√ 3. Sharma, S. Wireless and Cellular Commu-
MSE (Egli model) = 1765.98/5 = 8.40dB nications, Second Edition, S. K. Kataria &
Sons, New Delhi, 2007, Pp.20-96.
The mean square error analysis shows that
Hata’s path loss prediction model has the 4. Rappaport, T. S. Wireless Communications,
smallest MSE of 2.37dB. The Free space path Second Edition, Pearson Publication, India,
loss prediction model and Egli’s path loss pre- 2002, Pp. 57-176.
diction model have an MSE of 16.24dB and
5. Neskovic, A. Neskovic N. And Paunovi, D.
8.40dB respectively.
Macrocell. Electric Field Strength Predic-
tion Model Based Upon Artificial Neural
6. Recommendation and Conclusion Networks, IEEE Journal on selected areas in
Communications, Vol. 20, Number 6, 2002,
6.1. Recommendation
Pp. 1-10.
The accuracy of the numerical path loss val-
ues for different path loss prediction models 6. Hogue, M. R. Islam, HMR. Abedin, J. and
that were determined using hand calculation Song, J. B. Comparative Analysis of CDMA
can be verified by using the online path loss Based Wireless Communication under Ra-
calculators. dio Propagation Environment, Conference
on Wireless Broadband and Ultra Wideband
6.2. Conclusion Communications (AUS wireless ’06), Syd-
ney, Australia, 2006, pp. 116- 121.
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tion models for macrocellular urban environ- 7. Nadir, Z. Elfadhil, N. and Touati, F.
ments is presented in this paper. The out- Pathloss Determination Using Okumura-
door measurements were taken in Uyo urban, Hata Model And Spline Interpolation for
Nigeria in order to compare the practical path Missing Data forOman, Proceddings of the

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Fukula, F. Field Strength and its variability
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Over Irregular Terrain, Proceedings of the
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11. Onoh, G. N. Communication Systems, De-

Adroit Innovation, Enugu, 2005, PP.85-102.

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mization of Okumuras Model for Code Di-
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