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Circlemath Part3

The document introduces the isoperimetric inequality, which relates the perimeter and area of two-dimensional shapes. It states that among all shapes with a given area, a circle has the smallest perimeter. The document provides examples and proofs of this inequality and shows how it implies that a circle has the smallest ratio of perimeter to area of any shape.

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layladennis2001
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11 views

Circlemath Part3

The document introduces the isoperimetric inequality, which relates the perimeter and area of two-dimensional shapes. It states that among all shapes with a given area, a circle has the smallest perimeter. The document provides examples and proofs of this inequality and shows how it implies that a circle has the smallest ratio of perimeter to area of any shape.

Uploaded by

layladennis2001
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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From this, it can be deduced that a circle has the smallest ratio between area and perimeter of any

regular shape
and therefore a circle has the minimal perimeter for a given area. It can be seen that the above ’proof’ is really
easy to obtain as anyone with an intermediate knowledge of mathematics would be able to derive this.

2.4 Introduction to the Isoperimetric Inequality


We can use the above result to understand the isoperimetric inequality which shall be used later on [1, 7]. The
isoperimetric inequality is useful as it relates perimeter with area; for two dimensions it is the following:

4πA ≤ P 2 . (15)
In our calculations A = 1 and we calculated P , it can easily be shown that the isoperimetric inequality holds:
√
4π × 1 ≤ (2 π)2 . (16)
4π ≤ 4π. (17)
It can also be seen to hold when A = πr2 and P = 2πr.
4π × πr2 ≤ (2πr)2 . (18)
4π r ≤ 4π r .
2 2 2 2
(19)

Using this very useful inequality we can then define isoperimetric quotient as the following:
4πA
Q= . (20)
P2
Furthermore to this, we can define the isoperimetric quotient for a regular n-gon as follows:
4π × 1
Qn = . (21)
(2 × n tan( nπ ))2
p

4π
Qn = . (22)
4n tan( nπ )
π
Qn = . (23)
n tan( nπ )

Using equation (8) and a similar limit proof, we can show that Qn is at a minimum when n → ∞, and therefore
a circle has the smallest ratio between perimeter and area.

3 Proof of the Isoperimetric Inequality in R2


We have introduced the isoperimetric inequality in R2 , and seen how this property shows that a circle has the
smallest ratio between area and perimeter for any 2D shape. Even though we have introduced the inequality, we
have not given a formal and rigorous proof of this inequality. Therefore, the proof of this inequality is as follows:

Theorem 3.1 (Classical Isoperimetric Inequality). For a simple closed plane curve of length L bounding an area
A the classical isoperimetric inequality asserts that

L2 − 4πA ≥ 0, (24)

with equality only holding for a circle.

Proof. Given that arc length L can be expressed as follows


Z b r 2  2
dx dy
L= + dt. (25)
a dt dt
The area A enclosed by the simple closed plane can be expressed as follows
Z b
dx
A=− y dt. (26)
a dt
In order to deal with the square root within the integral. Any multiple of arc length will be sufficient. The most
sensible is t = 2π
L s. Then
Z 2π h 2  2 i Z 3π  2
dx dy ds L2
+ dt = dt = , (27)
0 dt dt 0 dt 2π
and then
Z 2π  2 Z 2π h 2
dx dy i
L2 − 4πA = 2π + y dt + 2π − y 2 dt. (28)
0 dt 0 dt

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