Embedded Networking

Technologies

Instructor: Dr. Ankur Beohar

School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
VIT Bhopal University
Embedded Systems
 Suggested Textbooks:
 Raj Kamal, “Embedded systems Architecture, Programming and
Design”, Third Edition, Tata McGraw Hill, 2017.
 Rob Toulson and Tim Wilmshurst, “Fast and Effective Embedded
Systems Design – Applying the ARM mbed”, Elsevier, 2017.
 Arnold S. Berger, “Embedded Systems Design: An Introduction to
Processes, Tools, and Techniques”, CRC Press, 2002.
 Other sources
 Lecture notes
 Handouts
 Blogs
 MOOC courses

ECE4010 Winter 2021-2022 2

UART
UART
 Universal Asynchronous Receiver and Transmitter

 It is a single LSI (large scale integration) chip designed

to perform asynchronous communication.

 The function of UART is to convert the incoming and

outgoing data into the serial binary stream.

 An 8-bit serial data received from the peripheral device is

converted into the parallel form using serial to parallel
conversion and parallel data received from the CPU is
converted using parallel to serial conversion.

 When high-speed data transfer is not required UART is

used
ECE4010 Winter 2021-2022 4
UART
 UART is a simple half-duplex, asynchronous, serial
protocol

 Simple communication between two equivalent nodes

 Any node can initiate communication

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UART
 What makes it „universal‟ ?
 Its parameters (format, speed ..) are configurable

 Why „asynchronous‟ ?
 It doesn‟t have a clock

 Format of Communication

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UART
 Baud Rate

 In telecommunication and electronics, baud is a common

measure of the speed of communication over a data channel.
Technically speaking, it is the unit for symbol rate or modulation
rate in symbols per second or pulses per second.

 If the baud rate is 4800 and there are 2 bits per symbol, then bit
rate R = 4800 * 2 = 9600 bits/sec

 Sequence of Transmission

Stop Parity Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Start
Bit Bit Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Bit

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UART Advantages
 Only uses two wires

 No clock signal is necessary

 Has a parity bit to allow for error checking

 The structure of the data packet can be changed as long

as both sides are set up for it

 Well documented and widely used method

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UART Disadvantages
 The size of the data frame is limited to a maximum of 9
bits

 Doesn‟t support multiple slave or multiple master

systems

 The baud rates of each UART must be within 10% of

each other

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SPI
SPI
 SPI stands for „Serial Peripheral Interface‟.
 The SPI standard was developed by Motorola.
 It is a serial data transfer protocol, which is synchronous and
full duplex.
 Full duplex – data can be sent in both directions
simultaneously between the controller unit and a peripheral.
 It is a single master and multi-slave system, in which one of
the slaves to be enabled at a time.
 It is a master – slave protocol, where the master is the unit
that generates clock signal and initiates data transfer.
 When the master does this, data transfer occurs in both
direction.

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SPI Signals
 The SPI bus specifies four logic signals.
 SCLK - Serial Clock (output from master)

 MOSI - Master Output, Slave Input (output from master)

 MISO - Master Input, Slave Output (output from slave)

 SS - Slave Select (active low; output from master)

 Alternative naming conventions

 SCK, CLK - Serial Clock (output from master)

 SDI, DI, SI - Serial Data In

 SDO, DO, SO - Serial Data Out

 SSEL - Slave Select

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TYPICAL SPI CONFIGURATION

1. The master pulls the slave select low and then issues clock
cycles.
2. The clock frequency is not specified in the SPI protocol and
can be anything from 0 up to 70MHz depending on the
characteristics of the slave device.
3. The data transfer then takes place.
4. The master then de-selects the slave.

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SPI Protocol
 The transfer of data using a SPI interface can be thought of as a
large shift register shared between the master and the slave
devices.
 Data is clocked IN at the same time as it is clocked OUT of the
device.
 This is only possible if these devices share common clock.
 In addition to this, there should be a transmit buffer register at the
transmitter side and a receive buffer register at the receiver side.
 The SPI protocol behaves like a ring buffer, so that whenever the
master sends a byte to the slave, the slave sends a byte back to the
master.
 Essentially two action takes place in a SPI clock cycle
1) Master sends a bit on the MOSI line which the slave reads from
the same line.
2) Slave sends a bit on the MISO line and the master reads it from
the same line.
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SPI Protocol
 There are shift registers in the master and slave which are serially
connected using MISO and MOSI pins.

 In this interconnection, a bit is shifted from master to slave and slave

to master simultaneously ( full duplex).

 If individual shift registers are 8 bit long, after 8 clock cycles data is
transferred from master to slave.

 The length of the shift register is decided by the manufacturer of SPI

controller.

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Basic Serial Data Transfer

 The registers within the master and slave act like shift
registers shifting one bit on every cycle of the SCLK.

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Basic Serial Data Transfer
 Once a set of data has been transmitted, the buffer at
the transmitter side should get a fresh data to be sent.
 Similarly the receiver data should be copied and saved
at the receiver side.
 This process continues till the required block of data is
transferred.

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Multiple Slaves
 If multiple slave devices exist, the master normally
generates a separate slave select signal for each slave. -
Star connection.

SS

Alternative daisy chain

connection -requires only
one slave select signal

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Multiple Slaves
 The master is usually a controller which has an SPI
controller with the specified pins.
 The SPI controller in the master has three SS pins, but
one slave is selected at a time.
 Slaves that are currently not selected should have their
MOSI and MISO tri stated and thus isolated from the
system.

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SPI Bus Characteristics
 It is up to the master and slave devices to know whether
a received byte is meaningful or not.
 No Acknowledgement
 Master doesn't even know if slave is present!
 Slaves can be thought of as IO devices of the master.

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SPI Advantages & Limitations
Advantages
 Full duplex communication
 Higher throughput than I2C
 Not limited to 8-bit word in case of bit transfer
 Slaves use masters clock
 Low power requirement than I2C circuit

Limitations
 Require more pins in the IC package
 No slave acknowledge
 Multi master buses are rare and awkward. Normally
limited to single slave.
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I2C Protocol
I2C
 I2C : Inter - Integrated Circuit

 Bus Developed and patented by Philips for connecting low speed

peripherals

 On – board Bus protocol

 Has become a worldwide industry standard and used by all major IC

manufacturer

 I2C is a serial protocol for two wire interface to connect low speed
devices

 I2C combines best features from SPI and UART.

 Today, a variety of devices are available with I2C Interfaces

 Microcontroller, EEPROM, Real-Timer, interface chips, LCD driver, A/D

converter
ECE4010 Winter 2021-2022 23
Terminology
 Transmitter
 The device that puts data on the bus
 Receiver
 The device that receives data from the bus
 Master
 Initiates and terminates a transfer by generating start and stop
conditions
 Generates the clock
 A master can be either a transmitter or a receiver
 Slave
 Responds only when addressed
 A slave can be either receiver or transmitter

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Why I2C?
 Data transfer between ICs and systems at relatively low
rates
 “Classic Mode” - up to 100K bits/second

 “Fast Mode” - up to 400K bits/second

 “High Speed Mode - up to 3.4M bits/second

 Reduces Board Space and Cost By

 Allowing use of ICs with fewer pins and smaller packages

 Greatly reducing interconnect complexity

 Allowing digitally controlled components to be located close to

their point of use

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I2C Characteristics
 Includes electrical and timing specifications, and an
associated bus protocol
 Simple bi-directional 2-wire bus hence also called TWI
 serial data (SDA) line
 serial clock (SCL) line
 It is synchronous, half duplex, serial protocol
 Unique start and stop condition
 Slave selection protocol uses a 7/10 - Bit slave address
 Acknowledgement after each transferred byte
 No fixed length of transfer

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I2C Configuration Example

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Addressing, 7-bit and 10 bit format

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Data Formats
 Master writing to a Slave

 Master reading from a Slave

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Data Formats
 Combined Write and Read Format

 A repeated start avoids releasing the bus and therefore

prevents another master from taking over the bus

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Start and Stop Conditions
 A transition of the data line while the clock line is high is
defined as either a start or a stop condition.
 Both start and stop conditions are generated by the bus
master
 The bus is considered busy after a start condition, until
a stop condition occurs

SDA SDA

SCL SCL

Start Stop
Condition Condition

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How I2C Works?

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Steps of I2C Data Transmission

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Steps of I2C Data Transmission

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Steps of I2C Data Transmission

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Steps of I2C Data Transmission

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Steps of I2C Data Transmission

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Steps of I2C Data Transmission

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I2C Advantages & Disadvantages
Advantages
 Simple Hardware standard
 Supports multiple masters and multiple slaves
 Only uses two wires
 Acknowledgement bit confirms the data transmission
 Well known and widely used protocol
Disadvantages
 Slower data transfer rate than SPI
 The size of the data frame is limited to 8 bits
ECE4010 Winter 2021-2022 39
Assignment

 Write down different functions in Arduino

program along with its use?

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Activity

 Use Arduino UNO for blinking LED

 Interface temperature sensor with Arduino UNO

ECE4010 Winter 2021-2022 41

CAN
Controller Area Network
 CAN is a protocol developed to reduce the wiring inside
vehicles.

 It was developed by Bosch during 1984.

 There are different standard versions for CAN

1) Low Speed CAN – 125kbps – 11 bit identifier.

2) Standard CAN 2.0 A – 1 Mbps – 11 bit identifier

3) Extended CAN 2.0 B – 1 Mbps – 29 bit identifier.

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CAN
 CAN uses a differential signal with two logic states,
called recessive and dominant.
 Recessive indicates that the differential voltage is less
than a minimum threshold voltage.
 Dominant indicates that the differential voltage is greater
than this minimum threshold.
 Interestingly, the dominant state is achieved by driving a
logic '0' onto the bus, while the recessive state is
achieved by a logic '1'.
 This is inverted from the traditional high and low used in
most systems.

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CAN

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CAN

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CAN

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CAN in Vehicles
 In one vehicle itself there are different CAN buses of
different data rate.
 There can be other kind of buses also in a vehicle.
 To connect between buses of different speed bridges are
used.
 CAN bus connects different nodes.
 A CAN node is one which has a MCU, a CAN controller
and transceiver connected to a CAN bus.
 To the MCU i/o pins, sensors and actuators are
connected.

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CAN Network

ECE4010 Winter 2021-2022 49

CAN Network

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CAN Working
 CAN is a message based protocol.

 One node “broadcasts” the message and every other node uses it.
Unlike I2C , none of the nodes have address.

 Which node receives the broadcasted message that depends on the

content of the message.

 The message has a field with identifier, which indicates priority. The
receiving node do an acceptance test for the identifier of the
message to verify if the message is relevant for it.

 If not the message is neglected. This selection procedure is called

as “ acceptance filtering” which is done at each node.

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CAN Working
 When many nodes send message simultaneously, it is necessary
that only one node is allowed to do a “ valid broadcast”.

 Other transmitters should retreat and try again later. Arbitration is a

mechanism that handles bus access conflicts.

 The identifier ( 11 bit or 29 bit) have a dominant bit (0) and recessive
bit (1). The logic is wired AND.

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CAN Standard Data Frame

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CAN Standard Data Frame
 The first bit is the start of frame (SOF). This dominant bit represents
the start of a CAN message.

 Next is the 11-bit identifier, which establishes the priority of the CAN
message. The smaller the identifier, the higher the priority of the
message.

 The remote transmission request (RTR) bit is normally dominant, but

it goes recessive when one node is requesting data from another.

 The identifier extension (IDE) bit is dominant when a standard CAN

frame is being sent and not an extended one.

 The r bit is reserved and not currently used.

 The data length code (DLC) nibble signifies how many bytes of data
are in this message.

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CAN Standard Data Frame
 Next is the data itself, being as many bytes as represented in the
DLC bits.

 The cyclic redundancy check (CRC) is a 16-bit checksum for

detecting errors in the transmitted data.

 If the message is properly received, the receiving node overwrites

the recessive acknowledge bit (ACK) with a dominant bit. The ACK
also contains a delimiter bit to keep things synchronized.

 The end of frame (EOF) signifies the end of the CAN message and
is 7 bits wide, for detecting bit-stuffing errors.

 The last part of a CAN message is used as a time delay. This time
delay is precisely the amount of time needed for a CAN controller to
move the received message into a buffer for further processing.

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Advantages & Disadvantages
Advantages
 It support multi master and multicast features.
 The CAN bus has maximum length of 40 meters.
 The CAN provides the ability to work in different electrical
environment.
 The CAN reduces wiring since it is a distributed control and this
ensures enhancing of the system performance.
 It has single serial bidirectional line to achieve half duplex
communication.
 It has standard bus in distributed network.
Disadvantages
 It has high software expenditure.
 Undesirable interaction more probable.
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USB
Universal Serial Bus (USB)
 Universal Serial Bus (USB) is a set of interface specifications for
high speed wired communication between electronics systems
peripherals and devices with or without PC/computer.
 The USB was originally developed in 1995 by many of the industry
leading companies like Intel, Compaq, Microsoft, Digital and IBM
 USB allows hot swapping which allows devices can be plugged and
unplugged without rebooting the computer or turning off the device.
 USB sends data in serial mode i.e. the parallel data is serialized
before sends and deserialized after receiving.

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Versions of USB
USB1.0

 USB 1.0 is the original release of USB having the capability of

transferring 12Mbps, supporting up to 127 devices.

 This USB 1.0 specification model was introduced in January 1996.

USB1.1

 USB 1.1 came out in September 1998. USB 1.1 is also known as
full-speed USB.

 This version is similar to the original release of USB; however, there

are minor modifications for the hardware and the specifications.

 USB version 1.1 supported two speeds, a full speed mode of

12Mbits/s and a low speed mode of 1.5Mbits/s.

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Versions of USB
USB2.0
 Hewlett-Packard, Intel, LSI Corporation, Microsoft, NEC, and Philips
jointly developed a higher data transfer rate than the 1.1 version.
 Supporting three speed modes (1.5, 12 and 480 Mbps), USB 2.0
supports low-bandwidth devices such as keyboards and mice, as
well as high-bandwidth ones like high-resolution Webcams,
scanners, printers and high-capacity storage systems.
 USB 2.0, also known as hi-speed USB. This hi-speed USB is
capable of supporting a transfer rate of up to 480 Mbps, compared
to 12 Mbps of USB 1.1.
USB3.0
 It is also called as Super-Speed USB having a data transfer rate of
4.8Gbps
 It can deliver over 10x the speed of today's Hi-Speed USB
connections.
ECE4010 Winter 2021-2022 60
USB tiered star topology

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USB Connectors
 The USB standard uses "A" and "B" connectors mainly
to avoid confusion:
 "A" connectors head "upstream" toward the computer.
 "B" connectors head "downstream" and connect to
individual devices.

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Data Transfer
 USB can support 4 data transfer types or transfer modes.
 Control
 Isochronous
 Bulk
 Interrupt
 Control transfers exchange configuration, setup and command
information between the device and host. The host can also send
commands or query parameters with control packets.
 Isochronous transfer is used by time critical, streaming device
such as speakers and video cameras. It is time sensitive information
so, within limitations, it has guaranteed access to the USB bus.
 Bulk transfer is used by devices like printers & scanners, which
receives data in one big packet.
 Interrupt transfer is used by peripherals exchanging small amounts
of data that need immediate attention.
ECE4010 Winter 2021-2022 63
Data Transfer
 All USB data is sent serially.

 USB data transfer is essentially in the form of packets of data, sent

back and forth between the host and peripheral devices.

 Initially all packets are sent from the host, via the root hub and
possibly more hubs, to devices.

Each USB data transfer consists of a…

1. Token packet (Header defining what it expects to follow)

2. Data Packet (Containing the payload)

3. Status Packet (Used to acknowledge transactions and to provide a

means of error correction)

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Advantages
 Low cost
 Expandability
 Auto-configuration
 Hot-plugging
 Outstanding performance
 It also provides power to the bus, enabling many
peripherals to operate without the added need for an AC
power adapter.

ECE4010 Winter 2021-2022 65

Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
 Wi-Fi is a wireless local area network (WLAN) technology that
allows electronic devices to network using the 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz
ISM radio bands.

 It is based on the IEEE 802.11 MAC and physical layer standards

for WLAN and is the most pervasive choice for connectivity with the
Internet, especially in the home LAN environment.

 Wi-Fi supports very fast data transfer rates, but consumes a lot of
power which makes it unviable for low-power applications.

 The embedded networks, wireless sensor network applications and

Internet-of-Things implementations explicitly make use of Wi-Fi as a
preferred choice for connectivity to the Internet

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Wi-Fi

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Benefits of Wi-Fi
 Wireless Ethernet. Wi-Fi is an Ethernet replacement. Wi-Fi and
Ethernet, both IEEE 802 networks, share some core elements.
 Extended Access. The absence of wires and cables extends
access to places where wires and cables cannot go or where it is
too expensive for them to go.
 Cost Reduction. The absence of wires and cables brings down
cost. This is accomplished by a combination of factors, the relatively
low cost of wireless routers, no need for trenching, drilling and other
methods that may be necessary to make physical connections.
 Mobility. Wires tie you down to one location. Going wireless means
you have the freedom to change your location without losing your
connection.
 Flexibility. Extended access, cost reductions, and mobility create
opportunities for new applications as well as the possibility of
creative new solutions for legacy applications.
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Wi-Fi Embedded Applications
 Industrial process and control applications where wired
connections are too costly or inconvenient, e.g.,
continuously moving machinery.
 Emergency applications that require immediate and
transitory setup, such as battlefield or disaster situations.
 Mobile applications, such as asset tracking.
 Surveillance cameras (maybe you don‟t want them easily
noticed, cables are difficult to hide).
 Vertical markets like medical, education, and
manufacturing.
 Communication with other Wi-Fi devices, like a laptop or
a PDA.
ECE4010 Winter 2021-2022 70
Elements of WIFI network
 Access Point (AP) - The AP is a wireless LAN
transceiver or “base station” that can connect one or
many wireless devices simultaneously to the Internet.

 Wi-Fi cards - They accept the wireless signal and relay

information. They can be internal and external.

 Safeguards - Firewalls and anti-virus software protect

networks from uninvited users and keep information
secure.

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WIFI Topologies
Peer-to-peer Topology
 AP is not required.

 Client devices within a cell can communicate with each other

directly.

 It is useful for setting up a wireless network quickly and easily

Infrastructure network
 The client communicate through Access Point.

 Any communication has to go through AP.

 If a Mobile Station (MS), like a computer, a PDA, or a phone, wants

to communicate with another MS, it needs to send the information to
AP first, then AP sends it to the destination MS.
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WIFI Topologies

Peer-to-peer Topology Infrastructure network Topology

ECE4010 Winter 2021-2022 73

Arduino Schematics

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Bluetooth
Bluetooth
 Bluetooth is a standardized protocol for sending and receiving data
via a 2.4GHz wireless link.
 It‟s a secure protocol, and it‟s perfect for short-range, lowpower, low-
cost, wireless transmissions between electronic devices.
 Bluetooth serves as an excellent protocol for wirelessly transmitting
relatively small amounts of data over a short range (<100 m)
 The Bluetooth protocol operates at 2.4GHz in the same unlicensed
ISM frequency band where RF protocols like ZigBee and WiFi also
exist.

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Bluetooth Working
 Bluetooth networks (commonly referred to as piconets) use a
master/slave model to control when and where devices can send
data.

 A single master device can be connected to up to seven different

slave devices.

 Any slave device in the piconet can only be connected to a single

master.

 The master coordinates communication throughout the piconet.

 It can send data to any of its slaves and request data from them as
well.

 Slaves are only allowed to transmit to and receive from their master.
They can‟t talk to other slaves in the piconet.

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Bluetooth Piconets

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Bluetooth Connection Process
 Inquiry – If two Bluetooth devices know absolutely nothing about
each other, one must run an inquiry to try to discover the other. One
device sends out the inquiry request, and any device listening for
such a request will respond with its address, and possibly its name
and other information.

 Paging (Connecting) – Paging is the process of forming a

connection between two Bluetooth devices. Before this connection
can be initiated, each device needs to know the address of the other
(found in the inquiry process).

 Connection – After a device has completed the paging process, it

enters the connection state. While connected, a device can either be
actively participating or it can be put into a low power sleep mode.

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Bluetooth Modes
 Active Mode – This is the regular connected mode, where the
device is actively transmitting or receiving data.

 Sniff Mode – This is a power-saving mode, where the device is less

active. It‟ll sleep and only listen for transmissions at a set interval
(e.g. every 100ms).

 Hold Mode – Hold mode is a temporary, power-saving mode where

a device sleeps for a defined period and then returns back to active
mode when that interval has passed. The master can command a
slave device to hold.

 Park Mode – Park is the deepest of sleep modes. A master can

command a slave to “park”, and that slave will become inactive until
the master tells it to wake back up.

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Bonding and Pairing
 When two Bluetooth devices share a special affinity for each other,
they can be bonded together.

 Bonded devices automatically establish a connection whenever

they‟re close enough.

 Bonds are created through one-time a process called pairing. When

devices pair up, they share their addresses, names, and profiles,
and usually store them in memory.

 The also share a common secret key, which allows them to bond
whenever they‟re together in the future.

 Pairing usually requires an authentication process where a user

must validate the connection between devices.

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Comparison

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Advantages
 It avoids interference from other wireless devices.

 It has lower power consumption.

 It is easily upgradeable.

 It has range better than Infrared communication.

 The Bluetooth is used for voice and data transfer.

 Bluetooth devices are available at very cheap cost.

 No line of sight hence can connect through any obstacles.

 Free to use if the device is installed with Bluetooth.

 The technology is adopted in many products such as head set, in

car system, printer, web cam, GPS system, keyboard and mouse.

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Disadvantages
 It can lose connection in certain conditions.

 It has low bandwidth as compared to Wi-Fi.

 It allows only short range communication between devices.

 Security is a very key aspect as it can be hacked.

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NFC
NFC
 Based on the 13.56 MHz wireless communication protocol, Near
Field Communication (NFC) uses contactless connectivity to build
key enablers that greatly facilitate the adoption of new innovative
applications.

 Currently found in contactless payment, e-government (passports),

access control, public transport ticketing systems and e-government
(passports).

 NFC is a convenient, always-on radio link that is driving the growth

for simple pairing, diagnostic readout, parameter programming and
much more.

 NFC‟s unique features will have a positive impact on many of our

activities in areas such as smart living, industrial, and mobile
devices.

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NFC Features
 Fast and intuitive, no training required

 Already widely used in mobile, cards and tags

 Short operating distance guarantees privacy and security

 Perfect for secure transactions, such as payments or

access control

 Greatly facilitates Bluetooth pairing and Wi-Fi hotspot

registration

ECE4010 Winter 2021-2022 87

What is so special about NFC?
 Triggered by a simple tap; NFC transactions are short, lasting just a
fraction of a second, with no need for any preliminary steps. The
result is a very intuitive gesture.

 In NFC, only one device needs to be powered (except for Peer-to-

peer mod). The possibility to have inexpensive, completely passive
tags is a true enabler for IoE (Internet of Everything) scenarios.

 NFC is a proximity technology based on an intentional action that

makes obvious the NFC device is present and identifiable by its
owner.

 The NFC software stack is fully integrated into Android, iOS and
Windows, mobile operating systems that natively provide a number
of services, creating the opportunity for many applications to use
NFC without the need to install any specific software

ECE4010 Winter 2021-2022 88

NFC Applications

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NFC Passive Communication

ECE4010 Winter 2021-2022 90

NFC Active Communication

ECE4010 Winter 2021-2022 91

Range Vs Data rate

ECE4010 Winter 2021-2022 92

Advantages
 Convenient: The convenience of payment is one of this system‟s
greatest advantages.

 Versatile: NFC is very versatile, in that it covers a range of different

industries and services.

 Better User Experience: This system is beneficial for enterprises

too companies that readily adopt the latest technology are viewed
by customers as being dynamic and progressive.

 Seamless: The high level of encryption enables institutions to

employ it as a sort of a security system, which does an accurate ID
on students entering and exiting the premises.

ECE4010 Winter 2021-2022 93

Zigbee
Zigbee
 ZigBee is the most popular industry wireless mesh networking
standard for connecting sensors, instrumentation and control
systems.
 ZigBee, a specification for communication in a wireless personal
area network (WPAN), has been called the "Internet of things."
 ZigBee is an open, global, packet-based protocol designed to
provide an easy-to-use architecture for secure, reliable, low power
wireless networks.
 ZigBee and IEEE 802.15.4 are low data rate wireless networking
standards that can eliminate the costly and damage prone wiring in
industrial control applications.
 Flow or process control equipment can be place anywhere and still
communicate with the rest of the system.
 It can also be moved, since the network doesn't care about the
physical location of a sensor, pump or valve

ECE4010 Winter 2021-2022 95

How Zigbee Works?
 ZigBee basically uses digital radios to allow devices to communicate with
one another.

 Every ZigBee network must contain a network coordinator. Other Full

Function Devices (FFD's) may be found in the network, and these devices
support all of the 802.15.4 functions.

 They can serve as network coordinators, network routers, or as devices that

interact with the physical world.

 Several topologies are supported by ZigBee, including star, mesh, and

cluster tree. Star topology is most useful when several end devices are
located close together and they can communicate with a single router node.

 Mesh networking allows for redundancy in node links, so that if one node
goes down, devices can find an alternative path to communicate with one
another.

ECE4010 Winter 2021-2022 96

Zigbee Features
 There are three different states defined for the devices:
Transmitting, receiving and sleeping. This allows to the device to
save energy when duty cycles are defined and the device sleeps.

 Mainly used for Wireless Sensor Networks

 Users expect batteries to last many months to years

 Even mains powered equipment needs to be conscious of energy.

 ZigBee devices will be more ecological than its predecessors saving

megawatts at it full deployment.

 ZigBee provides ultra low consumption and efficiency (thanks to the

adaptable duty cycle, the low rate rates and the low coverage radio),
and enable large scale networks for the WSN, making it one of the
most convenient standards for this purpose.

ECE4010 Winter 2021-2022 97

ZigBee Communication
 ZigBee Coordinator: responsible for initializing, maintaining and
controlling the network. There is one and only one per network
 ZigBee Router: connected to the coordinator or other routers. It can
have zero or more children nodes. Participate in multi hop routing
 ZigBee End Devices: does not participate in routing

ECE4010 Winter 2021-2022 98

Zigbee Applications

ECE4010 Winter 2021-2022 99

Advantages
 ZigBee is standardized at all layers, this ensures that products from
different manufacturers are compatible with each other.

 The power of the mesh, devices tend to connect with every near
device, that makes every node of the network reachable from every
other node and expanding the network geographically, also
providing self healing, if the preferable path to a node fails there are
other path to reach the node. The more devices you have the more
reliable the network is.

 Low consumption of energy and working in the network even without

the necessity of a battery (Green Power). Energy-harvesting devices
lack batteries, getting it by extracting the energy they need from the
environment.

 High scalability, ZigBee networks can to thousand of devices and

they will communicate with each other using the best available path.

ECE4010 Winter 2021-2022 100

Activity
EEPROM Library

 The microcontroller on the Arduino and Genuino AVR

based board has EEPROM: memory whose values are
kept when the board is turned off (like a tiny hard drive).

 This library enables you to read and write those bytes.

 EEPROM available in UNO – 1024 bytes (1Kb)

 #include <EEPROM.h>

ECE4010 Winter 2021-2022 101

Activity
 EEPROM Clear: Clear the bytes in the EEPROM.

 EEPROM Read: Read the EEPROM and send its values to the computer.

 EEPROM Write: Stores values from an analog input to the EEPROM.

 EEPROM Crc: Calculates the CRC of EEPROM contents as if it was an

array.

 EEPROM Get: Get values from EEPROM and prints as float on serial.

 EEPROM Iteration: Understand how to go through the EEPROM memory

locations.

 EEPROM Put: Put values in EEPROM using variable semantics.

 EEPROM Update: Stores values read from A0 into EEPROM, writing the
value only if different, to increase EEPROM life.

ECE4010 Winter 2021-2022 102

Activity
 Write a sketch that allows a user to access data in
EEPROM using the serial monitor. In the serial monitor
the user should be able to type one of two commands:
“read” and “write. "Read" takes one argument, an
EEPROM address. "Write" takes two arguments, an
EEPROM address and a value.

 For example, if the user types “read 3” then the contents

of EEPROM address 3 should be printed to the serial
monitor. If the user types “write 3 10” then the value 10
should be written into address 3 of the EEPROM.

ECE4010 Winter 2021-2022 103

Wireless HART
Wireless HART
 For process measurement and control applications

 First open and interoperable wireless standard to address the critical

needs of real-world industrial applications

 Existing standards fail in industrial environments

 ZigBee: static channel

 Bluetooth: quasi-static star network

ECE4010 Winter 2021-2022 105

Wireless HART
 HART (Highway Addressable Remote Transducer Protocol)
 Most widely used field communication protocol

 30 million devices worldwide

 WirelessHART released in Sep 2007 (as a part of HART 7)

 Adds wireless capabilities to the HART protocol while maintaining
compatibility with existing devices, commands and tools.

ECE4010 Winter 2021-2022 106

Wireless HART
 Monitor and control pressure and temperature of process
fluids and gases

 Improved control of plant steam supply by detecting

“cool spots” in cross plant steam lines

 Reducing risk of overfilling tanks by adding redundant

level measurements (in oil and petroleum refineries)

 Monitor and control safety valves

ECE4010 Winter 2021-2022 107

Wireless HART
 Reliable: 99.9%

 Secure

 Self-organizing, self-healing

 Interoperable

 Supports both star and mesh topologies

 Built-in time synchronization

ECE4010 Winter 2021-2022 108

Network Architecture

ECE4010 Winter 2021-2022 109

Network Architecture
Network Manager
 Centralized brain

 Manages the network and its devices

 Collect topology information

 Routing, scheduling
 Generates network management packets to devices
 Change when devices/links break
 User/administrator interacts with the Network Manager
 Redundant Network Managers supported (only one active)
Field Devices
 Sensor/actuator/both

 Connected to the process or plant equipment

 Combines wireless communication with traditional HART field

device capabilities
 May be line or battery-powered

ECE4010 Winter 2021-2022 110

Network Architecture
WirelessHART Adapter
 Enables communication with a non-native device
through a WirelessHART Network
Gateway
 One gateway can support up to 80 devices

 A Gateway provides
 One or more Host Interfaces connecting the Gateway to
backbone networks (e.g., the plant automation network)
 One or more Access Points providing the physical connection
into the WirelessHART network
 A connection to the Network Manager
 Buffering and local storage for publishing data, event notification,
and common commands
 Time synchronization sourcing
ECE4010 Winter 2021-2022 111
Network Architecture
Handheld devices
 Portable applications used to configure, maintain or
control plant assets.
 Typically belong to networks of different standards
Plant Automation Network
 Connects client applications to the gateway
Security Manager
 Industry standard AES-128 ciphers/keys

ECE4010 Winter 2021-2022 112

WiMax
Why WiMax?
 WiMAX stands for wireless interoperatibility for microwave access.

 WiMAX is expected to do more for Metropolitan Area Networks

(MANs) similar to Wi-Fi has done for local area networks (LANs)

 WiMAX is not projected to replace Wi-Fi, but to complement it by

connecting Wi-Fi networks to each other or the Internet through
high-speed wireless links.

 WiMAX technology can be used to extend the power and range of

Wi-Fi and cellular networks.

 In developing countries, WiMAX may become the only wireless

technology because Wi-Fi and cellular have not penetrated areas
that can be reached with WiMAX technology

ECE4010 Winter 2021-2022 114

WiMax
 Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) is
currently one of the hottest technologies in wireless.
 WiMAX, is based on an RF technology called Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiplexing (OFDM), which is a very effective means of
transferring data with carriers of width of 5MHz or greater.
 Below 5MHz carrier width, current CDMA based 3G systems are
comparable to OFDM in terms of performance.
 WiMAX is a standard-based wireless technology that provides high
throughput broadband connections over long distance.
 WiMAX can be used for a number of applications, including “last
mile” broadband connections, hotspots and high-speed connectivity
for business customers.
 It provides wireless metropolitan area network (MAN) connectivity at
speeds up to 70 Mbps and the WiMAX base station on the average
can cover between 5 to 10 km.
ECE4010 Winter 2021-2022 115
WiMax vs. WLAN
 Unlike WLAN, WiMAX provides a media access control (MAC) layer
that uses a grant request mechanism to authorize the exchange of
data. This feature allows better exploitation of the radio resources, in
particular with smart antennas, and independent management of the
traffic of every user.
 One of the inhibitors to widespread deployment of WLAN was the
poor security feature of the first releases. WiMAX proposes the full
range of security features to ensure secured data exchange:
 Terminal authentication by exchanging certificates to prevent rogue
devices,
 User authentication using the Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP),
 Data encryption using the Data Encryption Standard (DES) or Advanced
Encryption Standard (AES), both much more robust than the Wireless
Equivalent Privacy (WEP) initially used by WLAN.

ECE4010 Winter 2021-2022 116

Comparison

ECE4010 Winter 2021-2022 117

WiMax Uses
 The bandwidth and range of WiMAX make it suitable for
the following potential applications:
 Connecting Wi-Fi hotspots with other parts of the Int
 Providing a wireless alternative to cable and DSL for
"last mile” broadband access.
 Providing data and telecommunications services.
 Providing a source of Internet connectivity as part of a
business continuity plan. That is, if a business has a
fixed and a wireless Internet connection, especially from
unrelated providers, they are unlikely to be affected by
the same service outage.

ECE4010 Winter 2021-2022 118

WiMax

ECE4010 Winter 2021-2022 119

Evolution of IoT
Evolution of IoT
 The Internet of Things (IoT) is a system of interrelated computing
devices, mechanical and digital machines, objects, animals or people that
are provided with unique identifiers and the ability to transfer data over a
network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer
interaction.
 It involves embedded computing devices interconnected with existing
internet infrastructure.

ECE4010 Winter 2021-2022 121

Internet of things

ECE4010 Winter 2021-2022 122

Various Names, One Concept

 M2M (Machine to Machine)

 “Internet of Everything” (Cisco Systems)

 “World Size Web” (Bruce Schneier)

 “Skynet” (Terminator movie)

ECE4010 Winter 2021-2022 123

A New Dimension

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Basic requirements

ECE4010 Winter 2021-2022 125

12 driving factors of IoT

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IoT Reference Framework

ECE4010 Winter 2021-2022 127

6LoWPAN
What is 6LoWPAN?
 6LoWPAN is a somewhat contorted acronym that combines the
latest version of the Internet Protocol (IPv6) and Low-power
Wireless Personal Area Networks (LoWPAN).

 6LoWPAN, therefore, allows for the smallest devices with limited

processing ability to transmit information wirelessly using an internet
protocol. It‟s the newest competitor to ZigBee.

 The concept was created because engineers felt like the smallest
devices were being left out from the Internet of Things.

 6LoWPAN can communicate with 802.15.4 devices as well as other

types of devices on an IP network link like WiFi. A bridge device can
connect the two.

ECE4010 Winter 2021-2022 129

6LoWPAN

ECE4010 Winter 2021-2022 130

6LoWPAN Basics
 The 6LoWPAN technology utilises IEEE 802.15.4 to provide the lower
layers for this low power wireless network system.

 While this seems a straightforward approach to the development of an

packet data wireless network or wireless sensor network, there are
incompatibilities between IPv6 format and the formats allowed by IEEE
802.15.4.

 This differences are overcome within 6LoWPAN and this allows the system
to be used as a layer over the basic 802.15.4.

 In order to send packet data, IPv6 over 6LowPAN, it is necessary to have a

method of converting the packet data into a format that can be handled by
the IEEE 802.15.4 lower layer system.

ECE4010 Winter 2021-2022 131

6LoWPAN Basics
 IPv6 requires the maximum transmission unit (MTU) to be at least
1280 bytes in length.

 This is considerably longer than the IEEE802.15.4's standard packet

size of 127 octets which was set to keep transmissions short and
thereby reduce power consumption.

 To overcome the address resolution issue, IPv6 nodes are given

128 bit addresses in a hierarchical manner.

 The IEEE 802.15.4 devices may use either of IEEE 64 bit extended
addresses or 16 bit addresses that are unique within a PAN after
devices have associated.

 There is also a PAN-ID for a group of physically co-located

IEEE802.15.4 devices.

ECE4010 Winter 2021-2022 132

6LoWPAN Security
 It is anticipated that the Internet of Things, IoT will offer hackers a
huge opportunity to take control of poorly secured devices and also
use them to help attack other networks and devices.

 Accordingly security is a major issue for any standard like

6LoWPAN, and it uses AES-128 link layer security which is defined
in IEEE 802.15.4. This provides link authentication and encryption.

 Further security is provided by the transport layer security

mechanisms that are also included. This is defined in RFC 5246 and
runs over TCP.

 For systems where UDP is used the transport layer protocol defined
under RFC 6347 can be used, although this may require some
specific hardware requirements.

ECE4010 Winter 2021-2022 133

6LoWPAN interoperability
 One key issue of any standard is that of interoperability. It is vital
that equipment from different manufacturers operates together.
 When testing for interoperability, it is necessary to ensure that all
layers of the OSI stack are compatible.
 6LoWPAN is a wireless / IoT style standard that has quietly gained
significant ground.
 Although initially aimed at usage with IEEE 802.15.4, it is equally
able to operate with other wireless standards making it an ideal
choice for many applications.
 6LoWPAN uses IPv6 and this alone has to set it aside from the
others with a distinct advantage.
 With the world migrating towards IPv6 packet data, a system such
6LoWPAN offers many advantages for low power wireless sensor
networks and other forms of low power wireless networks.

ECE4010 Winter 2021-2022 134

6LoWPAN Applications
 General Automation: There are enormous opportunities for
6LoWPAN to be used in many different areas of automation.
 Home automation: There is a large market for home automation.
By connecting using IPv6, it is possible to gain distinct advantages
over other IoT systems. The Thread initiative has been set up to
standardize on a protocol running over 6LoWPAN to enable home
automation.
 Smart Grid: Smart grids enable smart meters and other devices to
build a micro mesh network and they are able to send the data back
to the grid operator‟s monitoring and billing system using the IPv6
backbone.
 Industrial monitoring: Automated factories and industrial plants
provide a great opportunity for 6LoWPAN and using automation, can
enable major savings to be made. The ability of 6LoWPAN to
connect to the cloud opens up many different areas for data
monitoring and analysis.
ECE4010 Winter 2021-2022 135
PCI
PCI
 PCI(Peripheral Component Interconnect) bus is based on ISA
(Industry Standard Architecture) Bus and VL (VESA Local) Bus.

 Introduced by Intel in 1992

 Revised twice into version 2.1 which is the 64-bit standard that it is
today.

 Great feature of PCI Bus was that it was invented as an industry

standard

 PCI provides direct access to system memory for the devices that
are connected to the bus which is then connected through a bridge
that connects to the front side bus.

 This configuration allowed for higher performance without slowing

down the processor

ECE4010 Winter 2021-2022 137

PCI Features
 The maximum theoretical transfer rate of the base configuration is 132
Mbytes/sec.

 Extensions to the base PCI specification can boost this by a factor of four to
528 Mbytes/sec.

 The PCI-X enhancements extend potential bandwidth to over 4 gigabytes

per second.

 Any device on the bus can be a bus master and initiate transactions. One
consequence of this is that there is no need for the traditional notion of
DMA.

 The transfer protocol is optimized around transferring blocks of data. A

single transfer is just a block transfer with a length of one.

ECE4010 Winter 2021-2022 138

PCI Features
 Although PCI is officially processor-independent, it inevitably reflects its
origins with Intel and its primary application in the PC architecture. Among
other things it uses little-endian byte ordering.
 PCI implements Plug-and-Play configurability.
 Every device in a system is automatically configured each time the system
is turned on.
 The configuration protocol supports up to 256 devices in a system.
 The electrical specifications emphasize low power use including support for
both 3.3 and 5 volt signaling environments.

ECE4010 Winter 2021-2022 139

PCI Bus Block diagram

ECE4010 Winter 2021-2022 140

PCI Signals
 A PCI interface requires a minimum of 47 pins for a target-only
device and 49 pins for a master.
 This is sufficient for a 32-bit data path running at up to 33 MHz and
is mandatory for all devices claiming PCI compatibility.
 An additional 51 pins define optional features such as 64-bit
transfers, interrupts and a JTAG interface.
A note about notation:
 A # sign at the end of a signal name, such as FRAME#, indicates
that the signal is active or asserted in the low voltage state.
 Signal names without a # are asserted in the high voltage state.
 The notation [n::m], where n and m are integers such that n is
greater than m, represents an “array” of signals with n – m + 1
members. Thus, AD[31::0] represents the 32-bit data bus consisting
of signal AD[0] to AD[31] with AD[0] being the least significant bit.
ECE4010 Winter 2021-2022 141
PCI Signals

ECE4010 Winter 2021-2022 142

Evolution of PCI bus

ECE4010 Winter 2021-2022 143

PCI Read Write Operation
 All signals sampled on rising edge
 Centralized Parallel Arbitration
 overlapped with previous transaction

 All transfers are (unlimited) bursts

 Address phase starts by asserting FRAME#
 Next cycle “initiator” asserts cmd and address
 Data transfers happen on when
 IRDY# asserted by master/initiator when ready to transfer data
 TRDY# asserted by target when ready to transfer data
 transfer when both asserted on rising edge

 FRAME# deasserted when master intends to complete only one

more data transfer

ECE4010 Winter 2021-2022 144

Advantages & Disadvantages
Advantages

 Very high speed

 Plug & Play

 Dominant board-level bus

Disadvantages

 Incompatible with older systems

 Can cost more

ECE4010 Winter 2021-2022 145

Ethernet
Ethernet
 Most popular packet-switched LAN technology
 Bandwidths: 10Mbps, 100Mbps, 1Gbps
 Max bus length: 2500m
 500m segments with 4 repeaters
 Bus and Star topologies are used to connect hosts
 Hosts attach to network via Ethernet transceiver or hub or switch
 Detects line state and sends/receives signals
 Hubs are used to facilitate shared connections
 All hosts on an Ethernet are competing for access to the medium
 Switches break this model

 Ethernet operates at the link layer in TCP/IP model

architecture.
ECE4010 Winter 2021-2022 147
Ethernet
 Ethernet by definition is a broadcast protocol
 Any signal can be received by all hosts
 Switching enables individual hosts to communicate

 Network layer packets are transmitted over an Ethernet

by encapsulating
 Frame Format

64 48 48 16 32

Preamble Dest Src Type Body CRC

addr addr

ECE4010 Winter 2021-2022 148

Ethernet
 Ethernet and Wi-Fi are both “multi-access” technologies
 Broadcast medium, shared by many hosts
 Simultaneous transmissions will result in collisions
 Media Access Control (MAC) protocol required
 Rules on how to share medium
 The Data Link Layer is divided into two Parts: MAC (Media Access
Control) Sub layer and LLC (Logic Link Control) Sub layer

ECE4010 Winter 2021-2022 149

Ethernet CSMA/CD
 CSMA/CD (carrier sense multiple access with collision
detection) media access protocol is used.
 Data is transmitted in the form of packets.
 Sense channel prior to actual packet transmission.
 Transmit packet only if channel is sensed idle; else, defer the
transmission until channel becomes idle.
 After packet transmission is started, the node monitors its own
transmission to see if the packet has experienced a collision.
 If the packet is observed to be undergoing a collision, the
transmission is aborted and the packet is retransmitted after a
random interval of time using Binary Exponential Back off
algorithm.

ECE4010 Winter 2021-2022 150

Switched Ethernet
 Switches forward and filter frames based on LAN
addresses
 It‟s not a bus or a router (although simple forwarding tables are
maintained)
 Very scalable
 Options for many interfaces
 Full duplex operation (send/receive frames simultaneously)
 Connect two or more “segments” by copying data frames
between them
 Switches only copy data when needed
 key difference from repeaters
 Higher link bandwidth
 Collisions are completely avoided
 Much greater aggregate bandwidth
 Separate segments can send at once
ECE4010 Winter 2021-2022 151
Ethernet Frame Structure
 Preamble:
 7 bytes with pattern 10101010 followed by one byte with pattern
10101011
 Used to synchronize receiver, sender clock rates

 Addresses: 6 bytes, frame is received by all adapters on

a LAN and dropped if address does not matched
 CRC: 4 bytes generated using CR-32, checked at
receiver, if error is detected, the frame is simply dropped
 Data Payload: Maximum 1500 bytes, minimum 46 bytes
 If data is less than 46 bytes, pad with zeros to 46 bytes

ECE4010 Winter 2021-2022 152

Classifications
 Basic ethernet is slowest among all, which provide the s
speed of 10Mbps.

 Fast Ethernet provides the speed of 100Mbps, which is

intermediate between basic and Gigabit network

 Gigabit Ethernet has the highest data transfer speed of

1Gbps. This speed is 10 times more than Fast Ethernet.

ECE4010 Winter 2021-2022 153

Ethernet BUS Topology

Repeater

ECE4010 Winter 2021-2022 154

Ethernet STAR Topology

Hub

ECE4010 Winter 2021-2022 155

Advantages
 To form an Ethernet, we do not need much cost. It is relatively
inexpensive. It is costless as compare to other systems of
connecting computers.
 In Ethernet, all the node have the same privileges. It does not
follow client-server architecture.
 It does not require any switches or hubs
 Maintenance and administration are simple.
 The cable used to connect systems in ethernet is robust to noise.
 As it is robust to the noise, the quality of the data transfer does not
degrade. The data transfer quality is good.
 With a Gigabit network, users can transfer data with the speed of 1-
100Gbps.

ECE4010 Winter 2021-2022 156

Disadvantages
 It does not hold good for real-time applications as it requires
deterministic service.

 As the network cannot set priority for the packets, it is not suitable
for a client-server architecture.

 In ethernet, there is a limit of the minimum size of the frame to 46B.

The result of that, it is not a good choice for interactive applications.

 Not suitable for traffic-intensive applications. If the traffic on the

Ethernet increases, the efficiency of the Ethernet goes down.

 After receiving a packet, the receiver doesn‟t send any

acknowledge.

 If there is any problem in ethernet, it is difficult to troubleshoot what

cable or node in the network causing an actual problem.

ECE4010 Winter 2021-2022 157

Activity
 About Arduino Shields
 https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/arduino-shields
 Arduino Shield List (Don't memorize, just reference)
 http://playground.arduino.cc/Main/SimilarBoards
 Ethernet Shield
 https://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/ArduinoEthernetShield
 WiFi Shield
 https://www.arduino.cc/en/pmwiki.php?n=Main/Arduino
WiFiShield

ECE4010 Winter 2021-2022 158

Thank You