Introduction: What is GIT?

Git is a free and open-source distributed version control system, which is designed to handle everything
from small to very large projects with speed and efficiency.

So Why Git? What are the advantages?

Imagine a scenario without using Git.

There is a large project and 100 developers are working on the project.

• Developers used to submit their codes to the central server without having a copy of their own.
• Any changes made to the source code were not known to the other developers.
• There was no communication between any of the developers.
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Now, let's analyse the scenario after using Git.

• Every developer has an entire copy of the code on their local system.
• Any change made to the source code can be tracked by others.
• There is regular communication between the developers.

Therefore, for large projects that involve thousands of developers, Git helps those developers to work
collaboratively and efficiently in a structured manner. Learn More.

Learn GIT: Basics to Advanced Concepts

1. Uses of Git

• Git is used to tracking changes in the source code.

• Distributed version control tool used for source code management.
• Allows multiple developers to work together.
• Supports non-linear development because of its thousands of parallel branches.

2. Features of Git
• Free and open-source
• Tracks history
• Supports non-linear development
• Creates backup
• Scalable
• Supports collaboration
• Branching is easier
• Distributed development.

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3. Git WorkFlow

The following image shows the git workflow diagram:

In Git, the workflow is mainly divided into three areas -

• Working directory - This is the area where you modify your existing files.
• Staging area (Index) - In this, the files in your working directory are staged and snapshots are added.
• Git directory or repository - It is basically where you perform all the changes that need to be made
i.e. perform commits to branch, checkout branch, make changes etc.

4. Install Git: Installation in Windows/Linux/Mac OS X

Install Git on Windows -

• Download the latest version of Git from here.

• After starting the installer, follow the command on the screen and press Next to complete the installation.
• Open Command Prompt and run the following command to configure Git on your PC using your username
and email.
$ git config --global user.name "username"
$ git config --global user.email "[email protected]"

This configures Git on your PC with your username and email.

Install Git on Linux -

• You can install Git on Linux using the command apt-get :

$ sudo apt-get update
$ sudo apt-get install git
• Configure your username and email using the following command:
$ git config --global user.name "user_name"
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$ git config --global user.email "[email protected]"

Install Git on Mac OS -

• Download the latest version of Git from here.

• Open the installer and follow the instructions.
• Now since Git is installed, open command line and configure your username and user email.
$ git config --global user.name "user_name"
$ git config --global user.email "[email protected]"

5. Git Clone

git clone is a command which is used to clone or copy a target repository.

The following image shows an illustration of the git clone command. Using the command, a copy of the
original repository is created.

How to clone a repository?

• Open Github and navigate to the target repository which needs to be cloned.
• Under the repo name, click on the tab Clone or Download.
• An option named Clone with HTTPS appears.
• Copy the Clone URL.
• Open a command line and use the command: git clone <repo_URL>

In this way, a clone of the target repository can be made.

Clone a specific branch from the repository.

A very useful feature of the git clone is that it allows cloning a specific branch of the target repository
without having to clone the entire repository.
To clone a specific branch, you need to use the command -b to specify the branch. The following
command is used:

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6. Git Branch

• A branch in Git is used to keep your changes until they are ready.
• You can do your work on a branch while the main branch(main) remains stable. After you are done with
your work, you can merge it to the main branch.

For creating a new branch, the following command is used :

git branch <branch_name>

For example -

git branch demo

This command creates a new branch named demo from the Main branch:

• The diagram shows there is the main branch.

• There are two more branches small feature and large feature working separately.
• Once the work is complete for the two separate branches, you can merge it into the main branch.

7. Git Switch Branch

Using the git checkout command, we can switch from one branch to another.

Command :

git checkout <branch_name>

8. Create Remote Branches

Git doesn’t allow creating a new and isolated branch on a remote repository. But, you to make a branch
remote, we can push an existing local branch.

The steps to create a remote branch is as follows:

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 • Create a local branch and switch to that branch:
git checkout -b <branch_name>
• Push in the local branch:
git push -u origin <branch_name>
Note: origin is the default name of remote

Now, if someone wants to fetch some information, one can simply run:

git fetch
git checkout <branch_name>

9. Delete Branches

Once the work is done on a branch and merged with the Main branch, one can delete the branch.

The following command is used to delete branches:

git delete -d <branch_name>

Note: This command deletes a copy of the branch, but the original branch can still exist in remote repositories.

To delete remote branches, use the following command:

git push origin --delete <branch_name>

10. Git Checkout

The Git checkout is used to command Git on which branch changes have to be made. Checkout is simply
used to change branches in repositories. It can also be used to restore files.

The following image describes the scenario of creating different branches and switching to a brach when
needed, i.e. we can switch from the main brach to a different branch and vice versa.

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 • Git Checkout Branch

To checkout or create a branch, the following command can be used:

git checkout -b <branch_name>

This will simply switch to the new branch branch_name.

• Git Checkout Tag

While working on a large codebase, it because easy to have some reference point. That is where
the checkout tag is used.

The following command is used to specify the tagname as well as the branch that will be checked out.

git checkout tag</tag> <branch_name>

11. GIT Status

git status is mainly used to display the state of the staging area and the repository. It helps us to track all
the changes made, point out untracked files.

Command:

git status

git status after a file is added

• Add files to the repo using the following command:

touch file.txt
• Execute git status.
• A message would be displayed, describing the changes done to the repository.

git status after a file is deleted after commit

• Delete the file using the following command:

git rm file.txt
• Execute git status.
• A message would be displayed, describing the file has been deleted.

12. Git Commit

Git commit is used to record all the changes in the repository. The git commit will commit all the changes
and make a commit-id for the same for tracking down the changes made as shown in the image below.

As shown in the image, the command git commit creates a commit-id to track down changes and commits
all the changes to the git repository.

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Command:

git commit
• git commit -m

The -m along with the command lets us write the commit message on the command line.

Command:

git commit -m "Commit message"

• git commit -am

The -am along with the command is to write the commit message on the command line for already staged
files.

Command:

git commit -am "Commit message"

• git commit -amend

The amend is used to edit the last commit. In case we need to change the last committed message, this
command can be used.

Command:

git commit -amend

• git rm

rm stands for remove. It is used to remove a collection of files. The git rm command is used to remove or
delete files from the working tree and index.

Command:

git rm <file_name>

Now, if you use the command git status, it would show, that the file has been deleted.

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Git merge is a command that allows you to merge branches from Git. It preserves the complete history and
chronological order and maintains the context of the branch.

The following image demonstrates how we can create different features by branching from the main
branch and how we can merge the newly created features after the final review to the main branch.

The command git merge is used to merge the branches.

Command :

git merge <branch_name>

14. GIT Rebase

Git Rebase is a process of combining a sequence of commits to a new base commit.

• The primary reason for rebasing is to maintain a linear project history.

• When you rebase, you ‘unplug’ a branch and ‘replug’ it on the tip of another branch(usually main).
• The goal of rebasing is to take all the commits from a feature branch and put it on the main branch.

The following rebase command is used for rebasing the commits:

git rebase <branch_name>

15. Git Fetch

Git Fetch only downloads the latest changes into the local repository. It downloads fresh changes that
other developers have pushed to the remote repository since the last fetch and allows you to review and
merge manually at a later time using Git Merge. As it doesn’t change the working directory or the staging
area, it is safe to use.

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The below illustration shows the working of the command git fetch. It fetches all the latest changes that
have been made in the remote repository and lets us make changes accordingly.

The command used is :

git fetch <branch_name>

16. Git Pull Remote Branch

You can pull in any changes that have been made from your forked remote repository to the local
repository.

As shown in the below image, using the git pull command, all the changes and content can be fetched from
the remote repository and can be immediately updated in the local repository to match the content.

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We can simply pull a remote repository by using the git pull command. The syntax is as follows:

git pull

This command is equivalent to

git fetch origin head

Use the following command to check if there has been any change:

git pull <RemoteName> <BranchName>

If there is no change, it will show “Already up to date”. Else, it will simply merge those changes in the local
repository.

17. Git Stash

Sometimes in large codebases, there might be some cases when we do not want to commit our code, but
at the same time don’t want to lose the unfinished code. This is where git stash comes into play. The git
stash command is used to record the current state of the working directory and index in a stash.

It stores the unfinished code in a stash and cleans the current branch from any uncommitted changes.
Now, we can work on a clean working directory.

If in the future, we again need to visit that code, we can simply use the stash and apply those changes back
to the working repository.

As shown below, using the command git stash, we can temporarily stash the changes we have made on the
working copy and can work on something else. Later, when needed, we can git stash pop and again start
working on it.

How to stash changes in Git?

The syntax for stashing is as follows:

git stash
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Suppose, you are working on a website and the code is stored in a repository.

Now let's say, you have some files named design.css and design.js. Now you want to stash these files so that
you can again use them later, while you work on something else.

Therefore, later you can use the git stash list command to view all the changes.

Drop Stash

In case, you no longer require a stash, you can delete it with the following command:

git stash drop <stash_id>

If you want to delete all the stashes, simply use:

git stash clear

18. Git-Ignore

At times, there are some files that we might want Git to ignore while commiting. For example, private files
or folders containing passwords, APIs etc. These files are user-specific and hence, we can ignore these
using the .gitignore.

.gitignore is generated automatically inside the project directory and ignores the files to get committed to
the repositories.

How to use the .gitignore?

Follow the below steps to use add the files you want Git to ignore.

• Open your project directory on your PC.

• Create a .gitignore file inside it.
• Inside the .gitignore write the names of all the files you want Git to ignore.
• Now add the .gitignore in your repository.

Now, if you check the status of your repo, you will see, all the files which were written in the .gitignore file
have been ignored.

19. Advanced Git Concepts

• git pull --rebase

Git rebase is used to rewrite commits from one branch to another branch. In order to combine unpublished
local changes with the published remote changes, git pull is performed.

With git pull --rebase, the unpublished changes will be again applied on the published changes and no new
commit will be added to history.

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 • git merge --squash

The squash along with git merge produces the working tree. It indexes in the same way as that of the real
merge but discards the merge history.

Command:

git merge --squash origin/main

When to use git merge --squash?

1. When you have merged main into your branch and resolved conflicts.
2. When you need to overwrite the original commits.
• git reflog

The reflog records every change that is made in the repository. Apart from this, if some branch is lost from
the repo, the recovery can be done using this command.

Command:

git reflog
• git revert

Revert simply means to undo the changes. Therefore, it is an undo command in Git. Unlike traditional undo
operation, the revert command does not delete any data. git revert is a commit operation, as it undo the
specified commit.

Command:

git revert

Options:

• Revert commit:

This option is used to revert back a commit.

Command:

git revert <commit_id>

• Edit commit message before reverting commit:

In case, we want to edit the commit message before reverting, -e is used for the same.

Command:

git revert -e <commit_id>

• git bisect

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Git bisect is a git tool used for debugging. Suppose, you have a large codebase and some commit causes a
bug, but you are not sure of which commit causes it.

Git bisect goes through all the previous commits and uses binary search to find the bugged commit.

The git bisect command is used to find the bisect position as shown. It bisects (divides) your history
between the good and the bad commit range. It then moves through every commit id between this range
and at each snapshot it allows you to test the code.

It is applied as follows:

• git bisect start - Starts the bisect

• git bisect good v1.0 - Mention the last working commit.
• git bisect bad - Mentioning that the current commit has a bug.

It will return the commit which causes the bug and one can debug the issue efficiently.

• git blame

git blame is used to know who/which commit is responsible for the latest changes in the repository. The
author/commit of each line is visible through this.

Command:

git blame <file_name>

This command shows the commits which are responsible for changes of all lines of code.

• git cherry-pick

Choosing a commit from one branch and applying it to another is known as cherry picking in Git. Following
are the steps to cherry pick a commit:

• Visit the branch you want to apply to commit and use the following command:
git switch master
• Run the following command:
git cherry-pick <commit_id

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Git Submodules

Submodules are a tool that allows attaching an external repository inside another repository at a specific
path. It allows us to keep a git repository as a subdirectory of another git repository.

Commands:

• Add git submodule: This takes the git URL as the parameter and clones the pointer repo as a
submodule. The syntax to add git submodule is:
git submodule add <URL_link>
• git submodule init

is to copy the mapping from .gitmodules file into ./.git/config file. git submodule init has
git submodule init
extend behavior in which it accepts a list of explicit module names.

This enables a workflow of activating only specific submodules that are needed for work on the repository.

Command:

git submodule init

Git Subtrees

• git subtree lets

you nest one repository inside another as a sub-directory. It is one of several ways Git
projects can manage project dependencies.
• git-subtree is a wrapper shell script to facilitate a more natural syntax. This is actually still a part of
contrib and not fully integrated into git with the usual man pages.
• A subtree is just a subdirectory that can be committed to, branched from, and merged along with
your project in any way you want.

Commands:

• add: Let’s assume that you have a local repository that you would like
to add an external vendor library to. In this case we will add the git-subtree repository as a
subdirectory of your already existing git-extensions repository in ~/git-extensions/:
git subtree add --prefix=git-subtree --squash \<Git_repo_link>
• pull : It is similar to pull from the repository with added prefix.
Command:
git subtree pull --prefix <URL_link>

Git Submodules VS Subtrees

Git Submodules Git Subtrees

It is a link to a commit ref in another repository Code is merged in the outer repository’s history
Git subtree is decentralised, which basically means
Requires the submodule to be accessible in a server (like that its components are shared across a bunch of
GitHub) linked computers.

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Git Submodules Git Subtrees
Git submodule is a better fit for component-based Git subtree is more like a system-based
development, where your main project depends on a development, where your all repo contains
fixed version of another component (repo). everything at once, and you can modify any part.
Suitable for smaller repository size Suitable for bigger repository size

20. Git Commands

The following table shows the most commonly used Git Commands:

S. No Command Name Use

1 git init Initialise a local Git Repository
2 git add. Add one or more files to the staging area
git commit -m “Commit
3 Message” Commit changes to the head but not to the remote repository.
Check the status of your current repository and list the files you have
4 git status changed.
5 git log Provides a list of all commits made on a branch
6 git diff View the changes you have made to the file
7 git push origin <branch name> Push the branch to the remote repository so that others can use it.
git config --global user.name
8 “Name” Tell Git who you are by configuring the author name
git config --global user.email
9 [email protected] Tell Git who you are by configuring the author email id.
10 git clone <repository_name> Creates a Git repository copy from a remote source
Connect your local repository to the remote server and add the server
11 git remote add origin <server> to be able to push it.
12 git branch <branch_name> Create a new branch
13 git checkout <branch_name> Switch from one branch to another
14 git merge <branch_name> Merge the branch into the active branch
15 git rebase Reapply commits on top of another base tip
git checkout -b
16 <branch_name> Creates a new branch and switch to it
17 git stash Stash changes into a dirty working directory
18 git pull Update local repository to the newest commit
19 git revert <commit_id> Revert commit changes
Shows which files would be removed from working directory. Use the
20 git clean -n -f flag in place of the -n flag to execute the clean.
21 git log --summary View changes (detailed)
22 git diff HEAD Show difference between working directory and last commit.
23 git log --oneline View changes (briefly)
Show a log of changes to the local repository’s HEAD. Add --relative-
24 git reflog date flag to show date info or --all to show all refs.

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S. No Command Name Use
Interactively rebase current branch onto <base>. Launches editor to
enter commands for how each commit will be transferred to the new
25 git rebase -i <base> base.
git restore --staged
26 <file_name> Resetting a staged file
27 git rm -r [File_name] Remove a file (or folder)
28 git config --list List all variables set in config file, along with their values
29 git branch -d <local_branch> Delete local branch in Git
git push -d <remote_name>
30 <branch_name> Delete remote branch in Git
31 git stash pop Unstash the changes
The -am along with the command is to write the commit message on
32 git commit -am the command line for already staged files.
The amend is used to edit the last commit. Incase we need to change
33 git commit -ammend the last committed message, this command can be used.
The git rm command is used to remove or delete files from working
34 git rm tree and index.
Git rebase is used to rewrite commits from one branch to another
35 git pull --rebase branch.
The squash along with git merge produces the working tree. It indexes
in the same way as that of the real merge, but discards the merge
36 git merge --squash history.
37 git revert -e <commit_id> edit the commit mesage before reverting, -e is used for the same.
Git bisect goes through all the previous commit and uses binary search
38 git bisect to find the bugged commit.
git blame is used to know who/which commit is responsible for the
39 git blame lastest changes in the repository.
Choosing a commit from one branch and applying it to another is
40 git cherry-pick known as cherry picking in Git.

Conclusion

So, we learnt how Git makes managing large software codebases easier, how you can commit changes,
clone the repository, how branches work and many git commands that reduce the burden from the lives of
developers.

To test your understanding of Git, some MCQ are provided. Pick the correct option.

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