MAJ-MAT 101- COLLEGE AND ADVANCED ALGEBRA

Module 1:

THE
FUNDAMENTAL
CONCEPTS IN
ALGEBRA

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 MAJ-MAT 101- COLLEGE AND ADVANCED ALGEBRA

Bachelor of Secondary Education Faculty

Southern Leyte State University- San Juan
Topic 1:
REAL NUMBERS AND COMPLEX NUMBERS
Numbers are etremely useful in everyday life. It helps us to count and to measure
quantities of different of items. However, numbers are not just the common figures that
we easily identify and see everyday like 1, 2, and 3. It is beyond than that. To classify the
variety of numbers, kindly read the learning outcomes.

You’ll be able to:

1. Classified the set of real numbers from the number system;
2. Familiarized properties of real numbers; and

Starting!

ACTIVITY 1.1:
Study the given diagram below. Analyze the real number system by carefully looking at
the examples shown in the diagram. Define the sets of numbers based from the given
examples.

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 MAJ-MAT 101- COLLEGE AND ADVANCED ALGEBRA

Try to look back at the diagram. Compare and contrast rational numbers from irrational
numbers. Fill in the venn- diagram by supplying all your ideas.

Make sure to answer completely the activity above. If you are done, let us proceed.

ACTIVITY 1.2:
Table shows the properties of real numbers with its corresponding definition. Read and
comprehend the definition in each property. Formulate two examples in each property
by filling in the table.

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 MAJ-MAT 101- COLLEGE AND ADVANCED ALGEBRA

This time, provide two examples in every property of real numbers. Write your answer
in the space provided.

Make sure you had analyzed the following properties and its definition for you to
provide a correct examples. You need to answer all the questions given.
1. Why do we need to familiarized the properties or real numbers?

2. What do properties refer to in this context?

Unlocking!
A. REAL NUMBER

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 MAJ-MAT 101- COLLEGE AND ADVANCED ALGEBRA

You have shared your thoughts in the previous activity. This time, to have a concrete
thoughts of the topic, read the content of the lesson.
The Real Number System

All numbers that will be mentioned in this lesson belong to the set of the Real
numbers. The set of the real numbers is denoted by the symbol {R}.
There are five subsets within the set of real numbers. Let’s go over each one of them.

Five (5) Subsets of Real Numbers

1. The Set of Natural or Counting Numbers - contains the elements, {1, 2, 3, 4,

5, 6, ... }. The ellipsis “…” signifies that the numbers go on forever in that
pattern.

2. The Set of Whole Numbers- includes all the elements of the natural numbers
plus the number zero (0). Contains the elements, {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, ... }

3. The Set of Integers- includes all the elements of the set of whole numbers
and the opposites or “negatives” of all the elements of the set of counting
numbers. Elements of the integers : {-4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ... }.

4. The Set of Rational Numbers- includes all numbers that can be written as a
fraction or as a ratio of integers. However, the denominator cannot be equal
to zero. A rational number may also appear in the form of a decimal. If a
decimal number is repeating or terminating, it can be written as a fraction,
therefore, it must be a rational number.

Examples of terminating decimals:

Examples of repeating decimals:

5. The Set of Irrational Numbers

a. Irrational numbers are numbers that cannot be written as a ratio of
two integers. This description is exactly the opposite that of the
rational numbers.
b. Irrational numbers are the leftover numbers after all rational numbers
are removed from the set of the real numbers. You may think of it as,
irrational numbers = real numbers “minus” rational numbers
c. Irrational numbers if written in decimal forms don’t terminate and
don’t repeat.

Examples:
a. Pi
5

b. Euler’s number
 MAJ-MAT 101- COLLEGE AND ADVANCED ALGEBRA

B. PROPERTIES OF REAL
Remember: Suppose a, b, c represent real numbers.

PROPERTIES OF REAL NUMBERS

PROPERTIES ADDITION MULTIPLICATION
Closure  Property: a + b is a real  Property: a × b is a real
number number.
 Verbal Description: If you  Verbal Description: If you
add two real numbers, the multiply two real numbers, the
sum is also a real number. product is also a real number.
 Example: 3 + 9 =  Example: 6 × 7 = 42 where
12 where 12 (the sum of 3 42 (the product of 6 and 7) is a
and 9) is a real number. real number.
Commutative  Property: a + b = b + a  Property: a × b = b × a
 Verbal Description: If you  Verbal Description: If you
add two real numbers in multiply two real numbers in
any order, the sum will any order, the product will
always be the same or always be the same or equal.
equal.  Example: 9 × 4 = 4 × 9 = 36
 Example: 5 + 2 = 2 + 5 =10
Associative  Property: (a + b) + c = a +  Property: (a × b) × c = a × (b ×
(b + c) c)
 Verbal Description: If you  Verbal Description: If you are
are adding three real multiplying three real numbers,
numbers, the sum is always the product is always the same
the same regardless of their regardless of their grouping.
grouping.  Example: (5 × 3) × 2 = 5 × (3 ×
 Example: (1 + 2) + 3 = 1 + 2) = 30
(2 + 3) = 6
Identity  Property: a + 0 = a  Property: a × 1 = a
 Verbal Description: If you  Verbal Description: If you
add a real number to zero, multiply a real number to one
the sum will be the original (1), you will get the original
number itself. number itself.
 Example: 3 + 0 = 3 or 0 +  Example: 25 × 1 = 25 or
3=3 1 × 25 = 25
Distributive  Property: a(b + c) = ab + ac or (a+b)c = ac + bc
 Verbal Description: The operation of multiplication distributes
over addition operation.
 Example: 4 (5 + 8) = 4 × 5 + 4 × 8 or (5 + 8) 4 = 5 × 4 + 8 × 4

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 MAJ-MAT 101- COLLEGE AND ADVANCED ALGEBRA

In order for you to familiarized the properties at its finest, I divided the properties of
real numbers into three (3) parts. The first one involves the addition operation. The
second involves the operation of multiplication. While the third combines the
operations of addition and multiplication. These properties are just one of the many
basic foundations of mathematics especially in the field of college and advanced algebra.

Firm-up!

Try to answer the activity. Make use of the space provided in the table below in
answering the activity. Avoid unnecessary erasures.

Instruction: Read each statement carefully. Write TRUE if the statement is true, if it is
FALSE, make the statement correct.
STATEMENT ANSWER
1. Every integer is a rational number.
2. Every rational number is an irrational
number.
3. Some rational numbers are integers.
4. There is no negative irrational
number.
5. Every natural number is an integer.
6. Every integer is a natural number.
7. Every rational number is a real
number.
8. Every negative integer is a rational
number.
9. The smallest negative integer is -1.
10. All nonnegative integers are positive
integers.
11. There are more rational numbers than
irrational numbers.
12. There is no smallest or largest integer.
13. Every real number is a rational
number.
14. Every whole number is a natural
number.
15. All numbers greater than zero are
positive integers.
16. Irrational numbers cannot be
represented on a number line.
17. Some whole numbers are rational
numbers.
18. Every natural number is a whole

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 MAJ-MAT 101- COLLEGE AND ADVANCED ALGEBRA

number.
19. Every integer is a natural number.
20. Every rational number is a whole
number.

Firm-up!

I. Answer this activity. Identify the property being used in the following.

1. ( x + 5 ) ( 7 + x ) = ( x + 5 )•( 7 )+( x + 5 )•( x ) ___________________________

2. (y + 2) + (-y + -2) = 0 ___________________________
3. 5a•3= 3•5a ___________________________
4. 2x (3 + y) = (3 + y) 2x ___________________________
5. (x + 2y) + 3z = x + (2y + 3z) ___________________________

II. Answe the following questions. Write all your answers in the space provided.

1. What is the equivalent to −3(5 + x) + 4x?

2. Under the Associative Property of Addition, the expression (m + 10) + 4 will

become?

3. Which property is illustrated by the statement: 9 + (x + 5) = 9 + (5 + x) ?

4. The area of rectangle PQRS, 6(x + 3), can be expressed as the sum of the areas of
the two smaller rectangles, 6x + 6•3. The fact that 6(x + 3) = 6x + 6•3 illustrates
which property?

5. Which property is illustrated by the statement: 3.5a + 0 = 3.5a ?

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 MAJ-MAT 101- COLLEGE AND ADVANCED ALGEBRA

References:
1. https://www.chilimath.com/lessons/introductory-algebra/properties-of-real-
numbers/
2. https://mathbits.com/Algebra2Bits/
3. Stitz, C. & Zeager, J (2013). College Algebra: Corrected Edition. Lakeland
Community College
4. Dray, Malloy, Casey, & Holiday Car. (2012). Glencoe Algebra 2, Virginia
Edition.McGraw-Hill.

Topic 2:
ALGEBRAIC AND RATIONAL EXPRESSION
One of the reasons for the development of Algebra was the use of the old Summerian
script by the Babylonians in 2000 B.C. The ancient script was a collection of ideograms
containing signs used to denote a single concept. The Babylonians employed them for
the phonetic rendition of their own language in which each sign expressed a concept.
Such ideograms were lifted for an algebraic language like +, -, x, and ÷ we use at present.
Understanding such is an earthshaking task for us to take. To be aware of the things that
we need to consider, read our objectives.

You’ll be able to:

1. Performed the fundamental operations involving polynomials: Addition,
Subtraction, Multiplication, and Division;
2. Identified and applied the different laws of exponent in performing the
operations of polynomials;
3. Performed product of polynomials using the special products; and
4. Performed different factoring methods and identified the appropriate
factoring method to use.

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 MAJ-MAT 101- COLLEGE AND ADVANCED ALGEBRA

A. ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF

Starting!

In adding and subtracting algebraic expressions, we recall that we can add and subtract
similar terms only. However, in combining algebraic expressions, there are important
considerations that we need to take. Examine the examples below.

Examples:
Simplify the following expressions.

1. (x+y-z) – (2x-3y-5z)
2. 4x – [x-16+5(3x+5y)] + (2x-3y)

This time, after examining the given examples above, try to answer the following
questions and provide solutions if it is needed.

e.g. 1. (x+y-z) – (2x-3y-5z)

QUESTION ANSWER SOLUTION
1. What are the
operations being
used?

2. What is the first thing

you need to consider?

3. Based from the

example, can we
easily remove the
parenthesis then
directly add and
subtract the
expression? Why do
you say so?

4. How will you solve

this expression?

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 MAJ-MAT 101- COLLEGE AND ADVANCED ALGEBRA

Try another one. Make sure you are done answering the first example. Do this in the
same manner with the first example.

e.g. 2. 4x – [x-16+5(3x+5y)] + (2x-3y)

QUESTION ANSWER SOLUTION
1. What are the
operations being
used?

2. What is the first thing

you need to consider?

3. Based from the

example, can we
easily remove the
parenthesis then
directly add and
subtract the
expression? Why do
you say so?

4. How will you solve

this expression?

Discovering!

Let’s answer your activity. I have here the solutions for the examples given to you on
adding and subtracting the expressions.

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 MAJ-MAT 101- COLLEGE AND ADVANCED ALGEBRA

Examples:
Simplify the following expressions.

1. (x+y-z) – (2x-3y-5z)
2. 4x – [x-16+5(3x+5y)] + (2x-3y)

Solution:

1. (x+y-z) – (2x-3y-5z) = x + y – z – 2x + 3y + 5z
= -x + 4y + 4z

2. 4x – [x-16+5(3x+5y)] + (2x-3y) = 4x – [x – 16 + 15x + 25y] + 2x – 3y

= 4x – 16x + 16 – 25y + 2x – 3y
= -10x – 28y + 16

By examing the solutions, go back on your answers and track on your own if you did it
right, if not, study the solutions provided to you and let your work be corrected on your
own. You assess your work.

Unlocking!

For us to be reminded in solving algebraic expressions that involves addition and

subtraction of polynomials, these are the rules in removing grouping symbols that will
give us help us in solving the said expessions.

Rules in Removing Grouping Symbols

To remove the parenthesis that encloses a group of algebraic expressions, we follow

these rules. If the open parenthesis is preceded by a:

a. Plus sign – remove the parenthesis without changing the sign of each term in
the expression.
b. Minus sign – remove the parenthesis and change the sign of every term inside
the grouping symbol.
c. Monomial factor – remove the parenthesis and multiply each term inside the
parenthesis by the monomial factor.

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 MAJ-MAT 101- COLLEGE AND ADVANCED ALGEBRA

Familiarize the rules in adding ad subtracting polynomials. If you mastered this one, let
us proceed to multiplying and dividing polynomials.

B. LAWS OF

Starting!

READ the problem then complete the table that follows.

There was a story about a court mathematician in India who, years ago, invented
the game of chess for his king. The king was so pleased with the game that he
offered to repay the mathematician whose request seemed modest enough. The
mathematician requested a single grain of wheat on the first square of the
chessboard, two grains on the second square, four on the third square, and so on,
doubling the number of grains on each succeeding square until all squares had
been used. Thinking that the mathematician’s request was reasonable, the king
readily approved it. Did the king make a wise decision? Why or why not?

Cheeseboar Number of Grains on Number of Grains on the square in

d Square the Square exponential form
1 st
1 1=2 0

2nd 2 2=21
3rd 4 2x2=22
4th __ 2x2x2=23
5th 32 _______________
6th _____ 2x2x2x2x2=_____
10th 1,024 ___________________________________________
16th 65536 ___________________________________________
24th 8388608 ___________________________________________
50th 562949953421312 ___________________________________________
64th 922337203685477580 263
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Discovering!

Try to answer the following questions that will lead you to explore more on the activity.

Questions?
1. How did you come up with your answer?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

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 MAJ-MAT 101- COLLEGE AND ADVANCED ALGEBRA

__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
2. How will you determine the total numbers of grains on each square?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Do you agree with the king’s estimation that the court mathematician’s request
is reasonable? Explain.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
4. If you were the king, what will be your response to the request of the
mathematician? Explain.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
5. In what ways exponents present another strategy to solve problems?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
6. How can real- life problems involving one variable be modeled and solved?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Note that you are able to answer the questions, let us have a discussion of the laws of
exponents.
Unlocking!

Based from the activity, an exponent indicates the number of times a number or
quantity is being multiplied to itself. To further illustrate:

Base Exponent
1. 3 =3 x 3 x 3 x 3 x 3 = 234
5
3 5
2. -23= -2 x -2 x -2 = -8 -2 3
3. x4 = x(x)(x)(x) = x4 x 4
4. (a+b)3 = (a+b) (a+b) (a+b) a+b 3

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 MAJ-MAT 101- COLLEGE AND ADVANCED ALGEBRA

There are different laws of exponents which will help us in our discussion of
polynomials. These are:

xm · xn = xm+n
m
x
m = xm-n if m>n
y
(xm) = xmn
m
x 1
y
m = x
n−m if n>m
(xy)m = xmym x0 = 1
( xy ) = xy
m m

Try to look at the following examples on how to apply the laws of exponents:

Examples Verify
1. 2 x 2 = 2 = 25 = 32
2 3 2+3
4 x 8 = 32
2. (23)2 = 23x2 = 26 = 64 82 = 64
3. (2x3)2 = 22 x 32 = 4 x 9 = 36 62 = 36
4. 26 / 23 = 26-3 = 23 = 8 32/4 = 8
5. 22 / 25 = 1/25-2 = ½3 = 1/8 4/32 = 1/8
Make sure that you had fully understood the processeses and identified the laws of
exponents in order for you to apply this in solving algebraic expressions.

C. MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION OF

Starting!

In multiplying and dividing polynomials, there are many cases and rules may arise. For
you to identify one of those, examine the following examples and try to solve it on your
own.

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 MAJ-MAT 101- COLLEGE AND ADVANCED ALGEBRA

Examples:
Simplify the following expressions.

1. (5x3y4)(7x6y2)
2. 7m2n5p3 (2n8p4 - 3m5n2 + 9m5p6)
5 3
48 x y z
3. 2 4
6 x yz
6 5 4 5 7 6 4 3 2
21m n p +35 m n p −63 m n p
4. 2 2
7m n p

This time, after examining the given examples above, try to answer the following
questions and provide solutions if it is needed.

e.g. 1. (5x3y4)(7x6y2)
QUESTION ANSWER SOLUTION
1. What are the
operations being
used?

2. What is the first thing

you need to consider?

3. Based from the

example, can we
directly multiply or
divide the
expression? Why do
you say so?

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 MAJ-MAT 101- COLLEGE AND ADVANCED ALGEBRA

4. How will you solve

this expression?

e.g. 2. 7m2n5p3 (2n8p4 - 3m5n2 + 9m5p6)

QUESTION ANSWER SOLUTION
1. What are the
operations being
used?

2. What is the first thing

you need to consider?

3. Based from the

example, can we
directly multiply or
divide the
expression? Why do
you say so?

4. How will you solve

this expression?

5 3
48 x y z
e.g. 3. 2 4
6 x yz
QUESTION ANSWER SOLUTION

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 MAJ-MAT 101- COLLEGE AND ADVANCED ALGEBRA

1. What are the

operations being
used?

2. What is the first thing

you need to consider?

3. Based from the

example, can we
directly multiply or
divide the
expression? Why do
you say so?

4. How will you solve

this expression?

6 5 4 5 7 6 4 3 2
21m n p +35 m n p −63 m n p
e.g. 4. 2 2
7m n p
QUESTION ANSWER SOLUTION
1. What are the
operations being
used?

2. What is the first thing

you need to consider?

3. Based from the

example, can we
directly multiply or
divide the
expression? Why do
you say so?

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 MAJ-MAT 101- COLLEGE AND ADVANCED ALGEBRA

4. Examples:
How will you solve
Simplify the following expressions.
this expression?
1. (5x3y4)(7x6y2)
2. 7m2n5p3 (2n8p4 - 3m5n2 + 9m5p6)
5 3
48 x y z
3. 2 4
6 x yz
6 5 4 5 7 6 4 3 2
21m n p +35 m n p −63 m n p
4. 2 2
7m n p

Solution:
1. (5x3y4)(7x6y2) = 35x9y6
2. 7m2n5p3 (2n8p4 - 3m5n2 + 9m5p6)
= (7m2n5p3)(2n8p4) - (7m2n5p3)(3m5n2) + (7m2n5p3)( 9m5p6)
= 14m2n13p7 - 21m7n7p3 + 63m7n5p9
5 3 3 2
48 x y z 8x y
3. 2 4 = 3
6 x yz z
6 5 4 5 7 6 4 3 2
21m n p +35 m n p −63 m n p
4. 2 2 = 3m4n3p3 + 5m3n5p5 – 9m2np
7m n p

Discovering!

Let’s answer your activity. I have here the solutions for the examples given to you on
multiplying and dividing algebraic expressions.

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 MAJ-MAT 101- COLLEGE AND ADVANCED ALGEBRA

Unlocking!

To have a clearer understanding of the concepts in multiplying and dividing

polynomials, remember the rules and cases in both operations.

Rules in Multiplying Polynomials

1. Product of a monoial and a monomial – find the the product of the numerical
coefficients and appy the laws of exponents on the product of the literal
coefficients.

2. Product of a monomial and a polynomial – apply the distributive property of

multiplication over addition so that the polynomial is multiplied by the
monomial.

3. Product of a polynomial and a polynomial – multiply each term of one

polynomial by each term of the other and combine similar terms.

Examples:

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 MAJ-MAT 101- COLLEGE AND ADVANCED ALGEBRA

Rules in Dividing Polynomials

1. Dividing monomial by a monomial – find the quotient of the numerical

coefficients and apply the laws of exponents on the quotient of literal
coefficients.

2. Dividing a polynomial by a monomial – apply the distributive property where

each term of the polynomial is divided by the monomial.

3. Dividing a polynomial by a polynomial – arrange the terms in both expressions

in descending powers of a common variable. Divide the first term on the
dividend by the first term of the divisor to obtain the first term of the quotient.
Multiply the first term of the quotient by the divisor, and subtract the result
from the dividend. Consider the difference as a new “dividend” and continue
the process until the remainder is zero or has a degree lower than the divisor.

Examples:
Synthetic Division

Example 1 - Divide:

Step 1: To set up the problem, first, set the denominator equal to zero to find the
number to put in the division box. Next, make sure the numerator is written in
descending order and if any terms are missing you must use a zero to fill in the missing
term, finally list only the coefficient in the division problem.

Step 2: Once the problem is set up correctly, bring the leading coefficient (first number)
straight down.

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 MAJ-MAT 101- COLLEGE AND ADVANCED ALGEBRA

Step 3: Multiply the number in the division box with the number you brought down and
put the result in the next column.

Step 4: Add the two numbers together and write the result in the bottom of the row.

Step 5: Multiply the number in the division box with the number you brought down and
put the result in the next column.

Step 6: Add the two numbers together and write the result in the bottom of the row.

Step 7: Multiply the number in the division box with the number you brought down and
put the result in the next column.

Step 8: Add the two numbers together and write the result in the bottom of the row.

Step 9: Write the final answer. The final answer is made up of the numbers in the
bottom row with the last number being the remainder and the remainder must be
written as a fraction. The variables or x’s start off one power less than the original
denominator and go down one with each term.

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 MAJ-MAT 101- COLLEGE AND ADVANCED ALGEBRA

Long Method:
Example: (x2+5x+3) / (x-2)

Step One. Write the problem in long division form. The dividend is placed inside of the
long division symbol, and the divisor is placed to the left.

Step Two. Divide the first term in the dividend by the first term in the divisor. That is,
𝑥2/x= 𝑥. Write the result, also known as the quotient, above the dividend, aligning like
terms.

Step Three. Multiply the 𝑥𝑥 from the previous step by each term in the divisor. Then,
write the product under the dividend and align the terms of the product with the like
terms of the dividend as shown.

Step Four. Subtract 𝑥2 − 2𝑥 from 𝑥2 + 5𝑥. To do this, distribute the negative sign, which
will change −(𝑥2 − 2𝑥) to –𝑥2 + 2𝑥. Write the result, 7𝑥, below the 2𝑥.

Step Five. Bring the + 3 down from the dividend so that it is next to the 7𝑥. This forms a
new dividend: 7𝑥 + 3.

Step Six. Similar to Step Two, divide the first term in the new dividend by the first term
in the divisor. That is 7𝑥/𝑥 , which equals 7. Then, write the quotient on top of the
dividend, with like terms aligned.

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 MAJ-MAT 101- COLLEGE AND ADVANCED ALGEBRA

Step Seven. Similar to Step Three, multiply the 7 from the previous step by each term in
the divisor, and write the product under the new dividend. Align the terms of the
product with the matching terms of the dividend.

Step Eight. As with Step Four, subtract 7𝑥 − 14 from 7𝑥 + 3, which results in 17. This
result will be the remainder in the final solution.

Solution. The solution is the quotient 𝑥 + 7, plus the remainder, 17, divided by 𝑥 − 2.

Familiarize the rules in multiplying and dividing polynomials. This is a big help in
answering algebraic expressions that involves these operations.

D. SPECIAL PRODUCTS AND

We recognized different patterns everyday. It is indeed visible everywhere. Have you

used patterns in solving mathematical expressions? What advantages have you gained
in doing such? Let us see how patterns are used to simplify expressions by doing the
activity below.

Starting!

EXAMPLE TRY THIS

SOLVE ANSWER EXPAND SIMPLIFY

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 MAJ-MAT 101- COLLEGE AND ADVANCED ALGEBRA

(a+ b)
2 2
a +2 ab +b
2
4x2 + 20xy + 25y2

(a−b)
2 2
a −2 ab+b
2
(x – y)2

(a+ b)
3 3 2
a +3 a b +3 ab +b
2 3
(5p + 1)3

(a−b)
3 3 2
a −3 a b+3 ab −b
2 3
(4a- 3b)3
3 3
(a + b )
2
(a+ b)(a −ab+b )
2
(5p+2r)(25p2−10r+4r2)
3 3
(a −b )
2
(a−b)( a + ab+b )
2
(m3 – 27)
❑ ❑
2 2
(a −b ) (a+ b) (a−b) (9a2 − 25b2)

Take a look at the given example on how to simplify and expand the following special
products and or the factors. Try to solve the expressions under TRY THIS. Write your
solutions in the box below and put your final answer in the table above by completing
the table.

Write all your solutions here!

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 MAJ-MAT 101- COLLEGE AND ADVANCED ALGEBRA

Discovering!

This time, after examining the given examples above, try to answer the following
questions. Write your answer in the space provided.

Questions?
1. What do you notice about the given mathematical expressions?
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2. Did you solve them easily? Why do you say so?
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3. Did you notice some patterns in finding their answers? What are those?.
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4. What technique/s did you use?
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 MAJ-MAT 101- COLLEGE AND ADVANCED ALGEBRA

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
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5. What difficulties did you encounter?
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6. How can patterns make your way of solving easier?
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Unlocking!

You have shared your thoughts in the previous activity. This time, to have a concrete
ideas of the topic, read the content of the lesson.
FACTORING- SPECIAL PRODUCTS
When factoring there are a few special products that, if we can recognize them, can
help us factor polynomials.

The first is one we have seen before. When multiplying special products we found that a sum
and a difference could multiply to a difference of squares. Here we will use this special
product to help us factor
Difference of Squares: a2 – b2 = (a + b)(a − b)
If we are subtracting two perfect squares then it will always factor to the sum and difference
of the square roots. It is important to note, that a sum of squares will never factor. It is
always prime.
Other common factoring special products that you need to remember are the
following:
2 2 2
(a+ b) a +2 ab +b
2 2 2
(a−b) a −2 ab+b
3 3 2 2 3
(a+ b) a +3 a b +3 ab +b
3 3 2 2 3
(a−b) a −3 a b+3 ab −b
3 3 2 2
(a + b ) (a+ b)(a −ab+b )
3 3 2 2
(a −b ) (a−b)( a + ab+b )
❑ ❑
2
(a −b )
2
(a+ b) (a−b)
Firm up!
Topic 2: Algebraic and Rational Expressions
Instruction: Follow the directions in every part. Write all your solutions and answers
on the space provided to you. Avoid unnecessary erasures.

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 MAJ-MAT 101- COLLEGE AND ADVANCED ALGEBRA

I. Add the odd numbers and subtract the even numbers of the following algebraic
expressions. Show all your solutions in a separate bond paper.
1. x + 2y – 7 ; 3x – 4y + 8
2. 7x + 8ax – 4ax2 ; 3ax2 + 5ax – 4x
3. 1.12a – 2.7b + 1.4 ; 0.9a – 0.06b – 3.01
2 1 3 1 2 1
4. x+ y- z ; x- y+ z
3 2 4 4 3 3
5. 32 n +2n +1 ; 32 n+1−2n −20

II. Evaluate the following algebraic expression. Show all your solutions in a separate
bond paper.
1. ( 2 x 2 m+ 4 )( 3 x 2 m−1 )
2. ( x 2−x−6 ) ( x 2+ x−1 )
3. (xt + 4) (xt – 5)
4. (4m – 3n + 2) (5m – 3n + 6)
5. -[ 4p – 3q + (4p – 2q) – (p – q)]
−2
32 ∙ 4 ∙ 5
6. −4 3
2 ∙ 3 ∙ 25
7. -160
8. (12x2y4)(½x5y)
9. ( rs )3 ( 2 s )−2(4 r )4
4
( x 2 y 3 ) (x y 4 )−3
10. 2
x y

III. Divide the following polynomials.

1. x 3−a 3 divided by x−a
2. ( 6 x 3−10 x 2 +20 x−6 ) by 3 x +1

IV. Problem Solving. Show all your solutions in a separate bondpaper. AVOID
UNNECESSARY ERASURES. (10 points each)

1. Find the volume of the ice cube.

2xy2
3x2y

5x3y

2. The length of a rectangular plot of land is given by the expression 6x 3y4 . The
width of the plot 5x5y4z . Find an expression to represent the area of the
rectangular plot.
WRITE ALL YOUR SOLUTIONS AND ASNWERS HERE!

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 MAJ-MAT 101- COLLEGE AND ADVANCED ALGEBRA

WRITE ALL YOUR SOLUTIONS AND ASNWERS HERE! HERE!

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MAJ-MAT 101- COLLEGE AND ADVANCED ALGEBRA

WRITE ALL YOUR SOLUTIONS AND ASNWERS HERE!

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MAJ-MAT 101- COLLEGE AND ADVANCED ALGEBRA

MAJ-MAT 101- COLLEGE AND ADVANCED ALGEBRA

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 MAJ-MAT 101- COLLEGE AND ADVANCED ALGEBRA

References:
1. https://www.chilimath.com/lessons/introductory-algebra/properties-of-real-
numbers/
2. https://mathbits.com/Algebra2Bits/
3. Stitz, C. & Zeager, J (2013). College Algebra: Corrected Edition. Lakeland
Community College
4. Dray, Malloy, Casey, & Holiday Car. (2012). Glencoe Algebra 2, Virginia Edition.
McGraw-Hill.
5. http://www.mesacc.edu/~scotz47781/mat120/notes/divide_poly/synthetic/
synthetic_division.html
6. https://78bbm3rv7ks4b6i8j3cuklc1-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wpcontent/
uploads/tutoring/handouts/Long-and-Synthetic-Division.pdf

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