STRUCTURE OF ATOM BY DR C.R.

TRIPATHY

ENGLISH
Write the correct set of four quantum numbers for the valence electron (outermost electron) of potassium (Z = 19). 1
1

ANS:

2 Which series of lines of the hydrogen spectrum lies in the visible region? 1

ANS: Balmer series of lines lies in the visible region of the hydrogen spectrum.

3 How many electrons in an atom have the following quantum numbers? n = 3, l = 0. 1

ANS: The value of n = 3 and l = 0 implies 3s orbital. 3s orbital can have maximum of 2 electrons. Hence 2
electrons can have this set of quantum numbers.

4 How many sub-shells are present in M shell? 1

ANS:
i.e., there will be three sub-shells (s, p and d) for M shell.

5 Write electronic configuration of Cu + (atomic no. of Cu = 29). 1

ANS:

6 How many electrons in sulphur (Z = 16) can have n + l = 3? 1

 ANS:
n = 2, l = 1, n + l = 3 No. of electrons = 6
For 3s2,
n = 3, l = 0, n + l = 3 No. of electrons = 2
Hence, Total no. of electrons = 8

7 Calculate the number of electrons which will together weigh one gram. 1

ANS: Since 9.1 × 10–28 g is the mass of 1 electron.

Therefore, 1 g is the mass of = 1.09 × 1027 electrons.

8 Calculate the mass of one mole of electrons. 1

ANS: 1 electron weighs 9.1 × 10–28 g

Hence, 6.023 × 1023 electrons weigh
9.1 × 10–28 × 6.023 × 1023 = 5.48 × 10–4 g

9 Calculate the charge of one mole of electrons. 1

ANS: Charge on 1 electron = 1.602 × 10 –19 C

So, Charge on 6.023 × 10 23 electrons
= 1.602 × 10–19 × 6.023 × 1023 = 9.6488 × 104 C
= 1 Faraday

10 An atomic orbital has n = 3, what are the possible values of l? 1

ANS: n = 3 ; l = 0, 1, 2

11 An orbital has l = 3, what are the possible values of m? 1

 ANS: l = 3 ; m = –3, –2, –1, 0, +1, +2, +3

12 State Aufbau principle. 1

ANS: Aufbau Principle. Electrons are filled in the orbitals in increasing order of their energies, i.e. orbital having
lowest energy is filled first and highest energy is filled last.

13 Write electronic configuration of Cu2+ (29), Cr3+ (24). 1

ANS:

14 What is the shape of

1
(i) s-orbital and (ii) p-orbital?

ANS: (i) Spherical (ii) Dumb-bell

15 What is the shape of orbital with l = 2 and l = 3? 1

ANS: l = 2, i.e. d-orbital has double dumb-bell shape, l = 3, i.e. f-orbital, having 7 orbitals: four of them are triple
dumb-bells in a hexagonal pattern, two are quadruple dumb-bells and one is a dumb-bell with a double donut.

16 An element has atomic number 11 and the mass number 23. How many numbers of neutrons, protons and
1
electrons does it have?

ANS: Atomic number = 11, Mass number = 23,

Number of protons = Atomic number = 11,
Number of electrons = 11
Number of neutrons = Mass number – Atomic number.
Number of neutrons = 23 – 11 = 12

17 Name the element whose isotope has mass number 14 and having 8 neutrons. 1
 ANS: Atomic number = Mass number – Number of neutrons
Atomic no. = 14 – 8 = 6, so the element is carbon.

18 According to Bohr’s model, En of each stationary state is given by the expression:

1

ANS: ‘n’ stands for energy level.

19 Give the value of n and l for 2s orbital. 1

ANS: n = 2, l = 0 for 2s orbital.

20 What is the value of Bohr’s radius for the first orbit of hydrogen atom? 1

ANS: r1 = 0.529 Å = 0.529 × 10–10 m = 5.29 × 10–11 m

21 Why do many elements have fractional atomic masses? 1

ANS: It is because they have isotopes.

22 In which of the following set of quantum numbers an electron will have the highest energy?
(i) 3, 2, 1, ½
(ii) 4, 2, –1, –½ 1
(iii) 4, 1, 0, –½
(iv) 5, 0, 0, ½.

ANS: (ii) 4, 2, –1, –1/2, i.e. 4d-electron will be highest energy because (n + l), i.e. 4 + 2 = 6 is highest.

23 Which quantum number determines (i) energy of electron and (ii) orientation of orbital? 1
 ANS: (i) Principal quantum number(n)
(ii) Magnetic quantum number(m).

24 How many types of d-orbital are there? How many electrons does it accommodate? 1

ANS:

25 The number of electrons, protons and neutrons in a species are equal to 18, 16 and 16 respectively. Assign the
1
proper symbol to the species.

ANS: Number of electrons = 18

Number of protons = 16 = Atomic number
Number of neutrons = 16
The symbol of a species is S2–.

26 State Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity. Illustrate it with an example. 1

ANS: It states ‘in p, d and f-orbitals, electrons are first singly filled and then pairing of electrons takes place’.

27 What are the values of ‘n’ and ‘l’ for 4f-orbital? 1

ANS: n = 4, l = 3 for 4f-orbital

28 Out of X-rays, infra-red, visible rays and microwaves, which has largest frequency? 1

ANS: X-rays have largest frequency.

29 How many electrons are present in NO3–? 1

 ANS: NO3– ion has 7 + 8 × 3 + 1 = 7 + 24 + 1 = 32 electrons

30 Why is energy of electron negative? 1

ANS: When electron is at infinite distance from nucleus, its energy is zero. When it is brought near to the
nucleus, energy becomes less than zero, i.e. negative due to force of attraction between nucleus and electron.

31 Which quantum number is not obtained from solution of Schrodinger wave equation? 1

ANS: Spin quantum number.

32 Give values of n, l, m and s for an unpaired electron in Cu (29). 1

ANS:

33 An electron has s = +½ and m = –1, it cannot be present in which of the orbital and why? 1

ANS: It cannot be s-orbital because m = 0 for s-orbital.

34 What are nucleons? 1

ANS: Nucleons are particles present in nucleus, i.e. neutrons and protons.

35 Which series of hydrogen spectrum lies in (i) visible region and (ii) UV region? 1

ANS: (i) Balmer series, (ii) Lyman series

36 Why is 4s-orbital filled before 3d-orbital? 1

 ANS: 4s-Orbital has (n + l ) = 4 + 0 = 4, which is lower than that of 3d, i.e. 3 + 2 = 5.

37 How many orbitals are there in 3rd shell? 1

ANS:

38 Why is energy of 1s electron lower than 2s electron? 1

ANS: 1s electron is closer to nucleus than 2s, therefore, has more force of attraction.

39 Which orbital is non-directional? 1

ANS: s-Orbital is spherically symmetrical, i.e. it is nondirectional.

40 When electrons from various energy levels fall to first energy level in hydrogen, name the series of spectral lines. 1

ANS: Lyman series.

41 Which quantum number distinguishes the electron in the same orbital? Name the principle involved. 1

ANS: Spin quantum number, Pauli exclusion principle

42 How many unpaired electrons are present in N(7)? Name the principle which explains the presence of these
1
unpaired electrons.

ANS: there are 3 unpaired electrons due to Hund’s rule.

43 What is meant by quantization of energy? 1

ANS: Quantization of energy means the energy of energy levels can have some specific values of energy and
not all the values.
44 Write electronic configuration of (i) Na +(11) and (ii) Cl–(17). 1

ANS:

45 Why Bohr’s orbits are called energy levels? 1

ANS: It is because they are associated with fixed amount of energy.

46 An element has electronic configuration [Ar] 3d4 in its +3 oxidation state. What will be electronic configuration of its
1
atom?

ANS: The electronic configuration of its atom is

47 How many unpaired electrons are there in Ni2+ ion? Atomic number of Ni is (28). 1

ANS:

48 What is physical significance of the lines in the following depictions of atomic orbital? 1
 ANS: They represent the regions or space upto which probability of finding electron is maximum.

49 Which one of the atomic orbital has higher energy?

(i) n = 3, l = 2, m = + 1 1
(ii) n = 4, l = 0, m = 0.

ANS: (i) 3d has higher energy than (ii) 4s orbital.

50 Write the values of the quantum numbers n, l, m, and s for electron filling 21st place in the atom of element with
1
atomic number 24.

ANS:
21st electron goes to 3d-orbital. Its quantum numbers are

m can have any value out of –2, –1, 0, +1, +2.

Since all d-orbitals are degenerate.

51 How does change in velocity of a moving particle alter the wavelength of the particle? 1

ANS: ‘λ’ (wavelength) decreases with increase in velocity of moving particle, i.e.

52 1
State physical significance of .
 ANS: represents probability of finding the electron.

53 What are the possible values of ‘m’ for 3d orbitals? 1

ANS: m = –2, –1, 0, +1, +2

54 Why did Heisenberg replace the concept of definite orbits by the concept of probability? 1

ANS: The exact position of electron cannot be determined, therefore, the concept of orbits was replaced by the
concept of probability.

55 Write all the four quantum numbers of the electron in the outermost shell of rubidium atom. (At. No. = 37). 1

ANS:

56 Atomic number of sulphur is 16 and that of oxygen is 8. Calculate the total number of protons in a sulphite ion. 1

ANS:

57 What is the possible value of angular momentum quantum number (l) for the unpaired electron in the atom of an
1
element whose atomic number is 17?

ANS:

58 Name two phenomena that indicate the dual nature of electrons. 1

ANS: (i) Photoelectric effect, (ii) Diffraction.

59 How many electrons and protons are present in the anion of Li 3N? 1

ANS: N3– is anion which has 7 protons and 10 electrons.

60 Write the atomic number of the element in which filling of 3d sub-shell in the atom just starts. 1

ANS: Scandium (Atomic number 21) is the element in which filling of 3d orbitals starts.

61 What is uncertain in ‘uncertainty principle’? 1

ANS: Position and momentum of fast moving sub-atomic particles like electron are uncertain.

62 Why cannot the motion of an electron around the nucleus be determined accurately? 1

ANS: It is because we need high energy radiations to see an electron which change the velocity of electron.

63 Write the possible values of ‘m’ for an electron with l = 1. 1

ANS: When l = 1, the possible values of m are –1, 0, +1.

64 Which quantum number specifies the shape of an orbital? 1

ANS: Azimuthal quantum number (l) specifies the shape of an orbital.

65 Why is following electronic configuration not correct for ground state of Cr atom?
1
(Atomic number = 24) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d4

ANS: The electronic configuration of Cr (24) in ground state is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d5 because halffilled
orbitals are more stable.

66 One unpaired electron in atom contributes a magnetic moment of 1.1 BM. Calculate the magnetic moment of
1
chromium (At. No. = 24).
 ANS:

67 1
The electronic configuration of N (7) is . Why?

ANS: N(7) has electronic configuration and not because latter violates
Hund’s rule which states degenerate (having equal energy) orbitals are first singly filled and then pairing starts so
as to avoid repulsion.

68 What is the difference in the angular momentum of an electron present in 3p and 4p orbitals? 1

ANS: Angular momentum ‘l’ of 3p and 4p orbitals will be same because l = 1 for p orbital.

69 Write down the value of n, l and m for electron present in 3p. 1

ANS: n = 3, l = 1, m can have any value –1, 0, +1.

70 Write electronic configuration of Cu2+ ion (Cu = 29). 1

ANS:

71 An electron has a speed of 40 m s–1 accurate upto 99.99%. What is the uncertainty in locating its position? [Given,
2
me = 9.11 × 10–31 kg]
 ANS:

72 The mass of an electron is 9.1 × 10–31 kg. If its K.E. (kinetic energy) is 3 × 10–25 J, then calculate its velocity. 2

ANS:

73 (i) State Hund’s maximum multiplicity rule.

2
(ii) What is the lowest value of n that allows g-orbital to exist?

ANS: (i) Hund’s rule states that the pairing of electrons in the orbital belonging to the same sub-shell does not
take place until each degenerate orbital has got one electron.
(ii) For g-orbital to exist minimum value of n is 5.

74 An atom of an element contains 29 electrons and 35 neutrons. Deduce

(i) number of protons. 2
(ii) electronic configuration of the element.
 (iii) number of paired electrons.
(iv) number of unpaired electrons.

ANS: (i) Electrons = 29, Neutrons = 35,

Protons = Electrons = 29
(ii) Electronic configuration is

(iii) There are 28 paired electrons.

(iv) There is one unpaired electron.

75 What is the energy in joules required to shift the electron of the hydrogen atom from the first Bohr orbit to the fifth
2
Bohr orbit. What is the wavelength of the light emitted when the electron returns to the ground state?

ANS:
76 Calculate the uncertainty in position of an electron if uncertainty in its velocity is 0.001%. Mass of electron = 9.1 ×
10–31 kg, velocity of electron = 300 m s–1. 2
(h = 6.626 × 10–34 kg m2 s–1)

ANS:

77 Explain giving reason, which of the following sets of quantum numbers are not possible:

ANS: (i) It is not possible because n ≠ l.

(ii) It is also not possible because l cannot be greater than n.

78 What is the wavelength of light emitted when the electron in a hydrogen atom undergoes transition from an energy
2
level with n = 4 to an energy level with n = 2?
 ANS:

79 What is the maximum number of emission lines when the excited electron of a H atom in
2
n = 6, drops to the ground state?

ANS: Number of spectral lines

80 One of the spectral lines of caesium has a wavelength of 456 nm. Calculate the frequency of this line (c = 3.0 ×
2
108 m s–1).

ANS:
81 The frequency of the strong yellow line in the spectrum of sodium is 5.09 × 1014 s –1. Calculate the wavelength of
2
the light in nanometre.

ANS:

82 Using s, p, d, f notations, describe the orbital with following quantum numbers.

(i) n = 1, l = 0;
(ii) n = 2, l = 0;
2
(iii) n = 3, l = 1;
(iv) n = 4, l = 2
(v) n = 4, l = 3.

ANS: (i) 1s ; (ii) 2s ; (iii) 3p ; (iv) 4d ; (v) 4f

83 2
Calculate the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in .

ANS: No. of protons = 35, No. of electrons = 35,

No. of neutrons = 45.

84 Red light has wavelength 750 nm, whereas violet light has wavelength 400 nm. Calculate their frequency and
2
energy (c = 3 × 108 m s–1, h = 6.63 × 10 –34 J s).
 ANS:

85 Calculate wave number of the line having frequency 5 × 10 16 Hz. 2

ANS:

86 An element of atomic weight Z consists of two isotopes of mass number Z – 1 and Z + 2. Calculate the % of higher
2
isotope.

ANS: Let the % of higher isotope (Z + 2) is x, other isotope (Z – 1) will be (100 – x)

Average atomic weight (Z)

87 The ionisation energy of H-atom (in the ground state) is x kJ. Find the energy required for an electron to jump from
2
second to third energy level.

ANS:
88 What is meant by (i) Stark effect and (ii) Zeeman effect? 2

ANS: (i) The splitting of spectral lines in electric field is called Stark effect.
(ii) The splitting of spectral lines in magnetic field is called Zeeman effect.

89 What is (i) emission spectrum and (ii) absorption spectrum? 2

ANS: (i) Emission spectrum. It is obtained when radiations emitted by the excited substance are
analysed. It consists of bright lines separated by dark bands. It is obtained at high temperature.
(ii) Absorption spectrum. It is obtained when the white light is passed through substance in gaseous state or in
solution and transmitted light forms dark lines separated by bright bands. It is obtained at room temperature.

90 How many quantum numbers specify an (i) electron and (ii) orbital? Name them. 2

ANS: (i) Four quantum numbers ‘n’, ‘l’, ‘m’ and ‘s’ specify an electron.
(ii) Three quantum numbers; principal (n), azimuthal (l) and magnetic (ml) specify an orbital.

91 Define (i) frequency and (ii) wavelength. 2

ANS: (i) Frequency is defined as the number of waves passing through a point per unit time.
(ii) Wavelength is the distance between centre of two adjacent crests or troughs.

92 Define an orbital. What does angular quantum number tell about an orbital? 2

ANS: An orbital is a region or space where there is maximum probability of finding electron.
Angular quantum number tells about the shape of an orbital.

93 Calculate the total number of electrons present in 1 mol of CH4?

2
[Atomic number of C = 6, H = 1]

ANS: Atomic number of C = 6, No. of electrons = 6,

Atomic number of H = 1, No. of electrons = 1
 1 molecule of CH4 contains 6 + 4 = 10 electrons.
1 mole of CH4 contains 10 × 6.022 × 1023 = 6.022 × 1024 electrons.

94 The Vividh Bharati station of All India Radio, Delhi, broadcasts on a frequency of 1,368 kHz (kilohertz). Calculate
the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation emitted by transmitter. Which part of the electromagnetic spectrum 2
does it belong to?

ANS:

95 Calculate (i) wave number and (ii) frequency of yellow radiation having wavelength 5800 Å. 2

ANS:

96 Calculate the energy of one mole of photons of radiation whose frequency is 5 × 1014 Hz. 2
 ANS:

97 A 100-watt bulb emits monochromatic light of wavelength 400 nm. Calculate the number of photons emitted per
2
second by the bulb.

ANS:
Power of the bulb = 100 watt = 100 J s–1
Number of photons emitted

98 The threshold frequency v0 for a metal is 7.0 × 1014 s–1. Calculate the kinetic energy of an electron emitted when
2
radiation of v = 1.0 × 1015 s–1 hits the metal.

ANS:

99 Calculate the energy associated with the first orbit of He +. What is the radius of this orbit? 2
 ANS:

100 What will be the wavelength of a ball of mass 0.1 kg moving with a velocity of 10 m s –1? 2

ANS:

101 The mass of an electron is 9.1 × 10–31 kg. If its K.E. is 3.0 × 10–25 J, calculate its wavelength. What part of
2
electromagnetic spectrum does it belong to?

ANS:

102 Calculate the mass of a photon with wavelength 3.6 Å. 2

 ANS:

103 What is the total number of orbitals associated with the principal quantum number, n = 3? 2

ANS:

104 Using ‘s’, ‘p’, ‘d’, ‘f’ notations, describe the orbital with the following quantum numbers.
(i) n = 2, l = 1 (ii) n = 4, l = 0 2
(iii) n = 5, l = 3 (iv) n = 3, l = 2

ANS: (i) 2p (ii) 4s (iii) 5f (iv) 3d

105 What is the number of photons of light with a wavelength of 4000 pm that provide 1 J of energy? 2

ANS:

106 When would the wavelength associated with an electron be equal to the wavelength associated with a proton?
Mass of electron = 9.1095 × 10–28 g; 2
Mass of proton = 1.6725 × 10–24 g.
Or
 Calculate the velocity condition for the wavelength associated with a moving electron to be equal to the wavelength
associated with a moving proton.

ANS:

107
The quantized energy of an electron in hydrogen atom for the nth level is given by
. Calculate the energy 2
required to remove the electron completely from an excited hydrogen atom when its quantized level, n is 3. (NA =
6.02 × 1023 mol–1).

ANS:

108 On the basis of Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, show that electron cannot exist within the atomic nucleus.
2
(Nuclear radius = 10–15 m, h = 6.626 × 10–34 J s)
 ANS:
Since this value is more than the velocity of light which is impossible, therefore, electron cannot exist within the
nucleus.

109 Calculate the wavelength of an electron that has been accelerated in a particle accelerator through a potential
difference of 100 million volts. 2
(1 eV = 1.6 × 10–19 J, me = 9.1 × 10–31 kg, h = 6.6 × 10–34 J s, c = 3.0 × 108 m s–1).

ANS:

110 How many photons of light having a wavelength of 500 nm would provide 1.2 J of energy?
2
(h = 6.63 × 10–34 J s; c = 3.00 × 108 m s–1)
 ANS:

111 The electronic energy of the ground state of hydrogen atom works out to be –1.312 × 106 J mol–1. What change will
2
occur in the position of electron in this atom if energy of 9.84 × 105 J mol–1 is added to the hydrogen atom?

ANS:

112 Calculate the velocity of a particle of mass 0.1 mg which is associated with a wavelength of 3.3 × 10 –29 m (h = 6.6
2
× 10–34 kg m2 s–1).
 ANS:

113 Calculate the energy per photon associated with the following radiations:
(i) Radiation of frequency = 3 × 1015 s–1
2
(ii) Radiation of wavelength = 40 nm.
(h = 6.62 × 10–34J s; c = 3 × 108 m s–1)

ANS:

114 Two particles A and B are in motion. The momentum of particle ‘B’ is half of ‘A’. If the wavelength associated with
2
the particle ‘A’ is 5 × 10–8 m, calculate the wavelength associated with the particle ‘B’.
 ANS:

115 The ionisation energy of hydrogen atom is 1.312 × 106 J mol–1. Calculate the energy required to excite an electron
in a hydrogen atom from the ground state to the first excited state. 2
(Avogadro’s constant = 6.023 × 10 )
23

ANS:

116 Calculate the kinetic energy of a moving electron which has a wavelength of 4.8 pm.
2
(Mass of electron = 9.11 × 10–31 kg, h = 6.63 × 10–34 J s)
 ANS:

117 In photoelectric effect experiment, irradiation of a metal with light of frequency 5 × 10 20 s–1 yields electrons with
maximum K.E. = 6.63 × 10–14 J. 2
Calculate v0 (threshold frequency) for the metal.

ANS:

118 How many 4d electrons can have spin quantum number –1/2? Explain. 2

ANS: Five 4d electrons can have spin quantum number –1/2 because there are total 10 electrons in d-orbitals,
out of which five will have +1/2 and other five will have –1/2 spin quantum numbers.

119 A microscope using suitable photons is employed to locate an electron in an atom within a distance of 0.1 Å. What
2
is the uncertainty involved in the measurement of its velocity?
 ANS:

120 (i) State Pauli’s exclusion principle.

(ii) Account for the following:
3
(a) Chromium has configuration 3d54s1 and not 3d44s2.
(b) Bohr’s orbits are called stationary orbits or states.

ANS: (i) No two electrons in an atom can have all the four quantum numbers same. In other words, an orbital
can have maximum two electrons and they must be of opposite spin, i.e. they must differ at least in spin quantum
number.
(ii) (a) It is due to stability of half filled orbitals.
(b) It is because electrons do not radiate energy as long as they remain in the same energy level.

121 (i) Define principal quantum number (n).

(ii) Write the electronic configuration of Cr + [Atomic number of Cr = 24]. 3
(iii) Define Pauli’s exclusion principle.

ANS: (i) Principal quantum number tells the principal energy level or shell to which the electron belongs. It gives
the information about the distance and the energy of the electron.
(ii) Cr+ = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5
(iii) Pauli’s exclusion principle states that no two electrons in an atom can have the same set of four quantum
numbers.

122 (i) List two main differences between orbit and orbital.
(ii) If an electron is moving with a velocity 600 m/s which is accurate upto 0.005%, then calculate the uncertainty in
3
its position.
(h = 6.626 × 10–34 J s and mass of electron = 9.11 × 10 –31 kg)
 ANS: (i) Differences between orbit and orbitals:

123 (i) What is the main difference between electromagnetic waves theory and Planck’s quantum theory.
(ii) Which rule is violated in the following orbital diagram:
3

ANS: (i) Electromagnetic Waves Theory: Energy is radiated or absorbed continuously.

Planck’s Quantum Theory: Energy is radiated or absorbed not continuously but discontinuously in the form of small
packets called quantas or photons.
(ii) Hund’s rule is being violated.

124 Calculate the wave number for the longest wavelength transition in the Balmer series of atomic hydrogen (RH =
3
1.09677 × 107 m–1).
 ANS: Longest wavelength means shortest energy, i.e. from 3rd to 2nd energy level

125 (i) Write electronic configuration of Cr 2+ [At. no. of Cr = 24] and O2– [At. no. of O = 8].
(ii) What are the frequency and wavelength of a photon emitted during a transition from n = 5 state to n = 2 state in 3
the hydrogen atom? (h = 6.626 × 10–34 J s)
 ANS:

126 (i) What are isoelectronic species? Give example.

(ii) Write the number of unpaired electrons in phosphorus.
(Atomic number of phosphorus = 15) 3
(iii) A golf ball has a mass of 40 g and speed of 45 m/s. If the speed can be measured with inaccuracy of 2%,
calculate the uncertainty in the position.
 ANS:

127 (i) Give the number of electrons in the species H2+ and O2–.
(ii) Using s, p, d notations, describe the orbital with the following quantum numbers:
(a) n = 3, l = 1, m = 0, 3
(b) n = 1, l = 0
(iii) State Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle.

ANS: (i) Number of electrons in H2+ = 1; O2– = 17

(ii) (a) 3py; (b) 1s
(iii) Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle states that it is impossible to determine simultaneously the exact position
and exact momentum (or velocity) of an electron.

128 (i) How many electrons will present in sub-shell having spin quantum number value of –1/2 for n = 4?
(ii) Which of the following transition will have minimum wavelength and why?
3
n4 → n1, n 4 → n2, n2 → n1.
(iii) Give the number of radial nodes for 3s and 2p orbitals.
 ANS: (i) No. of orbitals in 4th shell = n2 = 42 = 16; since each orbital has only one electron with ms = there

will be total 32 electrons and 16 electrons will be with

Hence, there will be 16 electrons with

(ii) n4 to n1 transition is of maximum energy.

Since E = , i.e. energy and wavelength are inversely proportional to each other, n4 → n1 will have minimum
wavelength.
(iii) Number of radial nodes = (n – l –1)
For 3s orbital, n = 3, l = 0
Hence no. of radial nodes = (3 – 0 – 1) = 2
For 2p orbital, n = 2, l = 1
Number of radial nodes = (2 – 1– 1) = 0

129 What are the frequency and wavelength of a photon during a transition from n = 5 state to n = 2 state in the He+
3
ion.
 ANS:

130 When electromagnetic radiation of wavelength 300 nm falls on the surface of sodium, electrons are emitted with a
kinetic energy of 1.68 × 105 J mol–1. What is the minimum energy needed to remove an electron from sodium? 3
–34
What is the maximum wavelength that will cause a photoelectron to be emitted? (h = 6.626 × 10 J s)

ANS: The energy (E) of a 300 nm photon is given by

The energy of 1 mole of photons

= 6.626 × 10–19 J × 6.022 × 1023 mol–1
= 3.99 × 105 J mol–1
 The minimum energy needed to remove a mole of electrons from sodium
= (3.99 – 1.68)105 J mol–1
= 2.31 × 105 J mol–1
The minimum energy for one electron

This corresponds to the wavelength calculated as follows:

131 Find energy of each of the photons which

(i) corresponds to light of frequency 3 × 10 15 Hz. 3
(ii) having wavelength of 0.50 Å.

ANS:

132 A photon of wavelength 4 × 10–7 m strikes on metal surface, the work function of the metal being 2.13 eV.
Calculate (i) the energy of the photon (eV), (ii) the kinetic energy of the emission, and (iii) the velocity of the 3
photoelectron. (1 eV = 1.602 × 10–19 J).
 ANS:

133 Electromagnetic radiation of wavelength 242 nm is just sufficient to ionise the sodium atom. Calculate the
3
ionisation energy of sodium in kJ mol–1.

ANS:

134 A 25-watt bulb emits monochromatic yellow light of wavelength of 0.57 μm. Calculate the rate of emission of
3
quanta per second.
 ANS:

135 Electrons are emitted with zero velocity from a metal surface when it is exposed to radiation of wavelength 6,800
3
Å. Calculate the threshold frequency (v0) and work function (W0) of the metal.

ANS:

136 How much energy is required to ionise a H-atom if the electron occupies n = 5 orbit? Compare your answer with
3
the ionization enthalpy of H-atom (energy required to remove the electron from n = 1 orbit).
 ANS:
Thus, the energy required to remove an electron from 1st energy level is 25 times than the energy required to
remove electron from fifth energy level.

137 (i) The energy associated with the first orbit in the hydrogen atom is –2.18 × 10–18 J/atom. What is the energy
associated with the fifth orbit? 3
(ii) Calculate the radius of Bohr’s fifth orbit for hydrogen atom.

ANS:

138 What is the energy in ergs, required to shift the electron of the hydrogen atom from the first Bohr orbit to the fifth
Bohr orbit and what is the wavelength of the light emitted when the electron returns to the ground state? The 3
ground state electron energy is –2.18 × 10–11 ergs.
 ANS:

139 The electron energy in hydrogen atom is given by En = (–2.18 × 10–18)/ n2 joules. Calculate the energy required to
remove an electron completely from the n = 2 orbit. What is the longest wavelength (in Å) of light that can be used 3
to cause this transition?

ANS:

140 Calculate the wavelength of an electron moving with a velocity of 2.05 × 107 m s –1. 3
 ANS:

141 Which of the followings are isoelectronic species, i.e. those having the same number of electrons?
3
Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, S2–, Ar.

ANS: Na+ (11 – 1 = 10), Mg2+ (12 – 2 = 10) have same number of electrons.
K+ (19 – 1 = 18), Ca2+ (20 – 2 = 18),
S2– (16 + 2 = 18), Ar (18) are isoelectronic, i.e. they have same number of electrons.

142 (i) Write the electronic configuration of the following ions:

(a) H– (b) Na+ (c) O2– (d) F–
(ii) What are the atomic numbers of elements whose outermost electrons are represented
by (a) 3s1, (b) 2p3 and (c) 3p5? 3
(iii) Which atoms are indicated by the following configurations?
(a) [He] 2s1 (b) [Ne] 3s2 3p3
(c) [Ar] 4s2 3d1

ANS:
The element is sodium with atomic number 11.

The element is nitrogen with atomic number 7.

The element is chlorine with atomic number 17.

(iii) (a) Li (b) P (c) Sc
143 (i) What is the lowest value of n that allows g-orbital to exist?
(ii) An electron is in one of the 3d orbitals. Give the possible values of n, l and m for this electron.
3
(iii) An atom of an element contains 29 electrons and 35 neutrons. Deduce (a) the number of protons and (b) the
electronic configuration of the element.

ANS: (i) n = 5 which allows g-orbital to exist.

(ii) n = 3, l = 2, ml = –2, –1, 0, +1, +2 (any one value)
(iii) (a) Number of protons = 29
(b) Electronic configuration

144 (i) Give the number of electrons in the species H2+, H2 and O2+.
(ii) (a) An atomic orbital has n = 3. What are the possible values of l and m?
3
(b) List the quantum numbers (m and l) of electrons for 3d orbital.
(c) Which of the following orbitals are possible? 1p, 2s, 2p and 3f.

ANS:
(b) l = 2 ml = –2, –1, 0, +1, +2
(c) 2s, 2p

145 Show that the circumference of the Bohr orbit for the hydrogen atom is an integral multiple of the de Broglie
3
wavelength associated with the electron revolving around orbit.
 ANS:
It shows that circumference of the Bohr orbit for the hydrogen atom is an integral multiple of de Broglie wavelength
associated with electron revolving in that orbit.

146 What transition in the hydrogen spectrum would have the same wavelength as the Balmer transition n = 4 to n = 2
3
of He+ spectrum?
 ANS:

147 Calculate the energy required for the process:

He+(g) → He2+(g) + e– 3
The ionization energy for the H-atom in the ground state is 2.18 × 10 –18 J atom–1.

ANS:
148 (i) The mass of an electron is 9.1 × 10–28 g. If its K.E. is 3.0 × 10–25 J, calculate its wavelength in Angstrom.
3
(ii) What is photoelectric effect?

ANS:
(ii) When a beam of light having frequency more than threshold frequency is made to fall on metals like alkali
metals, electrons are ejected. These electrons are called photoelectrons and this phenomenon is called
photoelectric effect.

149 (i) Calculate the total number of electrons present in one mole of methane.
(ii) Find (a) the total number and (b) the total mass of neutrons in 7 mg of 14C.
(Assume that mass of a neutron = 1.675 × 10 –27 kg). 3
(iii) Find (a) the total number and (b) the total mass of protons in 34 mg of NH 3 at STP.
Will the answer change if the temperature and pressure are changed?

ANS: (i) 1 molecule of CH4 contains 6 + 4 = 10 electrons 16 g = 1 mole = 6.023 × 1023 molecules of methane
contain 10 × 6.023 × 1023 electrons = 6.023 × 1024 electrons
(ii) (a) 14 g of carbon contains (14 – 6 = 8) 8 × 6.023 × 1023 neutrons 7 × 10–3 g of carbon contains

= 2.4092 × 1021 neutrons

(b) Mass of 1 neutron = 1.675 × 10–27 kg
Mass of 2.4092 × 1021 neutrons
= 1.675 × 10–27 kg × 2.4092 × 1021
= 4.04 × 10–6 kg
 (iii) (a) 17 g of NH3 (7 + 3 = 10) at STP contains 10 × 6.023 × 10 23 electrons

Therefore, 34 × 10–3 g of NH3 contains = 1.2046 × 1022 protons

–27
(b) Mass of 1 proton = 1.67 × 10 kg
Mass of 1.2046 × 1022 protons
= 1.67 × 10–27 kg × 1.2046 × 1022
= 2.01 × 10–5 kg
No, the answer will not change if temperature and pressure are changed.

150 How many neutrons and protons are there in the following nuclei?
3

ANS:

151 Write the complete symbol for the atom with the given atomic number (Z) and atomic mass (A).
3
(i) Z = 17, A = 35 (ii) Z = 92, A = 233 (iii) Z = 4, A = 9.

ANS:

152 Yellow light emitted from a sodium lamp has a wavelength of 580 nm. Calculate the frequency (v) and wave
3
number of the yellow light.
 ANS:

153 Calculate the wavelength, frequency and wave number of a light wave whose period is 2.0 × 10 –10 s. 3

ANS:

154 If the diameter of a carbon atom is 0.15 nm. Calculate the number of carbon atoms which can be placed side by
3
side in a straight line across the length of scale of 20 cm long.

ANS:

155 An element with mass number 81 contains 31.7% more neutrons as compared to protons. Assign the atomic
3
symbol.
 ANS:
Mass number = Number of protons + Number of neutrons

156 An ion with mass number 37 possesses one unit of negative charge. If the ion contains 11.1% more neutrons than
3
the electrons, find the symbol of the ion.
 ANS:

157 The longest wavelength doublet absorption transition is observed at 589 and 589.6 nm. Calculate the frequency of
3
each transition and energy difference between two excited states.

ANS:
158 The work function for caesium atom is 1.9 eV. Calculate (i) the threshold wavelength and (ii) the threshold
frequency of the radiation. (iii) If the caesium element is irradiated with a wavelength 500 nm, calculate the kinetic 3
energy and the velocity of the ejected photoelectron.
ANS:
159 If the velocity of the electron in Bohr’s first orbit is 2.19 × 10 6 m s–1, calculate the de Broglie wavelength associated
3
with it.

ANS:

160 (i) How many sub-shells are associated with n = 4?

3
(ii) How many electrons will be present in the sub-shells having ms value of –1/2 for n = 4?

ANS: (i)

161 What is maximum number of orbitals that can be identified with the following quantum number?
(a) 1
(b) 2 1
(c) 3
(d) 4
 ANS: (a) 1
Out of 3px, 3py, 3pz only one of them 3pz will have ml = 0, others will have +1 and –1.

162 The radius of which of the following orbit is same as that of first orbit of hydrogen atom?
(a) He+(n = 2)
(b) Li2+(n = 2) 1
(c) Li2+(n = 3)
(d) Be3+(n = 2)

ANS: (d) Be3+(n = 2)

163 Number of angular nodes for 4d orbital is __________.

(a) 4
(b) 3 1
(c) 2
(d) 1

ANS: (c) 2 Angular nodes = ‘l’ = 2 for d-orbit.

164 Which of the following statements concerning the quantum numbers are correct? (a) Angular quantum number 1
determines the three dimensional shape of the orbital. (b) The principal quantum number determines
 the orientation and energy of the orbital. (c) Magnetic quantum number determines the size of the orbital. (d) Spin
quantum number of an electron determines the orientation of the spin of electron relative to the chosen axis.

ANS: (a) and (d).

Shape is decided by ‘l’ and spin quantum number decides orientation of spin of electron.

165 Which of the following is wrong statement?

(a) The uncertainty principle is

(b) Half filled and fully filled orbitals have greater stability due to greater exchange energy, greater symmetry and 1
more balanced arrangement.
(c) The energy of 2s orbital is less than the energy of 2p-orbitals in case of hydrogen like atoms.

(d) de Broglie wavelength,

ANS: (c) The energy of 2s orbital is less than the energy of 2p-orbitals in case of hydrogen like atoms.

166 The radius of second Bohr’s orbits for hydrogen atoms is [h = 6.6262 × 10–34 Js, me = 9.109 × 10–31 kg, echange =
1.6021 × 10–19C]
(a) 1.65 Å
1
(b) 4.76 Å
(c) 0.529 Å
(d) 2.12 Å
 ANS:

167 The number of radial nodes for 3p orbital is ____________.

(a) 3
(b) 4 1
(c) 2
(d) 1

ANS: (d) 1.
Number of radial nods = n – l – 1 = 3 – 1 – 1 = 1

168 Which of the following is responsible to rule out the existence of definite paths or trajectories of electrons? (a)
Pauli’s exclusion principle. (b) Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. (c) Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity. (d) 1
Aufbau principle.

ANS: (b) Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle.