Answer Key in Second Quarter Exam, Basic Calculus

1. A 26. C

2. D 27. D

3. C 28. B

4. C 29. D

5. B 30. B

6. D 31. D

7. D 32. C

8. B 33. D

9. A 34. C

10. A 35. A

11. D 36. A

12. D 37. C

13. A 38. A

14. B 39. C

15. D 40. B

16. A 41. D

17. D 42. A

18. C 43. A

19. B 44. D

20. A 45. C

21. D 46. B

22. A 47. A

23. C 48. D

24. D 49. D

25. A 50. D
Explanations and Solutions

1. Which of the following is the antiderivative of the function 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 + 2?

𝑥3
A. 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝑪 B. 6𝑥 + 𝐶 C. 2
+ 2𝑥 + 𝐶 D. 6𝑥 3 + 𝐶

Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 + 2

∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(3𝑥 2 + 2) 𝑑𝑥

∫(3𝑥 2 + 2) 𝑑𝑥 = 3 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥

3𝑥 3
= + 2𝑥 + 𝐶
3

= 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝑪

2. The following statements are true about antiderivatives, EXCEPT:

𝐴. An antiderivative of a function 𝑓 is a function whose derivative is 𝑓.
B. Any two antiderivatives of a given function differ only by a constant.
C. If 𝑔(𝑥) is an antiderivative of 𝑓(𝑥), then 𝑔(𝑥) + 𝐶 is also an antiderivative of 𝑓(𝑥), where 𝐶 is any
constant
D. The assumption 𝑭′ (𝒙) = 𝟎 tells us that the graph of 𝐹 always has a vertical tangent.

Explanations:

A. True. An antiderivative of 𝑓 is a function 𝐹 whose derivative is 𝑓. Mathematically, 𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥).

B. True. Any two antiderivatives of a given function differ only by a constant. This is because if 𝐹
is an antiderivative of 𝑓, then (𝐹 + 𝐶) is also an antiderivative of 𝑓, where 𝐶 is any constant.

C. True. If 𝑔(𝑥) is an antiderivative of 𝑓(𝑥), then 𝑔(𝑥) + 𝐶 is also an antiderivative of 𝑓(𝑥), where 𝐶
is any constant. This is a consequence of the fact that the derivative of a constant is zero.

D. False. The assumption 𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = 0 means that the derivative of 𝐹 with respect to 𝑥 is always zero,
which implies that the graph of 𝐹 has a horizontal tangent, not a vertical tangent. A function with
a derivative of zero has a horizontal tangent at every point. Having 𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = 0 could indicate
horizontal tangents or flat regions in the graph, but it doesn't necessarily imply vertical tangents.
Vertical tangents occur when the derivative is undefined or infinite, not when it is zero.

3. In the expression ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑓(𝑥) is called _______________________.

A. integration B. definite integral C. integrand D. indefinite integral

In the integral,
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑓 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑥

𝑥 = 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑
 1+sin 𝑥
4. Evaluate ∫ 𝑥−cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1
A. ln|𝑥 + sin 𝑥| + 𝐶 B. 𝑥 ln|𝑥 + sin 𝑥| + 𝐶 C. 𝐥𝐧|𝒙 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙| + 𝑪 D. 𝑥 ln|𝑥 − cos 𝑥| + 𝐶

1 + sin 𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 − cos 𝑥

Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 − cos 𝑥
Then, 𝑑𝑢 = (1 + sin 𝑥)𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 =
1 + sin 𝑥

1 + sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
∫ × =∫
𝑥 − cos 𝑥 1 + sin 𝑥 𝑢

𝑑𝑢
∫ = ln 𝑢 + 𝐶 = 𝐥𝐧|𝒙 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙| + 𝑪
𝑢

5. To evaluate an antiderivative ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 it is often useful to replace 𝒙 with a new variable 𝒖 by

means of a __________________.
A. partial fractions C. integration by parts
B. substitution method D. trigonometric substitution

Substitution method is a technique used to simplify the integration of a function by introducing

a new variable. The idea is to replace the variable 𝑥 with a new variable 𝑢 in a way that makes the
integration easier. The substitution is typically chosen such that it simplifies the integrand and
makes it more amenable to integration.

Partial fractions are typically used for decomposing a rational function into simpler fractions. It's
not directly related to substitution for evaluating antiderivatives. This method is more applicable
when dealing with fractions and rational functions.

Integration by parts is another integration technique, but it involves breaking down the integral of
a product of two functions. While it's a powerful method, it's not directly related to the idea of
replacing 𝑥 with a new variable, as in substitution.

Trigonometric substitution is a technique where you substitute trigonometric functions for other
expressions in the integrand. It is not the primary method for replacing 𝑥 with a new variable;
instead, it involves substitutions based on trigonometric identities.

1
6. Using the logarithmic rule of integration with a change of variables, find ∫ 4𝑥−1 𝑑𝑥 .
1 𝟏
A. 4 ln |4𝑥 − 1| + 𝐶 B. −4 ln|4𝑥 − 1| + 𝐶 C. − 4 ln|4𝑥 − 1| + 𝐶 D. 𝟒 𝐥𝐧|𝟒𝒙 − 𝟏| + 𝑪

1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
4𝑥 − 1

Let 𝑢 = 4𝑥 − 1
Then, 𝑑𝑢 = 4𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢
4
 1 1 1 𝑑𝑢
∫ × 𝑑𝑢 = ∫
𝑢 4 4 𝑢

1 𝑑𝑢 1
∫ = ln 𝑢 + 𝐶
4 𝑢 4

𝟏
= 𝐥𝐧 |𝟒𝒙 − 𝟏| + 𝑪
𝟒

7. Evaluate ∫ 2𝑥√𝑥 2 + 1 𝑑𝑥 .
2 2 3 𝟑
2 2 3 𝟐
A. (𝑥 2 + 1)3 + 𝐶 B. − (𝑥 2 + 1)3 + 𝐶 C. − (𝑥 2 + 1)2 + 𝐶 D. (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏)𝟐 + 𝑪
3 3 2 𝟑

∫ 2𝑥 √𝑥 2 + 1 𝑑𝑥

Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 1
Then, 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥

∫ 2𝑥√𝑥 2 + 1 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ √𝑥 2 + 1 2𝑥𝑑𝑥

3
1 𝑢2
∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢 = +𝐶
3
2
2 3
= 𝑢2 + 𝐶
3

𝟐 𝟐 𝟑
= (𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟐 + 𝑪
𝟑
𝑥3
8. Any other antiderivative of 𝑥 2 is of the form + 𝐶, where 𝐶 is a _______________.
3
A. variable B. arbitrary constant C. function D. integrand

The constant of integration 𝐶 is often referred to as an "arbitrary constant." Its presence

accounts for the fact that the derivative of a constant is zero. When we find an antiderivative, we
are essentially finding a family of functions that differ by a constant, and 𝐶 represents that
constant.

𝑥3 𝑥3
In the case of ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 3 + 𝐶, 3
is the specific antiderivative of 𝑥 2 and 𝑪 represents the constant
of integration, where 𝑪 ∈ ℝ.

9. Which of the following is the antiderivative of ∫(8𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5)𝑑𝑥 ?

1
𝟖𝒙𝟓 8𝑥 5
A. 𝟓
+ 𝒙𝟒 − 𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 + 𝑪 C. 5
+ 𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 𝐶
1
1 1
8𝑥 5 5𝑥 5
B. 5
− 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 𝐶 D. 8
+ 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 𝐶

∫(8𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5) 𝑑𝑥
 8 ∫ 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 + 4 ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 − 6 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 4 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 5 ∫ 𝑑𝑥

8𝑥 5 4𝑥 4 6𝑥 3 4𝑥 2
= + − − + 5𝑥 + 𝐶
5 4 3 2

𝟖𝒙𝟓
= + 𝒙𝟒 − 𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟓

10. Evaluate ∫ 𝑥 2 cos 4𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 .

𝟏 1
A. 𝟏𝟐
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟒𝒙𝟑 +𝑪 B. − 12 sin 4𝑥 3 + 𝐶 C. 12 sin 4𝑥 3 + 𝐶 D. −12 sin 4𝑥 3 + 𝐶

∫ 𝑥 2 cos 4𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥

Let 𝑢 = 4𝑥 3 .
Then, 𝑑𝑢 = 12𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢
12
1
∫ 𝑥 2 cos 4𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ cos 𝑢 ( 𝑑𝑢)
12

1
∫ cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
12

1
= sin 𝑢 + 𝐶
12
𝟏
= 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟒𝒙𝟑 + 𝑪
𝟏𝟐

11. Which of the following statement is NOT TRUE about the differential equation?
A. It is an equation that involves 𝑥, 𝑦 and the derivatives of 𝑦.
B. The order of a differential equation pertains to the highest order of the derivative that appears
in the differential equation
C. A solution to a differential equation is a function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) or a relation 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 that satisfies
the equation.
D. Solving a differential equation means finding some possible solutions to the differential
equations.

A. True. A differential equation involves x, y, and the derivatives of y.

B. True. The order of a differential equation refers to the highest order of the derivative present in
the equation.
C. True. A solution to a differential equation is a function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) or a relation 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 that
satisfies the equation.
D. False. Solving a differential equation means finding a function or set of functions that satisfy
the equation. It's about finding a specific solution that satisfies the given conditions, not just
"some possible solutions." Solving a differential equation involves determining the form or
expression of the function that satisfies the given conditions.
 𝑑𝑦 1
12. Solve the differential equation 𝑑𝑡
= 4 𝑦.
1 𝑪+𝒕
A. 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝐶+4𝑡 B. 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 𝐶+4𝑡 where 𝐴 ∈ ℝ C. 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 4𝑡 where 𝐴 ∈ ℝ D. 𝒚 = 𝒆 𝟒

𝑑𝑦 1
= 𝑦
𝑑𝑡 4

4𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
=
𝑦 4

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
∫ =∫
𝑦 4

1 𝐶
ln |𝑦| = 𝑡 +
4 4
𝑡+𝐶
ln |𝑦| =
4
𝑡+𝐶
𝑒 ln|𝑦| = 𝑒 4

𝒕+𝑪
𝒚=𝒆 𝟒

𝑑𝑦 1
13. Find the particular solution of = 𝑦 when 𝑦 = 100 and 𝑡 = 0.
𝑑𝑡 4
𝟏 1
A. 𝒚 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒆𝟒𝒕 B. 𝑦 = 100𝑒 4𝑡 C. 𝑦 = 100𝑒100+4𝑡 D. 𝑦 = 𝑒 100+4𝑡

Given that 𝑦 = 100 and 𝑡 = 0, then:

𝑡+𝐶
𝑦=𝑒 4

0+𝐶
100 = 𝑒 4

1
100 = 𝑒 4𝐶
1
ln 100 = ln 𝑒 4𝐶

1
𝐶 = ln 100 → 𝐶 = 4 ln 102
4

𝐶 = 8 ln 10

𝑡 𝐶
𝑦 = 𝑒4𝑒 4

𝑡 8 ln 10 𝑡
𝑦 = 𝑒4𝑒 4 → 𝑦 = 𝑒 4 𝑒 2 ln 10
𝒕
𝒚 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒆𝟒
14. For the differential equation 2𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 3𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0, which of the following is its general solution?
3 𝟐
1 2
A. 𝑦 = 𝐶𝑥 2 B. 𝒚 = 𝑪𝒙𝟑 C. 𝑦 = 3 𝐶𝑥 2 D. 𝑦 = 3 𝐶𝑥 3

2𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 3𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0

2𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑦

2𝑑𝑥 3𝑑𝑦
=
𝑥 𝑦

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
2∫ = 3∫
𝑥 𝑦

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
3∫ = 2∫
𝑦 𝑥

3 ln |𝑦| = 2 ln |𝑥| + ln 𝐶

ln 𝑦 3 = ln 𝑥 2 + ln 𝐶

ln 𝑦 3 = ln 𝑥 2 ⋅ 𝐶

𝟐
𝑦 3 = 𝐶𝑥 2 → 𝒚 = 𝑪𝒙𝟑

𝟐
15. In solving the differential equation 𝒙𝒚𝟑 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎, the correct separation of variables is
_________.
2 1 2 2 𝟐 𝟏
A. 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦3 𝑑𝑥 B. 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦 C. −𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦 D. −𝒙𝒆−𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒚𝟑 𝒅𝒚

2
𝑥𝑦 3 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0
2
𝑥𝑦 3 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
2
𝑒𝑥
𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − 3 𝑑𝑦
𝑦
2
1 𝑒𝑥 1
− 𝑥 2 (𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − 3 𝑑𝑦) (− 𝑥 2 )
𝑒 𝑦 𝑒

𝑑𝑦 𝑥𝑑𝑥
3
= − 𝑥2
𝑦 𝑒

𝒅𝒚 𝟐
𝟑
= −𝒙𝒆−𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒚
 𝑎−4
16. Which of the following gives the correct antiderivative in ∫ 𝑎2 −8𝑎+10 𝑑𝑎?
𝟏
A. 𝟐 𝐥𝐧 |𝒂𝟐 − 𝟖𝒂 + 𝟏𝟎| + 𝑪 C. 2 ln |𝑎2 − 8𝑎 + 10| + 𝐶
1
B. − 2 ln|𝑎2 − 8𝑎 + 10| + 𝐶 D. ln |𝑎2 − 8𝑎 + 10| + 𝐶

Let 𝑢 = 𝑎2 − 8𝑎 + 10, 𝑑𝑢 = (2𝑎 − 8)𝑑𝑎

𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑢 = 2(𝑎 − 4)𝑑𝑎 → = (𝑎 − 4)𝑑𝑎
2
1 𝒅𝒖 𝟏
∫ = 𝐥𝐧 |𝒂𝟐 − 𝟖𝒂 + 𝟏𝟎| + 𝑪
2 𝒖 𝟐

17. If there are initial conditions, or if we know that the solution passes through a point, we can
solve this constant and get a _________ solution to the differential equation.
A. general B. possible C. definite D. particular

The general solution to a differential equation includes an arbitrary constant. It represents a

family of solutions and is not specific to any particular set of initial conditions.

"Possible" is a vague term and is not commonly used in the context of solutions to differential
equations. We usually refer to solutions as being general, particular, or definite.

While "definite" is a term often used in integral calculus (e.g., definite integrals), it is not typically
used to describe solutions to differential equations. Solutions are usually classified as general or
particular.

A particular solution is one that satisfies not only the differential equation but also specific initial
conditions or passes through a given point. It is a specific solution that fits the particular
conditions specified.

18. A differential equation is said to be separable if it can be expressed as ______________.

A. 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = −𝑔(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 B. 𝑓(𝑦)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑦 C. 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝒈(𝒚)𝒅𝒚 D. 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑦)𝑑𝑦

A differential equation is said to be separable if it can be expressed in the form 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝒈(𝒚)𝒅𝒚.

For items 19 and 20: Suppose that a colony of lice grows exponentially. After 1 day, 100 lice are
counted. After 3 days, 1600 were counted.

19. How many are there originally?

A. 15 B. 𝟐𝟓 C. 30 D. 35

𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑟𝑡

100 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑟

1600
1600 = 𝐴𝑒 3𝑟 → 𝐴 =
𝑒 3𝑟
1600 𝑟
100 = ( ) 𝑒 → 100 = 1600𝑒 −3𝑟 𝑒 𝑟
𝑒 3𝑟

1600
100 = → 100𝑒 2𝑟 = 1600
𝑒 2𝑟
 𝑒 2𝑟 = 16 → ln 𝑒 2𝑟 = ln 16

ln 16
2𝑟 = ln 16 → 𝑟 =
2
ln 16
100 = 𝐴𝑒 2 → 100 = 𝐴𝑒 ln 4

4𝐴 = 100 → 𝑨 = 𝟐𝟓

20. What is the exponential growth model of the colony?

A. 𝒚 = 𝟐𝟓(𝟒𝒕 ) B. 𝑦 = 4(15𝑡 ) C. 𝑦 = 30(4𝑡 ) D. 𝑦 = 4(35𝑡 )

𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑟𝑡 → 100 = 25𝑒 𝑟(1)

𝑒𝑟 = 4

𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑟𝑡 → 𝒚 = 𝟐𝟓(𝟒)𝒕

For items 21 and 22: The rate of decay of radium is said to be proportional to the amount of
radium present. If the half-life of radium is 1690 years and there are 400 grams on hand now.

21. What is the exponential decay equation?

A. 𝑦 = 1690𝑒 𝑘𝑡 B. 𝑦 = 200𝑒 𝑘𝑡 C. 𝑦 = 100𝑒 𝑘𝑡 D. 𝒚 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝒆𝒌𝒕

𝑦 = 𝑦0 𝑒 𝑘𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑘 = 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

𝑦0
= 𝑦0 𝑒 𝑘(ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓−𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑒)
2
1
𝑒 1690𝑘 =
2

ln 𝑒 1690𝑘 = ln 0.5

1690𝑘 = ln 0.5

ln 0.5
𝑘=
1690
ln 0.5
𝑦 = 400𝑒 1690 (1690) → 𝑦 = 400(0.5) → 𝑦 = 200

The exponential decay (half-life) model is 𝒚 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝒆𝒌𝒕 .

1
22. How much radium will be present in 845 years? (Hint: ≈ 0.707)
√2
A. 282.8 g B. 28.28 g C. 0.2828 g D. 2828 g

𝑦 = 400𝑒 𝑘𝑡

ln 0.5
𝑦 = 400𝑒 1690 (845)

𝑦 = 400(0.707) = 𝟐𝟖𝟐. 𝟖 𝒈
For items 23 and 24: A certain chicken breeding site is said to be able to sustain 6000 chickens.
Two thousand chickens are brought there initially. After a year, this increased by 1500 chickens.
Assume that chickens follow the limited growth model.

23. What is its bounded equation?

A. 𝑦 = 6000 − 1500𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 B. 𝑦 = 1500 − 6000𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 C. 𝒚 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎 − 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒆−𝒌𝒕 D. 𝑦 = 6000 − 3500𝑒 −𝑘𝑡

Bounded growth model is given by:

𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐵 − (𝐵 − 𝑦0 )𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐵 = 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦

𝑦(𝑡) = 6000 − (6000 − 2000)𝑒 −𝑘𝑡

𝒚(𝒕) = 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎 − 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒆−𝒌𝒕

24. Approximately how many chickens will be there after 5 years?

A. 1476 B. 2568 C. 3948 D. 5619

𝑦(𝑡) = 6000 − 4000𝑒 −𝑘𝑡

2000 + 1500 = 6000 − 4000𝑒 −𝑘(1)

𝑒 −𝑘 = 0.625
𝑡
𝑦(𝑡) = 6000 − 4000(𝑒 −𝑘 )

𝑦(5) = 6000 − 4000(0.625)5 ≈ 𝟓, 𝟔𝟏𝟗

25. Suppose the newly-baked pancakes are taken out of the oven which is set at 110 degrees.
Room temperature is found to be 24 degrees, and in 20 minutes the pancakes are found to have a
temperature of 40 degrees. What is its differential equation? (Hint: Use Newton’s law of Cooling)
𝒅𝒚 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
A. 𝒅𝒕 = −𝒌(𝒚 − 𝟐𝟒) B. 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑘(𝑦 + 24) C. 𝑑𝑡 = −𝑘(𝑦 + 24) D. 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑘(𝑦 − 24)

The Newton’s Law of Cooling is based on the differential equation:

𝑑𝑇
= −𝑘(𝑇 − 𝑇𝑠 )
𝑑𝑡

Where 𝑇𝑠 is the temperature of the surrounding

𝑑𝑇 𝒅𝒚
= −𝑘(𝑇 − 24) 𝑜𝑟 = −𝒌(𝒚 − 𝟐𝟒)
𝑑𝑡 𝒅𝒕

26. The equation 𝑦 = 𝐶𝑒 𝑘𝑡 is a model of growth called ______________________.

A. logistics B. bounded C. unbounded D. gradual

The exponential model 𝒚 = 𝑪𝒆𝒌𝒕 is a population growth model with increasing trend without
bound.
27. Further studies say that it is more appropriate for the rate of change of a population to be
expressed as proportional to both the size of the population, 𝑦, and the difference between a
𝑑𝑦
limiting quantity 𝐾, and the size of the population. Hence, = 𝑘𝑦(𝐾 − 𝑦). This is called
𝑑𝑡
____________________.
A. gradual growth B. exponential growth C. bounded growth D. logistics growth

Logistics growth model is based on the differential equation:

𝑑𝑦
= 𝑘𝑦(𝐾 − 𝑦)
𝑑𝑡

Where:
𝐾 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦

𝑦 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐾

This model assumes that the values of a quantity 𝑦 have an upper bound 𝐾, but assumes that the
rate by which 𝑦 increases is jointly proportional to the amount present and the remaining space:
i.e., for some positive constant 𝑘 (Pelias, 2016).

28. Before, since people only knew how to find the area of polygons, they tried to cover the area of
a circle by inscribing 𝑛-gons until the error was very small. This is called ______________ method.
A. integration B. exhaustion C. Gauss-Jordan D. Riemann Sums

The method referred to is called the exhaustion method. In this approach, mathematicians
approximate the area of a circle by inscribing polygons with an increasing number of sides (n-
gons) until the error becomes sufficiently small.

29. What is the step size ∆𝑥 of the interval [2,5] with 6 subintervals?
2 1 1 𝟏
A. 5 B. 3 C. 4 D. 𝟐

The step size ∆𝑥 can be calculated by dividing the total interval width by the number of
subintervals.

Given interval: [2,5]

Number of subintervals = 6

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑏−𝑎

∆𝑥 = =
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑠 𝑛

5−2 𝟏
∆𝑥 = =
6 𝟐

30. What are the partitions of item 29?

2 1 1 5 7 9
A. 𝑃6 = {2, 3 , 3, 4 , 4, 2 , 5} C. 𝑃6 = {2, 3 , 3, 3 , 3, 3 , 5}
𝟓 𝟕 𝟗 2 2 2
B. 𝑷𝟔 = {𝟐, 𝟐 , 𝟑, 𝟐 , 𝟒, 𝟐 , 𝟓} D. 𝑃6 = {2, 5 , 3, 7 , 4, 9 , 5}

Partitions are:
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 𝟓 𝟕 𝟗
= 2, (2 + ) , (2 + ) , (3 + ) , (3 + ) , (4 + ) , (4 + ) = 𝟐, , 𝟑, , 𝟒, , 𝟓
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
31. Which of the following is NOT true about Riemann Sums?
A. The nth left of Riemann sum is the sum of the areas of the rectangles whose heights are the
functional values of the left endpoints of each subinterval.
B. Subdividing the interval into three subintervals corresponding to three rectangles
C. The nth right of Riemann sum is the sum of the areas of the rectangles whose heights are the
functional values of the right endpoints of each subinterval.
D. The nth midpoint Riemann sum Mn is the sum of the areas of the rectangles whose
heights are the functional values of the left and right endpoints of each subinterval.

A. This statement is true. In a left Riemann sum, the heights of the rectangles are determined by
the functional values at the left endpoints of the subintervals.

B. This statement is more of a description than a specific truth or falsehood. It is common to

subdivide an interval into a certain number of subintervals when performing Riemann sums. If
three rectangles correspond to three subintervals, then the statement is accurate.

C. This statement is true. In a right Riemann sum, the heights of the rectangles are determined by
the functional values at the right endpoints of the subintervals.

D. This statement is false. In a midpoint Riemann sum, the heights of the rectangles are based
on the functional values at the midpoints of each subinterval, not both the left and right
endpoints.

32. The following statements are true about the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (FTOC),
EXCEPT:
A. The integral of the derivative of a function returns the same function.
B. The derivative of the integral of a function results to the original function.
C. The definite integral is the process of finding the area of a plane region by taking the
derivative of a sum.
D. Let 𝑓 be a continuous function on [𝑎, 𝑏] and let 𝐹 be an antiderivative of 𝑓, that is, 𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥).
𝑏
Then, ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 (𝑏 ) − 𝐹(𝑎).
𝑎

A. True. This statement is a fundamental part of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. It is true.
The notation often used to express this is ∫ 𝑓′(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝐶, where 𝐶 is the constant of
integration.

B. True. This statement is also a key part of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. It is true.
Mathematically, if 𝐹(𝑥) is the antiderivative of 𝑓(𝑥), then 𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥).

C. False. The definite integral represents the signed area under a curve, not the derivative of a
sum. The definite integral can be interpreted as the accumulation of quantities, such as area, but
it is not the derivative of a sum.

D. True. This statement is correct and is a part of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. It
expresses the relationship between the definite integral of a function and its antiderivative. It is
true.
 3
33. Without referring to the graphs of the integrands, find the exact value of ∫2 4 𝑑𝑥.
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

∫ 𝑘𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘(𝑏 − 𝑎)
𝑎

∫ 4𝑑𝑥 = 4(3 − 2) = 𝟒
2

34. It is commonly used notation in evaluating definite integral.

A. Scientific notation C. Vertical bar notation
B. Horizontal bar notation D. Diagonal bar notation

This is the commonly used notation for definite integrals. The vertical bar "|" is used to indicate
𝑏
the interval over which the definite integral is being evaluated. For example, ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 is read
𝑎
as "the definite integral of 𝑓(𝑥) with respect to 𝑥 from 𝑎 to 𝑏.

For items 35 to 37: Find the 4th left, right, and midpoint Riemann sums of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2
with respect to a regular partitioning of the given interval [0,1].

35. The 4th left Riemann sum is equal to ________________.

A. 0.21875 B. 0.23876 C. 0.2204 D. 0.24286

𝑏−𝑎 1−0
∆𝑥 = = = 0.25
𝑛 4

1 1 3
𝐴𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑡 = ∆𝑥 (𝑓(0) + 𝑓 ( ) + 𝑓 ( ) + 𝑓 ( ))
4 2 4

1 1 1 9
𝐴𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑡 = (0 + + + ) = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟏𝟖𝟕𝟓
4 16 4 16

36. The 4th right Riemann sum is equal to _______________.

A. 0.46875 B. 0.41230 C. 0.47812 D. 0.40189

1 1 3
𝐴𝑅𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = ∆𝑥 (𝑓 ( ) + 𝑓 ( ) + 𝑓 ( ) + 𝑓(1))
4 2 4

1 1 1 9
𝐴𝑅𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = ( + + + 1) = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟔𝟖𝟕𝟓
4 16 4 16

37. The 4th midpoint Riemann sum is equal to _____________.

A. 0.342313 B. 0.314682 C. 0.328125 D. 0.375214

1 3 5 7
𝐴𝑀𝑖𝑑𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 = ∆𝑥 (𝑓 ( ) + 𝑓 ( ) + 𝑓 ( ) + 𝑓 ( ))
8 8 8 8
 1 1 9 25 49
𝐴𝑀𝑖𝑑𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 = ( + + + ) = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟐𝟖𝟏𝟐𝟓
4 64 64 64 64

2
38. Using the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (FTOC), evaluate ∫ (3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 5) 𝑑𝑥.
−1
A. 21 B. 22 C. 23 D. 24 E. 25
2

∫(3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 5) 𝑑𝑥
−1

∫(3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 5)𝑑𝑥 = 3 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 2 ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 5𝑑𝑥

3𝑥 3 2𝑥 2
= − + 5𝑥 + 𝐶
3 2

= 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 𝐶

= [(2)3 − (2)2 + 5(2)] − [(−1)3 − (−1)2 + 5(−1)]

= 8 − 4 + 10 − [−1 − 1 − 5]

= 14 + 7 = 𝟐𝟏

𝜋/2
39. Applying FTOC, solve for ∫
0
sinx 𝑑𝑥.
A. −1 B. 0 C. 1 D. 2 E. 3

𝜋/2

∫ sinx 𝑑𝑥
0

∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cos 𝑥 + 𝐶

𝜋
− cos − (− cos 0) = 𝟏
2
3
40. Use the substitution method to evaluate ∫1 (𝑥 − 2)54 𝑑𝑥.
55 𝟐 108 5
A. 2
B. 𝟓𝟓
C. 5
D. 108

∫(𝑥 − 2)54 𝑑𝑥
1

∫(𝑥 − 2)54 𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 − 2
Then, 𝑥 = 𝑢 + 2
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
 ∫(𝑢 + 2 − 2)54 𝑑𝑢 = ∫ 𝑢54 𝑑𝑢

𝑢55 (𝑥 − 2)55
∫ 𝑢54 𝑑𝑢 = +𝐶 = +𝐶
55 55

(3 − 2)55 (1 − 2)55 1 −1 𝟐
= − = − =
55 55 55 55 𝟓𝟓

2
41. Use the substitution method to evaluate ∫0 (2𝑥 − 1)3 𝑑𝑥.
A. 7 B. 8 C. 9 D. 10

∫(2𝑥 − 1)3 𝑑𝑥
0

∫(2𝑥 − 1)3 𝑑𝑥

Let 𝑢 = 2𝑥 − 1
𝑢+1
Then, 𝑥 = 2
1
𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑑𝑥 → 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢
2
3
2(𝑢 + 1) 1
∫[ − 1] ( 𝑑𝑢)
2 2

1 1 𝑢4 𝑢4
∫ 𝑢3 𝑑𝑢 = ( ) + 𝐶 = +𝐶
2 2 4 8

(2𝑥 − 1)4
= +𝐶
8

(2(2) − 1)4 (2(0) − 1)4 81 1 80

− = − = = 𝟏𝟎
8 8 8 8 8

42. Which of the following definite integrals that has a value of 0?

𝝅/𝟐 𝜋/2 𝜋/2 𝜋/2
A. ∫−𝝅/𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 B. ∫−𝜋/2 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 C. ∫−𝜋/2 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 D. ∫−𝜋/2 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝜋/2
The property that leads to the value of 0 for the integral ∫−𝜋/2 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 is the symmetry of the sine
function about the origin.

𝜋/2 𝜋/2 0

∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

−𝜋/2 0 −𝜋/2

Due to the symmetry of the integrand, the two integrals on the right-hand side have the same
absolute value but opposite signs. As a result, their sum is 0
43. Find the area by the line 𝑦 = 2𝑥, the x-axis, and the lines 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = 2.
A. 3 sq.units B. 4 sq.units C. 5 sq.units D. 6 sq.units

Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
2 2

∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2𝑥𝑑𝑥
1 1

∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 𝐶

𝐴 = (2)2 − (1)2 = 𝟑 𝒔𝒒. 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔

44. Find the area underneath the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2 from 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = 2.

7 9 11 𝟏𝟑
A. sq.units B. sq.units C. sq.units D. sq.units
2 2 3 𝟑

Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥).
2 2

∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑥 2 + 2) 𝑑𝑥
1 1

𝑥3
∫(𝑥 2 + 2) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2𝑑𝑥 = + 2𝑥 + 𝐶
3

23 13 𝟏𝟑
𝐴 = ( + 2(2)) − ( + 2(1)) = 𝒔𝒒. 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
3 3 𝟑

45. Find the area bounded by 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 4, the x-axis, and the lines 𝑥 = −1 and 𝑥 = 2.
A. 7 sq.units B. 8 sq.units C. 9 sq.units D. 10 sq.units

Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)

Since 𝑓(𝑥) ≤ 0 on the interval [−1,2], then:

2 2

∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(4 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥

−1 −1

∫(4 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 4𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

𝑥3
= 4𝑥 − +𝐶
3

23 (−1)3
𝐴 = (4(2) − ) − (4(−1) − ) = 𝟗 𝒔𝒒. 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
3 3
46. What is the area bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 , 𝑥 = 2, and 𝑥 = 1?
A. 1.25 sq.units B. 3.75 sq.units C. 6.75 sq.units D. 8.25 sq.units

Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
2 2

∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
1 1

𝑥4
∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
4

24 14
𝐴= − = 𝟑. 𝟕𝟓 𝒔𝒒. 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
4 4

47. Find the area bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 4, the x-axis, and the lines 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = 3.
𝟐 1 1 2
A. 𝟐𝟎 sq.units B. 22 sq.units C. 23 sq.units D. 24 sq.units
𝟑 2 3 5

Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
3 3

∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 4)𝑑𝑥

1 1

𝑥3 𝑥2
∫(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 4) 𝑑𝑥 = + + 4𝑥 + 𝐶
3 2

3 3 32 13 12 𝟐
𝐴 = ( + + 4(3)) − ( + + 4(1)) = 𝟐𝟎 𝒔𝒒. 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
3 2 3 2 𝟑

cos 𝑥
48. Solve for ∫ 𝑑𝑥.
1+cos 𝑥
A. sec 𝑥 − tan 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝐶 B. cos 𝑥 − cot 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝐶 C. sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝐶 D. − 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 + 𝒙 + 𝑪

cos 𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 + cos 𝑥

cos 𝑥 1 − cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥 (1 − cos 𝑥)

× =
1 + cos 𝑥 1 − cos 𝑥 1 − cos2 𝑥

cos 𝑥 (1 − cos 𝑥) cos 𝑥 1 − cos 𝑥

= × = cot 𝑥 (csc 𝑥 − cot 𝑥)
sin2 𝑥 sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥

∫(cot 𝑥 csc 𝑥 − cot 2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ cot 𝑥 csc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ cot 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ cot 𝑥 csc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫(csc 2 𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥

∫ cot 𝑥 csc 𝑥 − ∫ csc 2 𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = − csc 𝑥 − (− cot 𝑥) + 𝑥 + 𝐶

= − 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 + 𝑪
49. Evaluate ∫ 4𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥.
4𝑥+1 16𝑥+1 4𝑥+1 𝟒𝒙+𝟏
A. 4 ⋅ ln 4
+𝐶 B. ln 4
+𝐶 C. 4 ln 4
+𝐶 D. 𝐥𝐧 𝟒
+𝑪

Follow:
𝑎𝑏𝑥
∫ 𝑎𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
𝑏 ln 𝑎

𝑥+1
𝟒𝒙+𝟏
∫4 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑪
𝐥𝐧 𝟒

𝑑𝑥
50. Evaluate ∫ .
√49−𝑥 2
1 𝑥 𝑥 1 𝑥 𝒙
A. 7 tan−1 7 + 𝐶 B. tan−1 7 + 𝐶 C. 7 sec −1 7 + 𝐶 D. 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝟕 + 𝑪

Follow:
1 𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = sin−1 + 𝐶
√𝑎2 − 𝑥2 𝑎

𝑑𝑥
∫
√49 − 𝑥 2

𝑎2 = 49 → 𝑎 = 7

𝑑𝑥 𝒙 𝒙
∫ = 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 + 𝑪 𝒐𝒓 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐬𝐢𝐧 + 𝑪
√49 − 𝑥2 𝟕 𝟕

Prepared by:

KEITH A. MADRILEJOS, LPT, M.A.T.