NDT TESTMAKER - MATERIALS RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM

Question: 1

When testing a tube with an encircling coil and the relative permeability gradually increases along the tube from 1 to 2, what would you
expect to happen?

a) eddy current phase on the inside wall would change

b) eddy current density on the inside wall would decrease
c) sensitivity to inside diameter changes would decrease
d) all of the above

Question: 2

An increase in electrical conductivity is the same as

a) an increase in electrical resistance

b) a decrease in electrical resistance
c) a decrease in electrical resistivity
d) none of the above

Question: 3

Compared to conductive wires, insulators are considered to have

a) very high resistance

b) very low resistance
c) about the same resistance
d) high conductance

Question: 4

Eddy current testing requires that the material tested be

a) magnetic
b) non-magnetic
c) conductive
d) both b and c

Question: 5

The ratio of magnetic flux (B) to the magnetizing force (H) is

a) magnetic permeability
b) relative magnetic permeability
c) dimensionless
d) both b and c

Question: 6

The eddy current test system is often modelled as a transformer. The probe would represent the ___________ of the transformer.

a) primary winding
b) secondary winding
c) insulator plates
d) load

ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1

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Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM

Question: 7

The location where magnetic lines of flux are considered to enter a magnet is

a) the north pole of the magnet

b) the south pole of the magnet
c) dependent on the position of the sun
d) called domain centre

Question: 8

In the absence of a test piece the operating point for an encircling coil in a system used for testing ferromagnetic bars is where relative to if
it was used to test nonferromagnetic bars?

a) at a point with greater real component

b) at a point with greater imaginary component
c) both real and imaginary positions would be greater
d) the operating point would be the same

Question: 9

What is the lowest test frequency with which a Hall effect detector can be used?

a) 100 kHz
b) 100 Hz
c) 25 Hz
d) DC

Question: 10

Encoders are often used on automated EC inspection systems. What is their function?

a) monitor probe degradation

b) monitor probe position
c) defect analysis
d) surge protection for motors and EC instrumentation

Question: 11

Which of the following most accurately describes the orientation of the standard single coil probe used for general purpose internal eddy
current tests of heat exchanger tubing?

a) internal axial coil

b) I.D. coil
c) bobbin coil
d) inside coil

Question: 12

AC magnetic fields of a test coil on a metal foil decrease with increasing distance from the coil due to

a) geometrical increases of magnetic intensity with increasing lift-off

b) geometrical decreases of magnetic intensity with increasing lift-off
c) skin effect
d) both b and c

ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1

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Question: 13

The axis of a surface probe is

a) parallel to the test surface

b) perpendicular to the test surface
c) used for calibrating lift-off
d) none of the above

Question: 14

The results of a slight decrease in fill factor will be

a) small decrease in near surface defect sensitivity

b) large decrease in signal amplitudes
c) both a and b
d) none of the above, small fill factor changes are not significant

Question: 15

In through transmission testing of sheet products, maximum sensitivity to conductivity and thickness changes occurs under what
condition?

a) maximum coil spacing

b) minimum coil diameter to sheet thickness ratio
c) maximum coil diameter to sheet thickness ratio
d) maximum interruption of eddy currents

Question: 16

Given a coil with 2 ohms resistance and 20µh inductance what is the coil impedance?

a) 1.59 ohms
b) 2.55 ohms
c) 6.5 ohms
d) 12.1 ohms

Question: 17

Eddy current mixing is the basis of the __________ eddy current method.

a) multifrequency
b) remote field
c) pulsed
d) low frequency

Question: 18

In remote field eddy current inspections the detector probe is located about how far from the exciter coil?

a) as near as possible (within a couple of millimeters)

b) half a pipe diameter
c) 2 to 3 pipe diameters
d) 5 to 10 pipe diameters

ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1

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Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM

Question: 19

Given f/fg ratios and fill factors are all equal, which of the following would give a different response from a longitudinal crack 0.5cm deep in
a 10cm diameter aluminium bar?

a) a longitudinal crack 0.0005 cm deep in 0.01 cm diameter steel wire

b) a longitudinal crack 0.005 cm deep in 0.1 cm diameter tungsten wire
c) a longitudinal crack 0.05 cm deep in 1 cm diameter copper rod
d) none of the above (all give the same signal)

Question: 20

Critical to the principles of eddy current testing is the understanding that

a) all materials conduct electricity

b) all current flow has associated with it a magnetic field
c) only ferro electric materials conduct eddy currents
d) copper wire is used for all probe coils

Question: 21

The primary functions of the phase shift control on a general purpose eddy current instrument is to

a) permit better discrimination between probe wobble and genuine parameter variations
b) act as a signal filter
c) eliminate support plate signals in heat exchanger inspections
d) eliminate the effect of temperature drift

Question: 22

Crack detection by eddy current methods are performed on what components in the automotive industry?

a) axle shafts and transmission shafts

b) nuts, bolts and ball joint studs
c) aluminium castings
d) all of the above

Question: 23

Probe-cable resonance is a factor to consider when operating

a) at high test frequencies

b) with long probe cables
c) both a and b
d) in noisy environments

Question: 24

Oxygen embrittlement on titanium surfaces is called alpha-case depth of this case is determined by high frequency eddy currents (1MHz
to 6MHz). Why are such high frequencies used?

a) to ensure sufficient sensitivity to reliably indicate depth

b) due to the low conductivity of the oxide
c) it eliminates noise problems from fluorescent lights
d) to compensate for the lift-off caused by the none conductive layer

ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1

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Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM

Question: 25

When testing metallic sheet using the through transmission technique, which quantity will not have an effect on the output signal if
changed?

a) coil separation (between primary and secondary coils)

b) proximity of sheet to receive coil
c) thickness of the metal sheet
d) permeability of the metal sheet

Question: 26

The primary purpose of multifrequency eddy current testing is

a) defect sizing
b) elimination of non-defect signals
c) to increase instrument frequency response
d) to provide logarithmic amplification to avoid saturating signals

Question: 27

To change radian units, often used in phase measurements in electric problems, to degrees you multiply by

a) 0.707
b) 1.414
c) 57
d) t²/2

Question: 28

Generally speaking, sensitivity to a given defect will increase under which of the following conditions?

a) increased lift-off
b) increased depth to defect
c) increased operating frequency
d) increase probe diameter

Question: 29

A sample of pure magnesium and another of an aluminium alloy have identical resistivities. How is this possible?

a) alloy content can reduce conductivity

b) heat treatment can change conductivity
c) a combination of a and b
d) it is not possible for 2 metals of different composition to have the same resistivity

Question: 30

Which is not a method used to gauge depth of a defect?

a) pattern recognition
b) amplitude
c) phase angle
d) none of the above are depth gauging methods

ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1

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Question: 31

Thin oxide layers usually occur on aluminium plate. These do not normally interfere with resistivity determination provided

a) frequency used is high enough

b) the instrument has lift-off compensation
c) the through transmission technique is used
d) the coil probe is made using aluminium wire

Question: 32

Electric current can be induced in a secondary circuit by

a) moving a magnet past it

b) moving current carrying inductor past it
c) moving the secondary circuit past a magnet or current carrying conductor
d) all of the above

Question: 33

Flaw depth determination by eddy current is made possible by which parameter?

a) resistivity
b) phase lag
c) magnetic permeability
d) material density

Question: 34

When testing a ferromagnetic bar with an encircling coil the signal magnitude decreases by ___________ when the fill factor is reduced by
50%.

a) 25%
b) 50%
c) 66%
d) 75%

Question: 35

Another term for the annular coil is the

a) bobbin coil
b) absolute coil
c) encircling coil
d) comparator coil

Question: 36

In eddy current testing, any information available about the test part is transferred to the test coil via

a) electro-chemical bonds
b) mechanical waves
c) the surrounding magnetic fields
d) none of the above

ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1

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Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM

Question: 37

The instrument setting that causes the instrument to register changes in response greater or less than a specified amplitude is the

a) threshold level
b) gain
c) time gate
d) reference level

Question: 38

Test frequency ratio for thick wall nonmagnetic tubes to obtain maximum sensitivity to all variables is

a) 0.1
b) 1.0
c) 10
d) more than that used in thin wall tubing

Question: 39

In the simple analogy of the eddy current test setup as an air core transformer, how many "turns" is the test piece represented by?

a) 0
b) 1
c) the same number an in the probe
d) any number more than the probe

Question: 40

Which of the following is not a material test variable to consider when making resistivity readings?

a) edge effect
b) curvature of surface
c) instrument lift-off compensation
d) temperature

Question: 41

Given a coil with 20 ohms resistance and 60 microhenries inductance and operated at 50kHz, when brought next to an inconel sample the
impedance is 37.5 ohms of which the total resistance is 29.3 ohms, what is the resistive load of the sample?

a) 9.3 ohms
b) 26.3 ohms
c) 66.8 ohms
d) not possible to determine with information given

Question: 42

What is the total impedance of a probe/sample circuit if the voltage drop across the probe is 5V and the probe has 200mA current flowing
in it?

a) 0.125 ohms
b) 2.5 ohms
c) 25 ohms
d) 125 ohms

ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1

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Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM

Question: 43

The main difference between general purpose impedance ECT instruments and general purpose send-receive ECT instruments is

a) size
b) response time
c) maximum frequency of operation
d) balancing method

Question: 44

Effective coil distance as used in testing sheet with a single coil probe is

a) a constant
b) a function of specimen conductivity
c) a function of specimen thickness
d) both b and c

Question: 45

IACS stands for the

a) International Annealed Copper Standard

b) International Association for Conductivity Studies
c) Industrial Accident Commission of Safety
d) Inspection Acceptance Criteria and Standards

Question: 46

The opposing EMF sensed by an eddy current probe originates from

a) resistance in the test material

b) the magnetic field associated with the induced eddy currents
c) resistivity of the probe coil windings
d) the metaphysical ether

Question: 47

The simplified impedance graph represented by the simple semi-circle allows for a qualitative analysis of parameters but does not allow for

a) skin depth
b) phase lag
c) magnetic permeability
d) all of the above

Question: 48

The occurrence of probe-cable resonance can be noticed by the operator when

a) a probe and cable which balanced at a low frequency will not balance as frequency is increased
b) the probe begins to feel warm
c) a strange ringing sound is emitted off the probe
d) both b and c occur

ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1

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Question: 49

Calibration standards for tube testing use

a) drilled holes and EDM notches

b) axial and circumferential machined grooves
c) actual defects
d) any of the above can be used

Question: 50

The gap between two plates of aluminium is determined by eddy current test because

a) of electrical short circuiting for small gaps

b) eddy currents can be induced in the far plate
c) magnetic waves bounce off the far plate and reinduce eddy currents in the first plate
d) none of the above, eddy currents cannot be used to check gap between plates

Question: 51

Given a probe operating next to a sample with a total measured impedance of 25 ohms, if current flow in the probe is measured as 20mA,
what is the voltage in the probe?

a) 0.125 V
b) 5V
c) 50 V
d) 125 V

Question: 52

Multifrequency techniques are not as effective for ID crack detection as they are for OD crack detection with internal axial probes because

a) they overlap with ID variations and probe wobble

b) low frequency effects are easier to cancel electronically
c) high frequency effects are easier to cancel electronically
d) OD crack signals give bigger amplitude signals

Question: 53

The graphical presentation of locus points indicating variations in the impedance of a test coil as a function of test parameters is a(n)

a) Lissajous figure
b) Cartesian graph
c) impedance plane diagram
d) polar graph

Question: 54

An advantage of testing sheet and foil materials using a forked coil system (through-transmission technique) is the insensitivity to

a) sheet position between the coils

b) sheet thickness variations
c) conductivity variations
d) permeability variations

ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1

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Question: 55

Vectorial addition of eddy current signals is useful for

a) defect sizing
b) analysis of signals under baffle plates
c) reducing probe wobble
d) increasing signal to noise ratio

Question: 56

What is the "coupling" mechanism used in eddy current testing between part and probe?

a) air
b) electrons
c) magnetic fields
d) none of the above, there is no coupling

Question: 57

Additions of small amounts of alloying metals to pure metals result in

a) increasing conductivity
b) decreasing conductivity
c) increasing conductivity only if the alloying metal is more conductive
d) increasing conductivity only if the alloying metal is less conductive than the base metal

Question: 58

Which of the following variations would not be considered a surface probe?

a) encircling probe
b) spinning probe
c) pencil probe
d) pancake probe

Question: 59

Eddy current coils are sensitive to

a) lift-off
b) fill factor
c) temperature
d) any variation that affects conductivity or permeability

Question: 60

When eddy current signals are divided into quadrature components for recording onto strip charts (eg. X and Y components), all wall loss
will have

a) equal X amplitudes
b) some Y component
c) the same phase
d) X components without Y components

ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1

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Question: 61

In a simple meter-crack detector used in eddy current testing, the probe coil is

a) always wrapped counter clockwise

b) connected directly across the meter
c) one arm of the bridge circuit
d) two adjacent arms of the bridge circuit

Question: 62

When is the standard depth of penetration used instead of the effective depth of penetration (usually taken to be 3 times the standard
depth of penetration)?

a) when it is required to detect anomalies in a second layer

b) to improve near surface resolution
c) to improve sensitivity
d) both b and c

Question: 63

In tube testing, fill factor is equivalent to

a) normalized resistance
b) the characteristic parameter
c) lift-off
d) phase angle

Question: 64

Amplitude of current or voltage in an AC circuit is usually displayed as a sinusoidal wave. The horizontal displacement is usually in units of
time or

a) volts
b) amperes
c) radians
d) normalized resistance

Question: 65

Encircling coil probes would be most likely used to test

a) sheet metal plates

b) aluminium ingots
c) tubes and rods
d) rivet holes

Question: 66

The Weber (Wb) is the unit of

a) magnetic flux
b) magnetic flux density
c) eddy current intensity
d) the Hall effect

ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1

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Question: 67

A CRT used to display changes in input signal amplitude and phase would be called a

a) P-meter
b) D-meter
c) phasorscope
d) phasamplifier

Question: 68

When performing sorting tests using an absolute encircling coil, what is required in way of standards?

a) one magnetic and one nonmagnetic sample

b) one acceptable sample and one unacceptable sample
c) one sample traceable to national standards
d) no standards are required

Question: 69

A mixture of two or more metals melted or fused together to form a new metal is termed a(n)

a) weld
b) alloy
c) agglomerate
d) composite

Question: 70

What is the form of the magnetization in a rod tested by an eddy current encircling probe?

a) circular
b) longitudinal
c) "parallel"
d) semi-circular

Question: 71

Which of the following is use solely as a reference to identify particular electromagnetic characteristics of a test object?

a) limit frequency
b) phase angle
c) magnetic permeability
d) resistivity

Question: 72

When using Hall detectors in eddy current probes, generation of eddy currents is by

a) the reverse Hall effect

b) magnetostriction
c) excitation coils
d) pyroelectric effect

ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1

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Question: 73

Eddy current theory for tests on spheres could be applied to what practical application(s)?

a) ball bearing tests

b) bolts and roller bearing tests
c) small metallic inclusions in non-metallic substances
d) all of the above

Question: 74

To obtain a high degree of sensitivity for thickness measurements on thin coatings on conducting substrate you would opt for a probe with

a) small diameter and relatively high operating frequency

b) small diameter and relatively low frequency
c) large diameter and low frequency
d) large diameter and high frequency

Question: 75

Fill factor can be increased by

a) increasing coil diameter

b) increasing test piece diameter
c) decreasing coil diameter
d) both b and c

Question: 76

Calibration standards (blocks) are used in eddy current testing to

a) allow pattern recognition

b) set phase rotation
c) set sensitivity
d) all of the above

Question: 77

The time dependent relationship between current and voltage amplitudes in an AC circuit is called

a) peak detection
b) temporal domain
c) the clock circuit
d) phase

Question: 78

If sufficiently low frequency is used, signals from defects will approach _________ while ferromagnetic material signals are
nearly_____________.

a) fill factor signals, perpendicular to fill factor

b) infinity, invisible
c) maximum vertical amplitude, minimum vertical amplitude
d) maximum sensitivity, off the scope display

ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1

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Question: 79

Another name for an inserted coil is a __________ coil.

a) inside
b) bobbin
c) ID
d) all of the above

Question: 80

When an eddy current probe is moved towards the edge of a test piece part of the magnetic field moves outside of the metal tested. This
results in

a) permeability
b) resonance
c) edge effect
d) ohmic effect

Question: 81

Pancake type surface probes would be insensitive to _________ because of the direction of flow of the induced eddy currents.

a) surface breaking cracks

b) pores and other subsurface voids
c) laminations
d) all of the above

Question: 82

A device incorporated into an eddy current instrument that allows an alarm to trigger when a signal crosses a threshold is a(n)

a) filter
b) gate
c) amplifier
d) resonance box

Question: 83

How is temperature drift avoided by differential coils?

a) low current draw

b) coils are wound in opposition
c) both coils are at the same temperature
d) both b and c

Question: 84

What type of gating can be used on CRT display eddy current instruments?

a) amplitude gates
b) phase gates
c) box gates
d) all of the above

ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1

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Question: 85

Multifrequency eddy current testing suppresses undesired signals by what principle?

a) signal averaging
b) bandpass filtering
c) phase separation
d) all of the above are used in concert

Question: 86

Resistance of a conductor is usually given at a specified temperature. Correction for resistance at other temperatures is obtained by using

a) liquid nitrogen
b) the temperature coefficient of resistance
c) vacuum or bell chambers
d) matching circuits

Question: 87

In order to test ferromagnetic materials you could

a) use a saturating permanent magnet at the probe coil

b) apply a DC electric field to the test material
c) apply an AC electrical field to the test material
d) either a or b could be used

Question: 88

Computers are often used in conjunction with eddy current instruments. What function could the computer provide?

a) controlling instrument settings

b) reading and analysing instrument outputs
c) redirecting instrument outputs to other equipment
d) all of the above

Question: 89

Effective depth of penetration is

a) the depth at which EC density is 5% of the surface density

b) approximately 3ë (ë=standard depth of penetration)
c) the minimum depths beyond which the test system cannot detect increasing thickness
d) all of the above

Question: 90

When material sorting by eddy current methods, care must be taken not to use too low a frequency. What is the concern of too low a
frequency for sorting?

a) sensitivity to thickness changes

b) sensitivity to oxidized surface layers
c) poor field coupling
d) probe-cable resonance

ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1

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Question: 91

The effect of increasing lift-off is

a) a decrease in coil efficiency factor

b) a decrease in magnetic lines of force linking to the metal
c) increased sensitivity
d) both a and b

Question: 92

Encircling probes cannot be used on

a) wire
b) square tubing
c) hexagonal tubing
d) none of the above are restrictions to encircling probes provided the appropriate coil shape is used

Question: 93

The region around a magnet where its magnetic effects can be detected is called the

a) near zone
b) induction zone
c) magnetic field of force
d) electro-magnetic region of influence

Question: 94

In a single frequency test of a boiler tube a 10% OD pit just happens to occur exactly over a 10% ID pit. What is the resulting differential
signal likely to look like?

a) a 20% OD pit
b) a 20% ID pit
c) a 20% midwall void
d) a through wall defect

Question: 95

Hall detectors used in eddy current tests of sheet products can have very small lift-off components compared to coils. Although very small
they are not zero. Why?

a) the excitation coil accounts for a portion of the lift-off

b) magnetoresistance gives an effect of lift-off
c) a thin protective wear face must be used to protect the Hall element
d) non linear magnetic effects provide a constant lift-off

Question: 96

Sensitivity of probe coil (surface probe) eddy current testing is more than encircling probes for crack detection for what reason?

a) the ratio of crack zone area to probe area is greater

b) cracks never occur at right angles to eddy currents in encircling probes
c) cracks are always at right angles to eddy currents in surface probes tests
d) both b and c

ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1

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Question: 97

Increasing the temperature of an aluminium test specimen form 20°C. to 40°C. will result in __________ _ specimen resistivity.

a) no change to
b) doubling
c) halving
d) a slight increase in

Question: 98

Current flowing in the eddy current transducer would be considered

a) eddy current
b) magnetizing currents
c) back EMF
d) all of the above

Question: 99

Which of the following is not an application of eddy current in the aircraft industry?

a) measuring metal and coating thickness

b) inspection of bolt holes
c) sorting of mixed aluminium alloys
d) the premise of the question is wrong, all the above are aircraft applications

Question: 100

What is the resistivity of an ideal electrical insulator?

a) 3.14 X 10^-12 ohm-m

b) 0.318 X 10^13 IACS
c) 1
d) infinity

Question: 101

The TOTAL opposition to current flow in an alternating current circuit is

a) impedance
b) resistance
c) reactance
d) reluctance

Question: 102

How are cylindrical objects inspected from the outside surface using eddy current methods?

a) by fixed probes helical motion of the cylinder

b) by advancing an encircling probe along the cylinder
c) by moving the cylinder through a rotating array of probes
d) all of the above can be used

ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1

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Question: 103

An equally large amplitude signal can result for

a) deep small flaws and shallow large flaws

b) deep large flaws and shallow small flaws
c) neither a or b, large and small flaws always result in different amplitude signals
d) both a and b provided the flaw is a pore

Question: 104

Gap between an aluminium and a titanium plate separated by about 2 to 3 mm would best be determined by

a) an eddy current lift-off technique

b) resistivity measurements
c) eddy current permeability determination techniques
d) ultrasonics

Question: 105

Under what conditions would digital numeric display be suitable instead of the complex impedance plane (CRT) display?

a) for gauging crack depth

b) for gauging coating thickness
c) to discriminate between conductive and ferrite deposits in tube testing
d) to display corrosion in multilayered riveted sheets

Question: 106

Which is not a factor affecting the permeability of ferro magnetic materials?

a) prior mechanical processing

b) eddy current test frequency
c) chemical composition
d) internal stresses

Question: 107

What is the orientation of eddy currents with respect to the inducing magnetic field (H)?

a) parallel to H
b) circular paths in planes perpendicular to H
c) in the imaginary plane of H
d) in the real plane of H

Question: 108

What parameter is measured when using eddy currents to determine thickness of anodized coatings on alumimium?

a) Inductive reactance
b) conductivity
c) lift-off
d) resonance frequency

ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1

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Question: 109

Bobbin coils are sometimes referred to as

a) absolute
b) annular coils
c) bucking coils
d) ID coils

Question: 110

What parameter is measured when using eddy currents to determine paint thickness on an aluminium boat hull?

a) conductivity
b) resistivity
c) lift-off
d) both a and b

Question: 111

What is the difference between electric currents and eddy currents on the atomic level?

a) there is no difference
b) direction of electron flow
c) no magnetic field is associated with electric current
d) eddy currents do not occur in semi conductors

Question: 112

If a saturating magnetization is used on a ferromagnetic material to allow eddy current testing, what difference exists between the probe
used to test the ferromagnetic and nonferromagnetic materials?

a) direction of winding
b) the presence of an iron core
c) length of coil
d) no difference

Question: 113

When no conducting material is placed inside an encircling coil transducer

a) no heating of the coil wire occurs

b) no voltage exists in the coil
c) only the empty coil voltage exists in the coil
d) both a and b

Question: 114

Aluminium is used extensively in aircraft industries where it is often tested by eddy current methods. What is the difference between 2000,
3000, and 4000 series alloys?

a) heat treatment used

b) major alloy constituent
c) forming process ie. cast, rolled, extruded
d) conductivity

ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1

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Question: 115

The field that couples an eddy current probe and a test piece causes eddy currents to flow by

a) resonance
b) induction
c) friction
d) the Bernoulli effect

Question: 116

Coil impedance in eddy current testing is usually displayed as a locus (series of points) traced out as a curve. The two axes of the graph
are usually

a) resistance (vertical) reactance(horizontal)

b) inductance (vertical) reluctance (horizontal)
c) resistivity (vertical) lift off (horizontal)
d) reactance (vertical) resistance (horizontal)

Question: 117

The alternating current required by the eddy current test is supplied by the

a) transformer
b) phase rotator
c) AC to DC converter
d) sine wave oscillator

Question: 118

A sample which has a very low resistance will also have very high

a) resistivity
b) conductivity
c) conductance
d) impedance

Question: 119

Which of the following statements is correct?

a) Increasing test frequency increases depth of eddy current penetration.

b) If the existing AC magnetizing field penetrates through a tube wall eddy currents may not be optimum for detecting inside and outside
surface cracks.
c) For a given setup eddy current intensity increases at a given depth with increasing conductivity and permeability.
d) All of the above are correct.

Question: 120

An eddy current instrument's ability to provide a reliable output signal as a function of the inspection speed is based on the instrument's

a) frequency response
b) balance mechanism
c) operating frequency
d) internal resonance frequency

ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1

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Question: 121

For materials having a relative magnetic permeability of over 2, conductivities determined by eddy current methods not using DC field or
magnetic saturation techniques will be

a) inaccurate but within +/- 10%

b) totally unreliable
c) corrected by dividing the value by the µrel
d) corrected by multiplying the value by the µrel

Question: 122

Ferromagnetic alloys are sorted by

a) conductivity variations
b) permeability variations
c) attraction of a standard permanent magnet
d) none of the above, ferromagnetic alloys cannot be sorted

Question: 123

Defect sensitivity is proportional to _______ for surface probes and __________ for "horseshoe" probes.

a) coil diameter, gap width

b) coil length, core arc radius
c) resistance, inductance
d) conductivity, resistivity

Question: 124

Edge-distance curves plot conductivity readings against probe distance from the edge of a specimen. How can this curve be
subsequently used?

a) to apply correction factors to production tests

b) to calculate correct probe diameter
c) to calculate a usable test surface range for a given probe
d) both a and b

Question: 125

What aspects of the probe coil affect changes in impedance as it is located near the test piece?

a) size
b) shape
c) position
d) all of the above

Question: 126

An oscillator used in generating time varying current in an ECT instrument usually supplies currents at frequencies from

a) 1 Hz to 20 kHz
b) 50 Hz to 60 Hz
c) 1 kHz to 2 MHz
d) 0.5 MHz to 4 GHz

ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1

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Question: 127

Cracking in second layer structures of aircraft is best detected by

a) ultrasonics
b) low frequency eddy currents
c) high frequency eddy currents
d) x-rays

Question: 128

An eddy current probe's impedance is easily changed by

a) using a rheostat (variable resistor) in the probe

b) using a variable inductor in the probe
c) changing the operating frequency
d) all of the above

Question: 129

The pickup (receiver) coil of an eddy current probe is

a) always the same coil as the magnetizing coil

b) identical in diameter to the magnetizing coil
c) coincident in position to the magnetizing coil
d) of any size, position or even configuration

Question: 130

Most general purpose ECT instruments allow the operator to examine signals directly on the ECT instrument by means of

a) X-Y recorders
b) CRT storage monitors
c) strip recorders
d) TTL monitors

Question: 131

Which of the following would benefit the most if tested by eddy current testing while still hot (1,100°C.)?

a) copper pipe
b) aluminium wire
c) steel rod
d) brass tubing

Question: 132

What do the characteristic frequencies calculated for cylinders, sheets and spheres have in common?

a) all solve Maxwell's field equation for the Bessel function equal to one
b) all frequencies solving the equation have the same constant
c) all frequencies solving the equation use the same probe diameter
d) none of the characteristic frequencies are affected by relative permeability

ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1

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Question: 133

Operating near the knee of the curve of the impedance locus permits maximum discrimination of

a) resistivity
b) lift-off
c) permeability
d) density

Question: 134

What is used in eddy current instrumentation to remove the unwanted effects of noise signals?

a) resonant circuits
b) filters
c) doughnut coil probes
d) ferrite cups

Question: 135

Setting the ratio of tube wall thickness to skin depth to 1.1, gives a frequency called the f90 for tube testing. This ratio is determined

a) by the characteristic parameter

b) solving Maxwell's equation
c) from Dodd's number
d) empirically

Question: 136

When inspecting finned tubing to specifically investigate the land areas under tube support plates for fretting an absolute probe is often
used. It is operated at a lower frequency than the differential mode used in the finned area. Why?

a) to reduced effects of larger ID land area

b) to ensure adequate penetration
c) both a and b
d) because absolute mode requires lower frequency for the same penetration

Question: 137

Temperature drift results from

a) instrument heating
b) working on chillers
c) probe/cable temperature changes
d) all of the above

Question: 138

What is the main difference between signals from ferritic deposits on the ID of copper tube and those on the OD of the same tube when
inspecting with an internal differential probe?

a) tightness of flyback signal to approach signal

b) amplitude
c) initial direction of motion (ie. up or down)
d) phase angle of the flyback signal

ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1

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Question: 139

If a surface breaking crack 1mm deep and a large subsurface void located 1mm deep are located in a test plate, the eddy current signals
from these flaws will

a) be the same amplitude

b) probably have the crack as a larger amplitude
c) probably have the void as a larger amplitude
d) have the same phase angles

Question: 140

According to Ohm's Law, in any electrical circuit, the voltage divided by the circuit impedance is equal to

a) magnetic flux density

b) capacitance
c) current flow
d) phase angle

Question: 141

In a three layer arrangement of aluminium sheets, how is it possible to detect a crack in the sheet furthermost from the probe?

a) pulsed eddy currents

b) selecting a sufficiently low frequency
c) using a probe diameter equal to twice total sheet thickness
d) using a differential probe

Question: 142

A uniform discontinuity scanned using a differential probe and detected simultaneously by both windings will

a) not be detected
b) require inspection at 3 frequencies
c) be detected only at the ends
d) only be detectable if the windings are orthogonal

Question: 143

Which of the following types of transducers is not based on its usage?

a) feed through
b) encircling
c) differential
d) forked

Question: 144

If resistivity (p) is given in µohm-cm, wall thickness in mm, the equation for f90 for testing tubes is

a) 1.6 p/t²
b) 1.1 t/p
c) 3 p/t²
d) 3p²/t

ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1

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Question: 145

How are the effects of various types of discontinuities on eddy current signals predicted?

a) mechanically by artificial defects

b) theoretically by numerical modelling
c) both a and b
d) effects cannot be predicted and must be determined empirically

Question: 146

When only variations in bar diameter are required to be determined with an encircling coil system, frequency ratio should be

a) 1
b) 6
c) 10
d) as high as is practical

Question: 147

Given a coil with 50 ohm resistance and 50 microhenries inductance and operated at 50 kHz; what is the coil impedance?

a) 12.2 ohms
b) 24.2 ohms
c) 50.2 ohms
d) 250 ohms

Question: 148

Which of the following would be used on a sample used as a conductivity calibration standard?

a) EDM notches
b) flat bottom holes
c) saw cuts
d) none of the above

Question: 149

Which of the following is a disadvantage of the remote field eddy current technique?

a) no couplant is required
b) dirt, scale and lift-off have little effect on results
c) inspection speeds are low due to frequencies used
d) inside and outside defects are detected with equal sensitivity

Question: 150

When measuring the thickness of paint on aluminium plate (non-conductive coating on a conductor) you would determine thickness by

a) lift-off changes
b) phase angle measurements
c) frequency modulation
d) none of the above

ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1

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Question: 151

The standard depth of penetration is given as ë= 50(p/fµ)^½ or ë = 2(p/fµ)^½; where p = resistivity, f = frequency and µ = rel permeability.
The difference between the two equations is

a) one is for plate and the other for tubing

b) one is for thickness in mm, the other in inches
c) one is for non-magnetic material the other for magnetic
d) 48

Question: 152

Magnetic permeability values are difficult to define because

a) measurement depends on the applied magnetic field

b) actual value depends on previous magnetic history
c) both a and b
d) none of the above, a simple Gauss meter placed on the part surface is all that is needed

Question: 153

Signals or measurements made with single sensing coil without a direct reference are

a) absolute
b) differential
c) biased
d) modulated

Question: 154

Which of the following is an application of eddy current testing on sheets or foils?

a) determining electrical conductivity

b) determination of metallic thickness
c) non-contacting determination of temperature
d) all of the above

Question: 155

If you were using ECT to check the gap between two sheets of aluminium and found the gap was occasionally too great to notice on your
instrument, what should you do?

a) use a higher test frequency

b) use a lower test frequency
c) use a bigger probe
d) use a smaller probe

Question: 156

A material capable of carrying electrical current is

a) an insulator
b) a conductor
c) paramagnetic
d) ferromagnetic

ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1

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Question: 157

What dimensions are measured using eddy currents?

a) cross-sectional areas of cylindrical tubes and rods

b) thicknesses of thin metal plates and foils
c) thicknesses of non-metal coatings on metallic substrates
d) all of the above

Question: 158

Inductance is associated with

a) the probe coil

b) the eddy current test sample
c) both a and b
d) none of the above

Question: 159

The problem with meter output ECT instruments is

a) no depth can be determined for flaws located

b) no ability exists to discriminate real and false indications
c) both a and b
d) none of the above, there is no significant limitations of meter instruments compared to storage CRT type instruments

Question: 160

In the send-receiver eddy current probe configuration, the driver coil and receiver coil(s)

a) are on the same side of the test material

b) are on the opposite sides of the test material
c) both a and b are possible configurations
d) none of the above, there is no such probe

Question: 161

The through-wall transmission (send-receive) technique of eddy current testing is used to overcome the problems associated with

a) penetration of thicker materials

b) depth determination
c) flaw characterization
d) all of the above

Question: 162

Measuring paint thickness (non-conductive) on aluminium is a comparative technique and requires

a) a written procedure
b) a national standard
c) standard reference thicknesses (calibration piece)
d) an approved probe

ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1

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Question: 163

The unit of capacitance is the

a) Henry
b) farad
c) ohm
d) mho

Question: 164

When performing a test on a simple sheet with a single coil probe, zero lift-off is obtained for

a) the effective coil distance equal to zero

b) the real coil distance equal to zero
c) the imaginary coil distance equal to zero
d) f/fg = 5.5

Question: 165

In multifrequency eddy current testing, what is the purpose of the mix or second frequency?

a) to produce the signal to be used for subtraction

b) to provide a carrier with a preprogrammed signal for averaging
c) for high pass filtering
d) for low pass filtering

Question: 166

What aspect of eddy current testing allows sorting of aluminium alloys?

a) coil resistance of the probe

b) conductivity of the sample
c) permeability of the sample
d) both b and c

Question: 167

Multifrequency eddy current testing separates discontinuity signals by using

a) phase
b) amplitude
c) filtering
d) both a and b

Question: 168

What is the effective depth of penetration?

(where ë is the standard depth of penetration)

a) ë
b) 2ë
c) 3ë
d) 10mm

ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1

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Question: 169

A probe is operated at 400kHz and the impedance display is arranged so that the operating point of the probe balanced in air moves
vertical when brought next to a ferrite sample. Samples 1 to 4 when contacted move to a point to the lower right of the screen and sample
5 moves the operating point to the upper right. Sample 5 is probably

a) ferro magnetic (µ>1)

b) non-conductive (conductivity = 0)
c) thicker than all the other samples
d) thinner than all the other samples

Question: 170

Calibration tubes used for eddy current testing are made of

a) stainless steel
b) copper or brass
c) the same material as the material to be tested
d) material identical in composition and size to that being tested

Question: 171

A large pore at a deep position in a plate can be discriminated from a small pore near the surface in spite of similar amplitude response on
the eddy current instrument by noting

a) shape of the trace on the impedance plane

b) phase lag difference
c) separation in approach signal and fly-back
d) both a and c

Question: 172

Eddy current testing on-line in steel mills often involves testing very hot surfaces (eg. 1,110°C.). Although equipment costs may increase
there can be advantage to testing at such high temperature. Which is an advantage?

a) increased inspection speeds

b) no problems with permeability variations
c) lower resistivities
d) smaller defects can be found

Question: 173

The probe design that limits field interaction with surrounding conductive or magnetic components that are not part of the test are

a) differential probes
b) lift-off compensating probes
c) shielded probes
d) complex probes

Question: 174

If an indication is observed on the eddy current storage monitor during an inspection, it is verified as a real defect or another variable by
____________ and re-investigating the area.

a) rotating phase of display

b) increasing sensitivity
c) changing the frequency
d) increasing lift-off

ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1

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Question: 175

A magnetic material appears non-magnetic to eddy currents if it is

a) magnetically saturated
b) de-gaussed
c) heat treated
d) super-cooled

Question: 176

Eddy currents are normally induced in a sample such that they are

a) parallel to the coil windings

b) parallel to the sample surface
c) limited to the area of inducing field
d) all of the above

Question: 177

A device which stores electrical energy within a specified volume is a(n)

a) inductor
b) capacitor
c) conductor
d) resistor

Question: 178

If you used a meter type eddy current instrument in a test for cracking on an aluminium plate, what would be your only clue to the presence
of a crack?

a) signal amplitude
b) an abrupt change in output
c) direction of meter deflection
d) phase of deflection

Question: 179

Cyclic loading during flight, take-off and landing can result in ___________ which are detectable by eddy current testing.

a) exfoliation losses
b) fatigue cracks
c) stress corrosion cracks
d) both b and c

Question: 180

The region inside of a helically wound inductor is called

a) the capacitive zone

b) the core
c) and annulus
d) the transform region

ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1

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Question: 181

In what way are the alternating current potential drop method and the ECT method alike?

a) equipment used
b) probe arrangement options
c) influence defects on current flow
d) coupling method

Question: 182

In some send-receive ECT systems, the receive coil can be replaced by

a) capacitors
b) piezoelectric elements
c) magnetrostrictive transducers
d) Hall detectors

Question: 183

Conductivity measurements are not reliable if specimen thickness is less than _________ because field strength reductions due to eddy
currents are far greater than geometrical field strength reductions.

a) 1 micron
b) 0.1 mm
c) 1.0 mm
d) 5.0 mm

Question: 184

Heat generation associated with eddy current testing of magnetic materials is a result of

a) dispersion and diffraction

b) ohmic or resistive losses
c) hysteresis losses
d) both b and c

Question: 185

The frequency used to obtain 90° separation between lift-off and thickness changes. It is found from 1.6 p/t² (kHz). This frequency is
called the (p is resistivity)

a) f90
b) characterisitic frequency
c) knee frequency
d) resonance frequency

Question: 186

When an alternating voltage induces an EMF, the induced EMF in opposition to the change causing it. This is a statement of

a) Faraday's Law
b) Lenz's Law
c) Snell's Law
d) Eddy's Law of Voltage

ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1

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Question: 187

In a differential probe, the signal from a defect is displayed twice (if short enough). This is due to

a) the defect being given a magnetic north and south pole

b) two separate sensing coils being present
c) the "reflection effect" similar to the transmit-receive method
d) none of the above

Question: 188

For testing calculated distributions of eddy currents inside a conductive body test would be best made using

a) copper tubing
b) mercury filled glass cylinders
c) aluminium tubing
d) metallic silver bar stock

Question: 189

To examine the effects of various parameters of the test specimen without concern for variations in probe details, the probe impedance is

a) subtracted from the material's resistance

b) added to the material's resistance
c) normalized
d) standardized

Question: 190

When a magnetizing force is applied to a ferromagnetic material and then removed, the flux remaining in the material is

a) hysteresis
b) retentivity
c) coercivity
d) saturation

Question: 191

What happens to the bridge circuit of a calibrated eddy current instrument as a defect signal is maximized

a) it becomes unbalanced
b) it resonates
c) it increases Q factor
d) it becomes balanced

Question: 192

In early days of eddy current testing, standards were made by drilling holes, the holes diameters were smaller than the probe diameter and
deeper than the eddy current penetration depth. What was the limit to such "targets"?

a) there was no sensitivity to holes smaller than coil diameter

b) only amplitude varied with hole size
c) only phase varied with hole size
d) phase and amplitude were constant for all "targets"

ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1

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Question: 193

What must be known about a defect to be located by eddy current test methods?

a) minimum size
b) probable orientation
c) suspected depth
d) all of the above

Question: 194

Which is an instrument that can be used to record eddy current signals from a general purpose ECT instrument

a) X-Y recorder
b) F-M tape recorder
c) multi-channel stripchart recorder
d) all of the above

Question: 195

When making resistivity measurements you must be cautious of geometric effects that might cause erroneous readings. These effects
can be minimized by

a) probe design (small coil or ferrite cups)

b) taking measurements on thick samples and away from edges
c) increasing test frequency
d) all of the above

Question: 196

To improve field coupling when testing spherical parts you would use

a) spherical coils
b) longer coils (solenoids)
c) higher test frequencies
d) square-wave AC

Question: 197

What effect does increased relative magnetic permeability have on test frequency?

a) causes an increase in frequency

b) causes a decrease in frequency
c) causes and unpredictable change in frequency
d) no effect

Question: 198

The magnetic flux density associated with a current carrying conductor _________ with increasing distance from the conductor.

a) increases
b) decreases
c) wobbles
d) remains constant

ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1

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Question: 199

The location where magnetic lines of flux are considered to leave a magnet is

a) the north pole of that magnet

b) the south pole of that magnet
c) dependent on the position of the earth's magnetic pole
d) called Domain Centre

Question: 200

In its simplest form, an eddy current probe would consist of a

a) resistor
b) capacitor
c) coil of wire
d) transformer

Question: 201

When a voltage is applied to an inductor a current is made to flow. This current does not reach maximum amplitude when voltage is
maximum. This time difference is usually referred to as

a) phase lag
b) delta T
c) stroboscopic effect
d) permeability

Question: 202

Instead of increasing sensitivity, adding more turns to a pickup coil can actually decrease sensitivity because

a) inductance is increased
b) resistance is increased
c) field coupling is decreased
d) both a and b

Question: 203

What is the cause of potential difference change in a Hall detector element?

a) holes
b) electrons
c) external magnetic fields
d) internal eddy currents

Question: 204

What is the reason for using zig-zag or multi-pancake coil probes for internal eddy current inspection of tubes?

a) increased near surface sensitivity

b) improved sensitivity to circumferential cracks
c) uniformity of signal amplitude through the tube wall
d) uniformity of signal phase through the tube wall

ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1

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Question: 205

When plate testing a magnetic material it is not possible to detect flaws because

a) lift off effects are too great

b) permeability and resistivity changes cannot be separated
c) ferrite cup probes do not work well on plate
d) the skin effect prevents subsurface detection

Question: 206

What is the preferred form of simulating cracks in test standards for eddy current testing?

a) end milled flat bottom holes

b) side drilled holes
c) longitudinal notches
d) micro-peening of the opposite surface

Question: 207

Eddy current flow distorted by specimen geometry results in

a) probe malfunction
b) resonance swirls on the storage scope display
c) the edge effect
d) lift-off

Question: 208

If ferrite is arranged to be vertical for a probe operated at 1000kHz and balanced in air, lift-off for an unknown specimen will be

a) horizontal
b) up and to the right of the instrument monitor
c) down and to the right of the instrument monitor
d) determined by the material parameters of the specimen

Question: 209

When a reference coil is mounted in an absolute probe it is

a) wound inside the sensing coil

b) wound around the outside of the sensing coil
c) far enough from the test material so it is not affected by it
d) none of the above, reference coils are never used in absolute probes

Question: 210

Alloying small amounts of a metal to another metal results in

a) increasing conductivity
b) increasing strength of the metal
c) increasing ductility of the metal
d) all of the above

ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1

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Question: 211

Which of the following provide optimized conditions for measuring plating thickness (conductive coating on conductive base)?

a) large probe coil efficiency factor

b) effective coil distance small as possible
c) frequency ratio between 1 and 7
d) all of the above

Question: 212

Sensitivity to a surface breaking crack is increased as crack depth decreases by

a) increasing clockwise phase rotation

b) increasing counterclockwise phase rotation
c) increasing test frequency
d) increasing probe diameter

Question: 213

In eddy current testing what component is measured in the detecting coil?

a) resistivity
b) impedance
c) potential difference
d) both b and c

Question: 214

Ferromagnetic inclusions are serious indications in eddy current testing because

a) they are often mistaken for serious defects (eg. cracks)

b) ferro-cracks inevitably occur off them
c) they are only seen when testing near probe-cable resonance
d) there is no known cure for them

Question: 215

What parameter does a meter display eddy current instrument provide?

a) amplitude change
b) phase change
c) both a and b
d) none of the above

Question: 216

1 mA can also be written as

a) 0.01 A
b) 0.001 A
c) 100 µA
d) 1000 MA

ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1

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Question: 217

When an eddy current instrument "balance" button is depressed, what is actually being balanced?

a) the probe
b) the oscilloscope
c) the bridge circuit
d) the capacitive components of the instrument

Question: 218

Pure annealed copper has a resistivity of 1.7241µohm-cm at 20°C. What must be done to this value to c onvert it to the 100% IACS
value?

a) multiply by 0.01
b) divide by 100
c) divide by 0.017241
d) both a and b

Question: 219

What is another term for a inductor?

a) a capacitor
b) a resistor
c) a potentiometer
d) a coil

Question: 220

What type of defect in ferromagnetic tubing can the remote field eddy current detect?

a) pits
b) cracks
c) thinning
d) all of the above

Question: 221

In calculations for f/fg ratio which factor is the coil diameter considered?

a) å (conductivity of plate)
b) D (plate thickness)
c) Aeff (effective coil distance)
d) S (lift-off)

Question: 222

The remote field eddy current technique has its primary application in

a) conductivity determination
b) coating thickness determination on ferromagnetic pipe
c) corrosion detection on ferromagnetic pipe
d) crack detection in finned heat exchanger tubing

ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1

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Question: 223

Conductivities are often given as a range of values for alloys. This is a result of

a) variations in tolerances of alloy compositions

b) degree of cold working
c) type of heat treatment
d) all of the above

Question: 224

The property of a test system that indicates detection by variation in amplitude without regard to phase

a) amplitude response
b) defect resolution
c) signal analysis
d) all of the above

Question: 225

The eddy current test system is often modelled as a transformer. The test sample would represent the _______ of the transformer.

a) primary winding
b) secondary winding
c) insulator plate
d) AC input

Question: 226

The biggest disadvantage of using natural cracks as a calibration standard is

a) its poor duplication of field cracks

b) the expense of acquiring such specimens
c) the rate at which the crack faces oxidize
d) detection on the standard

Question: 227

"Resonance" in the circuit used by crack detectors results from a balance in ________ inductance and _________ capacitance.

a) coil, cable
b) cable, coil
c) coil, instrument
d) instrument, cable

Question: 228

The undersized signals that tend to interfere with reception or normal processing of a desired signal are called

a) noise
b) lift-off
c) wobulation
d) rejectable signals

ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1

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Question: 229

Why is eddy current conductivity testing used to assess fire and heat damage to aluminium of aircraft?

a) a direct relationship exists between conductivity, hardness and mechanical properties of aluminium
b) it is cheap and fast
c) it avoids the mess made using ultrasonics
d) the hazards of x-ray diffraction are avoided

Question: 230

When a magnetic flux near a conductor is caused to change (as when a magnet is moved past a coil) the result is

a) an increased resistance in the coil wire

b) and induced voltage
c) de-magnetization of the magnet
d) phase reversal

Question: 231

If a length of a wire has a resistance of 2 ohms and is then cut in half, the resistance of one of the halves would be

a) 1 ohm
b) 2 ohms
c) 4 ohms
d) impossible to estimate

Question: 232

What is the standard depth of penetration for 304 cast stainless steel (68.96µohm-cm) tested at 20kHz?

a) 1.1mm
b) 2.9mm
c) 3.6mm
d) 6.2mm

Question: 233

Which of the following is different in Hall detector and coil pick-up detection systems?

a) parameter measured
b) response to test frequency
c) degree of coupling possible
d) all of the above contain differences

Question: 234

When examining an eddy current defect signal, the angle (phase) of the signal primarily indicates defect

a) depth
b) length
c) volume
d) type

ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1

P. 39
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Question: 235

Eddy current testing is often used for sorting materials. Which property could be the basis for a sorting test on several runs of copper
wire?

a) diameter
b) alloy
c) heat treatment
d) all of the above

Question: 236

The frequency f90 typically used in tubing inspections provides 90ø phase separation between

a) lift off and permeability

b) fill factor and external defects
c) internal defects and fill factor
d) resistivity and permeability

Question: 237

What causes lift-off to reduce signals seen on the E.C. instrument display?

a) smaller magnitude eddy current flow

b) reduced field coupling of the detector to eddy current fields
c) both a and b
d) none of the above, lift-off does not affect signal amplitude

Question: 238

Differential probes used in eddy current testing place 2 coils side by side over the test material. This tends to cancel

a) gradual material variations

b) temperature effects
c) lift-off
d) all of the above

Question: 239

Pulsed DC saturation is used in EC testing of magnetic materials to

a) allow welding to be converted to eddy current machines

b) reduce heating effects
c) improve response time
d) increase permeability of the test coil to match that of the test piece

Question: 240

One or more turns of a conductor wound produce a magnetic field when current passes through the conductor is

a) an annular array
b) a bobbin
c) a coil
d) a sensor

ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1

P. 40
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Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM

Question: 241

Which parameter moves the operating point on an impedance curve to a point on a new curve instead of up or down the original
impedance curve?

a) lift-off
b) resistivity
c) resistance
d) operating frequency

Question: 242

Magnetic inhomogeneities within a test piece are considered

a) inclusions
b) conductivity variations
c) permeability variations
d) both b and c

Question: 243

In a fixed magnetic field, a compass needle would arrange itself

a) parallel to the lines of force

b) perpendicular to the lines of force in the plane of the field
c) perpendicular to the lines of force at right angles to the plane of the field
d) 45° to the field lines

Question: 244

For a given eddy current probe, its inductive reactance would be greatest when operated at

a) 250 Hz
b) 25 kz
c) 1.5 MHz
d) 250 kHz

Question: 245

When using eddy current methods for determining thickness frequency is selected so the lift-off and thickness change signals are
separated by

a) 45°
b) 90°
c) 180°
d) 270°

Question: 246

Internal surfaces of fastener holes are inspected by rotating eddy current probes. These can detect ______________ in bolt holes down
to 6mm diameter.

a) corrosion
b) ovality
c) cracking
d) all of the above

ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1

P. 41
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Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM

Question: 247

The amplitude of an eddy current signal from a defect is a function of the defect

a) length
b) width
c) depth
d) all of the above

Question: 248

What is the conductivity of an ideal insulator?

a) 3.14 X 10^-12 S/m

b) 0.318 X 10^13 mhos/m
c) 1
d) 0

Question: 249

Which of the following types of eddy current probe classifications is not based on mode of operation?

a) surface transducers
b) absolute transducers
c) differential transducers
d) both a and b

Question: 250

To overcome the difficulty distinguishing the signal from a single large discontinuity from that originating from a group of smaller
discontinuities in the same area _______ were developed.

a) differential probes
b) multicoil probes
c) zig-zag probes
d) multifrequency probes

Question: 251

The effective sensing area of a probe extends beyond just the coil diameter due to

a) induced permeability
b) magnetic field spreading
c) the edge effect
d) diffraction in the near zone

Question: 252

Resistivity measurements made by eddy current test methods are

a) independent of part surface condition

b) made without need for a reference standard
c) made indirectly by measuring effect on a coil in an AC circuit
d) unaffected by part geometry

ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1

P. 42
NDT TESTMAKER - MATERIALS RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM

Question: 253

What would the recommended on-line inspection method be for testing steel rod with production speeds of 100 metres per second?

a) radiography
b) eddy current testing
c) ultrasonics
d) acoustic emission

Question: 254

When testing thin walled nonmagnetic tubing with eddy currents, a crack would have a similar effect as

a) lift-off
b) a decrease in tube wall thickness
c) a decrease in magnetic permeability
d) increased conductivity

Question: 255

Overaging of a metal alloy results from

a) excessive temperatures
b) excessive times at correct precipitation temperatures
c) large numbers of foreign atoms being removed from parent lattice positions
d) all of the above

Question: 256

Minimum resistivity for a specific metal occurs when

a) no alloying metals are added

b) when alloy content is between 0.5% and 5%
c) when alloy content approaches 50%
d) for any amount of alloy provided the alloying material has a lower resistivity than the base metal

Question: 257

The magnitude of magnetic flux density associated with current flowing in a conductor varies with position and current. Magnetic flux
density is therefore a(n)

a) vector quantity
b) scalar quantity
c) square wave quantity
d) unknown quantity

Question: 258

An increase in resistance to eddy current flow moves the operating point _________ the impedance curve.

a) up
b) down
c) to a point outside of
d) to a points inside of

ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1

P. 43
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Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM

Question: 259

Absolute chemical composition of a metal can be established by

a) eddy current tests

b) spectroanalysis
c) metallography
d) all of the above

Question: 260

The test frequency ratio used in generating locus curves compares which two frequencies?

a) operating frequency and f90

b) resonance frequency and operating frequency
c) operating frequency and limit frequency
d) Stoke's frequency and f90

Question: 261

Probe selection (size and test frequency) are determined by which of the following factors?

a) material properties (conductivity, permeability) of test piece

b) defect size, orientation and type expected
c) instrument balance capabilities
d) both a and b

Question: 262

As compared to a spinning bobbin coil, a concentric ring of Hall detectors used in internal inspection of cylinders has what advantage?

a) continuous circumferential detection

b) depth of penetration
c) size of flaw detected is smaller
d) orientation of defects is not a limit to their detection

Question: 263

In an AC circuit, voltage and current are considered in phase when

a) they have equal amplitudes

b) they have "opposite" amplitudes
c) frequencies are the same and maxima and minima occur at the same time
d) their periods are the same length

Question: 264

When tube testing with internal probes, re-inspecting at 2f90 after using f90 has the advantage of better discrimination between ID and OD
defects. As well

a) magnetic deposits are discriminated from defects

b) sensitivity to dents is increased
c) sensitivity to support plates is decreased
d) both b and c

ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1

P. 44
NDT TESTMAKER - MATERIALS RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM

Question: 265

What parameter is not changed with changing lift-off?

a) phase
b) amplitude
c) coil impedance
d) sensitivity

Question: 266

Which of the following is not true for the absolute probe?

a) immune to temperature drift

b) sees abrupt and gradual property and dimensional changes
c) very sensitive to probe wobble
d) indicated total length of defects

Question: 267

Impedance changes as detected by an eddy current coil for a given set of operating conditions can be related to changes in

a) sample temperature
b) sample thickness
c) sample conductivity
d) all of the above

Question: 268

In a multifrequency eddy current instrument what functions are adjusted with separate controls for each frequency selected?

a) frequency
b) gain
c) phase
d) all of the above

Question: 269

What is the purpose of spring loading surface probes?

a) reduce coil deterioration

b) minimize lift-off effect
c) smooth out burrs on rough surfaces
d) to activate paint markers on defective areas

Question: 270

Although increasing coil length increases inductance and thereby sensitivity, why are there upper limits to practical increases of inductance
by increasing coil length for surface testing eddy current methods?

a) part curvature is the limiting factor

b) regions of the coil remote from the test surface have little effect on the induced eddy currents
c) capacitive effects begin to dominate
d) resistive effects begin to dominate

ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1

P. 45
NDT TESTMAKER - MATERIALS RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM

Question: 271

Stripchart recorders are a common means of recording eddy current signals with respect to time. These recorders place record of the
signals onto chart paper by means of

a) ink
b) heat
c) light
d) all of the above can be used

Question: 272

Eddy currents are so named because

a) of the Canadian match manufacturer that discovered them

b) of the circular probes required to induce them
c) of their circular paths
d) small swirl patterns form on the surface domains and crystal structure

Question: 273

Magnetic lines of flux that leave and enter a test part's surface due to a defect forming poles at that surface of the part are called

a) indications
b) leakage flux
c) magnetic dipoles
d) edge effects

Question: 274

Two ECT probes are built with the same diameter and wire size is changed to ensure the same coil cross-section. The coil using smaller
diameter wire obviously has more turns. The inductive reactance will be

a) greater for the probe with more turns

b) greater for the probe with fewer turns
c) the same for both probes
d) none of the above

Question: 275

What must occur for an alarm to be triggered on an eddy current instrument?

a) a defect must be in the coil's field

b) a geometric or permeability change must be seen by the coil
c) either a or b
d) a signal must enter a gated region on the display

Question: 276

Test results using Hall detectors are displayed using

a) analogue meters only

b) digital peak detectors only
c) either analogue or digital impedance displays
d) any method used by pickup coil detectors

ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1

P. 46
NDT TESTMAKER - MATERIALS RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM

Question: 277

What are the two "zones" in remote field eddy current testing?

a) deep and shallow zone

b) direct coupling and remote field zones
c) near and far zones
d) dead and active zones

Question: 278

What is the protective coating put on the standards used for eddy current determinations of resistivity?

a) polymethyl methylacrylate (PMMA)

b) anti-rust primer paint
c) an oxide film
d) none of the above (no protective coating is used)

Question: 279

Calibration standards used for conductivity testing are usually certified to national standards. How thick are they?

a) 10 mil
b) 10 mm
c) 2 cm
d) "infinite" thickness

Question: 280

The __________ technique allows equal sensitivity to both inside and outside wall defects but cannot differentiate between signals from
these two surfaces.

a) pulsed eddy currents

b) remote field eddy currents
c) multifrequency eddy currents
d) harmonic frequency

Question: 281

Multi-pancake coil probes and zig-zag coil probes are sometimes used as internal tube inspection probes because

a) conventional bobbin coils are too sensitive to temperature

b) they have better sensitivity to circumferential cracks
c) they are insensitive to permeability changes
d) they are cheaper to make

Question: 282

Detection of magnetic fields using the interaction of the magnetic field on electrical charge carriers in semiconductor materials is used by

a) through transmission eddy current techniques

b) Hall detectors
c) diodes
d) transistors

ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1

P. 47
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Question: 283

Relative magnetic permeability for ferromagnetic materials is

a) <1
b) 0
c) >1
d) exactly equal to 1

Question: 284

In absolute probes, bridge nulling (balancing) is simplified by

a) operating at resonance frequencies

b) a small reference coil mounted in the probe
c) spring loading the probe against the test surface
d) ensuring the coil is toroidally shaped

Question: 285

When cracking is a significant flaw found in test pieces, what is the most critical aspect of the crack?

a) length
b) width
c) depth
d) sharpness of its ends

Question: 286

If a sufficiently strong DC electric field is applied to a ferromagnetic test piece, how will it react in terms of eddy current testing?

a) it will become super conductive

b) it will appear nonferromagnetic
c) it will have almost zero resistivity
d) resistivity will be infinite

Question: 287

The eddy current probe is most simply a

a) coil of copper wire

b) semiconductor
c) capacitor
d) ceramic resistor

Question: 288

The IACS rating of conductivity is based on

a) semiconductor technology
b) pure annealed copper
c) silver at standard temperature and pressure (STP)
d) Ohm's Law

ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1

P. 48
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Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM

Question: 289

In the basic eddy current machine, the oscillator sets the

a) sensitivity
b) resistance
c) test frequency
d) characteristic frequency

Question: 290

Geometry variations can result in errors when performing resistivity measurements for sorting. How is this best overcome?

a) using very high test frequencies

b) using low test frequencies
c) using standards to duplicate test items
d) machining flats on all test pieces

Question: 291

At the centre of an eddy current probe coil, sensitivity to defects is

a) maximum
b) minimum (zero)
c) the average of that under the mean coil radius
d) none of the above, sensitivity is constant under the whole area of the probe coil

Question: 292

Direct current can be used to induce eddy currents if

a) the test piece is moved cyclically near the current carrying conductor
b) the current carrying conductor is moved cyclically near the test piece
c) either a or b
d) the diameter of the conductor is less than 1/10 the thickness of the test piece

Question: 293

Which of the following is not a method used to protect conductivity calibration standards from deterioration?

a) storage in a moisture proof container

b) a thin coating of lacquer to prevent corrosive attack
c) partially surrounded by foam or wood to prevent impact damage
d) storage away from elevated temperatures

Question: 294

Which parameter does not move the operating point up the impedance curve when increased

a) conductivity
b) tube (or plate) thickness
c) operating frequency
d) all of the above

ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1

P. 49
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Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM

Question: 295

Which of the following does not fit?

a) feed-through coil
b) encircling coil
c) annular coil
d) bucking coil

Question: 296

Eddy current testing of 10mm thick steel pipe would require an operating frequency of about 30 Hz. What is the main disadvantage of this
test?

a) excessive sensitivity to probe wobble

b) low sensitivity to detection
c) a total inability to detect corrosion
d) limited coupling due to the large diameter probe needed

Question: 297

Which is not a possible fill-factor value?

a) 1.1
b) 1.0
c) 0.9
d) 0.1

Question: 298

The eddy currents induced in a specimen by an eddy current probe set up a magnetic field which ___________ the inducing field.

a) opposes
b) augments
c) equals
d) stops

Question: 299

Why is the absolute coil test preferred over the differential for inspection of finned tubing land areas to evaluate for fretting?

a) the probe is small and fits better in the gap

b) the signals are easier to interpret
c) differential probes cannot be balanced in the land areas
d) the operating frequency of absolute probes is higher so more sensitive

Question: 300

What effect does decreasing fill factor have on the S/N ratio?

a) increases
b) decreases
c) no change
d) it depends on if the material is ferromagnetic or not

ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1

P. 50
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Question: 301

Without affecting the defect detectability the effects of probe-wobble can often be reduced or eliminated (if surface irregularities are not too
great) by using

a) a differential coil
b) a higher frequency
c) a lower frequency
d) a smaller diameter probe

Question: 302

What would a reference standard by used to adjust eddy current equipment sensitivity to?

a) surface roughness
b) geometry
c) conductivity
d) all of the above

Question: 303

Coating thickness standards are available in what form?

a) foils (shims) laid on a substrate

b) actual coatings affixed to a substrate
c) both a and b
d) none of the above, coating standards are not available

Question: 304

As compared to coil probes used for conductivity measurements, coil probes used for determining coating thicknesses should have

a) higher operating frequencies

b) larger diameters
c) more turns
d) all of the above

Question: 305

Given a bobbin probe with an average coil diameter of 10mm, what diameter of bar could be tested to ensure a 90% fill factor?

a) 10.5mm
b) 11.0mm
c) 11.2 mm
d) none of the above

Question: 306

In the presence of a magnetic material a coil's magnetic flux

a) increases
b) decreases
c) reverses
d) both a and c

ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1

P. 51
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Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM

Question: 307

The voltage that results when a magnetic field interacts with a semiconductor is

a) not measurable
b) parallel to the magnetic field
c) the Hall effect
d) cancelled by eddy currents

Question: 308

What is the standard depth of penetration for navel-brass(6.63µohm-cm) tested at 10kHz?

a) 1.3 mm
b) 2.3mm
c) 3.4mm
d) 4.6mm

Question: 309

Another term for probe coil clearance is

a) lift-off
b) end effect
c) edge effect
d) probe wobble

Question: 310

Tubular products can be tested using

a) surface probes
b) absolute encircling or internal probes
c) differential encircling or internal probes
d) all of the above

Question: 311

In multifrequency instruments, two or more frequencies are used simultaneously

a) in the same coil(s)

b) in separate coils (one for each frequency)
c) both a and b
d) none of the above

Question: 312

Another term used for gain control on a general purpose eddy current instrument is

a) power
b) phase control
c) sensitivity
d) none of the above

ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1

P. 52
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Question: 313

Ferromagnetism, diamagnetism, and paramagnetism are "magnetic states" resulting from

a) electron configurations
b) strong nuclear forces
c) covalent bonding
d) triclinic, monoclinic and cubic crystal structures

Question: 314

Gradual thinning of a heat exchanger tube as a result of external erosion is most likely to be missed if you use which type of probe?

a) surface probe
b) absolute probe
c) differential probe
d) all of the above would be unable to find the flaw

Question: 315

When testing wire or solid bar, the sensitivity at the centre of the test piece when using an encircling coil probe is

a) maximum
b) one half that at the surface
c) the square root of the surface value
d) zero

Question: 316

Decreasing fill factor is essentially the same as

a) decreasing lift-off
b) increasing lift-off
c) increasing operating frequency
d) increasing the coil length

Question: 317

Given the effect of temperature on resistance varies by R=Ro(1+ ÞT), if Þ=-0.1 what will happen when probe temperature increases from
20°C to 40°C? ( Note: T = change in temperature bet ween resistance R at the new temperature and Ro resistance at the reference
temperature).

a) the probe/cable resistance will be reduced to half

b) the probe/cable resistance will double
c) the probe/cable resistance will increase
d) the probe/cable resistance will decrease

Question: 318

The excursion of magnetic lines of force from the surface of a test piece is

a) permeability
b) magnetic writing
c) magnetic flux leakage
d) back emf

ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1

P. 53
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Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM

Question: 319

Decrease in eddy current flow with increasing depth from the surface is known as

a) absorption
b) the Hall effect
c) the skin effect
d) the edge effect

Question: 320

The gain control on a general purpose eddy current instrument adjusts the amplitude of the

a) bridge output signal

b) bridge input signal
c) oscillator generator
d) probe current

Question: 321

Simple DC meter crack detector eddy current instruments display

a) changes in voltage amplitude of the probe

b) impedance phase changes in the probe
c) crack depth only
d) crack width only

Question: 322

When tube testing with either bobbin or encircling probes, what condition must occur for the inspection to be free of phase lag
(effectively)?

a) thickness must be much greater than skin depth

b) thickness must be much less than skin depth
c) fill factor must be less than or equal to 1
d) fill factor must be greater than or equal to 1

Question: 323

The pair of conditions most likely to cause probe-cable resonance is

a) long cable and high operating frequency

b) long cable and low operating frequency
c) short cable and high operating frequency
d) short cable and low operating frequency

Question: 324

Choice of test frequency is often the only parameter in which the operator has any choice. Test frequency is usually

a) f90
b) fg
c) fc
d) a compromise based on various parameters

ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1

P. 54
NDT TESTMAKER - MATERIALS RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM

Question: 325

Increasing coil fill factor is equivalent to

a) increasing lift-off
b) increasing field coupling
c) reducing sensitivity
d) all of the above

Question: 326

The bridge circuit in the meter-type crack detector utilizes a resonance circuit. Unlike the other bridge circuits used by ECT instruments
these contain

a) capacitors
b) inductors
c) resistors
d) potentiometers

Question: 327

When a simple wheatstone bridge is said to be "balanced" the voltage across the meter in the bridge is

a) zero
b) a minimum biased value
c) maximum
d) any value depending on the applied external voltage

Question: 328

The rate of flow of electric charge defines

a) voltage
b) coulomb
c) electric current
d) impedance

Question: 329

Testing of ferromagnetic bars by encircling coils for detection of surface cracks, seams and laps has its advantage over the same
inspection of non-ferromagnetic bars because

a) phase separation from probe wobble is improved

b) eddy currents are more confined to near surface
c) diameter variations are not seen
d) surface flaws do not occur in non-ferromagnetic bars

Question: 330

Which of the following conditions could cause an error in the eddy current test results for resistivity?

a) excessive curvature of the test piece

b) proximity to the edge of the part
c) metal thickness less than effective depth of penetration
d) all of the above

ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1

P. 55
NDT TESTMAKER - MATERIALS RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM

Question: 331

Relative to the face of the rectangular Hall element, which direction of magnetic field produces the smallest Hall voltage?

a) parallel
b) at right angles
c) 45°
d) direction is not a factor in response amplitude

Question: 332

Why is conductivity so low for insulators?

a) no free electrons are available

b) because of impedance mismatch
c) phase differences cause current cancellation
d) because insulators are non-magnetic

Question: 333

The purpose of using a small spring loaded surface probe to inspect tubing in and near a tubesheet is

a) reduce lift-off
b) increase sensitivity to small defects
c) increase sensitivity to circumferential defects
d) all of the above

ID: 624199
Type: ECT Level: 1

P. 56
Correct Answers
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM
ID: 624199

ANS REFERENCE PAGE

Question 1: D Handbook 105

Question 2: C ECM 28

Question 3: A Jacobowitz 57

Question 4: C ECM 1

Question 5: A ECM 185

Question 6: A ECM 23

Question 7: B Jacobowitz 36

Question 8: D Handbook 132

Question 9: D Handbook 318

Question 10: B Gardner 77

Question 11: A Blitz 32

Question 12: D Handbook 174

Question 13: B ECM 86

Question 14: C ECM 107

Question 15: D Handbook 160

Question 16: B ECM 31

Question 17: A Gardner 68

Question 18: C Handbook 206

Question 19: D Handbook 135

Question 20: B ECM 6

Question 21: A ECM 41

Question 22: D Handbook 424

Question 23: C ECM 38

Question 24: A Handbook 398

Question 25: B Handbook 158

Question 26: B ECM 155

Question 27: C ECM 15

Question 28: C ECM 65

Question 29: C Handbook 386

Question 30: B ECM 97

Question
ID: 31:
624199 B Handbook 379
Type: ECT Level: 1

P. 56
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Question 32: D Handbook 5

Question 33: B ECM 17

Question 34: B Handbook 133

Question 35: C ASME 515

Question 36: C ECM 33

Question 37: A ASME 518

Question 38: D Handbook 102

Question 39: B Handbook 38

Question 40: C Handbook 379

Question 41: A ECM 32

Question 42: C ECM 32

Question 43: D ECM 47

Question 44: D Handbook 169

Question 45: A ASME 517

Question 46: B Handbook 59

Question 47: D ECM 31

Question 48: A ECM 86

Question 49: D ECM 125

Question 50: B Handbook 377

Question 51: B ECM 32

Question 52: A Blitz 156

Question 53: C Techniques 524

Question 54: A Handbook 151

Question 55: B ECM 142

Question 56: C Mix 212

Question 57: B Handbook 223

Question 58: A ECM 55

Question 59: D ECM 110

Question 60: B ECM 139

Question 61: C ECM 37

Question 62: A Handbook 415

Question 63: C ECM 113

Question 64: C Handbook 39

Question
ID: 65:
624199 C Handbook 56
Type: ECT Level: 1

P. 57
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Question 66: A ECM 7

Question 67: C Handbook 153

Question 68: B Handbook 254

Question 69: B Handbook 223

Question 70: B Handbook 113

Question 71: A Handbook 120

Question 72: C Handbook 316

Question 73: D Handbook 195

Question 74: A Handbook 59

Question 75: D Handbook 130

Question 76: D ECM 101

Question 77: D ECM 21

Question 78: A ECM 150

Question 79: D ASME 517

Question 80: C Handbook 219

Question 81: C ECM 59

Question 82: B Handbook 305

Question 83: D Blitz 138

Question 84: D Handbook 305

Question 85: C Handbook 308

Question 86: B Jacobowitz 60

Question 87: D Handbook 212

Question 88: D Handbook 311

Question 89: D ECM 188

Question 90: A ECM 167

Question 91: D Handbook 172

Question 92: D ECM 106

Question 93: C Jacobowitz 31

Question 94: D Handbook 593

Question 95: C Handbook 328

Question 96: A Handbook 185

Question 97: D ECM 164

Question 98: B Handbook 29

Question
ID: 99:
624199 D Handbook 370
Type: ECT Level: 1

P. 58
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Question 100: D Mix 178

Question 101: A ECM 20

Question 102: D Handbook 344

Question 103: B ECM 14

Question 104: A Handbook 408

Question 105: B Handbook 268

Question 106: B ECM 172

Question 107: B Blitz 90

Question 108: C Handbook 179

Question 109: D ASME 515

Question 110: C Handbook 179

Question 111: A Handbook 29

Question 112: D Techniques 516

Question 113: C Handbook 113

Question 114: B Handbook 388

Question 115: B ECM 10

Question 116: D ECM 30

Question 117: D ECM 33

Question 118: C Jacobowitz 57

Question 119: B Handbook 103

Question 120: A ECM 54

Question 121: B Handbook 228

Question 122: B Handbook 234

Question 123: A ECM 66

Question 124: A Handbook 380

Question 125: D Blitz 89

Question 126: C ECM 5

Question 127: B Handbook 416

Question 128: C Handbook 47

Question 129: D Handbook 18

Question 130: B ECM 52

Question 131: C Handbook 351

Question 132: A Handbook 190

Question
ID: 133:
624199 B ECM 77
Type: ECT Level: 1

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Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM

Question 134: B Handbook 287

Question 135: D ECM 124

Question 136: C Handbook 441

Question 137: C ECM 42

Question 138: C Handbook 442

Question 139: B ECM 90

Question 140: C ECM 8

Question 141: B Handbook 414

Question 142: C Handbook 350

Question 143: C Handbook 56

Question 144: C ECM 124

Question 145: C Blitz 116

Question 146: D Handbook 131

Question 147: C ECM 31

Question 148: D Handbook 252

Question 149: C Handbook 211

Question 150: A ECM 84

Question 151: B ECM 13

Question 152: C Blitz 143

Question 153: A Techniques 523

Question 154: D Handbook 150

Question 155: B Handbook 377

Question 156: B ECM 187

Question 157: D Blitz 144

Question 158: C ECM 20

Question 159: C ECM 43

Question 160: C ECM 59

Question 161: A ECM 69

Question 162: C ECM 84

Question 163: B ECM 20

Question 164: A Handbook 167

Question 165: A Handbook 593

Question 166: B Handbook 386

Question
ID: 167:
624199 D Handbook 596
Type: ECT Level: 1

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NDT TESTMAKER - MATERIALS RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM

Question 168: C Handbook 380

Question 169: A ECM 74

Question 170: D ECM 138

Question 171: B ECM 14

Question 172: B Handbook 351

Question 173: C Handbook 76

Question 174: C ECM 79

Question 175: A ECM 184

Question 176: D ECM 10

Question 177: B Ramshaw 23

Question 178: B Blitz 147

Question 179: B Handbook 370

Question 180: B Blitz 131

Question 181: C Gardner 84

Question 182: D ECM 46

Question 183: B Handbook 176

Question 184: D Handbook 20

Question 185: A ECM 96

Question 186: B Burns 447

Question 187: B ECM 108

Question 188: B Handbook 137

Question 189: C ECM 69

Question 190: B ECM 169

Question 191: A Blitz 128

Question 192: B Handbook 259

Question 193: D ECM 78

Question 194: D ECM 51

Question 195: D ECM 81

Question 196: A Handbook 198

Question 197: D ECM 177

Question 198: B ECM 7

Question 199: A Jacobowitz 36

Question 200: C ECM 23

Question
ID: 201:
624199 A Handbook 35
Type: ECT Level: 1

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NDT TESTMAKER - MATERIALS RESEARCH INSTITUTE
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Question 202: C Handbook 323

Question 203: C Handbook 316

Question 204: B ECM 127

Question 205: B ECM 175

Question 206: C Handbook 260

Question 207: C Gardner 62

Question 208: D ECM 74

Question 209: C ECM 56

Question 210: B Handbook 224

Question 211: D Handbook 184

Question 212: C Handbook 186

Question 213: D Blitz 126

Question 214: A ECM 98

Question 215: C Handbook 303

Question 216: B Jacobowitz 55

Question 217: C Blitz 128

Question 218: C Handbook 384

Question 219: D ECM 190

Question 220: D Handbook 206

Question 221: C Handbook 173

Question 222: C Blitz 158

Question 223: D Handbook 224

Question 224: A Techniques 527

Question 225: B ECM 23

Question 226: B Handbook 261

Question 227: A ECM 54

Question 228: A Techniques 526

Question 229: A Handbook 386

Question 230: B Burns 447

Question 231: A Jacobowitz 57

Question 232: B ECM 13

Question 233: D Handbook 322

Question 234: A ECM 162

Question
ID: 235:
624199 D Handbook 128
Type: ECT Level: 1

P. 62
NDT TESTMAKER - MATERIALS RESEARCH INSTITUTE
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Question 236: B ECM 124

Question 237: C Handbook 330

Question 238: D ECM 58

Question 239: B ECM 180

Question 240: C Techniques 523

Question 241: A ECM 30

Question 242: C Techniques 526

Question 243: A Jacobowitz 34

Question 244: C Handbook 45

Question 245: B ECM 83

Question 246: D Handbook 402

Question 247: D ECM 162

Question 248: D Mix 178

Question 249: A Handbook 56

Question 250: B Handbook 85

Question 251: B ECM 66

Question 252: C Handbook 238

Question 253: B Handbook 354

Question 254: B Handbook 96

Question 255: D Handbook 224

Question 256: A Handbook 379

Question 257: A ECM 7

Question 258: A ECM 28

Question 259: B Handbook 218

Question 260: C Handbook 92

Question 261: D ECM 55

Question 262: A Handbook 319

Question 263: C Handbook 42

Question 264: D ECM 141

Question 265: A Gardner 61

Question 266: A ECM 109

Question 267: D ECM 27

Question 268: D Handbook 308

Question
ID: 269:
624199 B Mix 204
Type: ECT Level: 1

P. 63
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Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM

Question 270: B Blitz 134

Question 271: D ECM 52

Question 272: C ECM 9

Question 273: B Techniques 525

Question 274: D ECM 111

Question 275: D Handbook 305

Question 276: D Handbook 325

Question 277: B Handbook 206

Question 278: D Handbook 229

Question 279: D Handbook 378

Question 280: B Blitz 158

Question 281: B ECM 125

Question 282: B Handbook 316

Question 283: C ECM 177

Question 284: B ECM 56

Question 285: C Handbook 257

Question 286: B Handbook 212

Question 287: A ECM 5

Question 288: B ECM 164

Question 289: C ECM 53

Question 290: C ECM 167

Question 291: B ECM 61

Question 292: C Handbook 5

Question 293: B Handbook 230

Question 294: D ECM 30

Question 295: D ASME 516

Question 296: B Blitz 157

Question 297: A ECM 113

Question 298: A ECM 10

Question 299: B Handbook 441

Question 300: B Handbook 451

Question 301: A Blitz 160

Question 302: D Handbook 263

Question
ID: 303:
624199 C Handbook 254
Type: ECT Level: 1

P. 64
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Mar 31, 2012 - 07:53 AM

Question 304: B Handbook 178

Question 305: D ECM 113

Question 306: A ECM 174

Question 307: C Handbook 317

Question 308: A ECM 13

Question 309: A Techniques 524

Question 310: D ECM 106

Question 311: A ECM 49

Question 312: C ECM 41

Question 313: A ECM 168

Question 314: C ECM 109

Question 315: D ECM 115

Question 316: B ECM 29

Question 317: D ECM 42

Question 318: C ASME 517

Question 319: C ECM 11

Question 320: A ECM 41

Question 321: A ECM 34

Question 322: B ECM 119

Question 323: A ECM 112

Question 324: D ECM 123

Question 325: B Handbook 60

Question 326: A ECM 37

Question 327: A ECM 34

Question 328: C Jacobowitz 55

Question 329: B Handbook 134

Question 330: D Handbook 228

Question 331: A Handbook 318

Question 332: A Blitz 15

Question 333: D ECM 147