Design of

One-Way Slabs

ARSTRUCTS | Chapter 4
 LOADS
● Once the dimensional requirements for a structure
have been defined, it becomes necessary to
determine the loads the structure must support.

● The design loading for a structure is often specified

in codes.

Two types of codes:

● General building codes specify the requirements of
governmental bodies for minimum design loads on
structures and minimum standards for construction.
● Design codes provide detailed technical standards
and are used to establish the requirements for the
actual structural design.

It should be realized, however, that codes provide only a

general guide for design. The ultimate responsibility for
the design lies with the structural engineer.
 TYPES OF LOADS
1. Dead Loads.
● Is a fixed-position gravity service load, so called because it acts continuously toward the earth
when the structure is in service.
● Includes the weight of the structure, attachments such as pipes, electrical conduit, air-
conditioning, and heating ducts, lighting fixtures, floor covering, roof covering, and suspended
ceilings.
 TYPES OF LOADS
2. Live Load
Gravity loads acting when the structure is in service, but varying in magnitude and location.
Examples are human occupants, furniture, movable equipment, vehicles, and stored goods.
 TRIBUTARY LOADINGS
When flat surfaces such as walls, floors, or roofs are supported by a structural frame, it is necessary to determine how
the load on these surfaces is transmitted to the various structural elements used for their support.

One-Way Slab.
If 𝑳𝟐 /𝑳𝟏 > 𝟐, or 𝑳𝟏 /𝑳𝟐 ≤ 𝟎. 𝟓

Where: 1.25 𝑚
𝐿1 = 𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏
𝐿2 = 𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 1.25 𝑚

1.25 𝑚
If a uniform load, P = 5 kPa is placed
on the slab, then the center beam CD
is therefore subjected to a linear 1.25 𝑚
distribution of load.

𝑤 = 𝑃 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ
𝑤 = 5 𝑘𝑃𝑎 1.25 𝑚 + 1.25 𝑚
𝑤 = 12.5 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
 ONE-WAY SLABS
Reinforced concrete slabs are large flat plates that are
supported by reinforced concrete beams, walls, or
columns; by masonry walls; by structural steel beams or
columns; or by the ground.

If a rectangular slab is supported on all four sides, but

the long side is two or more times as long as the short
side, the slab will, for all practical purposes, act as a
one-way slab, with bending primarily occurring in the
short direction.

A one-way slab is assumed to be a rectangular beam

with a large ratio of width to depth.

The thickness required for a particular one-way slab

depends on the bending, the deflection, and shear
requirements.
 Minimum Thickness
Minimum Thickness of Solid Non-Prestressed One-Way Slabs
Support Condition Minimum h
Simply supported L/20
One end continuous L/24
Both ends continuous L/28
Cantilever L/10

Minimum “h” tabulated above are applicable for normal weight concrete with steel yield strength, fy = 420 MPa.

(1) For fy other than 420 MPa, minimum h shall be multiplied by (0.4 + fy/700).
(2) For non-prestressed slabs made of lightweight concrete having densities, 𝜌𝐶 of 1440 to 1840 kg/m3, minimum h shall
be multiplied by the greater of (a) and (b);
(a) 1.65 – 0.0003 𝜌𝐶
(b) 1.09
Minimum Flexural Reinforcement and Spacing
Reinforcement
Fy, MPa As,min
Type
Deformed bars < 420 0.0020𝐴𝑔
Deformed bars 0.0018 𝑥 420
𝐴𝑔
or welded wire 𝑓𝑦
reinforcement ≥ 420 Greater of:
Both ends 0.0014𝐴𝑔
continuous

Maximum spacing S of deformed reinforcement shall be the lesser of

● 𝟑𝒉
● 450 mm
 Problem 1
Design a one-way slab for the inside of a building. Normal-weight aggregate concrete is specified with a density of
23 kN/m 3. Use 12-mm diameter for reinforcing steel bars and concrete cover of 20 mm.

LL = 9.60 kPa
f‘c = 28 Mpa
fy = 420 MPa

3𝑚
(ii) Effective depth, d
Solution:
(i) Minimum thickness 𝑑
Since the slab is simply supported,
6 𝑚𝑚
𝐿 3000𝑚𝑚 20 𝑚𝑚
ℎ= = = 150 𝑚𝑚
20 20
𝑑 = ℎ − 𝐶𝑐 − 𝑑𝑏 /2
Since the slab is normal-weight concrete and
reinforcement has fy = 420 MPa, = 150 − 20 −12/2
∴ No need to apply multipliers (1) and (2) 𝑑 = 124 𝑚𝑚
 Problem 1
Design a one-way slab for the inside of a building. Normal-weight aggregate concrete is specified with a density of
23 kN/m 3. Use 12-mm diameter for reinforcing steel bars and concrete cover of 20 mm.

LL = 9.60 kPa
f‘c = 28 Mpa
fy = 420 MPa

3𝑚 (iv) Ultimate Moment

𝑘𝑁
Solution: 𝑤𝑢 𝐿2 19.5
𝑚
3𝑚 2

(iii) Loadings 𝑀𝑢 = = = 21.9375 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

𝑘𝑁 8 8
𝐷𝐿 = 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 23 3 (0.15 𝑚) = 3.45 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑚 (v) Depth of compression block, “a”
𝐿𝐿 = 9.60 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑎
𝑤𝑢 = 1.2𝐷𝐿 + 1.6𝐿𝐿 = 1.2 3.45 + 1.6(9.60) 𝑀𝑢 = ∅0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 𝑑 −
2
𝑤𝑢 = 19.5 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑎
21.9375 10 6 = (0.90)(0.85)(28)(𝑎)(1000) 124 −
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 1 − 𝑚 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 2
𝑤𝑢 = 19.5 𝑘𝑃𝑎 (1 𝑚) = 19.5 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 𝑎 = 8.5544 𝑚𝑚
 Problem 1
Design a one-way slab for the inside of a building. Normal-weight aggregate concrete is specified with a density of
23 kN/m 3. Use 12-mm diameter for reinforcing steel bars and concrete cover of 20 mm.

LL = 9.60 kPa
f‘c = 28 Mpa
fy = 420 MPa

3𝑚 (vii) Minimum Reinforcement Steel Bars

𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑦 = 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Solution:
𝐴 𝑠(𝑚𝑖𝑛) = 𝐺𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓
(vi) Reinforcement Steel Bars
𝐶=𝑇 (𝑏) (𝑑)
0.0018(420)
0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 = 𝐴 𝑠 𝑓𝑦 = (1000)(124) = 223.2 𝑚𝑚2
420
0.85(28) 8.5544 1000 = 𝐴 𝑠 (420)
𝐴 𝑠 = 484.7493 𝑚𝑚2
= 0.0014 1000 124 = 173.6 𝑚𝑚2

∴ 𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝑨𝒔 = 𝟒𝟖𝟒. 𝟕𝟒𝟗𝟑 𝒎𝒎𝟐

 Problem 1
Design a one-way slab for the inside of a building. Normal-weight aggregate concrete is specified with a density of
23 kN/m 3. Use 12-mm diameter for reinforcing steel bars and concrete cover of 20 mm.

LL = 9.60 kPa
f‘c = 28 Mpa
fy = 420 MPa

3𝑚
(x) Maximum Spacing
Solution: Maximum spacing is the lesser of
( viii) No. of 12-mm dia. steel bars 𝑎 3ℎ = 3(150) = 450 𝑚𝑚
𝑏 450 𝑚𝑚
𝐴 𝑠(𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑) 484.7493
𝑛= = 𝜋 = 4.2861 ∴ 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 450 𝑚𝑚
𝐴 𝑏𝑎𝑟
12 2
4 𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝟏𝟐 − 𝒎𝒎 ∅ 𝒃𝒂𝒓𝒔 𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒅 𝒂𝒕 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎 𝑶. 𝑪.
( ix) Spacing of reinforcing steel bars

1000 1000
𝑆= = = 𝟐𝟑𝟑. 𝟑𝟏 𝒎𝒎
𝑛 4.2861
 PROBLEM 2
A one-way slab (f’c = 21 MPa) has a thickness of 125 mm and is subjected to a maximum bending moment of 8 kN-m.
Using 10-mm reinforcing steel bars (fy = 280 MPa) and a concrete cover of 20 mm, calculate the following:
a) Effective depth, d
b) Required Area of Flexural Reinforcement per 1-m width of the slab.
c) Spacing of reinforcing steel bars
Solution:
(i) Effective depth, d (iii) C = T
𝑑 = ℎ − 𝐶𝑐 − 𝑑𝑏 /2 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 = 𝐴 𝑠 𝑓𝑦
= 125 −20 −10/2 (0.85)(21)(5.1103)(1000 ) = 𝐴 𝑠 (280)
𝒅 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎 𝐴 𝑠 = 325.7816 𝑚𝑚2

(ii) Depth of compression block, “a” (iv) As(min)

𝑎 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑦 = 280 𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 420
𝑀𝑢 = ∅0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 𝑑 −
2 𝐴 𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0020𝐴𝑔 = 0.0020(1000)(100)
6 𝑎
8 10 =(0.90)(0.85)(21)(𝑎)(1000) 100 − 𝐴 𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 200 𝑚𝑚2
2
𝑎 = 5.1103 𝑚𝑚 ∴ 𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝑨𝒔 = 𝟑𝟐𝟓. 𝟕𝟖𝟏𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝟐
 PROBLEM 2
A one-way slab (f’c = 21 MPa) has a thickness of 125 mm and is subjected to a maximum bending moment of 8 kN-m.
Using 10-mm reinforcing steel bars (fy = 280 MPa) and a concrete cover of 20 mm, calculate the following:
a) Effective depth, d
b) Required Area of Flexural Reinforcement per 1-m width of the slab.
c) Spacing of reinforcing steel bars
Solution:
(v) Spacing (vi) Check for Maximum Spacing
𝐴 𝑠 = 325.7816 𝑚𝑚2 Maximum spacing is the lesser of
𝐴 𝑠(𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑) 𝑎 3ℎ = 3(125) = 375 𝑚𝑚
325.7816
𝑛= = 𝜋 = 4.1480 𝑏 450 𝑚𝑚
𝐴 𝑏𝑎𝑟 10 2
4 𝐴𝑑𝑎𝑝𝑡 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 375 𝑚𝑚
𝑏 1000 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑆 = 241.08 𝑚𝑚 < 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔, 𝑆 = = = 241.08 𝑚𝑚
𝑛 4.1480 ∴ 𝑺 = 𝟐𝟒𝟏. 𝟎𝟖 𝒎𝒎
𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝟏𝟎 𝒎𝒎 ∅ 𝒃𝒂𝒓𝒔 𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒅 𝒂𝒕 𝟐𝟒𝟎 𝒎𝒎 𝑶. 𝑪.
 PROBLEM 3
A one-way slab, both ends are continuous, have a length of 3 meters. The slab lightweight concrete having a density
of 1700 kg/m 3. The slab is reinforced with 10-mm steel bars spaced at 250 mm O.C.
Properties:
Concrete specified compressive strength, f’c = 20.7 MPa
Steel specified yield strength, fy = 275 MPa
Concrete cover = 20 mm
For every 1-meter width of the slab, determine the following:
a) Minimum thickness of the slab (mm)
b) Depth of compression block if the slab thickness is 120 mm
c) Design moment strength if the slab thickness is 120 mm
Solution:
a) Minimum thickness of the slab (mm) Since fy ≠ 420 MPa
𝐿 3000 fy 275
ℎ 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 107.14 𝑚𝑚 0.4 + = 0.4 + = 0.7929
28 28 700 700
Since concrete is lightweight,
ℎ 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = (107.14)(1.17)(0.7929)
(a) 1.65 – 0.0003 𝜌𝐶 = 1.65-0.0003(1700) = 1.17
(b) 1.09 𝒉𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟗𝟗. 𝟑𝟖𝟕𝟕 𝒎𝒎
 PROBLEM 3
A one-way slab, both ends are continuous, have a length of 3 meters. The slab lightweight concrete having a density
of 1700 kg/m 3. The slab is reinforced with 10-mm steel bars spaced at 250 mm O.C.
Properties:
Concrete specified compressive strength, f’c = 20.7 MPa
Steel specified yield strength, fy = 275 MPa
Concrete cover = 20 mm
For every 1-meter width of the slab, determine the following:
a) Minimum thickness of the slab (mm)
b) Depth of compression block if the slab thickness is 120 mm
c) Design moment strength if the slab thickness is 120 mm
Solution: 𝑏
𝐴 𝑠 = 𝑛(𝐴 𝑏𝑎𝑟 ) 𝑛=
b) Depth of compression block if the slab thickness is 120 mm 𝑆
1000 𝜋 2
𝐴𝑠 = 10
𝑑 = ℎ − 𝐶𝑐 − 𝑑𝑏 /2 = 120 − 20 − 10/2 250 4
𝑑 = 95 𝑚𝑚 𝐴 𝑠 = 314.1593 𝑚𝑚2
C=T 0.85(20.7)(a)(1000) = (314.1593)(275)
0.85(f’c)(a)(b) = Asfy
𝒂 = 𝟒. 𝟗𝟏𝟎𝟏 𝒎𝒎
0.85(20.7)(a)(1000) = As(275)
 PROBLEM 3
A one-way slab, both ends are continuous, have a length of 3 meters. The slab lightweight concrete having a density
of 1700 kg/m 3. The slab is reinforced with 10-mm steel bars spaced at 250 mm O.C.
Properties:
Concrete specified compressive strength, f’c = 20.7 MPa
Steel specified yield strength, fy = 275 MPa
Concrete cover = 20 mm
For every 1-meter width of the slab, determine the following:
a) Minimum thickness of the slab (mm)
b) Depth of compression block if the slab thickness is 120 mm
c) Design moment strength if the slab thickness is 120 mm
Solution:
c) Design moment strength if the slab thickness is 120 mm
𝑎 𝑎 4.9101
∅𝑀𝑛 = ∅𝐶 𝑑 − = ∅𝑇 𝑑 − ∅𝑀𝑛 = 0.90 0.85 20.7 4.9101 1000 95 −
2 2 2
𝑎
∅𝑀𝑛 = 0.90 0.85 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 𝑑 −
2 ∅𝑀𝑛 = 7195729.728 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚
𝑑 = ℎ − 𝐶𝑐 − 𝑑𝑏 /2 = 120 − 20 − 10/2
𝑑 = 95 𝑚𝑚 ∅𝑀𝑛 = 𝟕. 𝟏𝟗𝟓𝟕 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎