c;::\ ,.-::::.

~ ~ ~ r _ _ _0

2'>0 t~::; t.~"·G ·. ~· G @ ! :~·..',E·.s1

 3.6 Design of Welded Structures with Predominantly Static Loading
1. General
In the course of industrialisation and the increasing division of labour it became necessary to establish
rules of action, that means to set up codes.

Depending on the procedure of setting up codes these have different quality and meaning. On the one
hand codes can be set up in a democratic procedure letting the experts take part, on the other hand
regulations can also be established "only" by experts. Inevitably, the degree of liability of these codes
varies widely.

At the first place of hierarchy there are the regulations set up by governmental bodies, like e. g. laws and
decrees of which the application is compulsory. For the -Field of planning and building laws and regula­
tions these are the building regulations of the Lander (e. g. building regulations for North Rhine­
Westphalia). The building regulations of the Lander determine the legal minimum requirements which
are valid for buildings and building-related products.

Bui'lding regulations for

North Rhine-Westphal ia
(BauO NW, 7 March 1995)

Covers:
- the general reqUirements for
buildings and
- the of

comprises technical rules comprises technical rules

for pfanning, design and construction for building-related products

e. g. DIN 18800-1 e. g. DIN EN'10025

Production-guideline structural steelwork ~ DIN 18800·7

Figure 1: Correlation between building regulations of the Lander, technical building regulations and "Bauregelliste"

In order to fulfil minimum requirements it is necessary to describe them precisely. For this purpose the
superior building authorities of the Lander use the standards, like e. g. DIN 18800.:.1 and DIN EN 1'0025.
u
DIN-standards, however, only have the status of "generally accepted technical regulations • To reach
legal validity, building-related technical standards which are relevant for the qualities demanded by the
building reguiations - especially the safety of buildings - are introduced by the building authorities (pub­
lication in the official gazettes). Thus, standards reach the status of "evidential rules" and become law.

We must differentiate between:

• "building-related technical standards" which comprise the technical regulations for the planning,
structural analysis and detailing of buildings and their parts and the

• uBauregelliste A" which gives information on the standards relevant for building-related products.

Construction and Design Page 1

3.6 1 of 66
 3.6 Design of Welded Structures with Predominantly Static Loading
1.1 Building-related technical standards introduced by the building authorities

The following bUilding-related technical standards were introduced by the building authorities with the
circular of 11.07.97 - II B 1-480 published by the Ministry for building in the official gazette for North
Rhine-Westphalia No. 51 of 02.09.97:

Table 1: 1 Building-related technical standards introduced by the building authorities (Extract)

Serial No Designations Title Edition
1 2 3 4
2.4 Structural metalwork
2.4.2 DIN4119 Above-ground cylindrical flat-bottomed tank installa­
tions of metallic materials
Part 1 -; Fundamentals, design, tests 06/1979
Appendix 2.4/1 and 2.4/2
Part 2 -; Calculation 02/1980
2.4.4 DIN 18800 Structural steelwork
Part 1 -; Design and construction 11/1990
Appendi.x 2.4/1 and 2.4/2
Part 1 Ai -; -; Amendment Ai 02/1996
Part 2 -; Analysis of safety against buckling of linear mem­ 11/1990
Appendix 2.4/1 bers and frames

Part2A1 -; -; Amendment Ai 02/1996

Part 3 -; Analysis of safety against buckling of plates 11/1990
Appendix 2.4/1
Part 3 Ai -; -; Amendment A 1 02/1996
Part 4 -; Analysis against buckling of shells 11/1990
Appendix 2.4/1
Part 7 -; Fabrication, verification of suitability for welding 0511983
Appendix 2.4/2
2.4.5 DIN 18801 Structural steel in building; design and construction 09/1983
Appendix 2.4/1
2.4.7 DIN 18807 Trapizoidal sheeting in building, trapizoidal steel
sheeting
Part 1 -; -; General requirements and determination of load­ 06/1987
Appendix 2.4/1 bearing capacity by calculation
Part 2 -; Determination of loadbearing capacity by testing 06/1987
Appendix 2.4/1
Part 3 -~ -; Structural analysis and design 06/1987
Appendix 2.4/1
2.4.9 DIN 18808 Steel structures; structures made from hollow sec­ 10/1984
Appendix 2.4/1 and 2.4/2 tions subjected to predominantly static loading
2.4.11 DIN V ENV 1993 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures 04/1993
Part 1-1
Appendix 2.4/5 Part 1-1: General rules,
Rules for buildings
Guideline DASt-guideline 103 11/1993
Guideline for the application of DIN V ENV 1993 Part
1-1
2. 7 Special buildings
2.7.8 DIN 4421 Falsework; Calculation, design and construction 08/1982
Appendix 2.4/1 and 2.4/2
2.7.9 DIN 11535 Greenhouses; Basic principles for design and con- 07/1974
Part 1 struction
Appendix 2.7/5
2.7.10 DIN 11622 Silage and liquid manure containers;
-1 -; Part 1: Design principles, general requirements 07/1994
Appendix 2.7/7
-4 -; Part 4: Design principles; above-ground silage and 0711994
liquid manure steel containers
2.7.11 DIN 18914 Thin-walled cylindrical steel tower silos 09/1985
Appendix 2.4/1

Construction and Design Page 2

3.6 2 of 66
 3.6 Design of Welded Structures with Predominantly Static Loading
When applying the respective technical standards the following guidelines must be considered:

Adaptation-guideline structural steelwork and

Production-guideline structural steelwork.

1.2 Bauregelliste A

According to the building regulations for North Rhine-Westphalia (LBO) § 2, No.9, section 1 building­
related products are:
q building material, components and constructions, which are produced in order to be permanently built
in into buildings.

§ 20 of the building regulations for North Rhine-Westphalia contain the minimum requirements for the
use of building-related products for the construction, modification and maintenance of buildings. Accord­
ing to the Bauproduktengesetz or the Construction-Products Directive, building-related products must
show the national conformity sign (O-sign) or must have the conformity sign of the European Community
(CE-sign).

In order to put these requirements in concrete terms the Bauregelliste A, Band C has been set up.
In the following we only deal with Bauregelliste A Part 1 with reference to LBO § 20, No.2 and No.3.

Bauregelliste A Part 1
• contains the technical standards for building-related products
- which are important for meeting the requirements of the LBO
and
- which adequately define the relevant products with reference to the requirements necessary for
their purpose '
• defines what kind of conformity-declaration is necessary. See table below:

- conformity-declaration of the manufacturer (OH)

- conformity-declaration of the manufacturer after evaluation of the
bUilding-related product by an authorised body (OHP) or
- conformity-certificate given by an accredited certification-body (OZ).
} for
regulated building­
related products

- general admission issued by the building authority (Z)

- general examination-certificate issued by the building authority (P)
or
.
- acceptance in individual cases
. } for
non-regulated build­
ing-related products

The Bauregelliste has been issued by the Deutsche Institut far Bautechnik (DIBf) in agreement with the
superior building authorities of the Lander and is up-dated and published once a year.

The Bauregel/iste A Part 1 is valid for different building-related products. The determination of the tech­
nical standards and the required conformity-declarations for building-related products for structural
metalworks can be found in section 4 of the Bauregelliste.

Construction and Design Page 3

3.6 3 of 66
 3.6 Design of Welded Structures with Predominantly Static Loading

Table 2: Building-related products for structural metalworks according to BauregeJliste A - Part 1 - Contents ­

4.1 Structural steels

4.2 Forgings made of steel
4.3 Cast steel
4.4 Heat-treated steels
4.5 Stainless steels
4.6 Weldable fine-grained steels
4.7 Aluminium alloys
4.8 Fasteners {rivets, bolts, pins, nuts), filler metals, consumables
4.9 Corrosion preventives and corrosion-protected building-related products
4.10 Prefabricated metal components

Below you find examples with different conformity-declarations from section 4 of the Bauregelliste:

Table 3: Extract from the Bauregelliste A Part 1, 4.1 Building-related products made of carbon steels and
4.5 Building-related products made of stainless steels

Serial Building-related product Technical standards Conformity- Verification of usabil­

No. declaration ity in case of substan­
tial deviation from the
technical standards
1 2 3 4 5
4.1.2.1 Hot-rolled wide flange I-beams DIN 1 025-2: 1995-05
To be observed additionally:
with parallel flanges
(IPB), type E DIN EN 10 025: 1994-03 and OH z
Appendix 4.1,42 and 4.19
4.1.2.2 Hot-rolled wide flange I-beams DIN 1025-2: 1995-05
with parallel flanges To be observed additionally:
OHP Z
(IPS), type P DIN EN 10025: 1994-03 and
Appendix 4.1, 4.2 and 4.19
4.122.1 Hot-rolled steel plates DIN EN 10029 : 1991-10
3 mm thick or above, type E To be observed additionally:
OH Z
DIN EN 10025 : 1994-03 and
Appendix 4.1, 4.2 and 4.19
4.1.222 Hot-rolled steel plates DIN EN 10029: 1991-10
3 mm thick or above, type P To be observed additionally:
OH Z
DIN EN 10025: 1994-03 and
Appendix 4.1,4.2 and 4.19
4.5.4 Welded circular stainless steel tubes DIN 17 455 : 1985-07
for steel stacks To be observed additionally: Oz Z
Appendix 4.2 and 4.28
4.5.5 Seamless circular stainless steel tubes DIN 17 456: 1985-07
for steel stacks To be observed additionally: OZ Z
Appendix 4.2 and 4.6
OH - Conformity-declaration of the manufacturer
OHP - Conformity-declaratlon of the manufacturer after evaluation of the building-related product by an authorised body
Oz - Conformity-certlficate given by an accredited certification-body
Z - General admission issued by the building authority
p - General examination-certfficate issued by the building authority

Construction
3.6 and Design Page 4
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 3.6 Design of Welded Structures with Predominantly Static Loading
Below this level there are the codes of associations, technical scientific organisations etc. The Stahlbau
Handbuch alone names 19 bodies that issue standards and regulations (e. g. 4 standards committees,
Deutsches Institut fOr Bautechnik (DIBt), industrial associations, technical scientific organisations). The
working results of all these organisations are guidelines, technical rules and work sheets. For the pro­
duction of welded structures there are:

Codes,
Regulations

Standards

Guidelines

They contain details of:

• assumed loads
• loadbearing capacity
• serviceability
• production.

2. Specifications related to welding

DIN 18 800 Part 1 as the fundamental standard for desig n and construction of structural steelworks also
contains specifications related to welding which will be summarised and explained in the following.

2.1 Item 401 - Common steel grades

According to the supplementary regulations of the production-guideline structural steelwork, which is

related to DI N 18800-1, only
standardised products and relating
permissible kinds of materials
can be used. For the specifications see the current edition of the Bauregelliste A, which contains tables
and appendices, listing also the assignments of the former steel designations.

For the selection of the steel types and steel grades which can be used for building-related products you
must first refer to the respective standard. Then this information must be compared with the steel types
and steel grades and the relating terms of delivery given in the Bauregelliste A Part 1.
According to the adaptation-guideline structural steelwork the following steel types and steel grades
(also listed in the Bauregelliste A Part 1, Appendix 4.1) can be used:

5235 1.0037,1.0036,1.0038,1.0114,1.0116,1.0117,
1.0120, 1.0121, 1.0122, 1.0115, 1.0118, 1.0119

5275 1.0044, 1.0143, 1.0144, 1.0145,

1.0128,1.0140,1.0141,1.0142

5355 1.0045, 1.0553, 1.0570, 1.0577, 1.0596,

1.0551, 1.0554, 1.0569, 1.0579, 1.0593, 1.0594

Construction and Design Page 5

3.6 5 of 66
 3.6 Design of Welded Structures with Predominantly Static Loading
2.2 Item 402 - Other steel grades

The sub-sections of item 402 can only be applied in connection with the current 8auregel­
liste A and the building regulations of North Rhine-Westphalia. As a consequence, steel types and steel
grades other than those mentioned in item 401 can only be used

jf they are fully described in the relevant standards and if there is a clear definition of their potential
application, e. g. in DIN 4133: 1991-11 Steel stacks and if they are additionally mentioned in the
Bauregelliste A Part 1 taking into consideration their application
or
if the proof of their suitability is provided by other means, e. g. by a general admission or by a general
examination-certificate issued by the building authority, or by agreement issued by the above men­
tioned body covering only that particular case (§20, section 3 and §21 + 23 BauO NW).

The first of the above mentioned conditions for using another steel type is Inapplicable because it is not
contained in the Bauregelliste A Part 1 and thus, an agreement covering that particular case will be nec­
essary (§23 BauO NW).

2.3 Item 403 - Choice of steel grades

The steel grades shall be selected to suit their intended purpose and weldability.

For the selection of the steel grade the following codes may provide valuable assistance:
HRecommendations relating to the selection of steel grades for welded steel structures"
(DASt Code of practice 009)
"Recommendations regarding the prevention of lamellar tear in welded steel structures"
(DASt Code of practice 014)

2.4 Item 404 - Provision of inspection documents

2.4.1 Genera! requirements

The products used shall be covered by appropriate documentation in the form of inspection documents
according to DIN EN 10204: 1995-08. What kind of inspection document is required depends on the fol­
lowing aspects taking into consideration the Production-guideline structural steeJwork: .
a) method of the structural analysis of the stresses;
b) steel type and steel grade and
c) workpiece thickness.

Resulting requirements:

If the delivery conditions cover an option corresponding to a 14-elements analysis, you do not have
to observe the special provisions given in Appendix A of DIN 18800-1.
This means that steels of type S355 according to DIN EN 10025 have to be ordered and delivered as
demanded in section 7.3 and 11.1 number 5 to 7.
The used products have to be confirmed according to DIN EN 10204: 1995-08.
If components made of steel type S235 have been analysed according to the elastic theory, they
must be confirmed by a test report 2.2 according to DIN EN 10204: 1995-08.
In any other case the steel types have to be confirmed by at least a specific test report 2.3 according
to DIN EN 10204: 1995-08.
If the stresses have been analysed according to the plastic theory, the material characteristics must
be confirmed by an inspection certificate 3.1.B according to DIN EN 10204: 1995-08.

3.6 6 of Page
66 6
 3.6 Design of Welded Structures with Predominantly Static Loading
According to the Production guideline structural steelwork the issued inspection documents must contain
the following details:

The as-supplied conditions of materials for welded structures must be indicated in the inspection
document.
The examination and announcement of the ladle analysis applies for all steel grades.

Additional condition:

In the case of welded components made of sheet metal and wide flats over 30 mm thick, which are in
tension at the welds shall be subjected to the bead bend test described in Iron and steel test sheet
l

(SEP) 1390: 1996-07 and covered by an inspection certificate 3.1 B according to DIN EN 10204:
1995-08.

For the inspection documents it is important that the steel type 8235 is divided into type E and P as to its
intended applications according to the current Bauregelliste A Part 1t Appendix 4. 19.

Type E: 8tructural meta Iworks , ~ 30 mm, made of the hot-rolled steel type 8235, to be used in
components, analysed according to the elastic theory, meant to be welded.

Type P: All structural metalworks made of the steel types 8235, 8275 and 8355 with the exception of
the one defined as type E.

Table 4: Steel types for welded structures and necessary types of inspection documents
Steel type and Workpiece thickness Details Details Bead bend test Choice of Determina- Conformity- Material inspection docu­
t [mmJfor about the about the according to SEP steel grade tion ofZ­ declaration ments in accordance with the
welded components ladle analysis -" (Iron and steel test according to grade method of the structural
sheet) 1390 DASt009 DASt-Ri 014 analysis of the stressing
DIN EN 10204
:;:30 Type E UH EL 2.2
DIN EN 10025 yes yes I
no if Type P OHP PI. 3.18
8235 > 30 according to yes, verified by yes Type P OHP EI. 3.18
required
DIN EN 10025 3.1 B inspection
document
PI. I 3.18

30 yes OHP El. S275

DIN EN 10025 as well as additional no Type P
- PI. and
reqUirements
5275 and 8355 > 30 section 11.1. TypeP OHP EI. S355
clause 5-7
of DIN EN 10025 if
yes yes yes at least 2.3
required

but normally
- PI. 3.1B
verified by 3.1 B
onl~ for S355 inspection
document
Fine-grained
structural steels
according to the yes
general admission Notice limitation of
according to the 3.18 and
Issued by the workpiece thickness to be
technical terms of conformity-certificate
building authority relating to the steel yes no no noticed, if Oz
delivery
(DI8t) for the type and as-supplied required Oz
+ verification
different steel conditions.
types and as- CEV
supplied condi­
tions
Stainless steels
according to the
Notice limitation of
general admission 3.1 Band
workpiece thickness
Issued by the yes yes no yes no Oz conformlty'-certificate
relating to the
building authority UZ
steel type.
(DISt)
Z-30.3-6

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3.6 7 of 66
 3.6 Design of Welded Structures with Predominantly Static Loading

2.4.2 Types of inspection documents

The types of inspection documents for metallic materials are determined in DIN EN 10204. The distinc­
tive feature for the types of inspection is whether the examination of the products
is carried out by a method considered suitable by the manufacturer. The tested products must not
necessarily belong to the delivery itself.
is carried out according to the delivery conditions determined in the order.
was carried out by staff engaged by the manufacturer and belonging to the special department.
was carried out or supervised by appointed staff not belonging to the production department. The
examination has to be carried out as a specific examination.

Kinds of inspection documents:

a) Non-specific examinations
2.1 Certificate of compliance with the order
2.2 Test report

b) Specific examinations
2.3 Specific test report
3.1.A Inspection certificate 3.1.A
3.1.B Inspection certificate 3.1.8
3.1,C Inspection certificate 3.1.C

When applying DIN EN 10204, please note section 4 in particular.

If a product is delivered by a trader or fabricator, he must put the unchanged inspection documents ac­
cording to the European standard EN 10204 at the customer's disposal.

The inspection documents of the producer must provide means for identifying the product, so that prod­
uct and document can be clearly assigned.

If the fabricator or trader has changed the state or the measures of the product in some way, these new
characteristics must be confirmed on a special document. The same applies for special requirements of
the order which are not contained in the inspection documents of the producer.

When examining the inspection documents the correct designations should be checked.

Table 5: Designation of inspection documents

English German French
Certificate of compliance with the order Werksbescheinigung Attestation de conformite a la commande
Test report Werkszeugnis Releve de controle
Specific test report WerksprGfzeugnis Relevs de controle specifique
Inspection certificate AbnahmeprOfzeugnis Certificat de reception
inspection report AbnahmeprOfproto es-verbal de reception

Construction and Design Page 8

3.6 8 of 66
 3.6 Design of Welded Structures with Predominantly Static Loading
2.4.3 Longitudinal bead bend test

If the longitudinal bead bend test according to SEP 1390 1996-07 must be carried out according to the
production-guideline, the following aspects must be considered:

validity range: - plates, wide plates and sectional steel as well as other products
- weldable structural steels (ReH Z 235 N/mm2 and:; 355 N/mm2)
- product thickness t Z 30 mm
test units: - melt
- product form
- similar heat treatment
One longitudinal bead bend test per test unit must be carried out.
test assessment: - successful
- not successful
- invalid
test report (content): - all the details which are necessary to relate the test result to the test unit;
- product thickness and dimensions of specimen;
- the confirmation that at least one crack initiation has occurred in the weld
deposit which has extended up to the Ii ne of fusion;
- the test result (successful, not successful, invalid)

When checking the test reports you must pay special attention to the test result, especially if the longitu­
dinal bead bend test has been carried out later.

2.5 Item 405 - Characteristic values for rolled steel and cast steel
Item 718 - Characteristic strengths

2.5.1 Item 405:

The characteristic values given in table 6 shall be used for determining the stresses and resistances for
rolled steel and cast steel.

The variation of th'e characteristic values, above 100 ee, as a function of temperature shall be taken into
account.

Construction and Design Page 9

3.6 9 of 66
 3.6 Design of Welded Structures with Predominantly Static Loading

Table 6 : Characteristic values for rolled steel and cast steel

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Linear thermal
Product Yield Tensile Elastic Shear expansion
Steel type thickness, strength, strength, modulus modulus, coefficient
and grade t*), fy,k, fu,k, E, G,
aT,
inmm in N/mm 2 in N/mm 2 in N/mm 2 in N/mm2
in K-1
Structural
1 1 360 1,2
S 235 240
2 215
3 8275
4 410
S355
6 5101,2
Normalised
7 fine grain t:5 40 275 370 210000 81 000 12.10-6
8275 N u. NL
8 40 < t5 80 255
1
9 S 355 N u. NL t:5 40 360
1
10 40 < t:5 80 335 510
For quenching
11 and tempering
C 35 + N i t s 16 300 550
270 520
13 C45+N t:5 16 340 620
14 16<t:;;100 305 580
Cast
15
G8200+ N t$100 200 380
16 G8 240 + N
17 G 17 Mn 5 + QT t $ 50 240 450
18 G 20 Mn 5 + QT t:;; 100 300 500
19 GJS 400 - 15 250
20 GJ8 400 - 18 - LT t$60 230 390 169000 46000 12,5. 10-6
GJS 400 - 18 - RT 250
"') Standards dealing with rolled sections also use other symbols to denote product thickness. In the DIN 1025 series of standards, for example, s denotes
web thickness.

Note: Please also see section 7.3.1, Item 718.

1) These values have been taken over from the table formerly valid, despite the fact that in the Eurocode lower values are
given which correspond to the determinations of the material standards. This can be explained in two ways: On the one
hand the difference between the two values is so insignificant that it makes sense to keep the values used up to now. On
the other hand the characteristic values are fractiles which - according to statistics have to be higher than the minimum
values given in the material standard.

2) These values correspond to the determinations in the current edition of the material standards. DIN EN 10025 is under
revision. If the future edition of the material standard shows significant diminishing of the characteristic values (more than "'"
8%) compared to the current determinations, the values given in the standards should be applied in the analysis unless
other agreements have been made.

Construction
3.6 and Design 10Page 10
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 3.6 Design of Welded Structures with Predominantly Static Loading

Supplementary to the steel types and cast steel types and their characteristic values given in table 1, the
following regulation must be observed according to the production-guideline:

• If the thickness of the products used is higher than the values given in table 1, column 21 or
• other steel types are used according to DIN 18800-1, Item 402, a).
(Attention: Please note the Bauregelliste; in the case of deviations from the technical delivery condi­
tions each individual case must be approved.)

the following characteristic values may be used for the strength range between 5235 and 5355:

=> lower limit value of the yield strength }

of the respective technical delivery conditions.
=> lower limit value of the tensile strength

2.5.2 Item 718

If the characteristic values of strength, e. g. for high product thicknesses or for ambient temperatures>
100°C are neither given in section 4 of DIN 18800-1 or the adaptation guideline nor in the specific stan­
dards, the values must be determined as follows:

=> The characteristic values of strength must be determined as an analysis of representative random
samples as 5%-fractile at a confidence level of 75% and must be carried out by an accredited body.
(Attention: Since in this case there is a deviation from the technical delivery conditions given in the
8auregelliste~ each individual case must be approved.)

2.6 Item 414 - Welding consumables

Welding consumables can only be used if they have obtained the conformity-certificate Oz given by an
accredited certification-body.

Each certified building-related product is published by the different certification departments of the:

Deutsche Bahn AG
Zentralbereich Basistechnologien
Zertifizierungsstelle fOr SchweiBbetriebe und SchweiBzusatze
Pionierstr. 10
32423 Minden

As an authorised certification-body the Deutsche Bahn AG publishes leaflets which indicate the certified
fields of application.

For the area covered by the bUilding-authority the building-related product "Welding consumables and
deposits" has to fulfil the following reqUirements:

• O-sign is necessary (replaces the former DB-admission)

• leaflet indicates the certified field of application.

Construction
3.6 and Design Page
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 _~~6 Design of Welded_ Structures with Predominantly Static Loading

Table 7 : Extract from the 8auregel/iste A Part 1, 4.8 Fasteners

Verification of usabil­
Serial Conformity- ity in case of substan­
Building~related product Technical standards
No. declaration tial deviation from the
technical standards
1 2 3 4 5

4.8.27 Covered electrodes for manual metal DIN EN 499 : 1995-01 02 2

arc welding of non alloy and fine grain To be observed additionally:
steels Appendix 4.34 and 4.35

4.8.28 Covered electrodes for manual metal DIN EN 757 : 1997-05 02 2

arc welding of high strength steels. To be observed additionally:
Appendix 4.34 and 4.35

4.8.30 Wire electrodes and deposits for gas- DIN EN 440 : 1994-11 02 Z
shielded metal arc welding of non-allay To be observe additionally:
and fine grain steels Appendix 4.34 and 4.35

4.8.33 Filler metals for welding aluminium and DIN 1732-1 : 1988-06 02 Z
aluminium alloys To be observed additionally:
Appendix 4.34 and 4.36

4.8.40 Filler metals for welding stainless and DIN 8556-1 : 1986-05 Oz 2
heat-resisting steels To be observed additionally:
Appendix 4.32 and 4.37

Construction Page 12
3.6 and Design 12 of 66
-----
3.6 Design of Welded Structures with Predominantly Static Loading

1. Construction and dimensioning

1.1 General

Structural design is always an individual, creative process. Therefore, it is not possible to give universally
applicable recipes for the design of constructions which the designer can use mechanicatly. The main
goals for design and construction should be:
.. the most effective, unlimited performance of a component, unit or structure during the desired dura­
bility;
• the design of a supporting structure that is as safe as possible and can be finished in time and at the
calculated costs.

1.2 Supporting-structure elements

The fundamental component of a supporting structure is the single-span girder, which is mainly stressed
by bending moments. The selection of the cross section is influenced by various factors, which are partly
contradictory:
sufficient carrying capacity and stiffness;
possibility of connection with the adjacent components of the structure;
necessary penetrations for service lines.

The table below shows a survey of different cross sections of steel girders in relation to the most suitable
span-length ranges and characteristic features of the individual cross sections.

Table 1: Shapes of steel girders

Span length
Shape of the girder Note
(m)
Ang Ie section 3-6 used as purlins, cladding beams etc. where
N
I
only low loads have to be supported.
\'~ !
c, "'-. ,~
! .. /.t::..
1­
~Sl ~./
"V i /~
.
'",,'./

Yl~:
.
·1/ ~"'-

,
.-~--.------y
~t\. '''.

./,- ' ­
«,,, "
",,
N
-'r
Cold rolled sections 4-8 used as purl ins, cladding beams etc. where
z only low loads have to be supported
l

1 j
y­ ~T
M
·f·---
~rj
Y

-t~
t
i
I­ YM~
.... ez
- J. b -
I
z

Construction
3.6 and Design 13 Page
of 6613
 3.6 Design of Welded Structures with Predominantly Static Loading

Span length
Shape of girder Note
(m)
Rolled sections, e. g. U-section, I-section
N
I 1 - 30 most frequently used types of rolled sec­
it tions; dimensions and shapes are selected
i b N in order to prevent possible failures.
j '2 I

~r-, i
jr-~~~
"" !

~_L __ (-., ; ;,. I

y t-~-~~ :~~~lY
.J w)lwd-i w) L
.!.
Roof girder with open web 4 - 40 prefabricated structure with chord members
made of angle sections or pipes and with
. ,·~I I round steels as diagonal struts; these
structures can be used instead of rolled

~ sections.

Honeycomb girder 6 -60 used for larger span lengths and/or for mi­
nor loadings; the height is increased by

IT :
50%, the web penetrations can be used for
service lines etc.

1.Sh
H-1.511
Compound sections, e. g. I-section with U-section 5 - 15 used if rolled sections are not sufficient;
+ frequently arranged in order to reach an
t additional horizontal carrying capacity for
bending.

Plate girder 10 - 100 manufactu'red by (mechanised) welding of

three plates; web heights can be 3-4 m, if
necessary the web plates have to be stiff­
ened.

Box-type girder 15 - 200 normally made from stiffened plates; used

I for cranes and bridges because of its good
I torsional and transverse rigidity.

- .-~.--
i
I

Construction and Design

3.6 14Page 14
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 3.6 Design of Welded Structures with Predominantly Static L()~ding
1.3 Configuration of welded solid web girders

Welded girders are used if rolled sections are not suitable for specific purposes or if they are not profit­
able. Welded girders can easily be adapted to their purpose and stressing. The optimisation should not
only be based on the weight of the girder but also on the production costs, especially in relation to the
necessary cutting and welding.

The carrying capacity of widely spanned girders (e. g. bridges, cranes) is normally adapted to the inter­
nal forces and moments by varying the girder heights.

Figure 1: Adaptation of girder heights to the course of internal forces and moments

The adaptation of the carrying capacity to the internal moments M and the internal forces V is designated
as allowal1ce of bending moment or allowance of shear force. For the girder represented below, which
has a maximum bending moment M and a minor resisting moment Mo of the basic cross section, a rein­
forcement covering the length 10 is necessary in the middle area of the girder.

.
MR,d,O
l_ j
-------~------- -"T'f- MR,d,reinforced

l---------~'--------------------~t---

:
Figure 2: Adaptation of the cross section to the course of internal forces and moments

Reinforcement shou~d be made by arranging thicker flanges or adding flange plates. The intersection of
the moment curve and the horizontal line Mo is called theoretical or arithmetical end of reinforcement.
Added flange plates must reach beyond this intersection.

Page 15
3.6 and Design
Construction 15 of 66
 3.6 Design of Welded Structures with Predominantly Static Loading

I 1

c c 3-0
_'1 ___ -_ ._._. ...::I____ •_____ . .....Y__ ._. f-.-.-.J ::r:

;:
I J Figure 3: Arrangement of added flange plates in the
cross section
~Au

Added flange plates only reach their full carrying capacity if their cross section is fully connected by the
adjacent welds. According to DIN 18800 Part 1 every added flange plate must reach beyond the arith­
metical end with at least half the width of the flange plate.

E
~~--~--4 ~.1-__~~~---~-!~
~~~==~--~ S1-~~~~~~--~~

Figure 4: Fixing of added flange plates

1.4 Girder jOints

When welding girder joints we must differentiate if the welding is done at a rolled section or at a welded
girder.

For jOints of welded girders it is important that the joints of flange plates can be welded through perfectly.
For welding and following·examination cut outs have to be arranged.

Joint

_ _-r-Notice
steel type
I

- 200-300 - 20{)"300

Figure 5: Butt joint of a welded girder Figure 6: Butt joint of a rolled section (universal joint)

Construction
3.6 and Design 16Page 16
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 3.6 Design of Welded Structures with Predominantly Static Loading

If plates of predominantly statically loaded components differing in thickness are butt-jointed, a maximum
of 10 mm can be !evelled in the weld in the case of an eccentric joint and a maximum of 5 mm can be
levelled in the weld in the case of an axial joint.

Figure 7: Butt joints between parts of the cross section differing in thickness

If the joints of superposed flange plates coincide, they must be prepared by providing grooved edge
welds.
Before welding the butt joint, the edges must be connected in a way that the connection lasts during
welding of the butt joint. .

Figure 8: Preparation of a butt joint between superposed flange plates

Girder connections of rolled sections being provided with so-called "anxiety butt straps" are bad exam­
ples. Due to the expansion being hindered, the stress concentrations at the transition zones of the "anxi­
ety butt straps" amount to several times the calculated nominal stresses.

II I
II
~
"
II
II
II

Figure 9: Girder joints with "anxiety butt straps"

1.5 Configuration of stiffeners convenient for welding

Increased dange
of notch effect

Figure 10: Stiffeners with diagonal cuts (variation J)

Construction and Design Page 17

3.6 17 of 66
 3.6 Design of Welded Structures with Predominantly Static Loading

In the case of stiffeners with diagonal cuts at the corners (see above) we always have an unwelded gap
at the edges. This$ however, is no problem in the case of statically loaded structures. It is essential to
select a sufficient leg length for the diagonal cut "f' in order to ensure an accurate finish of the corners.

In addition to this we must ensure that the distance between the stiffeners and the edge of the profiles
ll
"c is sufficient to enable perfect boxing. The distance is related to the required throat thickness and
should be c == 3 . a to avoid unintentional fusion of the flange edges when welding the stiffeners.

Figure 11: Stiffeners with quarter circle recesses (variation I)

Unwelded gaps can be avoided by applying the second variation as represented above. The radius of
the recesses should be at least 35 mm to guarantee an accurate finish. In the case of thicker plates a
radius of more than 35 mm may be necessary.

Figure 12: Stiffeners with diagonal cuts (variation II)

J:i J:I
I

1
~1.U..III.....a....l~.I..I...I.J.,j""-

Figure 13: Stiffeners with quarter circle recesses (variation II)

At welded cross sections the recesses prevent the accumulation of welds and multi-axial stresses which
lead to brittle behaviour of the materia! and thus to the danger of brittle fracture. At rolled sections the
recesses prevent the difficult fitting of the stiffeners to the profile of the section.

I n the case of small proportions the above mentioned requirements can lead to a discrepancy between
the connected and the non-connected part of the stiffener. In the extreme case it can even lead to weld
lengths which are too short to be considered effective.

Construction
3.6 and Design 18Page 18
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 3.6 Design of Welded Structures with Predominantly Static Loading

~i.W.lW.llJ.lll.llie._::::.,a=3mm

wrong! right!
Figure 14: Layout of stiffeners for sections of small proportions

This variation can also safely be applied at welded sections consisting of plates of minor thickness.

Figure 15: Stiffeners without recesses at welded sections

:iT6

If the workpiece thickness is t ~ 16 mm, brittle material behaviour is not likely. In principal components
should be executed in such a way that first the longitudinal welds are welded with the required throat
thickness and afterwards the fitting and welding of the stiffener is carried out.

1.6 Welds at the concave faces of rolled sections

Welds are not permitted in longitudinal direction at the concave faces of rolled sections made from
unkilled cast steel.

r I

Stiffeners or cap
and base plates

I I
permitted not permitted

Figure 16: Welds at the concave faces of rolled sections

1.7 Welding in cold worked zones

Welding is permitted if the values set out in the table below are complied with. This does not apply if cold
worked components are normalised prior to welding.

Construction and Design Page 19

3.6 19 of 66
 3.6 Design of Welded Structures with Predominantly Static Loading

Table 2:
2
maxt
min (r/l}
mm
1 50 10
2 24 3
3 12 2
4 8 1,5 ....
Ion

5 4*) 1
6 <4*)
") 6 mm for components made from S235JO steel.

1.8 Girder connections

-41-
i
-"-r
i

--x·· . -*.

"-­ '-~ ''"'-,__ a ... r-...

-a..: v a::-v

Figure 17: Hinged connection of a girder Figure 18: Rigid connection of a girder
or a cantilever

2. Selection of steel grades

2.1 General
When selecting steels for welded structures we must take the four possible kinds of fractures to guaran­
tee sufficient safety into consideration. The four kinds of fracture are:
• ductile fracture,
• fatigue fracture J

• brittle fracture,
• lamellar tear.

Possible dangers due to the first two kinds of fractures can be ruled out by structural analyses and by
structural detailing according to the relevant standards.
The danger of lamellar tear will be explained in detail later on in the course.
Now the fundamentals of the dangers of brittle fracture and the necessary countermeasures will be dealt
with.

Kleppel and Bierett set up the Richtlinie des Deutschen Ausschuss fOr Stahlbau DASt-Ri 009 "Recom­
mendations for the selection of steel grades for welded structures". This guideline serves for the as­
sessment of brittle fracture at structures made from steel types 8235, 8275 and 8355 according to
DIN EN 10025.

Construction and Design Page 20

3.6 20 of 66
 3.6 Design of Welded Structures with Predominantly Static Loading

2.2 What is brittle fracture?

Brittle fracture is a kind of failure which mainly appears during the stressing of the material in the range
of elasticity. Unlike the ductile fracture the brittle fracture occurs without a noticeable plastic deformation.
External characteristics of the brittle fracture are nearly constant shape and proportions. Therefore, the
brittle fracture is also designated non-ductile fracture. The fracture plane of crystalline materials is slick
and has a grained and shining surface.

The tendency to brittle fracture of steel constructions is very dangerous because the fracture occurs
without prior warning.

A brittle fracture does not necessarily result from the structural detailing or from the operating stresses.
There have also been several cases of damage where brittle fractures occurred during low stressing of
structu res.

In the early years of welding technology there were numerous cases of brittle failure. Today the basic
rules for the prevention of brittle fractures are known and fai iu res on Iy rarely occur.

2.3 Influencing variables for the risk of brittle fracture

I nfluencing variables for the risk of brittle fracture are:

• state of stress,
• ambient temperature,
• workpiece thickness,
• cold forming.

The selection of steel grades covers these influencing variables at the same time. In addition to this the
• importance of the component
is decisive for the selection.

2.3.1 State of stress

The risk of brittle fracture is increased by high stress concentrations especially with mUlti-axial states of
tensile stresses. The following factors are decisive for the state of stress to be expected in the structure:
• stressing resulting from service loads,
• stress concentrations resulting from structural detailing~
• manufacturing conditions during welding.

For the assessment of stresses we differentiate between the states:

low· medium - high.

Figure 19: Typical examples for a "low" state of stress

11<>
u
In addition to this, stiffeners, bulkheads, bracings and stress relieved components of the state "medium
H
can be classified as "low •

Construction and Design Page 21

3.6 21 of 66
 3.6 Design of Welded Structures with Predominantly Static Lo~.~~ng

~T
Figure 20: Typical examples for a "middle" state of stress

In addition to this, gusset plates at tension chords and stress relieved components of the state "high" can
be classified as "medium".

~r-~
1I rr:J---i
Figure 21: Typical examples for a "high" state of stress

In addition to this, components at abrupt transitions of cross section, stress concentrations, concentrated
applications of loads and multi-axial states of tensile stresses have to be classified as "high".

Figure 22: Example of an abrupt transition of cross section and countermeasures

Figure 23: Example of a three-dimensional state of tensile stresses and countermeasures

2.3.2 Ambient temperature

The risk of brittle fracture increases - other conditions being equal - with falling temperatures because
the deformability of the steel decreases.

The lowest ambient temperatures of a structure are fixed within certain limits, l. e. -10°C (estimated low­
est temperature in dosed buildings) and -30 °C (estimated lowest outside temperature). [f the tempera­
ture is lower then the requirements concerning the steel grades must be increased.

Construction
3.6 and Desi£ll 22Pa£e 22
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 3.6 Design of Welded Structures with Predominantly Static Loading

2.3.3 Workpiece thickness

The workpiece thickness is essential for the selection of the material. The risk of brittle fracture increases
with increasing thickness of the workpiece. This results from:
• uneven cooling during or after rolling (:=:} residual stresses);
• rapid heat dissipation during welding (:=:} residual welding stresses or danger of hardness increase
and consequently metallurgical embrittlement).

The selection of the steel grade depends on the workpiece thickness [n the weld region.

2.3.4 Cold forming

The risk of brittle fracture increases with increasing cold forming. Moderate cold forming of up to 2 % is
not taken into consideration. This cold forming may result from rolling or unavoidable production meas­
ures, e. g. straightening.

In the case of major strains you must observe the conditions for the weld region including the adjacent
areas of a width equal to 5 t (see table 2).

Table 3: Selection of steel grades for cold formed sections

permissible workpiece thickness
r/t maxc% Steel grade
mm
~25 <2 all all
~ 10 <5 ~16

> 16 JR*) or JO*)

~ 3,0 ~ 14 ~12

~ 1,5 ~25 ~8 JR or JO
*} Normalising after cold forming but prior to welding

2.3.5 Importance of the component

.
When selecting the steel grade you must take the risk of damage resulting from brittle fracture at a com­
ponent into consideration. Depending on the possible consequences of a failure we differentiate be­
tween:
- 1st order components:
Components which are essential for the duration and the usability of the complete supporting struc­
ture or its most important parts, or components with a utilisation of permissible stresses of more than
70% due to permanent loading.
- 2nd order components:
Components which cause local damages or a loca! reduction of the usability but do not call into ques­
tion the durability or usability of the complete supporting structure or of important parts of it.

2.4 Determination of steel grades

The influences of the state of stresses, of the importance of the component and of the ambient tem­
perature are listed in the table below. Additionally the table differentiates between stressing due to ten­
sion or compression. Resulting from the above mentioned influencing factors, 5 classification levels can
be determined. Level 1 demands the highest quality requirements, level 5 the lowest.

3.6 and Desi~n

Construction 23Pa~e 23
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 3.6 Design of Welded Structures with Predominantly Static Loading

Table 4: Determination of the classification levels

Stressing due to working load
Compression Tension
State of stress Importance of component
(see section 3.2) (see section 3.3) Ambient temperature (see section 3.4)
from -10 °C from -10 °C
to -10°C to -10°C
to -30°C to -30 °C
st
1 order IV III II I
high nd
2 order V IV III II
st
1 order IV III
medium 2
nd
order
V
V V IV "
III
st
1 order V V IV III
low nd
2 order V V V IV

The steel grade is determined according to the classification level and the workpiece thickness on the
basis of table 3. .

Table 5: Determination of steel grade

Classifying level
according to DASt-Ri 009
edition 04/1973 permissible work piece thickness [mm] up to 1)2)
and "Herstellungsrichtlinie
Stahlbau"
10 20 30 40 50 60 70

II
III
IV
v
1) Workpiece thicknesses are only permissible within the range giverr by the standards.
2) The brittle fracture test by, e.g. bead bend test according to SEP 1390:1996-06, as demanded in the standards, has to be carried
out if the limit for the workpiece thickness is exceeded.

2.5 Example for the determination of steel grades

Figure 24: Example

Construction Page 24
3.6 and Design 24 of 66
 3.6 Design of Welded Structures with Predominantly Static Loading

Table 6: Example
Pas. State of stress
Importance of component Classification level Workpiece thickness Steel grade
Stressing/Ambient temperature (mm)
low
st
1 1 order
Compression/-3D °C
medium
st
2 1 order
Compression/-3D °C
low
st
3 1 order
Tension/-3D °C
medium
4 1st order
Tension/-30 °C
low
5 1st order/-30 °C
Tension/-30 °C

Construction
3.6 and Design 25Page 25
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 3.6 Design of Welded Structures with Predominantly Static Loading

1. Welded trusses

1.1 General

Trusses, carried out as a two or three dimensional structural members, can be used for example

)- as main and cross girders or longitudinal girders for normal steel structures, crane railways or
bridges
)- as diaphragms for the stabilisation of the structure
;;.. for lattice of multipart columnes, antennae a. s. o.

They are defined by

)- single bars, which will connect together in junction points

;;.. the junction points will assumed as frictionless hinges
;;.. all outer forces would be concentrated in these junction points and, as an effect of this,
;;.. in the single bars only tensile or compressive stresses (no stresses by bending moments) will occur.
If there are loads between the junction points the additional stresses must calculated according to the
lever principle and distributed to the connected junction points

Advantages and disadvantages of trusses

Advantages Disadvantages
1.) Reduction of material 1.) higher personnel costs
a.) lower material costs 2.) difficult corrosion protection
b.) lower weight 3,) in the case of fire the safety is lower
2.) small area exposed to the wind
3.) simple instaUation of the supply grids
4.) suitable for extreme long spans

Designations by trusses

Top chord

Vertical bar l
web

Diagonal bar J members

\
Bottom chord

Angle of intersection Junction point

Construction
3.6 and Design Page
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 3.6 Design of Welded Structures with Predominantly Static Loading
1.2 Typical shapes of trusses

Trusses were named after different indications like

a) the name of the engineer! who designed this type for the first time (Polonceau, Wigmann ...)
b) the arrangement of the chords ( parallel or triangular trusses)
c) the arrangement of the web members, the vertical and diagonal bars (more useful indication). In ac­
cordance with that we can decide

fS>Q<:><)i
~ K-shaped truss -- Rhomboid truss

1.3 Typical cross sections of the members

Welded trusses bolted trusses

single webbed double webbed single webbed double webbed

Top
T Vel]
"
I I
I
I
I
nil
I
1
I
I I
'
I '" '1
.. t
I
-JL
:
1
J1
I
t[ It r =l! l = '
I j r ,I

no
chord

I <I>
: !
0r l • I I
]I [TTrl
I! • I ! ,I
, ,

~ c!J 11 tt
I

Bottom
chord
J
I - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - -....
I !
JL
I I I I I
1 =t
---------+------~__
I I
:lr
.fL

1,l, 6 1 t tt
I

,
]i[ Jj[ Ji[
I I
I
, I
I
1
I
J
I
'.
I t
1
I

Vertical t ~
1 [lJ HR.tj
and I ! I I I I

,
diagonal
bars
I

1 <I> <D ILlI :H: =i=

I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
]1[ Ji[ iF ~Jl![ tF~
! I I I I I t I I I I I I
!

Construction and Design Page 27

3.6 27 of 66
 3.6 Design of Welded Structures with Predominantly Static Loading
1.4 Typical junction points

K-connection N-connection T-connection

KT-connection
X-connection Y-connection

1.5 General rules for the design

}Po Planning a wide-meshed system with tension bars as long and compressive bars as short as possi­
ble
~ Avoid an angle of intersection a ~ 30 0 between the connecting bars
)­ The choice of a definite bar sections have an influence of all other bar sections and the design of the
junction points
~ The system Ii nes of the bars should cross in the junction points and should be congruent with the
neutral axes of the bars
)­ The stability calculation is necessary for bars with compressive stresses to avoid buckling or tor­
sional-flexural buckling in and additionally orthogonal of the truss plane
)­ Using double webbed connections if the compressive stresses are very high and buckling can occur.

,
_ _ _ one gusset plate
+-----++-~-..:::..two gusset plates

single webbed cross section double webbed cross section

)- Reduce the number of workshop joints, for the chords utilize the standard length as rolled

\ site joint of the diagonal

Arrangement of site joints

Construction and Design

3.6 28Page 28
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 3.6 Design of Welded Structures with Predominantly Static Loading
~ For trusses with spans 2:: 20 m normally a camber is required
? For trusses with great spans it will be necessary, to bring the shape and the structure of the truss into
line with the moment curve ( => chords)and the shearing stress curve ( => diagonal and vertical bars)
>- In trusses with predominantly static load the secondary stresses can be ignored, when the following
terms are fulfilled:
~ small gusset plates and
~ slender bars
>- A junction point without a gusset plate is the best solution, because this point isn't rigid and the sec­
ondary stresses are very low
~ Additionally the height of the bars shouldn't be greater than 1/10 of the length of the bars
~ In trusses with non predominantly static load the secondary stresses have taken into account in the
static calculation. Junction points of such trusses should designed without or a very low notch effect.

Junction points, designed for fatigue load

2. Design of welded trusses

The choice of a definite bar section should taken under consideration of the

~ Results of the static calculation and the possibilities

~ of welding
~ of a good corrosion protection
)i;- of an efficient production sequence (workshop equipment) and
).>- the influence of all other bar sections and the design of the junction points

2.1 Welded trusses made of open bar sections

Trusses with open bar sections can be designed in various ways. In principle we can decide trusses,
where the junction points have gusset plate or not.

Construction
3.6 and Design 29Page 29
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 3.6 Design of Welded Structures with Predominantly Static Loading
2.1.1 Junction points without gusset plates

For this type of junction point there are in principle 3 possibilities which can be carried out:

a) Using T- sections for the chords and L-sections for the web members

it's necessary that the height of the web is sufficient to guarantee the required length of the connecting
welds.
Furthermore both, minimum and maximum lengths of a single connecting fillet weld, are restricted. Ac­
cording to the Eurocode EC3 these lengths are:

Minimum length min. I = 40mm or 6 x a

Maximum length max. I ::;150 x a

The stress concentrations at the end of the welds can be strengthened by imperfections, e. g. like cra­
ters.

b) Direct connection of the web members with a chords flange

in this case it's very importend to guarantee, that the flange can transfer the vertical force component
without great deformation.
NormaHy stiffeners would added to the flange in the area where large concentrated forces occur.

Construction
3.6 and Design Page
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 3.6 Design of Welded Structures with Predominantly Static Loading
The shape and location of a stiffener should fitted to the web members section.

c) Direct connection of the web members itselfs

I
~
In this case the thin web of the chord isn't able to transfer the vertical components, which arrived from
the web members.
Welding the web members directly together, the vertical components will balance out without stresses to
the web.
The horizontal weld will transfer only the sum of the horizontal components

2.1.2 Junction points with gusset plates

Gusset plates are required when

~ the length of the connecting welds are to short
~ the web isn't able to transfer the shear stresses

To avoid an increase of rigidity at a junction point, the gusset plate should as small as possible.
By deviating from the general rule, that the system lines of all bars should cross at one point it's possible
to reach this target.

Construction
3.6 and Desi1Zn 31 Page
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 3.6 Design of Welded Structures with Predominantly Static Loading
Other connection types are:

", /
,,
~----------~/
/
/

,, /
/
/'

_______-.V:__

Fitted gusset plate Integrated gusset plate

Gusset plate with recess or slots

2.2 Welded trusses made of hollow sections

Trusses made of hollow sections have certain advantages:

y high bending and also torsional resistance
)I;­ good lateral stability under compression
, easy app~icatjon of the corrosion protection paint

But there were two disadvantages, especially if pipes were used:

)io- The jOints represent the intersections of curved surfaces, and therefore extra time for a good prepa­
ration and also a good fit-up of the joint is required.
)I;- For the welders an additional qualification is recommended and in some states it's required.

In agreement with the current standards hollow sections are defined as

, Closed square or rectangular tubular sections or pipes with
)I;- a constant wall thickness over the entire circumference
, and also over the entire length of the member

---t---+--+-.!.~ --1
e-£~-=-~=~3;-$i==~=-=-~
Construction and Design Page 32
M1.3.6 32 of 66
 3.6 Design of Welded Structures with Predominantly Static Loading
Furthermore it's necessary to preserve the cross section of each member at the junction point.

---­ - ­ ........ ..-.-. --­ - -­ -----­

....-.-.~--------- - - - - - - ­ --

2.2.1 General designations and rules for designing

According to national and international research results we know, that the maximum strength of a junc­
tion pOint depends on

~ the type of junction point (with gap or overlapping)

~ the geometrical dimensions and their proportions with each other.

All geometrical dimensions and proportions we will find in standards and is necessary to carrying them
out by designing, because these are covered by research results. Anyway we have to use general des­
ignations.

The most relevant designing rules· are:

1.) Avoid crosswise bending of the wall, that means

~ any concentrated or linelike stresses
~ avoid gusset plates

Construction Page 33
3.6 and Desiml 33 of 66
 3.6 Design of Welded Struct~r~~wit~ Predominantly Static Loading
2.) The proportions of chord diameter or width to the wall thickness are very important to avoid buckling.
By using square or rectangular hollow sections a bigger wall thickness and a smaller height of the
web is recommended.

The most relevant designations and parameters are:

o = chord (continious bar)

1 = web member with compressive stresses (top mounted hollow section)
2 = web member with tensile stresses (top mounted hollow section)
g = Width of the gap between the end of the web members on the chord surface.
without the welds

e = angle of intersection between the chord and the web members

Mean value of the proportions diameter or width of the web member to the diameter or width of the chord

Proportion width of chord to the twice thickness of the chord wall

d
y=_o oder-o
b
=> .
2 to 2to

reduced width of gap g' = 9 I to

overlapping rate (0/0) 'Aov = (q I p) x 1000/0

maximum compressive stress in the chord caused by moment and normal force

Construction
3.6 and DesiJm Page
34 34
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 3.6 Design of Welded Structures with Predominantly Static Loading
3.) Additional moments, caused by the positive or negative eccentricity (e), haven't to consider in the
static calculation, iffhe eccentricity is in the limits of:

- 0,55 do ~ e ~ 0,25 do
or - 0,55 ho ~ e ~ 0,25 ho

or

-----------------­ -----------------­ -----------------­

-e e == a +e

4.) The best solution is to connect the hollow sections directly with each other. In this case we have to
decide two types of junction points:

Junction points with a gap

Eccentricity e == a Eccentricitye> 0

If designing junction pOints with gaps, this gaps should be very small, but welding must be possible.
For this reason a gap with 9 ~ t1 + t2 is recommended.

~ Junction point with overlapping

,
tho oder dO
;

Eccentricitye < 0
ttr
Junction point with partly overlapping Junction point with fully overlapping
Eccentricity e < 0
Definition of overlapping rate Aov
Aov =
(q / p) x 100%

A : •• """...--.4-: ..................... .....,.: ..... + \.&#~+"'" """ .. #,..,.""l ...... ~"""":"'"""',... : ................ "."""" ...... "",..J t.--.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, •• ,....""" ""'- ....... "',.........-.+:""6""'- .-.._"'" ....... 4-....:-.:...,1" :Ir """"",.1itO' Tt...:r;. \AI;I'
.....
M JUIIvllVII tJVllll ¥VIlli VVOllatJtJ"l~ I;:) tJl 01011 OU, uOvau;:)v a 110~al1VO vvVOllLllvllY ¥VIII VvvUI. I III;:) Will

lead to a compensation of the horizontal and vertical components of the web members and at the
same time to a relief of the chord wall.

Construction and Desi~n Page 35

3.6 35 of 66
 3.6 Design of Welded Structures with Predominantly Static Loading
5.) If it isn't possible to guarantee these parameters or if the compressive stresses are to high and we
have to avoid buckling, we can strengthen the junction point with additional plates.

- - , • __ .... _ . w ...... - 11._ (1::1n

_h Inf'tirln nnint \Mith tip nl::ltp ::Inri ;::,-t"'"
............. ~. "'._ , . . . . . _ .. _ _

t.. .., .~ =ITto

------

Junction point with partition plate Junction point with tie and partition plate

Minimum dimensions of the partition and the tie plate are:

Partition plate thickness

Length of tie plate

Thickness of f!!!et weld

6.) The minimum wall thickness is 2.5 mm

7.) The maximum waH thickness is 25 mm or additional requirements of the parent material are neces­
sary.

2.2.2 Welding

The junction pOints of hollow sections should be welded over the whole circumference as a butt weld) a
fillet Weld Oi a combination of these weld types.

Construction and Design Page 36

3.6 36 of 66
 3.6 Design of Welded Structures with Predominantly Static Loading
The following pictures show the recommended joints for junction points made of square or rectangular
sections or pipes:

.
•

t-._.-t-r._-_.+ '
I

i=-----------=i

Cross section detai I A

e~ 60°
all wall thickness
Cillot \Alolrlc- D •• H·, ...... I...I .....
• • u"''" YV'""Uv LJU~~ VVC.U;:,

Cross section detail B

f3 :;; 0,85 ~ = 1,0 ~ = 1,0

t1 < 8 mm t1 < 8 mm t1 ~ 8 mm
Fiiiet weids Butt weids Butt welds

Construction
3.6 and Desiat 37Page 37
of 66
 3.6 Design of Welded Structures with Predominantly Static Loading
Cross section detail C

The wall thickness of the web member is decisive if we have produce a fillet or a butt weld. The angle of
e
intersection should be over ~ 30° to guarantee a good weld penetration.

For this jojnt it's necessary that every welder have to weid a sarnple, which has the sarne dirnensions as
the original member.
After welding we check the welds by macro sections and, if the welders have reached the requirements
of this jOint, they are allowed to weld the original joints.
Othel"'N!se \lve've to change the jOint preparation and
welders.

t1 ~ 8 mm

Attention:

Construction
3.6 and Design 38Page 38
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 3.6 Design of Welded Structures with Predominantly Static Loading
2.2.3 Welder qualifications

a.) General requirements

In dependency on, which type of joint at a hollow section and at a junction point will occur, the welders
need one or more of the following mentioned qualifications:

Type of joint Required welder qualification

EN 287-1
1
-
l

7r---·T---·
\
~
~ ~
=n 111*) T BW W01 B t 3.0**) PF

~-----.::::::..---
2 111*) T BW ·W01 B t 3.0**) PF
A with additional test piece
L'/"/) [see point b) ]

\ ~~
_____ •
Jl i.­

L' ;;;;J

3 ~
J 111*) P BW W01 t 3.0**) PF
.t
I
:::
.....
"1
I
--~--.~.--.-
I :r t
! - . - - .... --Q...-----j
I I

111*) P FW W01 B t 3.0**) PF

5 111*) P BW W01 B t 3.0**) PF

r­ - -.­ ~
-:_.---/.-_.__.---+
; ~ .. ---1 I

*) Depending on the elected process; for example: 111

**) Depending on the wall thicknesses, which occur; here for example
between 3 and 6 mm.

Construction and Design Page 39

3.6 39 of 66
 3.6 Design of Welded Structures with Predominantly Static Loading
b. )Additional requirement

The test piece is to weld in the most difficult position which can occur during production.
It is necessary to value the root pass of the test piece, so that macro sections are required.

Additional test piece preparation of the test piece

3. Welded Columns

3.1 General

For all members, which were subject to compressive stresses, additional stability calculations are re­
quired.

Here it's necessary to calculate the critical force, where the stable state ends and the indifferent state
occurs.
'::::,. )","".i4+",..",,,,+ ....+..... ,.. -- .+h" "I",...... ,...,.."ilih .. i"rv\ ,..of "h", ....+"hl'" ...........'" \A,ill 1........+ ",,,,.M .... I ..........r. ..... ;u.......... _.
,. I I I Y l l l v I C I I \ ,;ncnc !.IIC vlvQI C ..... UIIIJ..JIIUIII VI \1 I v i:)\OJ..JIC i:)\OLC VVIII IV,;)\ OIlY Q IV'" V I UIII .......... ...

equilibrium states are possible.

The indifferent state should never occur, because every lost of stability will lead (in the most
II casesj to the coiiapse of the buiiding. II

Typical cases of stability under compressive stresses are:

Buckling of bars A bar buckling in the direction of the lowest moment of inertia

Torsional flexural buckling will occur only by using thinwalled open bar sections. Buckling and
twisting happen at the same time.

Construction
3.6 and Design Page
40 40
of 66
 3.6 Design of Welded Structures with Predominantly Static Loading
Buckling of plates will occur when the proportion wall thickness to the geometrical
dimensions of the plate is very low. Then the former flat sutiace will
change into a double bent surface.

According to relevant standards there are a lot of possibilities to calculate the critical force. The most
used formulations are:
1.) Calculation of an ideal structure and correct the results by reduction factors. These factors are
caused on the base of the normal imperfections by fabrication and erection,.

Calculation with reduction factors

2.) Using substitute imperfections for the calculation modelling and calculate this simulated-real
structure.

=} Calculation with substitute imperfections

Both types of formulations using a lot of parameters and some of the most imprint are:

L = system length of the member

= effective length (variable in dependency of the different end conditions; e. g. Euler-cases)
Iy; Iz = moments of inertia (belonging to different axes)
imin = least radius of gyration with imin = [min. II Alo.5
'A = slenderness ratio with A =I ! imin
fyk = yield strength
A = area of the cross section
Ncr = critical force according to elastic design

3.2 Design of columns

While columns are subject to compressive stresses by normal forces and by bending moments, all of the
three above mentioned stability problems can occur.

There are some general rules for designing columns:

". Design clear end conditions

Elect a cross section which have the nearly the same moments of inertia in both directions
~ Avoid eccentricity
>- by designing
" __ -I __ -I •• __ :.1..1. _ _ _ : _ : _ •• _ -I .• _: _ _ J:'_L._: __ .1.: __
,. dilU It:;;UUl;t:;; IllU d 1IlIIIIIIIUlll UUIIIIY IdUllLidllUIl

? Reduce the effective length e. g.

~ from floor to floor by reinforced concert floors
~ ------------"---------- by horizontal braces
~ Avoid access holes
~ Elect compact cross sections

3.6 41 of 66
Page 41
Construction and Desbm
 3.6 ,",V"~."" of Welded Structures with
The first stability calculation is to check, that everyone of the thinwalled web stripes is safety against
buckling. For this easy check all relevant standards use the bIt - proportion.

t = wall thickness of the plate

I­
U = ••• :....I1.L.. _I: 1.L.. _ _ 1_"-_
WIUlil VI lilt:: ,.m::tlt::.
Attention: !n dependency; which type of section is used, the definition of libl' will change,

t ....._,l..--_______----' ~--------~~---~t

~-- ________~ ___~t

14 b .1
Columnes itselfs can divided into three parts:

Column head
Column cross sections itselfs including the beam - to column connections and the column splices
Column bases

3.2.1 Column heads

The design of column heads should guarantee, that the forces from the upper member can centricly
pass into the column.
The two most used constructions are:

a) Planiform application of forces

~
,
.,/
~ V
\

) ~/
~~
\ .;j
."'­ / "'-I/A ~
i
I
/'"
I

~~
/ I'"

Construction
3.6 and Design 42Page 42
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 3.6 Design of Welded Structures with Predominantly Static Loading
b) Application of forces with centering strip

J
I ··w I
I I'll I
I II I
L 1.1 .J
-tll­II
1'1
III
1.1
III
II
1'1
III
I.

If there are columns where the forces passed into centric!y. under the following conditions it's allowed. to
transmit the forces from the cover plate to the column by contact:

>- The cover plate has been very thick (t ~ 20 mm)

>- The surface of the cover plate must be even
>- Orthogonal machining of the columns end.
A contact splice can achieved by planning} milling or sawing the ends of a column.
>- Lateral yielding is to rule out, e.g. by fillet welds. According to EC 3} chapter 6.8.2 this welds have to
calculate for 2.5 % of the real compressive forces

If the ends of a column were orthogonal machining by flame cutting the filet welds have to calculated for
J

the entire compressive forces.

In this case we talk about an irregular splice.

Construction
3.6 and DesiJrn 43Page 43
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 3.6 Design of Welded Structures with Predominantly Static Loading
3.2.2 Column cross sections

Columns can fabricated as closed or open sections.

a.) Closed sections have the following advantages

~ of a good cross section area capacity factor
? nearly the same moment of inertia in both directions
y a much better radius of gyration about the weaker open sections
y the hollow section can used as a water depot for the case of fire
? the low circumference makes it easier to protect the columns against fire
? cross sections also can easily used for composite structures

Using a square hollow section is Slightly better than using a pipe, if they have the same outside dimen­
sions and cross-sectional area.

The disadvantage is, that the designing from additional connections is very difficult and these connec­
tions only can prodl:lced under high costs.

b) Open sections have the advantages

y that additional connections easily can designed and produced
~ the empty chambers can used for the installation of the supply grids
,. for normal steel structures standardized hot-rolled sections like I-profiles can used
? cross sections also can easily used for composite structures

;;.;.. The low radius of gyration in one direction (can balanced out)
);;;­ The greater circumference makes it more difficult to protect a column against fire and the cost will
increase

Construction
3.6 and Design Page
44 of 6644
 3.6 Design of Welded Structures with Predominantly Static Loading
Open sections we'll find very often in industrial buildings.

3 .2.3 Column splices

Column splices should reduced to a minimum, because the erection is very cost intensive and with every
splice the danger of an unallowed eccentricity will increase.

The number of splices should be limited by these factors:

~ using the maximum length which is possible for handling, transport and erection
>­ graduation of the sections in dependency of their capacity factor
~ in normal steel structures using one column over 2 up to 3 floors

The design of column splices should be very easy and, as a fact of that, we'll find very often these types:

- -­ i
I
-
'. I
~I I
".
-',

'--" I
I

V
.~ I
I
l"­ I

!
I
i

Column splice with cover plates Column splice with cover plates and stiffeners

3.6 45 of 66
Construction and Design Page 45
 3.6 Design of Welded Structures with Predominantly Static Loading

b.) For columns with eccentric compressive stresses

The cover piate must caicuiated for bending moments and additionai stiffeners are required.

~~-:--
-

, ,(
/~ 'i
v
F\

-...../-'­

Welded splices

Construction and Design Page 46

3.6 46 of 66
 3.6 of Welded Structures with

3.2.4 Column bases

Base plates are necessary to transmit the concentrated compressive load over a much larger area to the
base ground.

In principle we can decide the following solutions:

a.) Column with centric compressive stresses

u +i U

Flush base plate Base plate with overlapping without stiffeners

In this cases very thick base plates with plate thickness:::; 60 mm can used. The end of the column
should prepared by machining like a contact joint.

For sections with a greater height of the columns cross sections base plates with overlapping and stiff­
eners are necessary

easy fabrication easy fabrication

according to the corrosion protection according to the corrosion protection
the voids between the flanges and the the butt welds between the flanges and the
stiffeners represent a bad solution stiffeners represent a good solution

Construction
3.6 and Design 47Page 47
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 3.6 Design of Welded Structures with Predominantly Static Loading

b.) ror columns with eccentric compressive stresses

For this types of columns cantilever base plates were used. Such base plates transmit besides vertical
and horizontal forces ..J:also
TI... _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ L_ ___
moments.
•• :..J_..J :_ _ _ _ _ _ _ • __
~ 1 __..J _ _
__ _1 __ 1... _ _ _ _ _ _ • __ ..J
L __ ~ _ _ :LL_..J :_L_ LI..._
I I I 0;:) v IIIVlllvlll;:t vall UIVIUvU III IVlvO VVUtJlv;:t aflu;:tv lIOII;:tllllllvU OI;:)V illlV lilt;; ua;:tv 8IVUIIU.

Such base plates consist of for transmitting the vertical forces including
a base plate or a tie-bar made of I-profiles the force couple into the base ground
;:} ~hA;:}r
-~ - - - r.nnnAr.tnr
~ - - ... - - - - _. m;::1i1p.
-~. .." _. - nf
-~ - .-.
_. l-nrnfifA~
- _. - - - . - . .tr;::1n~mittinn
fnr . ---- - -- ... -.. -w thA
-- - - hnri7nnt;:}I
-- - . -- - " --.- fnrr.A~ .. - - - thp.
- - . - - - intn ._.­

base ground
Anchor bolts to hold down the base plate. The anchors were
subject to tensile stresses.

Two typical cantilevered base plates are shown below:

1ft

Simple base plate with shear connector and down-hold bolts

cross section A-A

",.
shear connector
down - hold bolts

Base piaie with tie-bar, shear connector and down-hoid boils

Construction and Design Page 48

3.6 48 of 66
 3.6 of Welded Structures with

1. Rigid frames

1.1 General

~ Horizontal or siooped girders => so called "Frame transom or beam"

)r- Vertical girders, whose base plates can => so called "Frame stanchion or column"
designed as cantilever or hinges
);;­ The connection between the beam so called "Rigid frame corner"
and the column

Comparing nglcJ Trame constructions wltn nlnged girderS, trusses or COlumns, wnlcn one are only SUbject
to centric compressive stresses, they show characteristics like:
);;- column and beam are bending girders anq will subject by normal and transfers forces and by bend­
ing moments
)- the frame corner is a rigid connection, that mean
);;- there is any mutual tWisting at the end of both column and beam
);;- transmitting of all internal forces and moments with a minimum of additional material

The economical fabrication of rigid frame corners started with the welding and bolting technique. Rigid
frame corners can fabricated as
~ a completely welded connection or as
).0- a pariiy weided and boited connection. For boits oniy the property ciasses B.B and -10.9 have been
used.

Like other types of structures also rigid frames have some advantages and disadvantages:

Advantages Disadvantages
1 Low deflection of the beams with great spans 1 The columns have, on the basis of normal and bending
Anon fiolMe> honA/coM fho ,",nil Irnnc. A...thAnA..,,,,,1 "f fho
stresses, a larger cross section than hinged columns
2 -('""_ .... -.~- -_ ••• --­ •••• - --'~"" -­ _ ... --;::1-' .~. -­ •• -­
frame plane 2 Large foundations
3 Combination between main structure and stiffening 3 Time consuming fabrication of the frame corners
system
4 Large horizontal deflection by using wide span beams
4 r=t"nnnmit"
---~.-.~•• -
f!:lhrit"!:Itinn h\l
•• - ­ ... - ... - J
~--
11~inn
~- ..
nl~te>.
r-._._­ nirtie>.rc::
~.;::) w'" - _ . ­ Or!the b~~!~ 0f !O'.)I.I ~t1ffe!"!ers 0f the' be~r!"!~ itself
S Short time for the erection S Extensive static and stability calculations are necessary
6 Good corrosion protection is possible
7 Any hindrance of the useable floor space by
stiffening system and or hinged columns

Construction
3.6 and Design 49 Page
of 6649
 3.6 Design of Welded Structures with Predominantly Static Loading

I oday rigid trame structures will be used in a lot ot tields:

Structural steel engineering halls, industrial buildings, multistore frames for sky scrapers
RritinA .- _... _.... ,;;;)
-. ' - ' ' ; ; ; ) - hllilrlinn
Ship building =:} ribs, transverse bulkhead, cargo hatchways
Construction of vehicles => basic frames for locomotives, frames for heavy !oad trailers,
frames for cars and bikes
machine construction =:} pressframes, load suspension devices

1.2 Typical rigid frame shapes

In most of the cases rigid frame structures are made of welded plate girders or hot-rolled profiles. Some­
one of the most important frame shapes are shown below:

J J l~~J---#r---I~I--*]
single Span
(Portal)
Multi Span

r===JCJC) Gabled Arched

Saw-toothed

~ ~

,. ~
.!I! ..,

.., ..,

..otI ..011
"I

..011 ..otI . .
,i''' ,i'';; ,i',i' ,i'''' //;

Multistore bUilding

Picture 1

Construction
3.6 and Design 50 Page
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 3.6 Design of Welded _~tr~~t_ures with Predominantly Static Loading

1.3 Typical rigid frame corners

There are 3 principle types of rigid frame corners:

Curved haunch

Picture 2

in the fuiiuwiny c.;fJa(Jiens we wiii iuuk ai a riyiu fraffle GurrJer ul a !:>inyie !:>(Jarl frame. Starting frurTI iili!:>
corner the basic calc,ulations and the necessary structural design would deduced from.

2. Basics of the calculations

2.1 Beams and columns
Beam!:> cHlU t;OiUrTHl!:> t;aJl ue Gait;uiaieu C:lGt;urdifJY the theury uf uenuiny yirue!:s. Be:siue ihe flurrJlai :siaiiG
calculation it's necessary to furnish proof of the stability.

Stability calculations especially required for the

Coiumns => buckiing and torsionai-fiexurai buckiing
Beams => twisting = horizontal deflection of the compressed flange
(orthogonal of the bendi ng plane)

Construction
3.6 and Design 51Page 51
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 3.6 Design of Welded Structures with Predominantly Static Loading

2.2 Rigid frame corners

For the rigid frames there are in dependency of the type of corner still other formulations valid for the
forces transmission in the corner. These formulations have an influence of the calculation and the desig n
of the GornefS_

Usually the inner flange is the compressive flange, and for this case of a curved haunch the further re­
flections should carried out.

2.3 Curved haunches

The formulation for the calculation of frame corners differs from those one of a usual straight beam,

a) The neutral axis shifts towards the inner flange. The former linear diffusion of the bending stresses
will change into a hyperbolic diffusion of this stresses. Also the elongation shows a hyperbolic diffu­
sion.
b) The change in direction of the axial force is uniform along the curved edge ot the flange and on the
basis of the conditions of equilibrium radial compressive forces occurs.
This radial compressive forces are uniformly distributed along the curved flange.
c) The radial compressive stresses resulting in a cross bending of the flange with additional bending
stresses.
d) The radial compressive stresses deflecting the less rigid cross section members, e. g. like the flange.
e) The deflections of the flange resulting in changes of the diffusion of the normal stresses inside the
fl:::lngp._

2.3.1 Diffusion of the direct and bending stresses

r'\_ .~_ ....._,. +.,.._-....... ,,'-_ ! ___ ... &1 ______+ 4-t....._ L-..,....._~ "'_ "''-_ ;""" ___ l\1li +I~ __ .,..,,_ .-...& " ....... _ ""' ........ l ........... _ 4-e,..... _ _ ,,:_1 +___ ",......_ t....._.... _ '"_
\.,.tIl 1.110 vvoy II VIII U 10 1111101 1I011~O VI U 10 1..100111 t.v lilO 1111101 1I011!::;tO VI lIlO vVIUlllI1 lilO OAIOI IVI VO-<:) IIOVO l V

change their direction.

The formulations of a straight beam are not longer valid, if the curvature of the inner flange is near simi­
I;:)r thp. hp.ight of thp. hp.;:)m_

The diffusion of stresses in frame corner now have to calculate according the formulations of a girder
with a sharp curved axis. Among other things that means the loss of validity of the theory by Navier. At
the same time the theory by Bernoulli is still valid and an even cross section plane will remain.

The consequences of this formulations are:

)0;> the neutral axis shifts towards the inner flange and is offset by the measure "a" I so that they isn't any
longer congruent with the axis of gravity.
)0;> a hyperbolic diffusion of the direct and bending stresses occurs with
)- an increase of this stresses at the inner flange
~ the stresses changes their measures [n dependency of the slope

Construction
3.6 and Design 52Page 52
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 3.6 Design of Welded Structures with Predominantly Static Loading

--+----~ X

Centre z
grafity
stresses cr x
shifted
neutral
axis
Column

Bending stresses ax

t
X
Picture 3

The calculation of the increased stresses at the inner flange is very important for the further cal­
culation of the radial compressive forces.

There are existing a lot of possibilities for carrying out this calculation. One of these possibilities is to
work with the following formula. where all parameters have used with their signs:

ax =FI A - M' r9 'It A + (M I Z) * (r9 'It Z I r9 - Z )

with F IN] direct force (as tension force positive)

M [Nm] bending moment (positive, if the inner flange will pulled)
A [mm 2] area of a radial cross section
fg [mm] radius of gravity
z LmmJ distance between investigated fibre ana pOint of gravity ( pay attention to tne
definition of the sign)
Z [mm4] cross section parameter which takes the curvature into account.
For rectangular section the following formula can used:

Construction and Design Page 53

3.6 53 of 66
 3.6 Design of Welded Structures with Predominantly Static Loading

I I I
I I
~
I
bk
~ fE------
h
-----7
i -z
y
r
I
+z

I
I I I
I I
I

·_·_·_·-A.
Centre r
of curvature

Picture 4

r.nnc::inorinn tho rnt"rol~tinn

..... _ •• _. __ •••• \:1 ••• - - _ •• _._ •• _ ••
hohAloon tho n~l"~motor -7 !:\nrl
••• - - . . . . . -
~- .. tho
r-~'-'''-.-' ~ ..... - .... - .•. _ .. r' 9 'I h
... - nrnnnrtinn
~ •• !:\nrl
_ .. - tho !:\hn\lo
•.. - - - _ . - montinnorl
... _ .... _ .. _­

formula for calculating ax the following assumptions can used:

the increase of the stresses reaches an theoretically infinite quantity

(ax = 00)
rg I h < 2.5 the formula for Z have to used

rgl h ~ 2.5 the formulations for a straight bending beam can used. Approximately it's allowed to
use:
Z - I and a = (M I I ) * z

The influence of the radial compressive stresses as before have taken into account.
~ I L... ....... t:: •• ~ ... _
I 9 I I I :::::.. v u t-' lV

fj = 00 the influence of the curvature completely can ignored. The formulations for a straight
bending beam are valid.

Construction
3.6 and Design 54Page 54
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 3.6 Design of Welded Structures with Predominantly Static Loading
2.3.2 Radial compressive stresses (jZ

The radial compressive stresses are uniformly distributed along the curved flange and are a function of
the compressive force and the radius of curvature.

Tht=o
... - roflortinn
. .. ---.-., nf
~ - nnlv('Inn
- ' !:I r--'J 0 - " nf fnrrt=o~ \Alhirh holnn('l~
_ • • _. - - - , ••.•• _ ..
~-.-.
tn
'0- --
!:I
--
n!:lrt
r--'. nf tho
_ .... - rl InIon
-_.. - - .. __ .. _ .. , .rO~llltin"
h!:llinrh ---··· .. 0 in tho \A/oll
' " •..~ •• _ ..

known formula:

[N/mm]

and

Attention: By calculating At the reduced width bred of the flange has taken into account!

DetaH "AI!

radial compressive
forces

. a/2

centre of
curvature a/2
Picture 5

3.6 and Deshm

Construction 55Page
of 66
55
 3.6 Design of Welded Structures with Predominantly Static Loading
2.3.3 Deflection of the flange and her effects

The acting of the radial stresses results in deflecting the flange into the vertical direction.

In dependency of the direction, in which the moments acting, the following deflections can occur:

Picture 6a shows a compressly moment Picture 6a shows a tearly open moment

To avoid the deformations of the flange it's recommended to weld stiffeners between the web and the
flange.

Without such stiffeners this deflection can occur and parts of the flange takes away there stress carrying
ettect.

The linear diffusion of the direct stresses will replaced by a more or less parabolic diffusion of these
stresses, which includes an increase of these stresses.

To take this increase of the direct stresses into account it's recommended to calculate with the reduced
widths bred of the flange.

/~A
/11 /:/ I

Fradial
/.
(/1V/i
7
r
7
z{/­

~- b1~ b 1;/­

-~///-/
increased cr~x
~~
_ / 9 - / --Ld -d' d
stan ar Ize cr x

7 /C
I
r'
bred bred = reduced Width
/.. •

Figure 7

Construction and Design Page 56

3.6 56 of 66
 3.6 Design of Welded Structures with Predominantly Static Loading
2.3.4 Cross bending of the flange (jy

When the radial compressive stresses applied to the flange, they will load this cross section as a cantile­
ver beam, since it's supported along the centreline by the web.

Thic
.•.. -
rt:lcllltc
• ---.~-
in
...
!:I ht:lnrlinrt
~
mnmt:lnt \Alhirh !:If"'tc nrthnrlnn!:ll tn tho f"'ontrt:llino
- _ . ' - " ' 0 ..• _ ... _ . . . . . . . . _ .. - - - - - ' " - - 0 - " - - . - ... - - _ ..•. _ .... -
nf tht:l fbn(1o !:Inri in thic \AI!:I\!
_ .... - "-"0- - " - ....... - " - J .•
it

bends the y-axis.

It can calculated with the formula:

My = {)z * (b1)£ I 2

with: <Jz = <Jx, st * (tf / rf)

and for the stresses in the y-direction we can use the formula

<Jy = My I Wy

with: W y = tf I 6

Y E----t Z

..ttt::.-_ _-..J. _. ax, Standardized

I
I
! b

Cross Section I
A-A

My (~iiiiii]
Picture 8

For an exactly calculation of the transverse stresses cry it's recommended to carry out the calculation
with the reduced width and the increased direct stresses.

In this case it's necessary to start a complete new calculation for crx with the reduced width.

Construction and DesiJ;!n PaJ;!e 57

3.6 57 of 66
 3.6 Design of Welded Structures with Predominantly Static Loading
2.3.5 Stresses of the welds

In every frame corner, where moments are acting, a biaxial state of stresses occurs in the welds, which
connect the web with the flange.

't =V * Sweld I I * La

and a!so the radla! stresses have taken !!:!o account

{}z = Fe I rweld * La

With both shear and normal stresses the reference stresses must be calculated, meanwhile it isn't al­
lowed, that one of the single stresses pass the permissible value.

y
z

rweld

centre .Ei)._._._._._..lL-­
of curvature
Figure 9

Construction
3.6 and Design 58 Page
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 3.6 Design of Welded Structures with Predominantly Static Loading

2.4 square corner

I
I Basis for this shape of comer is an ideaiised plate
l I
which is riqid aoainst shear stresses. Her dimensions I
I are limited~ by the center lines of the flanges. I
'
IFurthermore the actual internal forces and moments, I
I~~~:d~~:~:~~~::~~!~~7I:~~~o:;~~e~e~~~~:xes I
..a
.c

, Therefor~ is valid: . I
i 'seam (Qoundary)
II
ND,o
\!
::: Nb
::::; \!
',­

VbJt) Vb I
I => Mb,b = M b + Vb * he 1 2 I
IColumn (Qoundary) => NC1b = Nc I
I ~ ~:,bb ~ee : - Ve • hb 1 2 I
I
IThe normal forces and the moments from the bounda- I
Nb,b -Mbb
= I :wi~~ .'!!I'li~I._~!~~~t:_ ~~<~~e:~ flanges and the transverse force
2 hb
I ~ ::J~d U\jcH~ ~~ l:l~ ~ u. , , ."
II_

IAll forces, wnlcn acr on one oounaary, Will summed as

I a resulting force,
Vb,b
I Beam, upper flange
Mb,b . Beam, lOWer flange ::; Mb,b / hb + Nb,b / 2 - Ve,b
hb

~ &J2
) ICoiumn, outer flange = - Me,b I he - Ne,b 12
2 2 IColumn, inner flange = Me,b I he - Ne,b 12 + Vb,b
Me.b
hC 1 1 Me,b
he
II~II
(].')
rn
c
m
ETbeam, upper flange
(].')
resulting .!or~es wi~1 u.nifor~!y deposite ?~ shear
I torces over the boundaries Of tne corner plate.
III
ti= rn
c
ro
;;::: IThe shear flow in the corner plate is constant with: I
CD
c - T i he : : ; Bro,fI I he : : ;
::::; Bup,f) hb : : :
Cau,fI / I hb Cfn,f] I
.£;
C IIAlso ~~, shear stre~se~ ~r~ const~~!t with ! " I
E
::;
15
~
l't = I I I tt mlGKneSS me Gorner plate)
aT I
I I
~__________~I_ Tbeam, lower flange
I
With these shear stresses the normal static and also the stability calculation can carried out.

Construction and Desi2:n

3.6 59Pa2:e
of 6659
 3.6 Design of Welded Structures with Predominantly Static Loading

2.5 Tapered haunches

required shiffener
I~~:~~;e~;;~~~i:~~r~~;~force in the inner flenge has to
I On the basis of this a concentrated force of deflection occurs at
r every salient point.

12~~~~~~r~~~~,E~~~~:;::!c~~~~:~::3n~F~~;;~~~~~
I Because of that it is required to make an additional static calcula­
Ilion for the radiai compressive forces at the saiient pOints.
I ~ee:;~~c~~!C~!:t~~ :~~ t:;u~~:~~~i:;:. itseif and the haunch is

Web plates of the column

and the haunch

2.5.1 Frame corner with mitre-cut

~============~-? compressive force occurs.

This radial compressive force will allocated to the wE?lds and the
cover plates in the axis of the mitre-cut.
The cover plates have an effect as stiffeners.
For this type of frame comer the static calculation of the radial
compressive forces will be decisive.

\...AM t

3.6 and Design

Construction 60Page
of 66
60
 3.6 Design of Welded Structures with Predominantly Static Loading

3. summary
a) In a curved haunch under a compressly moment the former diffusion of the bending stresses change
into a hyperbolic diffusion of this stresses.
b) The stresses near the inner fiange increases rapidiy and a stress peak occur the more the curvature
of the flange becomes smaller.
c) At a sharp corner where the radius of the curve becomes zero, the stresses at this point reaches
theoretical an infinite value. In nature does it mean, that the yield point of the steel has reached and a
deformation starts.
d) Curved haunches with a sharp corner at the outside resulting in a reduce of the direct stresses <Jx at
the inner flange from approximately 10% up to 20 %.
The stresses near the area of the outside corner slow down and were can viewed as stressless.

a) b) c)

-0

compressive stresses
f\
reduced compressive
will reach theoretical 00 stressed opposite a}

diffusion of tensile stresses

------­ diffusion of compressive stresses

Figure 10

e) From the maximum direct stress the radial stress has calculated.
f) The radial stress results in a deflection of the flange and also to a biaxial state of stress for the web
and the welds between the web and the flange.

Figure 11

Construction
3.6 and Design 61 Page
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 3.6 Design of Welded Structures with Predominantly Static Loading

4. General rules for the design

a) Avoid a smali radius of curvature! for constructions under non predominantly loads an absolutely
minimum property of ri / h 2: 1 is required.
C' .....................1-.." ... ~4- ...... .-..... , *_""" .................." ...... " ....+.. ,.....+ _
# J h ......... ..., t::. i .................... _ ........ ~~"""",J.-. ......
I Vl Vll'vl Clll U\..fLUI vCl 0 fJl VfJVI 1.1 VI 1 9 I II:::::" ' - . v ICl I v\..fVllllllvl IUvU.

b) The inner flange should designed with a greater thickness than the outer one and should not very
wide, that means a flange should be compact.
c) Web plates in a rigid frame corner should be thicker than in the beam or column.
d) In a sharp edge corner an additional plate can used to reach a higher thickness of the web.
e) Web plates and the inner flange should rigided by stiffeners.
f} The distance of the stiffeners should be 2 * bf
g) In principle the welds between the web and the flange must calculated for a biaxial state of stress.

5.1 Curved haunch under non predominantly loads

Figure 12

Construction Page 62
3.6 and Design 62 of 66
 3.6 Design of Welded Structures with Predominantly Static Loading
~ "" _=_:.-1 z ____ ______ ~ _____ .-I _ _ =___ .... ~. _ ... _ ...:_ • __ .-1 __ .-1 ••• : ... 1.-_ ..... _ •• _ _ _ .-1 1.-_ •• _ _ 1.- __
"'., n.'~IU II alll~ ,",VIII~I IVI 1-'1 ~uvllllilal ... ly >:)"a ... ,", I v a u a l l u VVI ... IVU" ,",UI v~u IIClUII,",II~>:)

Rigid frame corners made from hot-rolled profiles for lower moments and transverse forces

->'~;)M
,/

'l
.
( .8 ..

I
l_.. l
IfTy
lL.+.lL
V
M
_:.L ___ •. J. ~ •• :LI- L .• .&.J.. ... ~_I...J :"L... ......... •_:s........ -. :_:_"
--.:.__ ........&. ••• _:~ ...... _ ...... . .;J..L., ") _I_.L_ , •• _1-1
Illn.1 C-"""Ul V'IIL,I LJUlLVVC;:IU J 1111.. C;-\.I\.,u• • VIU I \", \.U:... UVI til JVII'\. If IfLl "':::;-\JoUl VYILII ~-tJ'CI\v YYCIU

welded tension bracket at the column welded tension bracket at the beam

tension bracket

1
tension_~t::
bracket

I
.+­
at the column at the beam
with cruziform joint welded tension bracket

3.6 and Design

Construction 63Page
of 66
63
 3.6 Design of Welded Structures with Predominantly Static Loading

3-plate weld ~

at the column at the beam

with 3-plate-weld welded tension bracket

5.3 Rigid frame corners made from hot..rolled profiles for higher moments and transverse forces

Endangered cross section,

which following can occur:
1. lamination
2. tendency of lamellar tearing

);;31~
Oetail ..A" D!D
with welded square corner with bracket
intermediate beam

5.4 Bolted rigid frame corners

5.4.1 made from hot-rolled profiles for low moments and transverse forces

cross section A - A

Mitre-cut joint
Cover plates connection
with bolts p.c. 10.9

l____.!
-
Construction and Design
3.6 64 of 66
Page 64
 3.6 Design of Welded Structures with Predominantly Static Loading

bolts with p.c. 10.9

Tapered haunch with stiffeners and thick cover plates

5~4.2 for higher moments and transverse forces

tension bracket

_1'1
M

I.
tension bracket

a) b)
horizontal tension bracket vertical tension bracket

5.5 Roof ridges

holroDedproftle ~

~ ~
I ps, I PSI, t PE
hotrolledprofile,

H~H H~·~..l[:~H ~
roof ridge, strengthen roof ridge, strengthen roof ridge, strengthen with a welded
with hot-rolled section with a welded structure structure, which is curved

Construction
3.6 and Design 65Page 65
of 66
 3.6 Design of Welded Structures with Predominantly Static Loading

5.6 Frame corners made at hollow sections

a) not stiffed frame corner with mitre-cut b) stiffed frame corner with mitre-cut

a) frame corner with b) frame corner bolted with b) frame corner bolted with
bolted plates cover-plates and haunch cover-plates and haunch

Construction
3.6 and Design 66Page 66
of 66