INDEX

S.no Topic Page no.

1. Introduction 06

2. Circuit diagram 07

3. Code 08

4. Output wave 09

5. Working 10

6. Applications 11

7. Conclusion 12

8. References 13

5
 INTRODUCTION

Op-amp 741 IC is one of the most popular and versatile operation amplifiers and can be used in lot of
application including, comparator, wave generator amplifier etc. A square wave generator is an
electronic circuit, which generates a square wave. The operational amplifier based square waveform
generator is a simple circuit that is widely used in function generators. The circuit for Square wave
generator is designed using 741 op amp.

Square Wave Generator:

The square wave generator is defined as an oscillator that gives the output without any input.
• Without any input in the sense, we should give input within zero seconds that means it must be
an impulse input.
• This generator is used in digital signal processing and electronic applications.
• The square wave generator is also known as Astable Multivibrator or free-running and the
frequency of the square wave generator is independent of the output voltage.

Astable Multivibrator:

A multivibrator is one type of electronic circuit, that is used to implement a two-state system like flip-
flops, timers, and oscillators.
• Multivibrators are categorized by two amplifying devices like electron tubes, transistors, and
other devices like capacitors and cross-coupled by resistors.
• Multivibrators are classified into three types based on the circuit operation, namely Astable
multivibrators, Bistable multivibrators, and Monostable multivibrators.

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 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

One capacitor is connected to the inverting terminal of an op-amp with one pin connected to ground, a
resistor for charging and discharging of the capacitor is also connected to the inverting terminal to
output. One voltage divider is designed using two resistors & is connected to output and ground at the
non-inverting pin.

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 CODE

close all
clear all
clc
% Square Wave Generator Parameters
frequency = 1; % Frequency of the square wave in Hz
amplitude = 1; % Amplitude of the square wave
duration = 2; % Duration of the square wave in seconds

% Time parameters
t = 0:0.001:duration; % Time vector with a 1 ms time step

% Generate Square Wave

% Plotting
plot(t, square_wave, 'LineWidth', 2);
title('Square Wave Generator');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
ylim([-1.5 * amplitude, 1.5 * amplitude]);
grid on;

% Display the plot

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OUTPUT WAVE

9
 WORKING

The circuit of the op-amp contains a capacitor, resistors, and a voltage divider. The capacitor C and the resistor R are
connected with the inverting terminal, as shown in figure 1. The non-inverting terminal is connected to a voltage
divider network with resistors R1 and R2. A supply voltage is provided to the op-amp. Let us assume that the voltage
across the non-inverting terminal is V1 and across the inverting terminal is V2.
Vd is the differential voltage between the inverting and the non-inverting terminal. Initially, the capacitor has no
charge. Therefore, we can take V2 as zero.

We know, Vd = V1-V2
As initially, V2=0, Vd = V1

We know, V1 is a function of output offset voltage, R1, and R2. The leakage results in the generation of the output
offset voltage.

Vd can be positive or negative. It depends upon the polarity of the output offset voltage.
Let us assume initially, Vd is positive.
So the capacitor has no charge, and the op-amp has maximum gain. So the positive differential voltage will drive the
op-amp’s output voltage Vo towards the positive saturation voltage.

So, V1=R1/R1+R2Vsat

At this point, the capacitor starts charging towards the positive saturation voltage through the resistor R. It will
increase its voltage from zero to a particular value. After reaching a value slightly greater than V 1, the op-amp will
give a negative output voltage, and reach the negative saturation voltage. Then the equation becomes,

Vd = -V1+V2
-V1=R1/R1+R2(-Vsat)

As V1 is negative now, the capacitor starts discharging towards negative saturation voltage up to a certain value.
After reaching a value slightly less than V1, the output voltage will move to positive saturation voltage again.
This total phenomenon repeatedly happens , generating the square waves.

Therefore we get square waves that switch between +Vsat and -Vsat.

Therefore, V1=R1/R1+R2(Vsat)
The time period of the output of square wave, T=2RCln (2R1+R2/R2)

10
 APPLICATIONS

A square wave generator is a circuit that generates a square wave signal. This signal can be used in a
variety of applications, including:

1. Digital logic circuits: Square waves are commonly used as clock signals in digital logic circuits.
2. Oscillators: Square waves can be used to generate other waveforms, such as a sine wave, using a
process called frequency modulation.
3. Power electronics: Square waves can be used to control the speed of motors, the intensity of
light bulbs and the power delivered to other devices.
4. Measuring instruments: Square waves can be used as a reference signal in measuring
instruments, such as oscilloscopes, to measure the accuracy of other signals.
5. Communications: Square waves can be used to modulate and demodulate signals for
communication systems, such as in digital radio and television broadcasting.
6. Audio: Square waves can be used to generate sound, such as in old-fashioned video game
systems and synthesizers.

11
 CONCLUSION

▪ Observe the frequency of operation of the circuit and compare with the theoretical values.
▪ Changing the R and C values to change the frequency and oscillation and verify with the
theoretical values.
▪ The output waveforms can be traced for inverting and non-inverting inputs..
▪ Thus the output waveform is obtained and the circuit is Implemented using the Solid thinking
Activate tool.

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 REFERENCES

▪ https://www.slideshare.net/RajaR30/unitiii-waveform-generator

▪ https://testbook.com/question-answer/a-square-wave-generator-is-also-called1-one-s--
6048b8368532b686c6f09849#:~:text=The%20square%20wave%20generator%20is,signal%20processing%20
and%20electronic%20applications.

▪ https://www.google.com/search?q=astable+multivibrator&sca_esv=584961557&rlz=1C1CHBD_enIN1058I
N1058&tbm=isch&sxsrf=AM9HkKkw8CPfYgW9gFwTW68j05EwTL8Dwg:1700791720463&source=lnms
&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=2ahUKEwjm59byxtuCAxX_9jgGHfwWBVsQ_AUoAXoECAMQAw&biw=1280&bih
=595&dpr=1.5#imgrc=QhIYqyUjfBQCjM

▪ https://www.google.com/search?q=square+wave+generator+circuit&sca_esv=584961557&rlz=1C1CHBD_e
nIN1058IN1058&tbm=isch&sxsrf=AM9HkKkoUEcFxZXRlG5LrLavVB3T2G10Mg:1700793739560&sourc
e=lnms&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=2ahUKEwic47q1ztuCAxUdxjgGHa7sDhsQ_AUoAXoECAMQAw&biw=1280
&bih=595&dpr=1.5#imgrc=AWU6-t11mw985M

▪ https://lambdageeks.com/what-is-a-square-wave-generator-circuit-diagram/

▪ https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-applications-of-a-square-wave-generator
▪ https://altairuniversity.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/square-wave-Generator-.pdf

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