Lab Manual

For

Computer Networking Lab

(CACS 303)

Bachelors in Computer Application

Year/Semester: III/V

Nepathya College

Manoj Pokharel
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

Rough record and Fair record are needed to record the experiments conducted in the laboratory.
Rough records are needed to be certified immediately on completion of the experiment. Fair
records are due at the beginning of the next lab period. Fair records must be submitted as neat,
legible, and complete.

INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS FOR WRITING THE FAIR RECORD

In the fair record, the index page should be filled properly by writing the corresponding
experiment number, experiment name, date on which it was done and the page number.
On the right-side page of the record following has to be written:

1. Title: The title of the experiment should be written in the page in capital letters.
2. In the left top margin, experiment number and date should be written.
3. Aim: The purpose of the experiment should be written clearly.
4. Apparatus/Tools/Equipment/Components used: A list of the Apparatus/Tools
/equipment /Components used for doing the experiment should be entered.
5. Procedure: steps for doing the experiment and recording the readings should be briefly
described (flow chart/programs in the case of computer/processor related experiments)
6. Results: The results of the experiment must be summarized in writing and should be
fulfilling the aim.
7. Inference: Inference from the results is to be mentioned.

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 INDEX

S.No List of Experiments Page No.

1. Study of different types of Network Cables and Practically 4
implement the cross-wired cable and straight through cable using
clamping tool.
2. Determine the appropriate placement of networking devices in a 7
network.
3. Prepare hardware and software specification for a basic computer 9
system.
4. Configure the IP address and Subnet Mask of a system in LAN 10
(TCP/IP).
5. Study of basic network commands. 11
6. Install Packet Tracer and Identify the features of packet tracer. 12
7. Implement the LAN topologies in Packet Tracer. 13
8. Demonstrate the use of VLAN. 16
9. Implement the static and dynamic router configuration using 18
Packet Tracer.
10. Capture some packets and analyze the header using Wireshark. 22

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 Lab No. 1

Experiment: Do the following cabling works in a network using Unshielded Twisted

Pair Cable:

a) Straight Cabling
b) Cross Cabling
c) Cable Crimping
d) Testing the crimped cable using a cable tester

Aim: To do the following:

a) Learn and implement straight and cross-over cabling standards

b) Crimp cable using the standards in step (a)
c) Test the crimped cable using a cable tester

Tools and Equipment:

a) RJ-45 Connecter
b) Crimping Tool
c) Twisted Pair Cable (Cat.5, Cat.6)
d) Cable Tester

Principle:

UTP is most widely used cable for creating LANs. 10BaseT and 100BaseT are most common
mode of LAN in which category 5 and higher standard cables can be used.

Standard (Straight) Cabling:

1. A straight cable is used to connect dissimilar devices with each other such as a
computer to a hub, TVs to a router and so on.
2. A straight cabling has same pin-out at both ends. It follows either the T568A
(outdated) or T568B standards.
3. Most common type of cabling used today.

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The T568A standard introduced in 1995, was replaced by the T568B standard in 2002 and
has been updated since. The above diagram shows the pin-out specification for the T568B
standard.

Cross-Over Cabling:

1. A cross cable is used to connect two similar devices directly with each other, only by
using the cable itself.
2. Connections between PC-to-PC, Router-to-Router, Hub-to-Hub etc. can be done using
crossover cabling.
3. Cross over cabling has different pin out at both ends, specifically T8566A at one end
and T856B at another end.

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Procedure:

For implementation of the straight and cross cabling standards in networking, the UTP cable
must be crimped using the procedure described below:

1. Remove the outmost vinyl shield for 12 mm at one end of the cable (say A side)
2. Cut the inner transparent plastic thread,
3. Arrange the wires according to the desired standard.
4. Insert the metal wires into RJ45 connector on keeping the arrangement of wires same.
5. Also make the other side of the cable (say B side)
6. The crimping is complete.

Testing the crimped cable using the cable tester:

1. Connect one end of the crimped cable to the master port and another node to the remote
port of the cable tester.
2. Press the start button and ensure that all the lights blink synchronously in both the
master and slave.
3. If any light does not blink or multiple lights blink at once, there is error in cable.
4. Re-crimp the cable and test again.

Result:

Standard cabling, Cross cabling, Crimping and Testing the crimped cable are done
successfully.

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 Lab No. 2

Experiment: Determine the appropriate placement of networking devices on a network.

Aim: Study of the following network devices in detail and configure them.

1. Repeater
2. Hub
3. Switch
4. Router
5. Gateway

Tools and Equipment: N/A

Procedure: Study and understand the following to determine the use of devices and where to
place them.

1. Repeater:
a. Functions at Physical Layer.
b. Used to boost signals lost due to attenuation, so that the signal can cover longer
distance.
c. Has only two ports, one incoming one outgoing.
2. Hub:
a. A multiport repeater that sends the received data to all other ports.
b. Used in small networks since it is prone to collisions.
c. Operates in half-duplex mode
3. Switch:
a. A network switch operates at layer 2 and connects multiple network segments
b. Operate in full duplex mode allowing simultaneous bidirectional capabilities
between each port.
c. Switching is done based on MAC address
d. Switches that operate at network layer and above also exist, often referred as
layer 3 switches or multilayer switches.
4. Router:
a. Device that connects multiple devices to a network and even multiple networks
with each other.

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 b. Routers are used in large network where multiple paths exist between the source
and destination.
c. Can determine device failures or congestion quickly.
d. Can be configured to permit or deny communication based on the protocol used,
IP address, port number and MAC address. (Access Control Lists)
e. Uses IP address to direct traffic from source to destination.
5. Gateway:
a. A device used for interfacing multiple networks that use dissimilar protocols.
b. Gateway may contain protocol translators, rate converters, fault isolators etc.
c. It connects networks using multiple protocol by protocol translation.

Result: Determining the appropriate placement of the networking devices and configuring
has been done successfully.

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 Lab No. 3

Experiment: Prepare hardware and software specification for basic computer system.

Aim:

It is the responsibility of a network/system administrator to prepare a specification for purchase

of computers, its related peripherals and networking equipments. The aim is to understand how
to develop software and hardware specification and which factors to consider during the
quotation development phase.

Tools and Equipment: N/A

Procedure:

The table below focuses on the aspects to consider while preparing the specifications:

S. No Device Technical Specifications Quantity

1. Personal Branded 500 NoS
Computer CPU Intel Core i5-6500U 2.5 GHz, 2.5 GHz or higher.
RAM: 8 GB DDR5 or higher
Storage: 128 GB SSD, R/W speed 540 Mbps or higher
Display: 19.6-inch, LED technology, Refresh rate 60 Hz
or higher.
Graphics: 2 GB dedicated graphics

2. Switch Ports: 48 or higher 10 NoS

Network Media: Fiber Optic cable
Number of ports: 24 or higher
Packet Forwarding Rate: 1Gbps or higher
Additional Features: PoE ready, IoT capable
3. Router
4. Cable

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 Lab No. 4

Experiment: Configure the IP address and Subnet Mask of a system in LAN (TCP/IP)

Aim: Learn to configure the IP address and the Subnet mask and DNS server for the LAN
adapter

Tools used: N/A

Procedure:

1. Open Run using the shortcut windows key + R

2. Type ncpa.cpl and press enter, you will see a network connections window.
3. Right click on the adapter to configure, and select properties.
4. On the Wi-Fi Properties dialog box, double click on Internet Protocol Version 4
(TCP/IPv4), this opens TCP/IPv4 properties.
5. Select the ‘Obtain IP address automatically’ to let computer automatically choose IP
address OR specify the desired IP address, Subnet mask and Default gateway.
6. Similarly, also choose to automatically obtain DNS server address or specify the
address of the DNS server
7. Finally, click on OK.

Result: Configuring the IP address, subnet mask and choosing default gateway along with
configuring DNS server has been completed successfully.

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 Lab No. 5

Experiment: Study of basic network commands

Aim: Learn and implement basic networking commands: ping, tracert, nslookup, NetStat, IP
Config, Route, ARP.

Tools used: Command Prompt and Nmap (GUI)

Procedure:

Use the command prompt and execute the following commands:

1. Ping: It is used to test a network host capacity to interact with another host. The general
syntax is ping <target host>. Ping utilizes the ICMP, which send the echo packet to
target host. If target host replies to the echo packet, the destination is reachable.
2. NetStat: It is a common TCP-IP networking command. It provides the statistics and
information about the resources in use by the TCP-IP protocol.
3. IP Config: It displays the basic details about the device’s IP address configuration.
Displays the IP, subnet mask and default gateway for each interface. Full information
is obtained by using ipconfig/all command.
4. Tracert: This command is used to trace a path to destination including the details of the
intermediate hops. The details include hostname or IP address if hostname is not
available. It is useful to troubleshoot large networks where several paths can lead to the
same point or where many intermediate nodes are involved.
5. Nslookup: The command stands for name server lookup. It is a network utility
command used to obtain information about internet servers. It provides name server
information for the DNS. Syntax: Nslookup or Nslookup [domain_name ]
6. Route: In IP networks routing tables are used to direct packets from one subnet to
another. The route command is used to provide the devices routing tables. To view
routing tables, just type route print. After that the user can make changes using
commands such ass Route Add, Route Delete, and Route Change to modify the routing
table.
7. ARP: It stands for Address Resolution Protocol. ARP maps the IP addresses to MAC
addresses. Using the ARP command one can view the MAC address related to the
current NIC. Syntax: arp -a.

Result: Study of the basic network commands and their usage is completed successfully.

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 Lab No. 6

Experiment: Install Packet Tracer and Identify the features of packet tracer.

Aim: Learn the primary objective and features of packet tracer. Install the Packet Tracer
software and understand the basics of the software.

Tools used: Internet Browser (Chrome) and Packet Tracer software

Procedure:

This experiment is solely based on the student research upon the guidance of the lecturer.
Prepare the report as per your research.

Result: Cisco Packet Tracer is downloaded and installed, the basics and interface of the
software is discussed and completed successfully.

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 Lab No. 7

Experiment: Implement LAN topologies in Packet Tracer

Aim: Understand the working of LAN topologies and the associated devices. Explore the areas
to be configured while implementing and using a LAN.

Tools: Packet Tracer Software

Procedure: The experiment is conducted on the basis of outcomes of previous experiments.

The idea is to create a network and simulate data transfer in the network.

1. Create a star topology and simulate it.

a. Open the packet tracer and select desired end devices.
b. Under the Network Devices tab, Select Hubs and select PT-Hub
c. Under the connections tab, select copper straight through connection or
automatically choose connection and connect end devices to the hub.
d. Configure the IP address for each end device.
e. Simulate the packet transfer.

Figure: LAN using Star Topology

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 2. Create a star topology using switch.
a. Open the packet tracer and select desired end devices.
b. Under the Network Devices tab, select switch and choose 2960 switch.
c. Under the connections tab, select copper straight through connection or
automatically choose connection and connect end devices with the switch.
d. Configure the IP address for each device.
e. Simulate the packet transfer.

Figure: Star Topology using a switch

3. Connect two multiple LAN segments using a router.

a. Create two multiple networks using a switch as described in above step 2.
b. Consider the 1st segment, say A uses IP range starting from 10.0.0.1
c. Consider the 2nd segment, say B uses IP starting from 192.168.0.1
d. Use the ping command to determine each device in each segment is reachable
within the network.
e. Now select 2911 router under the Routers through the Network Devices tab.
f. Use the appropriate connection to connect LANs to the router.
g. Next step is to configure the Default Gateway, to make communication
possible between multiple LANs.
i. Select the designated port for network A in the router and assign IP in
the range of network A. (say 10.0.0.8)
ii. Repeat step (i) for network B too. (say 192.168.0.7)

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 iii. Try ping command from one pc in network A to another pc in network
B. will it succeed?
iv. Now, we need to configure default gateway for each device in each
network.
v. Select each device and update the default gateway to be the IP of
designated port for each network.
vi. Now try to ping and send the data.
vii. Data transfer might fail for 1st time since, switch has to learn the MAC
addresses of devices, but data is sent successfully there onwards.

Figure: Connecting multiple networks using Router

Result: Various topologies are implemented and necessary configurations are made to enable
data transfer. The implementation of topologies is completed successfully.

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 Lab No. 8

Experiment: Demonstrate the use of VLAN.

Aim: Understand the concepts of VLAN and its necessity. Implement VLAN using packet
tracer software.

Tools Used: Packet Tracer Software

Procedure:

1. As done in experiment 7 step 2, create a star topology LAN with minimum of 4

devices.
2. Assign IP address of the same range for half of devices, say VLAN 0 and another
range of IP addresses to remaining devices, say VLAN 1. Also set the default gateway
for each VLAN to be same.
3. Now in the CLI of the switch use the following commands:

Use the command ‘show vlan’ to ensure the VLAN entries are created. Now we need to
define the interfaces (ports) used by each by each VLAN.

Configure each interface of the switch using the procedure above and then exit. You have
successfully configured the VLAN.

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Result: VLAN is successfully implemented in the Packet Tracer Software.

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 Lab No. 9

Experiment: Implement the static and dynamic router configuration using Packet
Tracer.

Aim: Understand the concepts and process of allocating static IP addresses and obtaining
addresses using the DHCP.

Tools Used: Packet Tracer Software

Procedure: Implement static router configuration

1. Build a WAN comprising of at least two LANs that are connected to each other
through router-router connection.
2. Ensure that the router-router connection is made using the serial DCE connection.
a. Click on the router and select physical tab.
b. Turn the switch off and select ‘HWIC-2T’ module => drag it and place in
empty slot of router
c. Turn on the router.
3. Assign IP addresses to every host in each LAN and also set the default gateway for
each node.
4. Also assign the default gateway as IP for the respective port of each LAN connected
to the router. Also assign the IP address for the serial interface. The configuration
looks as follows:

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 5. Now, try to ping or send data from device at one LAN to device at another LAN. Will
it succeed?
a. No, as we have only assigned IP addresses to devices but to perform routing
routers need a routing table (route).
6. To create a routing entry, click on router>config>routing>static.
a. In the Network field, place the destined network ID keeping the Host bits 0.
b. In the Mask, provide Network Mask.
c. In the Next Hop provide the IP address of the previous or next connection.

7. Repeat for all routers, for each router there must be incoming and outgoing entries.
8. Try to ping or send the data. It will successfully complete.

Procedure: Implement Dynamic Router Configuration

1. Build a WAN comprising of at least two LANs that are connected to each other
through router-router connection.
2. Ensure that the router-router connection is made using the serial DCE connection.
a. Click on the router and select physical tab.
b. Turn the switch off and select ‘HWIC-2T’ module => drag it and place in
empty slot of router
c. Turn on the router.
3. Assign IP addresses to every host in each LAN and also set the default gateway for
each node.
4. Also assign the default gateway as IP for the respective port of each LAN connected
to the router. Also assign the IP address for the serial interface. The configuration
looks as follows:

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 5. Now, try to ping or send data from device at one LAN to device at another LAN. Will
it succeed?
a. No, as we have only assigned IP addresses to devices but to perform routing
routers need a routing table (route).
6. To create a routing entry, click on each router>config>routing>RIP
a. In the Network field, place the network ID of all the networks keeping the host
bits 0 including the network IP itself.

7. Repeat for all routers, for each router there must be incoming and outgoing entries.

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 8. Try to ping or send the data. It will successfully complete.

Result: The static and dynamic configuration of router (using RIP) is completed successfully.

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 Lab No.10

Experiment: Capture some packets and analyze the header using Wireshark.

Aim: Capture data packets and explore the headers of various protocols.

Tools used: Wireshark

Procedure:

1. Assuming Wireshark is installed prior, open wireshark and choose the desired
interface.
2. Start capturing the packets and browse the internet using some browser.
3. After some time, stop capturing packet and start observing the packets used by
various protocols.
4. Choose the desired protocol and view its header information.

Result: Packets are captured and header of certain protocols are studied and results are
interpreted.

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