ARUN MUCHHALA GROUP

SAI SHIVA EDUCATIONAL TRUST’S

MUCHHALA POLYTECHNIC, THANE

BRANCH: INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
ACADEMIC YEAR: 2023-2024
SUBJECT NAME: Wireless and Mobile Network(22622).
COURSE: IF6I.
TOPIC: F e a t u r e s , A r c h i t e c t u r e , A p p l i c a t i o n o f 4G, 4G.LTE,
VoLTE, 4.5G, 5G.Comparison of 3G-4G-5G.

PREPARED BY:
ROLL NO. NAMES

3501 Mayuresh Jadhav

3502 Abhishek Adhav

3510 Sayyam Vaishnav

3513 Shams Ansari

 PLAN-A

Brief Description:
In the ever-evolving landscape of telecommunications, the progression
from 3G to the latest 5G technology marks a transformative journey.
This project delves into the intricacies of Wireless and Mobile
Networks, exploring the features, architecture, and applications of 4G,
4G LTE, VoLTE, 4.5G, and 5G. Understanding these advancements is
crucial for grasping the dynamics of modern connectivity.
Aim of the Micro-Project:
Our Micro-Project aims to understand and explain the unique
features of 4G, 4G VoLTE, 4.5G and 5G. We want to explore
how this technologies work in real-life situations and how they
impact our everyday communication. By the end we aim to
simplify the technology behind mobile networks, making it easy
for everyone to grasp how 4G, 4G LTE, VoLTE, 4.5G, and 5G
play a crucial role in shaping the way we connect in the modern
world.
Action plan:

SR DETAILS OF PLANNED PLANNED NAME OF

NO ACTIVITY START DATE FINISH DATE TEAM
MEMBERS

Group formation Mayuresh

1 and project Jadhav
initialization

Project Initiation Abhishek

2 and Adhav
Information
Sharing
Project Topic Sayyam
3 Finalization Vaishnav

Project Discussion Shams

4 Ansari

Project Planning Mayuresh

5 Jadhav

Task Assignment Abhishek

6 Adhav

Guideline Review Sayyam

7 Vaishnav

Project Shams
8 Implementation Ansari
Start
9 Project Mayuresh
Development Jadhav

10 Project Abhishek
Development Adhav

11 Project Validation Sayyam

Vaishnav

12 Project Shams
Development Ansari

13 Project Mayuresh
Development Jadhav

14 Project Testing Abhishek

Adhav

15 Project Testing Sayyam

Vaishnav

16 Finalization and Shams

Submission Ansari
 PLAN-B

Brief Description:
The micro-project aims to provide practical insights into the water purification
process by exploring a nearby Reverse Osmosis (RO) water treatment plant.
Understanding the significance of water treatment for ensuring clean drinking
water is crucial for communities. This experience offers valuable knowledge
about RO system operation, maintenance, and efficiency, addressing essential
water quality concerns.

Aim of Micro Project:

The primary goal of this micro-project is to comprehensively understand the
Reverse Osmosis water treatment process. Through hands-on experience, it will
enhance our knowledge of water treatment technologies, equipment, and
processes. Additionally, the project aims to raise awareness about clean water's
importance and the role of RO systems in ensuring it.

Course Outcomes Integrated:

a) Understanding the basics of wireless and mobile networks.
b) Compare the features of 3G, 4G and 5G in practical way.
c) Analyze how this technologies are used in different situations.
d) Be ready to tackle the ever-changing world of telecommunication

Resources Required:
SR NO RESOURCES REQUIRED SPECIFICATION QUANTITY
1 Computer System 8 GB RAM, Windows 11 1
OS
2 Internet google.com -

3 Textbook WMN(22622) 1
 Introduction to Network Generation
When you look at your phone next to the bar indicating signal strength, there is usually a handful of
numbers and letters like 4G or LTE. If you have paid close attention, you might notice that you have
better connectivity with LTE than you get with 3G. Behind these symbols and codes is a complex web
of technological history still shaping global telecommunications today. If you want to understand more
about telecom systems, it’s essential to learn about network generations.

Network generation is a type of cellular network generally referred to by its number, starting

with 1G and going all the way through 2G, 3G, and 4G to the most recent developed generation:
5G. They are referred to as generations because that is how they were institutionally defined. As the
developers responsible for cellular network technology, telecom giants primarily set specific standards
for network capabilities. They used their knowledge of contemporary advancements not only to
expand the potential range and power of their existing networks but also to define the scope of what
the next generation of systems would be able to achieve. Let us understand some of them in detail.

4TH Generation (4G)

Introduction
4G is known as the fourth Generation of Mobile Communication or wireless
communication technology, which is the successor of the 3G network. It provides high data
transmission speed and is suitable for HD video calling, fast download and upload, live
streaming, online gaming, etc. A 4G system must adhere to the capabilities and features
specified by the ITU(International Telecommunication
 Union) in IMT advanced, including transmission
technology and data speed. 4G network provides up to 100
Mbps speed to users, far higher than a 3G network. 4G
enables users to stream high-definition audio and videos
without interruption due to its high speed. It also facilitates
wireless broadband that allows the users to access the
internet without any need for fixed wired.

Architecture
Figure shows Generic Mobile Communication architecture.
4G network is an integration of all heterogeneous wireless
access networks such as Ad-hoc, cellular, hotspot and
satellite radio component.
Technologies used in 4 G are smart antennas for multiple
input and multiple output (MIMO), IPv6, VoIP, OFDM and Software defined radio (SDR)
System.
 Smart Antennas:

1. Smart Antennas are Transmitting and receiving antennas.

2. It does not require increase power and additional frequency.

 IPV6 Technology:

1. 4G uses IPV6 Technology in order to support a large number of wireless enable devices.
2. It enables a number of application with better multicast, security and route optimization
capabilities.

 VoIP:

1. It stands for Voice over IP.

2. It allows only packet to be transferred eliminating complexity of 2 protocols over the same circuit.

 OFDM:
 1. OFDM stands for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing.
2. It is currently used as WiMax and WiFi.

 SDR:

1. SDR stands for Software Defined Radio.

It is the form of open wireless architecture.

 Advantages:

1. It provides better spectral efficiency.

2. It has high speed, high capacity and low cost per bit.

 Disadvantage:

1. Battery usage is more.

2. Hard to implement.

 MME- Mobility Management Entity

It is used for Paging ,Authentication, Handover and Selection of Serving Gateway
 SGW- Serving gateway
It is used to Routing and Forwarding user data packet.
 PDN-GW Packet Data Network Gateway
It is used for user equipment (UE) IP allocation
 HSS -Home Subscriber Server
It is a user Database used for service subscriber, user identification and addressing
 PCRF -Policy and Charging Rule Function
It provide quality of service and charging
 eNode B-evolved Node B
It is used as radio resources management and radio bearer control

Features
1. High Data Transfer Rates: 4G provides faster data transfer rates compared to previous generations,
enabling high-speed internet access and improved multimedia streaming.

2. Low Latency: Reduced latency ensures quicker response times, which is crucial for real-time applications
like online gaming and video conferencing.

3. Advanced Multimedia Support: 4G supports high-quality multimedia applications, including HD video

streaming, video conferencing, and high-resolution gaming.

4. IP-Based Network: 4G is based on an all-IP (Internet Protocol) network, allowing seamless integration
with other IP-based services and applications.
 Applications
1. Mobile Broadband: 4G enables high-speed internet access on mobile devices, providing a better browsing
experience and supporting data-intensive applications.

2. Video Streaming: With its high data transfer rates, 4G facilitates smooth video streaming on mobile
devices, contributing to the popularity of platforms like YouTube and Netflix on smartphones.

3. Online Gaming: Low latency and high data speeds make 4G suitable for online gaming, allowing gamers
to enjoy responsive and immersive experiences.

4. Video Conferencing: The improved network capabilities of 4G support high-quality video conferencing,
making it easier for individuals and businesses to connect remotely.

4TH Generation LTE (4G LTE)

Introduction
4G LTE, or Fourth Generation Long-Term Evolution,
stands as a pivotal milestone in wireless communication and
mobile broadband technology. It represents a substantial
leap forward from its predecessors, boasting enhanced
speed, capacity, and efficiency. The core features of 4G LTE
include its capability to deliver high data transfer rates,
allowing for faster downloads and smoother streaming
experiences.

Architecture
The high-level network architecture of LTE is comprised of following three main components:

a. The User Equipment (UE).

b. The Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN).

c. The Evolved Packet Core (EPC).

The evolved packet core communicates with packet data networks in the outside world such as the
Internet, private corporate networks or the IP multimedia subsystem. The interfaces between the
different parts of the system are denoted Uu, S1 and SGi as shown below:
  The User Equipment (UE)

The internal architecture of the user equipment for LTE is identical to the one used by UMTS and
GSM which is actually a Mobile Equipment (ME). The mobile equipment comprised of the following
important modules:

 Mobile Termination (MT) : This handles all the communication functions.

 Terminal Equipment (TE) : This terminates the data streams.
 Universal Integrated Circuit Card (UICC) : This is also known as the SIM card for LTE equipments. It
runs an application known as the Universal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM).
A USIM stores user-specific data very similar to 3G SIM card. This keeps information about the user's
phone number, home network identity and security keys etc.
 The E-UTRAN (The access network)

The architecture of evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) has been
illustrated below.

The E-UTRAN handles the radio communications between the mobile and the evolved packet core and
just has one component, the evolved base stations, called eNodeB or eNB. Each eNB is a base station that
controls the mobiles in one or more cells. The base station that is communicating with a mobile is known as its
serving eNB.

LTE Mobile communicates with just one base station and one cell at a time and there are following two
main functions supported by eNB:

The eBN sends and receives radio transmissions to all the mobiles using the analogue and digital signal
processing functions of the LTE air interface.
The eNB controls the low-level operation of all its mobiles, by sending them signalling messages such as
handover commands.

Each eBN connects with the EPC by means of the S1 interface and it can also be connected to nearby
base stations by the X2 interface, which is mainly used for signalling and packet forwarding during handover.

A home eNB (HeNB) is a base station that has been purchased by a user to provide femtocell
coverage within the home. A home eNB belongs to a closed subscriber group (CSG) and can only be
accessed by mobiles with a USIM that also belongs to the closed subscriber group.

Features:
1. High Data Transfer Rates: 4G LTE offers faster data transfer rates compared to previous
generations, allowing for quicker downloads and smoother streaming.
 2. Low Latency: Reduced latency ensures minimal delays in data transmission, contributing to
improved real-time communication and interactive applications.

3. Enhanced Spectrum Efficiency: LTE utilizes advanced modulation techniques and multiple
antennas to optimize the use of available spectrum, improving overall network efficiency.

4. Packet Switching: 4G LTE employs packet-switched networks, which efficiently handle data
traffic by breaking it into smaller packets for transmission.

Applications
1. Mobile Broadband: 4G LTE serves as the foundation for high-speed mobile internet access,
enabling users to browse the web, stream videos, and download content on their smartphones and
tablets.

2. Video Streaming: The increased data speeds of LTE support high-quality video streaming,
making it feasible for users to enjoy high-definition content on the go.

3. VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol): LTE facilitates reliable and high-quality voice calls over the
internet, contributing to the transition from traditional circuit-switched voice networks.

4. Internet of Things (IoT): LTE supports a large number of connected devices, making it suitable
for IoT applications, such as smart homes, industrial automation, and healthcare.

5. Enterprise Connectivity: 4G LTE provides robust connectivity for businesses, supporting

applications like virtual private networks (VPNs) and ensuring reliable communication for remote
workers.

VoLTE
Introduction
Voice over Long-Term Evolution (VoLTE) is a technology that enables voice calls over 4G LTE
networks, providing a more efficient and high-
quality voice communication experience. Unlike
traditional voice calls on 2G or 3G networks,
VoLTE uses data packets to transmit voice, allowing
for faster call setup, superior call quality, and
simultaneous data usage during calls. It enhances voice
clarity and reliability, contributing to a seamless integration
of voice and data services on modern mobile networks.

Architecture
 1.

ENODEB: Evolved Node B.

2. MME: Mobility Management Entity.

3. S/P-GW : Serving/PDN(Packet Data Network) Gateway.

4. HSS: Home Subscriber Server.

5. MS:IP Multimedia Subsystem.

6. PCRF: Policy and Charging Rules Functions.

Voice over LTE(VOLTE) aims to provide the ability to handle cellular voice calls over LTE. Most
major network providers have announced their intensions to at least begin to deploy VoLTE within
the next couple years.

Features
1. Set up of the transmission path between the ternminal and IMS.

2. Security features for user authentication providing.

3. Providing the core functionality for the establishment and termination of the call(via SIP).

4. Support to call forwarding ,caller ID presentation and restriction, call waiting and multiparty
conference.

5. Designed for both voice and data traffic.

Applications
1. Rich Communication Services (RCS): VoLTE supports RCS, enhancing traditional messaging with
features like read receipts, group chat, and file sharing, bringing a more interactive experience to text-
based communication.
2. Video Calls: VoLTE facilitates high-quality video calls, enabling users to engage in face-to-face
conversations over the LTE network.

3. Wi-Fi Calling Integration: VoLTE can seamlessly integrate with Wi-Fi calling, allowing users to
make voice calls over Wi-Fi networks when LTE coverage is limited, enhancing overall connectivity.

4.5Generation (4.5G)
Introduction
4.5G, also referred to as LTE Advanced Pro, serves
as an evolutionary step between 4G LTE and the
anticipated 5G technology within wireless and
mobile networks. This intermediate phase
introduces several enhancements to the existing
LTE infrastructure. A key feature of 4.5G is the
provision of increased data speeds, delivering faster download and upload rates. Carrier aggregation
is another notable addition, enabling devices to connect to multiple frequency bands simultaneously,
optimizing spectrum utilization and bolstering overall network capacity. Advanced antenna
techniques, including massive MIMO, enhance signal quality, improve network efficiency, and
extend coverage

Features
1. MIMO (Multiple Input, Multiple Output) Technology: Increased use of MIMO with multiple
antennas at both the transmitter and receiver ends.

2. Improved Network Efficiency: Enhanced network efficiency through techniques like interference
coordination and suppression.

3. Low Latency: Reduced latency for applications that require real-time responsiveness, such as
gaming and critical communications.

4. Better Coverage: Improved coverage through advanced radio technologies, ensuring a more
reliable connection in various scenarios

Application
1. Evolution from LTE: 4.5G is an evolutionary step from LTE, leveraging existing infrastructure and gradually
introducing advanced features.

2. Software-Defined Networking (SDN) and Network Function Virtualization (NFV): Adoption of SDN and NFV
allows for more flexible and programmable networks, facilitating efficient resource management.

3. Cloud-RAN (Radio Access Network): Cloud-RAN architecture centralizes some processing functions, promoting
resource sharing and dynamic allocation.
 4. Edge Computing: Integration of edge computing to reduce latency by processing data closer to the end-users.

5TH Generation (5G)

Introduction
The fifth generation of mobile networks, commonly known
as 5G, represents a significant leap forward in wireless
communication technology. Unlike its predecessors, 5G is
designed to offer unparalleled speed, extremely low latency,
massive device connectivity, and enhanced reliability. With data
rates potentially reaching several gigabits per second, 5G
enables incredibly fast download and upload speeds, revolutionizing the way we access and share information. One
of its defining features is ultra-low latency, reducing the time it takes for devices to communicate with the network, making real-
time applications like augmented reality, virtual reality, and autonomous vehicles more feasible.

Architecture

5G Architecture Diagram

In service-based or reference point representation, the interaction between network operations is

depicted. Service-based is how the 5G architecture is described.
One form of capability made available by an NF (NF Service Producer) to other authorized NF
(NF Service Consumers) through a service-based interface is a network function service. One
form of capability made available by an NF (NF Service Producer) to other authorized NF (NF Service
Consumers) through a service-based interface is a network function service.
 Network functions may expose one or more services, which means that a producer may give one or
more consumers access to a service-based interface. It consists of a number of services, each of which is
composed of a number of procedures in the manner of NNRF MANAGEMENT, NBSF MANAGEMENT,
etc.

Features
1. High Data Rates: 5G promises significantly higher data rates compared to previous generations, with peak speeds
reaching multiple gigabits per second.

2. Low Latency: Ultra-low latency in the order of milliseconds enables real-time communication, making applications like
augmented reality, virtual reality, and gaming more immersive and responsive.

3. Massive Device Connectivity: 5G is designed to support a massive number of connected devices simultaneously,
facilitating the growth of the Internet of Things (IoT).

4. Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB): Improved mobile broadband performance provides users with faster and more
reliable internet access on their mobile devices

Application
1. Smart Cities: 5G plays a key role in enabling smart city infrastructure, with applications ranging from intelligent
transportation systems to efficient energy management.

2. Healthcare: Remote patient monitoring, telemedicine, and advanced healthcare applications benefit from 5G's low
latency and high bandwidth capabilities.

3. Industry 4.0: 5G supports the digital transformation of industries by enabling smart manufacturing, automation, and
robotics with its connectivity and low-latency features.

4. Fixed Wireless Access (FWA): 5G serves as a viable alternative for broadband access in homes and businesses, offering
high-speed internet without the need for traditional wired connections

Compare 3G - 4G – 5G
Skills Developed:
1) Technical Understanding: Grasping the features of 4G, 4G LTE, VoLTE,
4.5G, and 5G.
2) Comparative Analysis: Evaluating the differences between various mobile
network generations.
3) Practica
l

Application: Applying knowledge to real-life scenarios.

 4) Communication Skills: Effectively explaining complex technological
concepts in simple language.
Conclusion:
So, we've finished our project on mobile networks! We learned lots about 4G,
4G LTE, VoLTE, 4.5G, and 5G. Now, we know how these tech things impact
how we talk and use our phones every day. This project taught us not only techie
stuff but also how to compare and understand different mobile networks.
And guess what? We got better at explaining tricky things in a simple way.
Now, we're like experts in figuring out how these technologies work in real life.
It's like we have a special power to understand and talk about mobile networks.
This project was like an adventure, helping us get ready for more cool stuff in
the world of phones and connections.

References:
https://galooli.com/glossary/what-is-a-network-generation/
https://www.ques10.com/p/24347/explain-in-detail-4g-architecture-2/
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/lte/lte_network_architecture.htm
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/5g-network-architecture/
https://www.google.com/search?sca_esv=599441775&sxsrf=ACQVn0912CS8Vxhn5D0iv5R-
dPca7169Sw:1705577296691&q=compare+3g+4g+and+5g&tbm=isch&source=lnms&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjAz
J_H6uaDAxXOk1YBHTGxDcsQ0pQJegQICRAB&biw=1163&bih=501&dpr=1