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Lecture 1

The document discusses the fundamentals of oil and gas production including the lifecycle of oil and gas fields, major sectors of the industry, production phase activities, and multiphase flow in pipes. It also covers topics like superficial velocities, liquid holdup, pressure gradient calculation, and wellbore flow performance.

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kelvinmsemo33
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34 views

Lecture 1

The document discusses the fundamentals of oil and gas production including the lifecycle of oil and gas fields, major sectors of the industry, production phase activities, and multiphase flow in pipes. It also covers topics like superficial velocities, liquid holdup, pressure gradient calculation, and wellbore flow performance.

Uploaded by

kelvinmsemo33
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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OGU 07214:FUNDAMENTALS OF OIL

AND GAS PRODUCTION.

Number of Credits 09

Course Instructor: Eng. Daniel Rukonu


Contact information: Eng. Simulator 1
[email protected]
Introduction to oil and gas production.
• The petroleum industry is one of the major extractive
industry for energy source substances.
• Energy for:
• Transportation (Gasoline, Diesel Fuel, Aviation
• Fuel, NGV)
• Power Plant
• Industry & Household (CNG, LPG, etc)
Energy for

• Raw Materials for :


• Plastic & Polymer
• Basic Chemical Substances
• Petrochemical Product
• Infrastructure :
• Asphalt
Life cycle of Oil or Gas Field
Consists of 5 stages:
– Exploration
– Appraisal
– Development
– Production
– Abandonment
The Oil and gas industry provide hydrocarbons from the sub-surface using very same stages of Exploration,
Appraisal, Development (Drilling and completions of wells), Production and rehabilitations.
Petroleum Value Chain
Major sectors of oil and gas industry
Production phase
Production phase is targeted at bringing the well fluids
to the surface and preparing them for use in refinery or
processing plant.
All production and maintenance activities would be
carried out to meet strict safety and environmental policies
and procedures.
Production phase
The main activities consist of the following:
1 Regulate production and injection to meet approved plans for the quantity and
quality of product.

2 Monitor and record all information to manage the reservoir, wells


and facilities. This could lead to further reservoir development or
modifications to the facilities plan and schedule all production and
maintenance activities to minimize production deferment and operating
costs.
3. Carry out maintenance to safeguard
the technical integrity of all wells and
facilities and ensure their availability
over the life of the field.
The different phases - timeline
MULTIPHASE FLOW IN PIPE
• Production of hydrocarbons from a subsurface reservoir is a
commercial application of multiphase flow through porous
media.
• Hydrocarbons produced may exist in the solid, liquid (oil), or
gaseous (gas) state.
• Multi-phase flow is simply any fluid flow system consisting of
• Two or more distinct phases flowing simultaneously in mixture, and
• Have some level of phase separation at a scale well above the molecular
level.
MULTIPHASE FLOW IN PIPE
• In particular, two‐phase flow is characterized by the presence of flow
regimes or flow patterns.
• The flow pattern represents the physical distribution of gas and liquid
phases in the flow conduit.
• Forces that influence the distribution of phases include buoyancy,
turbulence, inertia, and surface tension.
• The relative magnitude of these forces depends on flow rate, the
diameter of the conduit, its inclination, and the fluid properties of the
flowing phases.
Multiphase flow regimes
• Multiphase flow regimes can be grouped into four categories;
ØGas – Liquid or Liquid – Liquid Flows
ØGas – Solid flows
ØLiquid –Solid Flows
ØThree-phase Flows.
Flow regimes for Vertical two phase flow
(According to Bill and Mukherjee,1999)

Flow
Regimes

Bubble Annular
Slug flow Churn flow
flow flow
Flow regimes for Vertical two phase flow
Flow regimes for Vertical two phase flow
• Bubble flow is the movement of gas bubbles in a continuous liquid phase.
• Slug flow is the movement of slug units; each slug unit consists of a gas
pocket, a film of liquid surrounding the gas pocket that is moving
downward relative to the gas pocket, and a liquid slug with distributed gas
bubbles between two gas pockets.
• Churn flow is the chaotic movement of distorted gas pockets and liquid
slugs.
• Annular flow is the upward movement of a continuous gas phase in the
centre of the conduit with an annular film of liquid flowing upward between
the central gas phase and the wall of the conduit and with dispersed liquid
droplets being lifted by the gas phase.
Classification of Multiphase Flows:Gas-
Liquid Flows.
SUPERFICIAL VELOCITIES FOR
GAS,OIL AND WATER

• Where Ap = pipe flow rate in ft2


• q = volumetric flowrate at flow conditions in ft3/s
SUPERFICIAL VELOCITIES
• The superficial velocities of liquid phase (oil and water) are calclated
as :

• The mixture velocity that will be used in some of the calculations is


the sum of the superficial velocities of the gas and the liquid phase.
Realationship between Superficial Velocitues and Liquid Holdup

• The average velocity of each phase is realated to the superficial


velocity through the liquid holdup;

• For homogeneous model,both phases are assumed to have equal


velocities and each is equal to a two-phase (or mixture) velocity.
Liquid Hold up (HL)
• Liquid holdup is defined as the ratio of the volume of a pipe segment occupied by
liquid to the volume of the pipe segement:

• In some cases,e.g.,for stratified horizontal flow regime ,liquid holdsup can be


calculated as follows:

• Where AL=Cross sectin area occupied by liquid (oil and water)


• Ag= Cross sectin area occupied by gas
Pressure Gradient (drop) Calculation
• Vertical Pipe (Tubing Performance)
üThe pressure drop experienced in lifting reservoir fluids to the surface is one of
the main factors affecting well deliverability.
üAs much as 80% of the total pressure loss in a flowing well may occur in lifting
the reservoir fluid to the surface.
üWellbore flow performance relates to estimating the pressure-rate relationship
in the wellbore as the reservoir fluids move to the surface through the tubulars.

• Pressure Loss Through The Wellbore


The flow path through the wellbore may include flow through perforations, a
screen and liner, and packers before entering the tubing for flow to the surface.
The tubing may contain completion equipment that acts as flow restrictions, such
as
• Profile nipples
• Sliding sleeves
• Subsurface flow-control devices
Single Phase Flow
§ It is convenient to start from single-phase liquid for establishing the concept of
fluid flow in oil wells where multiphase flow usually dominates.

§ Single-phase liquid flow exists in an oil well only when the wellhead pressure is
above the bubble-point pressure of the oil, which is usually not a reality

• Single-phase liquid flow exists in an oil well only when the wellhead pressure is
above the bubble-point pressure of the oil, which is usually not a reality
§ From the first law of thermodynamic.
• The Fanning friction factor ( fF ) can be evaluated based on Reynolds number and
relative roughness. Reynolds number is defined as the ratio of inertial force to
viscous force.
• For turbulent flow where 𝑁𝑅𝑒 > 2,100, the Fanning friction factor can be
estimated using empirical correlations.

• Where:
The relative roughness is defined asand 𝛿 is the absolute roughness of pipe wall.
Example
• Suppose that 1,000 bbl/day of 40o API, 1.2 cP oil is being produced through 2
7/8-in., 8.6-lbm = ft tubing in a well that is 15 degrees from vertical. If the tubing
wall relative roughness is 0.0125, calculate the pressure drop over 1,000 ft of
tubing
Wellbore Flow Performance
The pressure drop for a particular flow rate can be estimated and plotted as
a function of rate. i.e. wellhead pressure is fixed and the bottomhole flowing
pressure Pwf is determined by calculating pressure drop.

This approach will yield a wellbore flow performance curve when the
pressure is plotted as a function of rate.
In the figure the wellhead pressure is held constant, and the flowing
bottomhole pressure is calculated as a function of rate.
This curve is often called a tubing-performance curve because it
captures the required flowing bottomhole pressure needed for various
rates.
• Typical tubing performance curve for a fixed wellhead pressure
Bottom Hole Pressure Prediction
• Bottom hole pressure is the pressure exerted at the bottom of the Well.
• For oil and gas to flow into the well,the bottom hole pressure (BHP)
has to be less or equal to Bottom hole flowing pressure (BHFP).

• Bottom hole pressures can be caliculated with (out) riser .


• Generally ,
• BHP= Density of fluid * fluid column * gravity.
BHP FOR RISE MARGIN

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