U23MA205 - COMPLEX VARIABLES AND TRANSFORMS

UNIT I – COMPLEX DIFFERENTIATION

PART – A

1. Define “Analytic function”

A single valued function 𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑧) of a complex variable 𝑧 is said to be
“analytic” at a point z0 if it has a unique derivative at 𝑧0 . The function 𝑓(𝑧) is
analytic in a region R if it has derivative at every point of R.

2. What are the necessary conditions for 𝑓(𝑧) to be analytic?

(or)
State “ Cauchy – Riemann equation “ in Cartesian co-ordinaties?
Statement:
If 𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 is an analytic function of 𝑧, then the four derivatives
u u v v u v v u
, , and should exist and satisfy the condition,  and 
x y x y x y x y
This can also be written as 𝑈𝑥 = 𝑉𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑈𝑦 = −𝑉𝑥

3. What are the sufficient conditions for analytic functions?

A single valued function 𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑧) possessing continuous partial derivatives
u u v v
, , and at each point of the region R and satisfying CR equations, then
x y x y
𝑓(𝑧) is analytic in the region R.

4. Prove that an analytic function with constant real part is also a constant
Proof:
Since 𝑓(𝑧) is an analytic function, it satisfies CR eqns,
u v v u
 and   --------- (1)
x y x y

Give real part is constant (i.e) 𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

u u
 0 and  0 , Then eqn (1) becomes,
x y

Prepared by Dr.N.Murugavalli ASP/ Mathematics /SECE Page 1

 v v
 0 and 0
y x

(i.e.,) 𝑣 is also a constant

Since 𝑢 & 𝑣 are constants, then 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 is also a constant.

5. Verify whether 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧 3 is analytic or not?

Solution:
Given 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧 3
= (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)3

= 𝑥 3 + 𝑖 3 𝑦 3 + 3𝑥 𝑖 2 𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦𝑖

= 𝑥 3 − 𝑖 𝑦 3 − 3𝑥 𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦𝑖{ ∴ 𝑖 3 = −𝑖, 𝑖 2 = −1}

= (𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 ) + 𝑖 ( 3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑦 3 )

Here 𝑢 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 , V = 3x2y – y3

u
 3𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 2 − − − − − − − − − −(1)
x
v
 6𝑥𝑦 − − − − − − − − − − − − − −(2)
x

u
 −6𝑥𝑦 − − − − − − − − − − − − − (3)
y

v
 3𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 2 − − − − − − − − − − − (4)
y

u v v u
By CR equations,  and 
x y x y

u v
From (1) & (4), 
x y

v u
From (2) & (3), 
x y

Hence CR equation is proved & the given function 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧 3 is analytic.

6. What are Harmonic functions?

If any function of 𝑥 & 𝑦 which possess continuous first and second order
partial derivatives and satisfies the Laplace equation is called “ Harmonic
functions”.

Prepared by Dr.N.Murugavalli ASP/ Mathematics /SECE Page 2

  2u  2u
 0 {if 𝑢 is given}
x 2 y 2
 2v  2v
(or)  0 {if 𝑣 is given}
x 2 y 2

2𝑧−5
7. Find the fixed points or invariant points of the transformation 𝑤= ?
𝑧+4
Solution:
2𝑧−5
Given 𝑤 = 𝑧+4
2𝑧−5
Replace 𝑤 𝑏𝑦 𝑧, 𝑧= 𝑧+4
⇒ 𝑧 2 + 2𝑧 + 5 = 0
−2±√4−20
𝑧=
2
−2 ± 4𝑖
𝑧=
2
𝑧 = −1 ± 2𝑖
 1  2i and  1  2i are the fixed points / invariant points.

Part –B

1. Prove that u =
1
2
 
log x 2  y 2 is harmonic and find its conjugate. Also find f (z ).

Sol: Given that u =

1
2

log x 2  y 2 

 2u  2u
To find: (i) To prove u is harmonic. ie.,  0
x 2 y 2

(ii) To find its conjugate V

(iii) To find f(z) = u + i v

(i) To prove u is harmonic

u 1  1 
  2 2
2 x   2 x 2
x 2  x  y  x y
 2 u x 2  y 2 1  x 2 x  y2  x2
 
x 2 x 2  y 2 2 x 2  y 2 2
u 1  1 
  2 2
2 y   2 y 2
y 2  x  y  x y

Prepared by Dr.N.Murugavalli ASP/ Mathematics /SECE Page 3

  
 2 u x 2  y 2 1  y 2 y   y 2  x 2
 
y 2 
x2  y2
2
 
x2  y2
2

 2u  2u y2  x2  y2  x2
   0
  
x 2 y 2 x 2  y 2 2 x 2  y 2 2 
Hence u satisfies Laplace Equation.
Therefore u is harmonic
(ii) To find its conjugate V.
Using Milne’s Thomson method


f ( z )   u x z,0  i u y z,0 dz
1
f ( z )   dz  c .
z
f ( z )  log z  c
f ( z )  log r e i   c
f ( z )  log r  i   c
 y
f ( z )  log x 2  y 2  i tan 1    c
x
1
   y
f ( z )  log x 2  y 2  i tan 1    c
2 x
 y
v  tan 1  
x
(iii) To find f(z) = u + i v

f(z) = u + i v =
1
2
 
log x 2  y 2  i tan 1
y
x
f(z ) = log (x+iy) = log z

 2 2 
2. If 𝑓(𝑧) be an analytic function of 𝑧,then prove that  2  2  |𝑓(𝑧)|2 = 4 |𝑓′(𝑧)|2
 x y 
Sol : let z = x+iy, z  x  iy
z z
z  z  2x  x 
Therefore 2
z  z  i (z  z)
z  z  2iy  y  
2i 2
x 1 x 1 y  i y i
 ,  ,  , 
z 2 z 2 z 2 z 2

Prepared by Dr.N.Murugavalli ASP/ Mathematics /SECE Page 4

   x  y 1   
    i 
z x z y z 2  x y 
  x  y 1   
    i 
z x z y z 2  x y 
2 2 2
  4
x 2 y 2 z z
By using the above result , we write

 2 2  2
 2  2  f ( z)  4
2 2
f ( z)
 x y  z z

4
2
z z
. f ( z ). f ( z )  f ( z) 2

 f ( z ). f ( z )


4 . f ( z ). f ( z )  4 f ( z ). f ( z )
z

 4 f ( z )
2

 2 2 
3. If 𝑓(𝑧) be an analytic function of 𝑧, then prove that  2  2  log f ( z )  0
 x y 
Sol:Sol : let z = x+iy, z  x  iy
z z
z  z  2x  x 
Therefore 2
z  z  i (z  z)
z  z  2iy  y  
2i 2
x 1 x 1 y  i y i
 ,  ,  , 
z 2 z 2 z 2 z 2

  x  y 1   
    i 
z x z y z 2  x y 
  x  y 1   
    i 
z x z y z 2  x y 
2 2 2
  4
x 2 y 2 z z

By using the above result , we write

Prepared by Dr.N.Murugavalli ASP/ Mathematics /SECE Page 5

  2 2  2
 2  2  log f ( z )  4 log f ( z )
 x y  z z

2 1
4 . log f ( z )
2

z z 2

2
2 log f ( z ) f ( z )
z z

2
2 log f ( z)  log f ( z )
z z

  f ( z ) 
2  0
z  f ( z ) 

sin 2 x
4. If u  find the analytic function of 𝑧.
cosh 2 y  cos 2 x

sin 2 x
Sol: Given u 
cosh 2 y  cos 2 x

To find f ( z )  u  i v ,

Ie., By using Milne’s Method

f ( z )   1 z,0dz  i  2 z,0dz

u
1 z,0 
( z ,0)
x
u
2 z,0  ( z,0)
Where
y

u cosh 2 y  cos 2 x 2 cos 2 x   sin 2 x 2 sin 2 x 


x cosh 2 y  cos 2 x 2

1 z,0 
cosh0 cos2 z 2 cos2 z  2 sin 2 2 z
cosh0 cos2 z 2

1 z,0 
1 cos 2 z 2 cos 2 z  2 sin 2 2 z
1 cos 2 z 2
2 cos 2 z  2 cos2 2 z  2 sin 2 2 z

1 cos 2 z 2

Prepared by Dr.N.Murugavalli ASP/ Mathematics /SECE Page 6

 

2 cos 2 z  2 cos2 2 z  sin 2 2 z 
1 cos 2 z 2
2 cos 2 z  2

1 cos 2 z 2
2 cos 2 z  1 2 1 1
1 z,0       cos ec 2 z.
1 cos 2 z  1 cos 2 z   1 cos 2 z  sin z
2 2

 2 


cosh 2 y  cos 2 x  0  sin 2 x 2 sin h 2 y 
cosh 2 y  cos 2 x 2
 sin 2 z 2 sin 0
2 ( z,0)  0
cosh 2 y  cos 2 x 2
By Milne’s method

f ( z )   1 ( z,0) dz  i  2 ( z,0) dz

f ( z )    cosec2 z dz  0  cot z  c

5. If the imaginary part is e  x  x cos y  y sin y  , Find the analytical function of 𝑧.

Sol: Given imaginary part v  e  x  x cos y  y sin y 

To find f ( z )  u  i v ,

ie., By using Milne’s Method

f ( z )   1 z,0dz  i  2 z,0dz

v
 e  x  cos y   (x cos y  y sin y) (e -x )
x

2 ( z,0)  e  z  cos0   (z cos0  0 .sin 0) (e -z )

2 ( z,0)  e  z  (z ) (e -z )  e  z (1 z ).

Prepared by Dr.N.Murugavalli ASP/ Mathematics /SECE Page 7

 v
 e  x  x sin y  y cos y  sin y (1) 
y
1 ( z,0)  e  z  z sin 0  0 cos0  sin 0 (1)   0

By Milne’s method,

f ( z )   1 z,0dz  i  2 z,0dz

f ( z )   o dz  i  1 z e  z dz

  ez   ez  
f ( z )  i 1 z     (1)  2
c
  1   (1)  

 
f ( z)  i  e  z  z e  z  e  z  c  i z e  z  c

6. Find the analytic function of 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 such that 𝑢 − 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥 (cos 𝑦 – sin 𝑦)

Sol:
Let 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣
𝑖𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑖𝑢 − 𝑣

f ( z)  i f ( z)  u  v  i u  v 

(1 i) f ( z)  u  v  i u  v 

F ( z ) U  i V
where F ( z)  (1 i) f ( z) , U  u  v , V  u  v 

U = u – v = 𝑒 𝑥 (cos 𝑦 – sin 𝑦) = real part of F(z)

U
 e x cos y  sin y   1 x, y 
x
1 z , 0  e z cos 0  sin 0  e z

U
 e x  sin y  cos y    2 x, y 
y
2 z, 0  e z  sin 0  cos0   e z

By Milne Thomson method, we have

F ( z )  1 ( z,0)  i 2 ( z,0)  e z  i e z  1 i e z

Integrating, we get

Prepared by Dr.N.Murugavalli ASP/ Mathematics /SECE Page 8

 F ( z )   1 i e z dz  1  i e z  c

1 i  f z   1  i e z  c

f z   e z 
c
ez C
1 i 
sin 2𝑥
7. Find the analytic function of 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 such that 2𝑢 − 3𝑣 = cos ℎ 2𝑦 –cos 2𝑥
Sol: Let 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣
𝑖𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑖𝑢 − 𝑣

2 f ( z )  3 i f ( z )  2u  2iv  3 iu  3v

2  3i  f ( z)  2u  3v i ( 2v  3u)

Let F ( z)  (2  3i) f ( z) , U  2u  3v , V  ( 2v  3u)

U  2u  3v  
sin 2 x
 real part of F ( z )
cosh 2 y  cos 2 x
U cosh 2 y  cos 2 x  2 cos 2 x  sin 2 x 0  2 sin 2 x 

x cosh 2 y  cos 2 x 2
U cosh 2 y  cos 2 x  2 cos 2 x  2 sin 2 2 x
  1 x, y 
x cosh 2 y  cos 2 x 2
1 z ,0 
cosh 0  cos 2 z  2 cos 2 z  2 sin 2 2 z
cosh 0  cos 2 z 2
1 z ,0 
1 cos 2 z  2 cos 2 z  2 sin 2 2 z
1  cos 2 z 2

1 z,0 

2 cos 2 z  2 cos2 2 z  2 sin 2 2 z 2 cos 2 z  2 cos2 2 z  sin 2 2 z


1  cos 2 z 2 1 cos 2 z 2
2 cos 2 z  2 2cos 2 z 1  2 1 cos 2 z 
1 z,0   
1 cos 2 z 2 1 cos 2 z 2 1 cos 2 z 2
2 2
1 z,0     cosec 2 z
1 cos2 z  2 sin 2 z

U cosh 2 y  cos 2 x 0  sin 2 x 2 sinh 2 y  0

   2  x, y 
y cosh 2 y  cos 2 x 2
 sin 2 z 2 sinh 0
2 z,0  0
cosh0  cos 2 z 2

Prepared by Dr.N.Murugavalli ASP/ Mathematics /SECE Page 9

 By Milne Thomson method, we have

F ( z )  1 ( z,0)  i 2 ( z,0)   cos ec 2 z  i 0

Integrating, we get

 
F ( z )    cosec 2 z  i 0 dz  cot z  c

2  3i  f z   cot z  c
f z  
cot z
C
2  3i 

1
8. Find the image of |𝑧 − 2𝑖| = 2 under the transformation 𝑤 = 𝑧

1
Sol:Given transformation is 𝑤=𝑧
1
Then 𝑧 = 𝑤

1
z  2i  2 is  2i  2.
w
Therefore, the image of
1  2iw
2
w

1  2iw  2 w
1  2i u  iv   2 u  iv
1  2iu  2i 2 v  2 u  iv
1  2iu  2v  2 u  iv
1 2v   i 2u 2
 4 u  iv
2

1 4v 2  4v  4u 2  4 u 2  4v 2

4v+1=0

1
Therefore the image of z  2i  2 under the transformation w  is a straight line 4v + 1 =0
z
in the w - plane

9. Find the Mobius transformation which maps the points 𝑧 = (0,1, ∞)into the points
𝑤 = (𝑖, −1, −𝑖) respectively and also find the invariant points.
Sol:
Prepared by Dr.N.Murugavalli ASP/ Mathematics /SECE Page 10
 Here 𝑧1 = 0, 𝑧2 = 1, 𝑧3 = ∞
𝑤1 = 𝑖, 𝑤2 = −1, 𝑤3 = −𝑖

z  z1 z 2  z3   w  w1 w2  w3 
z1  z 2 z3  z  w1  w2 w3  w
 
z  z1  z3  z 2 1
 z 3   w  w1 w2  w3 
  w  w w  w
z1  z 2 z3 1 z  1 2 3
 z3 

z  0  1 1
    w  i  1  i 
0 1 1 z  i 1 i  w
 

z  1  w  i  1 i 
1 1  i 1 i  w

z
w  i  i 1
 i  w i 1

z
w  i  i 1 i 1  w  i i 12
 i  w i 1 i 1  i  wi 2 1

z
w  i i 12  w  i i 2 1 2i 
 i  wi 2 1  i  w 11

z
w  i  1 1 2i   w  i  2i 
 i  w 11  i  w 2

z
w  i i   wi 1
 i  w  i  w
z  i  w  wi 1
 iz  wz  wi 1
 iz  1 wi  wz
wi  z    (iz  1)
 (iz  1)
w
i  z 
Which is the required bilinear transformation

Prepared by Dr.N.Murugavalli ASP/ Mathematics /SECE Page 11

To find invariant points:

Replace 𝑤 𝑏𝑦 𝑧,

 (iz  1)
z
i  z 
Then z i  z    (iz  1)
zi  z 2   iz  1
z 2  2iz 1 0

 b  b 2  4ac  2i   4  4  2i   8  2i  i 2 2
z   
2a 2 2 2
z  i i 2

Where  i  i 2 and  i  i 2 are the invariand or fixed points.

10. Find the bilinear transformation which maps the points 𝑧 = (−1, 0, 1)𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑤 =
(−1, 𝑖, 1)of w- plane .Also show that under this mapping the upper half of the z-plane maps
onto the interior of the unit circle |𝑤| < 1.

Sol:
Here 𝑧1 = −1, 𝑧2 = 0, 𝑧3 = 1
𝑤1 = −1, 𝑤2 = −𝑖, 𝑤3 = 1
z  z1 z 2  z3   w  w1 w2  w3 
z1  z 2 z3  z  w1  w2 w3  w
z  10 1  w  1 i 1
 1 01 z   1 i 1 w
z  1  w  1 i 1
1 z  1 w 1 i 
z  1  w  1 i 1  1 i 
1 z  1 w 1 i   1 i 
z  1  w  1 i 12
1 z  1 w1 i 2 
z  1  w  1i 2 1 2i   w  1 11 2i   w  12i 
1 z  1 w1 1 1 w1 1 1 w2
z  1  w  1i   wi  i
1 z  1 w 1 w
z  1 wi  i

1  z 1 w

Prepared by Dr.N.Murugavalli ASP/ Mathematics /SECE Page 12

 z  11 z wi  i  1  w

z 11  z wi  i  1 w
zi 1
w
z i

where 𝑤 is the bilinear transformation.

From the question,

|𝑤| < 1
𝑧𝑖+1
| 𝑧+𝑖 |< 1

|𝑧𝑖 + 1| < |𝑧 + 𝑖|

|𝑥𝑖 − 𝑦 + 1| < |𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 + 𝑖|

|𝑥𝑖 + (1 − 𝑦)| < |𝑥 + 𝑖(𝑦 + 1)|

𝑥 2 + (1 − 𝑦)2 < 𝑥 2 + (1 + 𝑦)2

𝑥 2 + 1 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 < 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 1 + 2𝑦

0 < 4𝑦 ⇒ 𝑦 > 0

∴ 𝑦 > 0is the image of |𝑤| < 1

Prepared by Dr.N.Murugavalli ASP/ Mathematics /SECE Page 13