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2 Hydraulic Pumps 2.1 INTRODUCTION Hydraulics is defined as the science of the conveyance of liquids through pipes ‘The pump is often used to raise water from a low level to a high level where it can be stored in a tank. Most of the theory applicable to hydraulic pumps has been derived using wateras the working fluid, but other liquids can also be used. In this, chapter, we will assume that liquids are totally incompressible unless otherwise specified. This means that the density of liquids will be considered constant no matter how much pressure is applied. Unless the change in pressure in a particular situation is very great, this assumption will not cause a significant error in calculations. Centrifugal and axial flow pumps are very common hydraulic pumps. Both work on the principle that the energy of the liquid is increased by imparting kinetic energy to it as it flows through the pump. This energy is supplied by the impeller. which is driven by an electric motor or some other drive. The centrifugal and axial flow pumps will be discussed separately in the following sections. 2.2 CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS The three important parts of centrifugal pumps are (1) the impeller, (2) the volute casing, and (3) the diffuser. Copyright 2003 by Marcel Dekker. Ine. AIL Rights Reserved2.2.1 Impeller The centrifugal pump is used to raise liquids from a lower to a higher level by creating the required pressure with the help of centrifugal action, Whirling motion is imparted to the liquid by means of backward curved blades mounted on a wheel known as the impeller. As the impeller rotates. the fluid that is drawn into the blade passages at the impeller inlet or eye is accelerated as it is forced radially outwards. In this way, the static pressure at the outer radius is much higher than at the eye inlet radius. The water coming out of the impeller is then lead through the pump casing under high pressure. The fluid has a very high velocity at the outer radius of the impeller, and, to recover this kinetic energy by changing it into pressure energy, diffuser blades mounted on a diffuser ring may be used. The stationary blade passages have an increasing cross-sectional area. As the fluid moves through them, diffusion action takes place and hence the kinetic energy is, converted into pressure energy. Vaneless diffuser passages may also be used. The fluid moves from the diffuser blades into the volute casing. The functions of a volute casing can be summarized as follows: It collects water and conveys it to the pump outlet. The shape of the casing is such that its area of cross-section gradually increases towards the outlet of the pump. As the flowing water progresses towards the delivery pipe, more and more water is added from the outlet periphery of the impeller. Figure 2.1 shows a centrifugal pump impeller with the velocity triangles at inlet and outlet. For the best efficiency of the pump. impeller radially, ie., a, = 90° and C,, = is assumed that water enters the ). Using Euler's pump equation, the work done per second on the water per unit mass of fluid flowing Ww E = (U2C yy — Ui) (2.1) m Where C,, is the component of absolute velocity in the tangential direction. £ is referred to as the Euler head and represents the ideal or theoretical head developed by the impeller only. The flow rate is Q = 2m Cyb) = 2ar:Cab? Where C; is the radial component of absolute velocity and is perpendicular to the tangent at the inlet and outlet and b is the width of the blade. For shockless entry and exit to the vanes, water enters and leaves the vane tips in a direction parallel to their relative velocities at the two tips. As discussed in Chapter 1, the work done on the water by the pump consists of the following three parts: 1. The part (C} - C}y/2 represents the change in kinetic energy of the liquid. 2. The part (U3 - U})/2 represents the effect of the centrifugal head or energy produced by the impeller. by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights ReservedU2 O22 Cr 2 (a) Ca=Ci Figure 2.1 Velocity triangles for centrifugal pump impeller. 3. The part (V3 — Vj)/2 represents the change in static pressure of the liquid, if the losses in the impeller are neglected. 2.3. SLIP FACTOR From the preceding section, it may be seen that there is no assurance that the actual fluid will follow the blade shape and leave the impeller in a radial direction. There is usually a slight slippage of the fluid with respect to the blade rotation. Figure 2.2 shows the velocity triangles at impeller tip. In Fig. 2.2, By’ is the angle at which the fluid leaves the impeller, and Bz is the actual blade angle, and Cy2 and Cyy! are the tangential components of absolute velocity corresponding to the angles By and By’, respectively. Thus. C2 is reduced to Cy2! and the difference AC. is defined as the slip. The slip factor is defined as Slip factor, = According to Stodola’s theory, slip in centrifugal pumps and compressors is due to relative rotation of fluid in a direction opposite to that of impeller with the same ‘Wi ideal Dhak, Lace: ts Ret cere:Figure 2.2 Velocity triangle at impeller outlet with slip. angular velocity as that of an impeller. Figure 2.3 shows the leading side of a blade, where there is a high-pressure region while on the trailing side of the blade there is a low-pressure region. Due to the lower pressure on the trailing face, there will be a higher velocity and a velocity gradient across the passage. This pressure distribution is associated with the existence of circulation around the blade. so that low velocity on the high- pressure side and high velocity on the low-pressure side and velocity distribution is not uniform at any radius. Due to this fact, the flow may separate from the suction surface of the blade. Thus, Cx2 is less than Cy! and the difference is defined as the slip. Another way of looking at this effect, as given by Stodola, is shown in Fig. 2.4, the impeller itself has an angular velocity w so that, relative to the impeller, the fluid must have an angular velocity of — w; the result of this being a circulatory motion relative to the channel or relative eddy. The net result of the previous discussion is that the fluid is discharged from the impeller at an angle relative to the impeller, which is less than the vane angle as mentioned earlier. (~ o + Figure 2.3. Pressure distribution on impeller vane. LP = low pressure, HP = high pressure.o + Figure 2.4 Relative eddy in impeller channel. Hence, the slip factor ois defined as Cn =&e 23 one (23) For purely radial blades, which are often used in centrifugal compressors, By will be 90° and the Stodola slip factor becomes 7 o=1-2 (24) n where nis the number of vanes. The Stanitz slip factor is given by 0.637 o=1- (25) n When applying a slip factor, the Euler pump equation becomes We aU yCyy — Ui Cur (2.6) m Typically, the slip factor lies in the region of 0.9, while the slip occurs even if the fluid is ideal. 2.4 PUMP LOSSES The following are the various losses occurring during the operation of a centrifugal pump. 1. Eddy losses at entrance and exit of impeller, friction losses in the impeller, frictional and eddy losses in the diffuser, if provided. 2. Losses in the suction and delivery pipe. The above losses are known as hydraulic losses. 3. Mechanical losses are losses due to friction of the main bearings, and stuffing boxes. Thus, the energy supplied by the prime mover to by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reservedimpeller is equal to the energy produced by impeller plus mechanical losses. A number of efficiencies are associated with these losses. Let p be the density of liquid; Q, flow rate: H, total head developed by the pump: P,, shaft power input; H,, total head across the impeller; and h,, head loss in the impeller. Then, the overall efficiency 7, is given by: _ Fluid power developed by pump _ pgQH Shaft power input Py No (2.7) Casing efficiency 7, is given by: Fluid power at casing outlet/fluid power at casing inlet = Fluid power at casing outlet/(fluid power developed by impeller — leakage loss) = pgQH|pgQH, = HIH, (2.8) Impeller efficiency n, is given by: = Fluid power at impeller exit/fluid power supplied to impeller = Fluid power at impeller exit/(fluid power developed by impeller + impeller loss) = paQ\Hil|peQ(Hi + hi)] = HH, +h) 2.9) Volumetric efficiency 1, is given by 1 = Flow rate through pump/flow rate through impeller 2 =QKQ +4) (2.10) Mechanical efficiency Mm is given by: ‘Nm = Fluid power supplied to the impeller/power input to the shaft = peQithi + HWP. (2.11) Therefore, No = Mh Tm (2.12)A hydraulic efficiency may be defined as Actual head developed by pump ™ = Theoretical head developed by impeller H 2.3 +h) Gy The head H is also known as manometric head. 2.5 THE EFFECT OF IMPELLER BLADE SHAPE ON PERFORMANCE The various blade shapes utilized in impellers of centrifugal pump¥compressors are shown in Fig. 2.5. The blade shapes can be classified as 1. Backward-curved blades (B; < 90°) 2. Radial blades (B» = 90°) 3. Forward-curved blades (B> > 90°) ‘As shown in Fig. 2.5, for backward-curved vanes, the value of C.» (whitl component at outlet) is much reduced. and thus, such rotors have a low energy transfer for a given impeller tip speed, while forward-curved vanes have a high value of energy transfer. Therefore, it is desirable to design for high values of By (over 90°), but the velocity diagrams show that this also leads to a very high value of C2. High kinetic energy is seldom required, and its reduction to static pressure by diffusion in a fixed casing is difficult to perform in a reasonable sized casing. However, radial vanes (82 = 90°) have some particular advantages for very high- speed compressors where the highest possible pressure is required. Radial vanes are relatively easy to manufacture and introduce no complex bending stresses (Fig. 2.6). Uy UW ¥ vy E 6 G Prcovr $2.90 Rackward-curved vanes Radial vanes Forward - curved vanes. Figure 2.5 Centrifugal pump outlet velocity triangles for varying blade outlet angle. by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights ReservedForward (B2>90°) Radiat (B,-90°) Backward (B<90°) ——> m Figure 2.6 Characteristics for varying outlet blade angle 2.6 VOLUTE OR SCROLL COLLECTOR A volute or scroll collector consists of a circular passage of increasing cross- sectional area (Fig. 2.7). The advantage of volute is its simplicity and low cost. The cross-sectional area increases as the increment of discharge increases around the periphery of the impeller, and, if the velocity is constant in the volute, “~ Impelter Volute of increasing — cross section Figure 2.7. Volute or scroll collector. by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved2 Figure 2.8 Cross-section of volute casing. then the static pressure is likewise constant and the radial thrust will be zero. Any deviation in capacity (i... flow rate) from the design condition will result in a radial thrust which if allowed to persist could result in shaft bending. ‘The cross-sectional shape of the volute is generally similar to that shown in Fig. 2.8, with the sidewalls diverging from the impeller tip and joined by a semicircular outer wall. The circular section is used to reduce the losses due to friction and impact when the fluid hits the casing walls on exiting from the impeller. 2.7 VANELESS DIFFUSER For the diffusion process, the vaneless diffuser is reasonably efficient and is best suited for a wide range of operations. It consists simply of an annular passage without vanes surrounding the impeller. A vaneless diffuser passage is shown in Fig. 2.9. The size of the diffuser can be determined by using the continuity equation, The mass flow rate in any radius is given by m= pAaC, = 2arbpC, (2.14) where b is the width of the diffuser passage. _ tbe é rbp (2.15) where subscripted variables represent conditions at the impeller outlet and the unsubscripted variables represent conditions at any radius r in the vaneless diffuser. Assuming the flow is frictionless in the diffuser, angular momentum by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights ReservedDifluser passage | ae cd 77 Free vortex flow ae in diffuser passage Figure 2.9 Vaneless diffuser. , Figure 2.10 Logarithmic spiral low in vancless space by Marcel Dekker, Inc, All Rights Reservedis constant and Cu = (Cuore (2.16) But the tangential velocity component (C,) is usually very much larger than the radial velocity component C;, and, therefore, the ratio of the inlet to outlet diffuser velocities @ = 4 It means that for a large reduction in the outlet kinetic energy, a diffuser with a large radius is required. For an incompressible flow, rC, is constant, and, therefore, tana = Cy/C,= constant. Thus, the flow maintains a constant inclination to radial lines, the flow path traces a logarithmic spiral. ‘Asshown in Fig. 2.10, for an incremental radius dr, the fluid moves through angle d@, then rd@ = dr tana. Integrating we have = @ = tana log(rirs) 2.17) Substituting « = 78° and (r/r2) = 2, the change in angle of the diffuser is equal to 180°. Because of the long flow path with this type of diffuser, friction effects are high and the efficiency is low. 2.8 VANED DIFFUSER The vaned diffuser is advantageous where small size is important. In this type of diffuser, vanes are used to diffuse the outlet kinetic energy of the fluid at a much higher rate than is possible by a simple increase in radius, and hence it is possible to reduce the length of flow path and diameter. The vane number, the angle of divergence is smaller, and the diffuser becomes more efficient, but greater is the friction. The cross section of the diffuser passage should be square to give a maximum hydraulic radius. However, the number of diffuser vanes should have no common factor with the number of impeller vanes. The collector and diffuser operate at their maximum efficiency at the design point only. Any deviation from the design discharge will change the outlet velocity triangle and the subsequent flow in the casing. 2.9 CAVITATION IN PUMPS Cavitation is caused by local vaporization of the fluid, when the local static pressure of a liquid falls below the vapor pressure of the liquid. Small bubbles or cavities filled with vapor are formed, which suddenly collapse on moving forward with the flow into regions of high pressure. These bubbles collapse with tremendous force, giving rise to pressure as high as 3500atm. In a centrifugal pump, these low-pressure zones are generally at the impeller inlet, where the fluid is locally accelerated over the vane surfaces. In turbines, cavitation is most likely by Marcel Dekker. Inc. All Rights Reservedto occur at the downstream outlet end ofa blade on the low-pressure leading face. When cavitation occurs, it causes the following undesirable effects: Local pitting of the impeller and erosion of the metal surface. Serious damage can occur from this prolonged cavitation erosion. Vibration of machine and noise is also generated in the form of sharp cracking sounds when cavitation takes place. 4. A drop in efficiency due to vapor formation, which reduces the effective flow areas. The avoidance of cavitation in conventionally designed machines can be regarded as one of the essential tasks of both pump and turbine designers. This cavitation imposes limitations on the rate of discharge and speed of rotation of the pump. A cavitation parameter is defined as 7, = pump total inlet head above vapor pressure/head developed by the pump or at the inlet flange a= (B4y *) [a (2.18) PR PS, The numerator of Eq. .18)is a suction head and is called the net positive suction 10 0-80 60 e409 w 010 0-08 oo 004 oo3| 0 20 40 60 80 100 romim¥s Soactic peed online Figure 2.11 Cavitation limits for radial flow pumps by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reservedhead (NPSH) of the pump. It is a measure of the energy available on the suction side of the pump, and # is the manometric head. The cavitation parameter is a function of specific speed, efficiency of the pump, and number of vanes. Figure 2.11 shows the relationship between a, and N.. It may be necessary in the selection of pumps that the value of a does not fall below the given value by the plots in Fig. 2.11 for any condition of operation. 2.10 SUCTION SPECIFIC SPEED The efficiency of the pump is a function of flow coefficient and suction specific speed, which is defined as Nox = NQ"?[g(NPSH)] Thus, n=S(Q.Nuc) The cavitation parameter may also be determined by the following equation NIN ye = (NPSH)*4/H 84 vs (2.19) =o 2.11 AXIAL FLOW PUMP In an axial flow pump, pressure is developed by flow of liquid over blades of airfoil section. It consists of a propellertype of impeller running in a casing. The advantage of an axial flow pump is its compact construction as well as its ability to run at extremely high speeds. The flow area is the same at inlet and outlet and the minimum head for this type of pump is the order of 20m. 2.12 PUMPING SYSTEM DESIGN Proper pumping system design is the most important single element in minimizing the life cycle cost. All pumping systems are comprised of a pump. a driver, pipe installation, and operating controls. Proper design considers the interaction between the pump and the rest of the system and the calculation of, the operating duty point(s) (Fig. 2.12). The characteristics of the piping system must be calculated in order to determine required pump performance. This applies to both simple systems as well as to more complex (branched) systems. Both procurement costsand the operational costs make up the total cost of an installation during its lifetime. A number of installation and operational costs are directly dependent on the piping diameter and the components in the piping system, Se Manet Debs he: AN Rie ReePump curve System curve ‘Duty point Head Rate of flow Q Figure 2.12 The duty point of the pump is determined by the intersection of the system, curve and the pump curve as shown above. A considerable amount of the pressure losses in the system are caused by valves, in particular, control valves in throttle-regulated installations. In systems with several pumps, the pump workload is divided between the pumps, which together, and in conjunction with the piping system, deliver the required flow. The piping diameter is selected based on the following factors: © Economy of the whole installation (pumps and system) © Required lowest flow velocity for the application (e.g., avoid sedimentation) © Required minimum intemal diameter for the application (e.g., solid handling) © Maximum flow velocity to minimize erosion in piping and fittings © Plant standard pipe diameters. Decreasing the pipeline diameter has the following effects: Piping and component procurement and installation costs will decrease. © Pump installation procurement costs will increase as a result of increased flow losses with consequent requirements for higher head pumps and larger motors. Costs for electrical supply systems will therefore increase. © Operating costs will increase as a result of higher energy usage due to increased friction los Some costs increase with increasing pipeline size and some decrease. Because of this, an optimum pipeline size may be found, based on minimizing costs over the life of the system. A pump application might need to cover several by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reservedduty points, of which the largest flow and/or head will determine the rated duty for the pump. The pump user must carefully consider the duration of operation at the individual duty points to properly select the number of pumps in the installation and to select output control. 2.12.1 Methods for Analyzing Existing Pumping Systems The following steps provide an overall guideline to improve an existing pumping system. © Assemble a complete document inventory of the items in the pumping system. Determine the flow rates required for each load in the system. Balance the system to meet the required flow rates of each load. Minimize system losses needed to balance the flow rates. Affect changes to the pump to minimize excessive pump head in the balanced system. © Identify pumps with high maintenance cost. One of two methods can be used to analyze existing pumping systems. One consists of observing the operation of the actual piping system, and the second consists of performing detailed calculations using fluid analysis techniques. The first method relies on observation of the operating piping system (pressures, differential pressures, and flow rates), the second deals with creating an accurate mathematical model of the piping system and then calculating the pressure and flow rates with the model The following is a checklist of some useful means to reduce the life cycle cost of a pumping system. © Consider all relevant costs to determine the life cycle cost © Procure pumps and systems using life cycle cost considerations. © Optimize total cost by considering operational costs and procurement costs. Consider the duration of the individual pump duty poi Match the equipment to the system needs for maximum benefit. Match the pump type to the intended duty. Do not oversize the pump. Match the driver type to the intended duty. Specify motors to have high efficiency. Monitor and sustain the pump and the system to maximize benefit. Consider the energy wasted using control valves ‘Yi esioad Disk’, aes! All Rtas BaeeredHead, Brake Power, Efficiency and Net Positive Suction Head Vet Positive Suction Head PUMP CAPACITY (DISCHARGE) Figure 2.13 Typical pump characteristics. 2.12.2 Pump System Interaction The actual operating point on the pump system characteristic curve is defined by its interaction with the operating characteristics of the installed system (Fig. 2.13). The system characteristics will consist of: The total static head, being the difference in elevation between the upstream and downstream controls (generally represented by reservoir levels), The energy losses in the system (generally pipe friction), which are normally expressed as a function of velocity head. ¢ The interaction point of these curves represents the actual operating point (as shown later), defining the Head supplied by the pump and the Discharge of the system. The efficiency of the pump under these conditions will also be defined. Note that the efficiency of the pump at this operating point is the critical parameter in pump selection and suitability fora particular system (Figs. 2.14 and 2.15). 2.13 LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS Over the economic life of a pumped supply system, a number of design parameter will change. System behavior for all possible operating environments is needed (Fig. 2.16). Parameters that will change include: .. All Rights ReservedEfficiency (%) ee es see fg o o cE} cy o ” wo ™ a Discharge (V/s) Figure 2.14. Pump-system interaction point and pump efficiency. 1000 100 += a 16000 E 14000 3 2000 2 10 100 2 BF & ow 8 5 5 = 100 & 1 om 40, 20 ot - 10 Oo001 0.001 ool 0 1 10 Flow (mm/s) Figure 21 Selection of pump type. by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reservedpumping periods. 40 carve (a pe) x0 Total head, System design bead stem L “acccapawity Curve now pipe) J (ewe pipe 0 10 o 005 O10 O15 020 0.25 os 19 4s Force main velocity. mvs Mn avg Peak Interim £10-yew) tow ates. mM", Mu Aw Peak Design (20 thaw rates. nA Figure 2.16 Variations in demand and operating characteristics. © Seasonal variations in demand. © Water demand increases as the system population expands. Increasing pipe friction as the For all operating conditions, it i tem ages. nec ary to maintain pump operation close to peak efficiency. This can be achieved using multiple pumps and timed by Marcel Dekker, Inc. AN Riche: Reserved2.14 CHANGING PUMP SPEED The most common pump-motor combination employed in water supply operations is a close coupled system powered by an electric motor. These units can only operate at a speed related to the frequency of the A.C. supply (50 cycles/s or 3000 cycles/min), with the number of pairs of poles in the motor (N) reducing the pump speed to 3000/N revolutions per minute. Pumps driven through belt drives or powered by petrol or diesel motors are more flexible allowing the pump speed to be adjusted to suit the operational requirements. Analysis of system operation will require the head—discharge- efficiency characteristic for the particular operating speed. Given the head -discharge-efficiency characteristics for speed N (in tabular form), the corresponding characteristics for any speed M’ can be established as follows: y_ (N Q' = (47) flow points (2.20) NY? H= (%) H_ head points @ 1 =7 efficiency points (2.22) The data set for the new pump speed can then be matched to the system characteri 2.15 MULTIPLE PUMP OPERATION The most common type of pumping station has two or more pumps operating in parallel. This provides flexibility of operation in coping with a range of flow conditions and allows maintenance of individual units while other units are in operation. Occasionally situations will be encountered where pumps are operated in series to boost outputs. This is generally a temporary measure as any failure of one unit will severely affect system operation. Composite characteristics (head-discharge curves) are obtained by combining the individual curves. The composite curve is employed in the same manner (ic., intersection with system curve) s an individual curve (Fig. 2.17). Where pumps operate in parallel, the composite curve is obtained by adding the flow rates for a given head. ‘Where pumps operate in series, the composite is obtained by adding heads for a given flow rate. by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.00 020 0% 040 050 060 0” Discharge (ms) Hendlischarge curve for two pumps in serics CT a) Discharge (r0”/s) Figure 2.17 Composite pump characteristics. 2.15.1 Net Positive Suction Head Simply, NPSH is the minimum suction condition (pressure) required to prevent pump cavitation. Conceptually, NPSH can be imagined as the pressure drop between the pump inlet flange and the point inside the pump where the fluid dynamic action, as it leaves the impeller, causes a pressure rise. Sufficient NPSH allows for pumping without liquid vaporizing in the pump first-stage impeller eye as the fluid pressure drops due to pump suction losses (Fig. 2.18). The NPSH required is reported in head of fluid (being pumped) required at the pump inlet, As such, NPSH required has units of length (height). Usually, the datum line for pump NPSH is the centerline of the inlet. This is satisfactory for small pumps. For larger pumps, the NPSH requirements reported by the manufacturer should be verified for the datum line being discussed. The NPSH by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reservedliquid level —| L fricton toss NPSH avaiable —_NPSH requed calculated at ond of pipe flange Evaluate P, Figure 2.18 The elements of Eq. (2.24) are illustrated with a pump taking suction from a tower. available differs from NPSH required. The NPSH required determined during the manufacturers test and shown on the vendor's pump curve is based upon a 3% head pump differential loss. The NPSH available must be large enough to eliminate head loss. The NPSH available is the excess of pressure over the liquid’s vapor pressure at the pump suction flange. Except in rare circumstances, centrifugal pumps require the NPSH available to be greater than NPSH required to avoid cavitation during operation. Determining the NPSH available is the process engineer's job. Determining the NPSH required is the job of the pump vendor. Our concern here is the process system side of determining what NPSH is available. Pressure balance and NPSH available derive from Bernoulli's equation for a stationary conduit where the total energy (head) in a system is the same for any point along a streamline (assuming no friction losses). Incorporating friction losses and restating the formula ina form familiar to process engineers, the NPSH available in a system can be expressed as: 2.3P + Pi the net positive suction head available (ft); P, pressure above liquid (psi gage); P,, atmospheric pressure (psi); Py. vapor pressure of liquid at pumping conditions (psia): y, specific gravity of liquid at pumping conditions; ‘pie Wiaecad Diskiiar, Ties: A Relates Tener:S, static height of liquid from grade (ft); B, distance of pump centerline (suction nozzle centerline for vertical pumps); L, suction system friction losses (ft of pumping liquid); and Vis the average liquid velocity at pump suction nozzle (fs). Converting to absolute pressures, fluid density and resetting the datum line to the pump centerline results in: 144(Pay — Py 2 WP PO ne (2.24) P 28 where P,., is the pressure above liquids (psia); p, fluid density (Ib/ft*); and H is the static height of liquid between liquid level and pump suction centerline (datum line), ft. NPSH, Illustrative Example 2.1: A centrifugal pump runs at a tip speed of 12 m/s and a flow velocity of 1.Snvs. The impeller diameter is 1.2m and delivers 3.8m'/min of water. The outlet blade angle is 28° to the tangent at the impeller periphery. Assuming that the fluid enters in the axial direction and zero slip, calculate the torque delivered by the impeller. Solution: From Fig. 2.2, for zero slip B»= B}. Using Eq. (2.1), the Euler head H= E=(UsCq3 — UsCu le. Since Cy, = 0, as there is no inlet whirl component, head H is given by UxCy2 _ Ur LS te eee, 2-2, " g g ( ( tan 28 ) = 11.23m " _ J 1000(9.81)3.8)01 Power delivered = pgQH — ZOLT000) =6.98kW 349 Nm. Torque delivered = Power/angular velocity = 6980(0.6)/12 Illustrative Example 2.2: A fluid passes through an impeller of outlet diameter and 0.1 m inlet diameter. The impeller is rotating at 1250 rpm, and the outlet vane angle is set back at an angle of 22° to the tangent. Assuming that the fluid enters radially with velocity of flow as 3.5m¥/s, calculate the head imparted to a fluid. Solution: Since fluid enters in the radial direction, Cys = 0. a1 = 90°, Br Cu ms = Cy2 i ta eaeHead developed H = Cu2U2/g Impeller tip speed, U> = 14.40 mls Whirl velocity at impeller outlet, from velocity diagram, Cuz = Uz — (Catan Bz) = 14.40 — (3.5han22') = 5.74 0vs Therefore, the head imparted is given by H =5.74(14.40V9.81 = 8.43m Design Example 2.3: A centrifugal pump impeller runs at 1400 rpm, and vanes angle at exit is 25°. The impeller has an extemal diameter of 0.4m and an internal diameter of 0.2 m. Assuming a constant radial flow through the impeller at 2.6 m/s, calculate (1) the angle made by the absolute velocity of water at exit with the tangent, (2) the inlet vane angle, and (3) the work done per kg of water (Fig. 2.19). Solution: 1, Impeller tip speed is given by mD:N _ ™0.4)(1400) = 29.33 mis 60 60 9.33 mis Whirl velocity at impeller tip V2 GQ Figure 2.19 Velocity triangle at outlet.Now, from the velocity triangle at impeller tip, 2. mD\N _ 70.2)1400 aoe _ OE a Hae a 14.67 m/s tan B) == 26 ~ 0177 an Bi = T= Tgg7 =O Therefore. B, = 10.05°. 3. Work done per kg of water is given by Cu2U2 = 23.75(29.33) = 696.59 Nm = 696.595. Design Example 2.4: A centrifugal pump impeller has a diameter of 1.2m; rpm 210; area at the outer periphery 0.65 m*; angle of vane at outlet 25°, and ratio of external to intemal diameter 2:1, Calculate (1) the hydraulic efficiency, (2) power, and (3) minimum speed to lift water against a head of 6.2 m. Assume that ges 1550 Vs (Fig. 2.20). the pump d Solution: 1. Here, Q= 1550s. 8. 10 rpm, A = 0.65 m? of flow at impeller tip S°, H = 6.2m, DD, = 2, Dy = 1.2m, _@_ 1550 _, Cem 0040.65) 7385s U, Cuz V2 Cr Figure 2.20 Velocity triangle at impeller outlet. by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights ReservedImpeller tip speed. 7H(1.2)(210) oO 9.81 Assuming slip factor, o = 1, hydraulic efficiency is given by 6.2(100) 108g — 569%. 2. Power P 10)( 10.89 9.81)/1000 = 165.59 kW. 3. Centrifugal head is the minimum head. Therefore, U} - Ut = 6.2 It is given that U, = Us/2. Therefore, U3 - 0.25U3 ie., U; 12.74: m/s Hence, minimum speed is = 12.74(60)/7(1.2) = 203 rpm. 2(9.81)(6.2) Ilustrative Example 2.5: A centrifugal pump is required to pump water against a total head of 35 m at the rate of 45 V/s, Find the horsepower of the pump, if the overall efficiency is 60%. Solution: Total head, H = 35m Discharge, Q = .045 m/s Overall efficiency.m, = 60% = 0.60 psQH J _ pgQH Power, Pes 100%. 9.81(0.045\(35) ~~0.746(0.60) =34Shp Illustrative Example 2.6: A centrifugal pump impeller has 0.3m inlet diameter and 0.6 m extemal diameters. The pump runs at 950 rpm, and the entry by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights ReservedCa @ SS i uw Figure 221 Velocity triangle at impeller outlet and inlet of the pump is radial. The velocity of flow through the impeller is constant at 3.5 mis. The impeller vanes are set back at angle of 46° to the outer rim. Calculate (1) the vane angle at inlet of a pump, (2) the velocity direction of water at outlet, and (3) the work done by the water per kg of water (Fig. 2.21). Solution: 1. Velocity of flow, C,1 = Ci2 = 3.5 mvs. Let «x be the vane angle at inlet. Tangential velocity of impeller at inlet _ DN _ 740.3950) = TRIN = 14.93 1 60 60 14.93 m/s From inlet velocity triangle Ca_ 35 tana, = ot = = 026 U, 1493 Therefore, ey = 13.19°. 2. Tangential velocity of impeller at outlet DN _ 7(0.6)(950) 60 (60 For velocity of whirl at impeller outlet, using velocity triangle at outlet - 29.86 - 33 = 26.48m/s tan 46° tan 46° and C} = C?, + C2, = 3.9 + 26.487, C, = 26.71 mis where C> is the velocity of water at outlet. Let az be the direction of Wee Di eA ide eeswater at outlet, and, therefore, ay is given by ie., ay = 753°. 3. Work done by the wheel per kg of water W = CyoU2 = 26.48(29.86) = 790.69 Nm Design Example 2.7: A centrifugal pump delivers water at the rate of 8.5 m/min against a head of 10m. It has an impeller of 50cm outer diameter and 25cm inner diameter. Vanes are set back at outlet at an angle of 45°, and impeller is running at 500 rpm. The constant velocity of flow is 2 m/s. Determine (1) the manometric efficiency, (2) vane angle at inlet, and (3) minimum starting speed of the pump (Fig. 2.22). Solution: 1. The manometric efficiency is given by — H a Mmon = (CUI8) From outlet velocity triangle U (b) Figure 2.22 Velocity triangle (a) outlet, (b) inlet. by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights ReservedNow. tan By = C,Uz — Cuz) or tan45°= 2(Uz — Cua oF 1 = Y3 — Cyr). Caz = M1 mis. HH _ 109.81) (Cu2U2/g) 1113) Hence. nun = = 68.6% 2. Vane angle at inlet B, Cn tan B, = i and U, = 0.5X U; = 6.5 m/s “tan By = <%= 0.308 B= IP. 3. The minimum starting speed is (U} — UpRg =H or Therefore, N= 618rpm. Mlustrative Example 2.8: A centrifugal pump impeller has 0.6 m outside diameter and rotated at 550rpm. Vanes are radial at exit and &2cm wide. Velocity of flow through the impeller is 3.5 nv/s, and velocity in the delivery pipe is 2.5mvs. Neglecting other losses, calculate head and power of the pump (Fig. 2.23). Solution: 1. Dy =0.6m, N= 550rpm, Ca = Impeller speed at outlet mDN _ 10.6550) an = = 172 : = 17.29 ms. Sms, Cur U2 =C. Ca Figure 2.23 Velocity triangle for Example 2.8. by Marcel Dekker, Inc, All Rights ReservedFigure 2.24 Velocity triangles for Example 2.9. Head, through which the water can be lifted, : ve H = Ca2U2 ~~ (neglecting all losses) 8 _ (17.29(17.29) 2.8? 981 29.81) = 30.2 mof water. = WAT - 0.319 2. Power =? where Q= mDzbCj2 (where by is width) = 71(0.6)(0.082)(3.5) = 0.54 m/s Therefore, power is given by psQH y, _ 1000(9.81)0.54130.2) 1000" 1000 P= 160 kW. Hlustrative Example 2.9: A centrifugal pump impeller has a diameter of Im and speed of 11 m/s. Water enters radially and discharges with a velocity whose radial component is 2.5 m/s. Backward vanes make an angle of 32° at exit. If the discharge through the pump is 5.5m°/min, determine (1) h.p. of the pump and (2) turning moment of the shaft (Fig. 2.24). Solution: 1. Data D.= 1m, Uy I m/s,Q=55m¥min. First, consider outlet velocity triangle Power of the pump is given by Cw 1000 _ 1000)15.5)( 711) _ (60) 1000) 2aNT TkW. Now, hp. 60 where Tis the torque of the shaft. Therefore, p. x60 2aN Yop N = Mts = oO or N= Mts = SLY — 210 pm 74 1000)(60) a nt ) = 518Navs. 2m 210) Ilustrative Example 2.10: A centrifugal pump running at $90 rpm and discharges 110Vmin against a head of 16m, What head will be developed and quantity of water delivered when the pump runs at 390 rpm? by Marcel Dekker, Inc, All Rights Reservedie Marcel Deke. Then, Yi6 = VF on = 00 Therefore, H; Therefore, head developed by the pump at 390 rpm find discharge through the pump at 390 rpm, using the Eq. (1. = 698m 6.98 m. In order to 1) 590/183 _ 390/07 or 8:14 390/02 6) 6.98)" 8 429 Oz = 1.097 ie. @ = 1.203 1s Ilustrative Example 2.11: The impeller of a centrifugal pump has outlet diameter of 0.370m, runs at 800 rpm, and delivers 30 V/s of water. The radial velocity at the impeller exit is the overhead tank and the pump is 14m, The power required to drive the pump is Shp. its mechanical and volumetric effectiveness being 0.96 and 0.97, respectively. The impeller vanes are backward curved with an exit angle of 45°. Calculate (1) ideal head developed with no slip and no hydraulic losses and (2) the hydraulic efficiency. 5 m/s. The difference between the water levels at Solution: 1. Impeller tip speed aD.N 60 or 0.37800) = 15.5 m/s. oO AAs the radial velocity at the impeller exit = 2.5 m/s, Therefore, Car = Ur — 8. = 15.5 — 235 = 13 mis. When there is no slip, the Pha developed will be Cu2U2 _ (13)05.5) g 9381 H = 20.54m o: All Rintes ReservedIf there are no hydraulic intemal losses, the power utilized by the pump will be: P = (0.96)(8) = 7.68 hp 3 Theoretical flow rate = 2 = ao 0.031 m'/s. Ideal head, H,, is given by (7.680.746) = oxixoos 'S 4m 2. The hydraulic efficiency is H 4 eS 3%. i em 0.746 or 74.3%. Mlustrative Example 2.12: The impeller of a centrifugal pump has outer diameter of 1.06m and speed is 56 m/s. The blades are backward curved and they make an angle of 20° with the wheel tangent at the blade tip. If the radial velocity of the flow at the tip is 7.5 m/s and the slip factor is 0.88. Determine (1) the actual work input per kg of water flow and (2) the absolute velocity of fluid at the impeller. Solution: 1. Exit blade angle, By Cag = Ur Using slip factor, o = 0.88, the velocity whirl at exit is, Cu2 = 7X 35.4 = 0.88 X 35.4 = 31.2mbs. Work input per kg of water flow Cuz _ (560 ~ 1000 ~~ 1000 2 = L7SkIikg 2. Absolute velocity at impeller tip o=Viare a) = [as +312) 56.25 + 973.44 = 32.09 m/s Design Example 2.13: A centrifugal pump impeller of 260mm diameter runs at 1400 rpm, and delivers 0.03 m'/s of water. The impeller has by Marcel Dekker, Inc, All Rights Reserveda backward curved facing blades inclined at 30° to the tangent at outlet. The blades are 20mm in depth at the outlet, and a slip factor of 0.78 may be assumed. Calculate the theoretical head developed by the impeller, and the number of impeller blades. Solution: ‘Assuming the blades are of infinitesimal thickness, the flow area is given by A = impeller periphery x blade depth = 1X 0.26 x 0.02 = 0.0163 m* Flow velocity is given by Impeller tip speed, Us, is mD,N _ 7(0.26)(1400) aa 19.07 mis 7) 60 Absolute whirl component, C,.2 is given by 1.84 7 = 15: ana = 1588s Using Euler’s equation, and assuming Cy. = UzCuz _ (19.07)(15.88) x 981 Theoretical head with slip is H = 0.78 x 30.87 = 24.08 m. To find numbers of impeller blades, using Stanitz formula .63: 0.63. Slip factor, o= 1-23" gy 07921-2537 0.78 = 0.22 a (i.e., no whirl at inlet) H= 30.87 m. 0.637 or = n n Number of blades required = 9 Design Example 2.14: A centrifugal pump impeller runs at 1500 rpm, and has intemal and extemal diameter of (0.20 and 0.4m, respectiv ming constant radial velocity at 2.8 m/s and the vanes at the exit are set back at an angle of 30°. Calculate (1) the angle absolute velocity of water at exit makes with the tangent, (2) inlet vane angle, and (3) the work done per kg of water. ‘Wg Denied Dkiiae, Bank: AM Ribas BacervedSolution: 1. D, =0.2m, Dy = 0.4m, N= 15001pm, Cz = 2.8 mis, Br = 30". Impeller tip speed, U3, is mDN _ m(0.4\1500) 00 60 Whirl component of absolute velocity at impeller exit is 31.43 m/s ie. a2 = 6 R ie. By = 101°. 3. Work done per kg of water CyqU = 26.58 X 31.43 = 835.4Nm. Design Example 2.15: An axial flow pump discharges water at the rate of 1.30m's and runs at 550rpm. The total head is 10m. Assume blade velocity = 22 m/s, the flow velocity = 4.5 m/s, hydraulic efficiency = 0.87. and the overall pump efficiency = 0.83, find (1) the power delivered to the water, and power input, (2) the impeller hub diameter and tip diameter, and (3) the inlet and outlet blade angles for the rotor. Soluti 1. Power delivered to the water P = pgHQ/000kW = (9.81)(1.30)(10) = 127.53kW Power input to the pump 127.53 0.83 try Masccd Dekiees: Inc. All Ristes Beecrved2. Rotor tip diameter is given by 60U; _ (6022) Dr= aN mss) — 70m Rotor hub diameter 2 2 1 Di = Dt - — = 0.764 - ——_ V2 HAA C (Way. ie., Dy = 0.465 m. 3. Rotor velocity at hub is given by D (0.465)(22) = = 13.3 na 54 0.764 1339 mis Since, the axial velocity is constant, we have: rotor inlet angle at tip gy = tan "(C/U ) = tan '(4,5/13,39) = 18.58" Rotor outlet angle ay, = tan “'(C,/U3) = tan “"(4,5/22) = 11.56". Design Example 2.16: A single centrifugal pump having the following data: Discharge Inner diameter Outer diameter Revolution/minute Head Width at inlet Width at outlet Absolute velocity angle at inlet Leakage losses Mechanical losses Contraction factor due to vane thickness Relative velocity angle measured from tangential direction Overall efficiency of the pump by Marcel Dekker, Inc, All Rights Reserved age, radial flow, and double suction T2Vs 90mm 280mm. 1650 25m 20 mm/side 18 mm/side 90° 2us 141kW 0.85 35° 0.56Determine (1) inlet vane angle, (2) the angle at which the water leaves the wheel, (3) the absolute velocity of water leaving impeller, (4) manometric efficiency, and (5) the volumetric and mechanical efficiencies. Solution: Total quantity of water to be handled by the pump Q. = Quer + Deak =2+2=74 Total quantity of water per side = 74/2 = 37 Us 1. Impeller speed at inlet DN _ 7{0.09)(1650) 6 =7.78m/s UY Flow area at inlet = 11D,b, X contraction factor = (11)(0.09}(0.02)(0.85) = 0.0048 m? Therefore, the velocity of flow at inlet Q 37x 1079 Area of flow ~ 0.0048 ~ 7708S Ca = From inlet velocity triangle Cru _ 7.708 = == = 09907 tani = = 77g = 09% B= 4473 v Area of flow at outlet Az = TIX Dz X bz X contraction factor Where b = 18/2 = 9mm for on So, Ay = (11)(0.28)(0.009) (0.85) Therefore, the velocity of flow at outlet Q 7x 107 Area of flow 0.0067 The impeller speed at outlet mDN _ m{0.28\1650) 6 60 U; 24.2 m/s by Marcel Dekker. Inc. All Rights ReservedNow using velocity triangle at outlet tan B> Gi Further, tan ay a Ca 18. 3. The absolute velocity of water leaving the impeller _ 16.9 ‘osaz Cos 18° = 17.8ms. 4. ‘The manometric efficiency (g)Hmano) 9.81 25 Mane UV Cw2) 24.2% 16.99 5. The volumetric efficiency 2 _ ons 7 =5=00973 ™ Oro 74 Water power = pgQH = 1000 x 9.81 x 72 x 25/1000 = 17.66kW WwW: Shaft power = Water Power _ 17.66 _ 31 54 pw No 0.56 Mechanical efficiency is P.— Pow a or 95.5%. Ilustrative Example 2.17: A single stage centrifugal pump is designed to give a discharge of @ when working against a manometric head of 20m. On test, it was found that head actually generated was 21.5 m for the designed discharge, Q. If it is required to reduce the original diameter 32cm without reducing the speed of the impeller, compute the required diameter to be reduced. by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights ReservedSolution: Head generated by the pump (aDNI607 2g or He D> H_ (DY? Hw” \D H=215m, H!=20m, D= 32cm So, Dy =o( it)" Design Example 2.18: A two stage centrifugal pump is designed to discharge 55s at a head of 70m. If the overall efficiency is 76% and specific speed per stage about 38, find (1) the running speed in rpm and (2) the power required to run pump. If the actual manometric head developed is 65% of the theoretical head, assuming no slip, the outlet angle of the blades 28°, and radial velocity at exit 0.14 times the impeller tip speed at exit, find the diameter of impeller. 2%)? 32(.) =30. (=) 0.86 em Solution: 1. The specific speed is 2. Q=55x10 ‘ms Power required to drive pump _ pgQH _ 1000 9.81 x55 x 107% x 70 0.76 0.76 x 1000 =49.7kW All Riehts ReservedHyano = 0.65 H. Here B = 28° and Cy = 0.14U>. From velocity triangle at outlet PT Gos or tan 2g° = 0: /4U2 orn Ux = Cwa U: =i (A) As the flow at entrance is radial and a, = 90°, the fundamental equation of pump would be Aman _ U2Cw2 Tmano & Where Mano as Therefore, 3% which is 65% U2Cwr (B) Also, nD,N 60 or 26.78 = Dp D: =0.2197m or 21.97cm. Design Example 2,19: Two multistage centrifugal pumps are used in series to handle water flow rate of 0.0352 ms, and total head required is 845m. Each pump is required to produce a head of half the total and run at 1445 rpm. If the impeller in all the stages is identical and specific speed is 14, determine (1) head developed per stage and the required number of stages in each pump, (2) The required impeller diameters assuming the speed ratio based on the outer by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reservedtip diameter to be 0.96 and the shaft power input. if the overall efficiency of each pump is 0.75. Solution: Head developed in each stage is ss = NV@ _ 144500852 Ny 4 H 51.93m Total head required = 845 m (of water) Number of stages needed = $45, = 16 a1 Number of stages in each pump = Impeller speed at tip is Uz = 0.96(2gH)"* = 0.96[2 x 9.81 x 51.93]"% = 30.6m/s Impeller diameter at tip, Dz = 7 60 x 30.6 x 1445. But or _ Uy x _ 30.6% 60 2 aX 14S x 1445 =0.4043m or 40.43cm. Design Example 2.20: A centrifugal pump is required to be made to lift water through 105 m heights from a well. Number of identical pumps having their designed speed 900 rpm and specific speed 700 rpm with a rated discharge of 5500 l/min are available. Determine the number of pumps required and how they should be connected? Solution: Specific speed for a single impeller is given by Given, N= 700, H=105 N=900, and Q= ae 91.67 Us Substituting. 700 = 20YIT6T py 28m HM fig Ddesced Dekier: tec. All Rintex: ReversedHence number of stages required __ Total head to be developed pers 4 stages in series Design Example 2.21: The specific speed of an axial flow pump impeller is 1150 and velocity of flow is 2.5 m/s. The outer and inner diameters of the impeller are 0.90m and 0.45 m, respectively. Calculate the suitable speed of the pump to give a head of 5.5m. Also, calculate vane angle at the entry of the pump. Solution: Given, Dz= 0.9m, D, = 0.45 m, N, = 1150, C, = 2.5 m/s, H = 5.5m. As discharge, Q = area of flow x velocity of flow = F(0.9? — 0.457) x 2.5 = 1.193 m¥/s = 11931 Also, NVO N= Ma or 1150 = NYU83 (5.5) (5.5)%4 x 1150 VI193 In order to find vane angle at entry, using velocity triangle at inlet, = 120rpm by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights ReservedPROBLEMS 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 A centrifugal pump of 25cm impeller diameter running at 1450rpm, develops a head of 15 m. If the outlet flow area is 480 cm’, and discharging water 0.12 m’Ys, and loss of head in the pump can be taken as 0.003}. find the outlet blade angle. 4’) A centrifugal pump having vane angles at inlet and outlet are 25° and 30°, respectively. If internal and external diameters of impeller are 0.15 and 0.30m, respectively, calculate the work done per kg of water. Assume velocity of flow constant. (197.18Nm) A centrifugal pump discharges 50 liters/second of water against a total head of 40m. Find the horsepower of the pump, if the overall efficiency is 62% (42hp) A centrifugal pump delivers 26 I/s against a total head of 16m at 1450rpm. The impeller diameter is 0.5m. A geometrically similar pump of 30cm diameter is running at 2900rpm. Calculate head and discharge required assuming equal efficiencies between the two pumps. (152m, 11.2315) A centrifugal pump is built to work against a head of 20m, A model of this pump built to one-fourth its size is found to generate a head of 7m when running at its best speed of 450 rpm and requires 13.5 hp to run it. Find the speed of the prototype. (190 rpm) Derive the expression for power required for a pump when it discharges a liquid of specific weight w at the rate of Q against a head of H. Show that the pressure rise in an impeller of a centrifugal pump is given by CHUL -Cheo at outlet, C,, = velocity of flow at outlet, and By = blade angle at outlet). Assuming that friction and other losses are neglected (where C,, = velocity of flow at inlet, U» = blade velocity Derive an expression for static head developed by a centrifugal pump having radial flow at inlet. A centrifugal pump discharges 0.15 m*/s of water against a head of 15m. The impeller has outer and inner diameter of 35 and 15cm, respectively. The outlet vanes are set back at an angle 40°. The area of flow is constant from inlet to outlet and is 0.06m?. Calculate the manometric efficiency by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reservedand vane angle at inlet if the speed of the pump is 960rpm. Take slip factor a (57.3%, 18°) 2.10 A centrifugal pump of 35cm diameter running at 1000rpm develops a head of 18m. The vanes are curved back at an angle of 30° to the tangent at outlet, If velocity flow is constant at 2.4m/s, find the manometric efficiency of the pump. (16.4%) 2.11 An axial flow pump is required to deliver ImYs at 7m head while running at 960rpm. Its outer diameter is 50 and hub diameter is 25cm. Find (1) flow velocity, which is assumed to be constant from hub to tip and (2) power required to drive the pump if overall efficiency is 84% (6.791 mis, 81.75 kW) 2.12 An axial flow pump has the following data: Rotational speed 750 rpm Discharge of water 1.75 m/s Head 15 m Hub to runner diameter ratio 0.45 Through flow velocity is 0.35 times the peripheral velocity. Find the diameter and minimum speed ratio. (0.59 m, 0.83) 2.13 In an axial flow pump, the rotor has an outer diameter of 75cm and an inner diameter of 40cm; it rotates at 500rpm. At the mean blade radius, the inlet blade angle is 12° and the outlet blade angle is 15°. Sketch the corresponding velocity diagrams at inlet and outlet, and estimate from them (1) the head the pump will generate, (2) the discharge or rate of flow in Us, (3) the shaft h.p. input required to drive the pump, and (4) the specific speed of the pump. Assume a manometric or hydraulic efficiency of 88% and a gross or overall efficiency of 81%, (19.8:m; 705 V/s: 230 hp: 45) 2.14 If an axial flow pump delivers a discharge Q against a head H when running at a speed N, deduce an expression for the speed of a geometrically similar pump of such a size that when working against unit bead, it will transmit unit power to the water flowing through it. Show that this value is proportional to the specific speed of the pump. by Mawel Dekher, lac. All Riches ReservedNOTATION at & SOP FFs SroM gape SUFFIXES e7e ee by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved width of the diffuser passage tangential components of absolute velocity corresponding to the angle Bs Euler head total head developed by the pump total head across the impeller Suction specific speed mass flow rate number of vanes shaft power input flow rate radius impeller speed rel: velocity absolute velocity angle relative velocity angle casing efficiency hydraulic efficiency impeller efficiency mechanical efficiency overall efficiency volumetric efficiency density of liquid slip factor angular velocity inlet to impeller outlet from the impeller outlet from the diffuser axial radial whirl
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