GRADE XII GRADE XII

THE d AND f – BLOCK ELEMENTS Because in transition elements incoming electron goes into d-
General instructions : orbitals of inner shell whereas in main group elements, the
• Answer all the questions incoming electron goes to outermost shell.
Melting point
The d block elements 1. Transition metals have high melting points
Due to involvement of d-electrons in metallic bonding.
GIVE REASON 2. Manganese has lower melting point even though it has a higher
Assign reasons for the following: number of unpaired electrons for bonding.
1. Zinc is not regarded as a transition element. Due to stable 3d5configuration ,interatomic interaction is poor
Zn : [Ar] 3d104s2 / Because of Fully filled d-orbitals in ground state between unpaired electrons.
as well as in the oxidized state. Colour
2. Though copper has completely filled d-orbital (d10) yet it is 1. Transition elements generally form coloured compounds.
considered as atransition metal. Due to d – d transition / due to presence of unpaired electrons in d
Due to incompletely filled d-orbitals in +2 oxidation state (i.e., in –orbitals which absorb light in visible region.
Cu2+ state. )/Because it has one unpaired electron in 3d orbital in its 2. Cu2+ salts are coloured while Zn2+ salts are white.
+2 oxidation state Because of no unpaired electron in Zn2+.Copper salts are
3. Scandium (Z = 21) does not exhibit variable oxidation states and yet coloured due to the presence of unpaired electrons in Cu2+
it is regarded as atransition element. 3. [Ti(H2O)6]4+ is colourless.
Because it has one unpaired electron in 3d orbital Absence of unpaired d- electron
Physical state 4. Ti4+ is colourless whereas V4+ is coloured in an aqueous solution.
1. Zn is soft and whereas Cr is hard. Due to the presence of one unpaired electron in V4+ whereas there
Due to absence of unpaired electrons in zinc atom and the presence of is no unpaired electron in Ti4+ .
unpaired electrons in Chromium atom. 5. Sc3+ is colourless in aqueous solution whereas Ti3+ is coloured.
2. Zn,Cd and Hg are soft metals. Due to Completely filled d-orbitals Absence of unpaired d- electron in Sc3+ whereas in Ti3+ there is
absence of unpaired d electrons causeweak metallic bonding one unpaired electron or Ti3+shows d-d transition.
3. Generally there is an increase in density of elements from titanium (Z Atomic radii
= 22) to copper (Z = 29) in the first series of transition elements. 1. In general the atomic radii of transition elements decrease with
On moving from titanium to copper, atomic mass increases whereas atomic number in a given series.
atomic size decreases, therefore as increase in density. As the nuclear charge increases due to poor shielding effect of d
Property orbitals.
1. There is a close similarity in physical and chemical properties of the 2. The metallic radii of the third (5d) series of transition elements are
4d and 5d series of thetransition elements, much more than expected virtually the same as those of the corresponding members of the
on the basis of usual family relationship. second series/The atomic radii of the metals of the third (5d) series
Due to lanthanoid contraction of transition elements are virtually the same as those of the
2. There is a greater horizontal similarity in the properties of the corresponding members of the second (4d) series./Atomic radii of
transition elements than of the main group elements 4d and 5d series elements are nearly same.
Due to lanthanoid contraction
Class XII/Chemistry /The d and f Block Element/2022
 GRADE XII GRADE XII
3. Zr and Hf have almost similar atomic radii. Zr and Hf have almost Oxidation state
similar properties. 1. Transition metals show variable oxidation states
Due to lanthanoid contraction. Due to comparable energies of ns & (n–1)d orbitals / due to
4. There is a gradual decrease in the atomic sizes of transition elements presence of unpaired electrons in (n–1)d orbitals /due to incomplete
in a series with increasingatomic numbers. filling of d- orbitals
Due to poor shielding effect of d-electrons, the net electrostatic 2. How is the variability in oxidation states of d-block different from that
attraction between the nucleus and the outermost electrons increase. of the p-block elements ?
5. There is hardly any increase in atomic size with increasing atomic Parameters Transitioin elements p block elements
numbers in a series of transition metals. o.s differs from unity (1) Units of two (2)
Because with increase in atomic number in a series , the increased each other by
nuclear charge is partly cancelled by the increased shielding effect More stable for Higher oxidation Lower oxidation state
of electrons in the d-orbitals of penultimate shell. heavier elements state due to inert pair effect
Atomisation of enthalphy 3. The lowest oxide of transition metal is basic whereas the highest
1. The metal-metal bonding is more frequently found with the second oxide is amphoteric or acidic.
and third series of transition elements./Metal-metal bonding is more Higher is the oxidation state higher is the acidic character / as the
extensive in the 4d and 5d series of transition elements thanthe 3d oxidation state of a metal increases, ionic character decreases
series. 4. Among the 3d series of transition elements, the largest number of
In general in the same group of d block elements, the 4d and 5d oxidation states are exhibited by manganese./ Manganese shows
transition element has larger size than that of 3d elements. Thus, the maximum number of oxidation states in 3d series./ Manganese
valence electrons are less lightly held and hence can form metal- exhibits the highest oxidation state of +7 among the 3d series of
metal bond more frequently. transition elements.
2. The enthalpies of atomisation of transition elements are high. Mn has maximum no. of unpaired electrons in 3d-orbitals.
Due to very strong metal-metal bonding ( involving large no. of 5. Mn shows the highest oxidation state of +7 with oxygen but with
electrons of the d-orbitals)/Greater number of unpaired electrons, fluorine it shows the highest oxidation state of +4.
greater would be the interatomic interactions and thus strong Ability of oxygen to form multiple/ pπ-dπbond.
metallic bonding.Because of strong interatomic interactions / 6. The higher oxidation states are usually exhibited by the members in
Strong metallic bonding between atoms. the middle of a series of transition elements./In a transition series of
3. Iron has higher enthalpy of atomization than that of copper. metals, the metal which exhibits the greatest number of oxidation
Due to higher number of unpaired electrons. occurs in the middle of the series.
4. There occurs much more frequent metal-metal bonding in Due to presence of maximum number of unpaired electrons in the
compounds of heavy transition elements (3rd series).. middle of a series of transition elements.
Due to their high atomization of enthalphy 7. The highest oxidation state of a transition metal is exhibited in its
5. Zn has lowest enthalpy of atomization in 3d series. oxide or fluoride.
Due to completely filled d-orbitals, no unpaired electrons which Because fluorine and oxygen are highly electronegative elements
leads to weak metallic bond. and have small size
8. The only oxidation state shown by Scandium is +3.
At + 3, Stable d0 is obtained
Class XII/Chemistry /The d and f Block Element/2022
 GRADE XII GRADE XII
Alloy The large positive E value for Mn / Mn shows that Mn2+ (3d5 /
0 3+ 2+

Transition metals form alloys. half filled d orbital) is much more stable than Mn3+ Whereas Cr3+
Due to almost similar atomic size / comparable size. (t2g3 ) is more stable than Cr2+/Because Mn2+ has d5 as a stable
Complex formation configuration whereas Cr3+ is more stable due to stable t32g./Mn3+ is
The transition elements have great tendency for complex formation. 3d4 while Cr3+ is 3d3 which in t2ghalf filled is extra stable.
Because of small size of metal, high ionic charge and availability of 3. The E°M2+ /M for copper is positive (0.34 V). Copper is the only
vacant d –orbital. metal in the first series of transition elements showing this
Catalyst behaviour.
Transition elements and their compounds are known to act as Because the sum of enthalpies for sublimation and ionisation is not
catalysts. Due to variable oxidation state/unpaired electrons balanced by hydration enthalpy.
Ionisation energy 4. Eº value for (Zn2+/Zn) is negative while that of (Cu2+/Cu) is positive.
The third ionization energy of Mn (Z = 25) is higher than that of Because of stable 3d10 configuration of Zn2+ whereas due to low
either Cr (Z = 24) or Fe (Z = 26)./The third ionization enthalpy of hydration enthalpy and high enthalpy of atomization of Cu2+.
manganese (Z = 25) is exceptionally high. 5. Eº value for (Zn2+/Zn) and (Mn2+|Mn) are more negative than
Because Mn2+ has stable half filled 3d5 configuration expected.
Interstitial compound Due to stable 3d10 configuration in Zn2+&3d5configuration inMn2+.
Transition elements are known to form many interstitial compounds. 6. Eºvalue for (Mn2+|Mn) is negative whereas for (Cu2+|Cu) is positive.
because small size atoms like B, C , H,N occupy interstitial sites in Mn2+ is stable due to exactly half filled 3d5 configuration/ Due to
the lattice of transition elements. high ΔaH0 and low ΔhydH0for Cu2+ / Cu is positive.
Magnetic nature 7. Eºvalue for (Mn3+|Mn2+) is negative whereas for (Fe3+|Fe2+) is
1. Transition metals and their compounds generally exhibit a positive.
paramagnetic behaviour. The comparatively high value for Mn shows that Mn2+(d5) is
Due to presence of unpaired electrons in the (n–1) d orbitals of particularly stable / Much larger third ionisation energy of Mn
transition elements. (where the required change is from d5 to d4)
2. Among the divalent cations in the first series of transition elements, 8. Eº(M2+/M) values for transition metals show irregular variation.
manganese exhibits the maximum paramagnetism. Due to irregular variation of 1st ,2ndΔiH and ΔsubH. (OR)
Due to presence of maximum number of (five) unpaired electrons in Due to the irregular variation in ionisation enthalpies (sum of 1st
the d orbitals of Mn2+ and 2nd ionisation enthalpies), heat of sublimation and enthalpy of
Electrode potential hydration/ due to irregular electronic configurations from left to
1. The E° Mn2+│Mn value for manganese is much more than expected right in a period which changes the ionisation potential.
from the trend for other elements in the series. Stability
due to stability of Mn2+ as it has half filled d5 configuration 1. Although Co2+ ion appears to be stable, it is easily oxidised to Co3+
2. The E° value for the Mn3+/ Mn2+ couple is much more positive than ion in the presence of a strong ligand.
that for Cr3+ / Cr2+ couple or Fe3+ / Fe2+ couple. /E° value for the Because in presence of strong ligand, the 3d electrons pair up
Mn3+/ Mn2+ couple is positive (+ 1.57 V) whereas that of Cr3+/ Cr2+ leaving two orbitals empty to be involved in d2sp3hybridisation.
is negative ( – 0.4 V)./Eºvalue for the Mn3+/ Mn2+ couple is highly
positive(+1.57V) as compared to Cr3+/Cr2+.
Class XII/Chemistry /The d and f Block Element/2022
 GRADE XII GRADE XII
2+ 2+ 2+
2. Cr is a stronger reducing agent than Fe . /Cr is a stronger Other questions
reducing agent.Because Cr is more stable in +3 oxidation state.Cr2+ 1. What are the transition elements ? Write two characteristics of the
is oxidized to Cr 3+ which has stable d3 / t32g orbital configuration. transition elements.
3. Cu+ ion is not known in aqueous solutions./Copper (I) ion is not
Elements which have partially filled d-orbital in its ground states or
known in aqueous solution.
any one of its oxidation states.
Because Cu+ undergoes disproportionation as 2Cu+ → Cu + Cu2+,
1) Variable oxidation states
The stability of Cu2+ (aq) rather than Cu+(aq) is due to more
2) Form coloured ion
negative ΔhydH0of Cu2+ (aq) than Cu+(aq) , which more than
(Or any other two correct characteristics)
compensates for 2ndΔiHof Cu.
2. In 3d series (Sc to Zn), which element shows the maximum number
4. CuCl2 is more stable than Cu2Cl2.
In CuCl2, Cu is in +2 oxidation state which is more stable due to of oxidation states and why ?
high hydration enthalpy as compared to Cu2Cl2 in which Cu is in Mn , due to involvement of 4s and 3d electrons/ presence of maximum
+1oxidation state unpaired d-electrons.
5. Cu+ ion is not stable in aqueous solutions. 3. In 3d series (Sc to Zn), which element has the lowest enthalpy of
Because Cu+ undergoes disproportionation as 2Cu+ → Cu + Cu2+ atomisation and why ?
/oxidation of a metal in a solvent depends on the nature of the Zn, Due to completely filled d-orbitals, no unpaired electrons which
solvent. Cu+ is unstable in water thats why it undergoes oxidation. leads to weak metallic bond.
6. Mn (III) undergoes disproportionation reaction easily.
4. What may be the possible oxidation states of the transition metals
Mn3+ is less stable and changes to Mn2+ more stable half filled d-
with the following delectronic configurations in the ground state of
orbital configuration.
their atoms:3d 3 4s2 , 3d5 4s 2 and 3d 6 4s 2 . Indicate relative stability
7. Mn2+ is much more resistant than Fe2+ towards oxidation.
of oxidation states in each case.
Mn2+ more stable half filled d-orbital configuration so resistant
towards oxidation
8. The oxidising power of oxoanions are in the order VO2+< Cr2O72 –
< MnO4 1 – .
Due to the increasing stability of the lower species to which they
are reduced.
9. Unlike Cr3+, Mn2+, Fe3+ and the subsequent other M2+ ions of the 5. Discuss the relative stability in aqueous solutions of +2 oxidation
3d series of elements, the 4d and the 5d series metals generally do state among the elements : Cr, Mn, Fe and Co. How would you
not form stable cationic species. justify this situation? (At. Nos. Cr = 24, Mn = 25, Fe = 26, Co = 27)
due to lanthanoid contraction the expected increase in size does not occur. On the basis of electrochemical series the standard electrode
10. With the same d-orbital configuration (d4) Cr2+ ion is a reducing potential shows the following order
agent but Mn3+ ion is an oxidising agent. E° Mn2+ /Mn<E° Cr 2+ /Cr<E° Fe2+ /Fe<E° Co2+ /Co
Because Cr3+ has the stable t2g3 configuration whereas Mn2+ has Therefore, Co2+ gets easily reduced to metallic cobalt while it is
stable 3d5 configuration(half filled). difficult to reduce Mn2+. Hence Mn2+ will be most stable and the
11. MnO is basic whereas Mn2O7 is acidic in nature. increasing stability order will be Co2+< Fe2+< Cr 2+<Mn2+
Because of higher oxidation state of Mn in Mn2O7.
Class XII/Chemistry /The d and f Block Element/2022
 GRADE XII GRADE XII
6. Describe the trends in the following properties of the first series of μ = √𝑛 (𝑛 + 2) B.M.
the transition elements :
(i) Oxidation states(ii) Atomic sizes
(iii) Magnetic behaviour of dipositive gaseous ions (M2+)
(i) As there is very little energy difference between 4s and 3d
orbitals, electrons from both energy levels can be used for
chemical bond formation. Therefore all elements except Sc and Zn, 7. Calculate the number of unpaired electrons in the following gaseous
of the first transition series show a number of oxidation states as state ions: Mn2+, Cr3+, V3+ and Fe2+Which one of these is the most
shown in table. stable in aqueous solutions?
Oxidation states of the first series transition elements (the most (At. nos. V = 23, Cr = 24, Mn = 25, Fe = 26)
common ones are in bold letter)

Mn2+ is the most stable in aqueous solutions

8. How is the variability in oxidation states of d-block different from
(ii) Atomic radii of the first transition series decreases from Sc to
Cr, then remains almost constant till Ni and then increases from that of the p-block elements ?/ Write one difference between
Cu to Zn. transition elements and p-block elements with reference to
The reason of this variation in atomic radii has been attributed to variability of oxidation states.
the increase in nuclear charge in the beginning of the series. But as 9.
the electrons continue to be filled in d-orbitals, they screen the
outer 4s electrons from the influence of nuclear charge. When the
increased nuclear charge and the increased screening effect From the given data of Eovalues, answer the following questions :
balance each other in the middle of transition series, the atomic
(i) Why is Eo(Cu2+/Cu) value exceptionally positive ?
radii becomes almost constant (Mn to Fe). Towards the end of the
series, the repulsive interaction between electrons in d orbitals Because of high ΔaHo& low Δhyd Ho.
become very dominant. As a result there is an expansion of the (ii) Why is Eo(Mn2+/Mn) value highly negative as compared to other
electron cloud; consequently, the atomic size increases elements ? Because of more stability of Mn2+ (3d5 )
(iii) Except Zn2+, all other divalent gaseous ions of the first (iii) Which is a stronger reducing agent Cr2+ or Fe2+ ? Give reason
series of the transition elements contain unpaired electrons in their Cr2+ ,because in +3 oxidation state Cr is more stable ( t2g3 orbital)
3d subshell and are therefore paramagnetic in nature. 10. Use the data to answer the following and also justify giving reason :
The magnetic moment (μ) of the elements of the first transition
Cr Mn Fe Co
series can be calculated with the unpaired electrons (n) by the
EºM /M2+
– 0·91 – 1·18 – 0·44 – 0·28
spin-only formula
EM3+ /M2+ – 0·41 + 1·57 + 0·77 + 1·97
Class XII/Chemistry /The d and f Block Element/2022
 GRADE XII GRADE XII
(a) Which is a stronger reducing agent in aqueous medium,Cr2+ or (ii) Which ion is a strong oxidizing agent and why?
Fe2+ and why ? Mn3+ , due to stable d5 configuration in Mn2+
Cr2+ , due to lower standard reduction potential (E0) / Higher (iii)Which ion is colourless and why?Ti4+ , No unpaired electrons
standard oxidation potential. (iv) Which ion has the highest number of unpaired electrons?Mn3+
(b) Which is the most stable ion in +2 oxidation and why ? 13. Out of Cu+ and Cu2+ , which ion is unstable in aqueous solution and
Mn2+ , Due to highest negative standard reduction potential. why?
11. The elements of 3d transition series are given as : Cu+, due to disproportionation reaction / low hydration enthalpy
Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Equations
Answer the following : K2Cr2O7
(i) Which element has the highest m.p. and why ?
1. Orange colour of Cr2O72 – ion changes to yellow when treated with
Cr, because of maximum no. of unpaired electrons cause strong
metallic bonding. an alkali. Why?
(ii) Which element is a strong oxidizing agent in +3 oxidation state Due to formation of chromate ion / CrO42- ion, which is yellow in
and why ?Mn, because it attains stable half -filled 3d5 configuration colour
in +2 oxidation state. 2. Write the equations involved in the preparation of Potassium
(iii) Which element is soft and why ? dichromate from Sodium chromate (Na2CrO4).
Zn, because of no unpaired electron in d-orbital. 3. Write the preparation of sodium dichromate from chromite ore
(iv) Write the element which shows maximum number of oxidation (FeCr2O4).
state. Give reason.Mn. It has maximum unpaired electrons. 4. When chromite ore FeCr2O4 is fused with NaOH in presence of air,
(v) Which element shows only +3 oxidation state?Sc a yellow coloured compound (A) is obtained which on acidification
(vi)Write the element which can show an oxidation state of +1.Cu with dilute sulphuric acid gives a compound (B). Compound (B) on
(vii) Write the element which is not regarded as a transition element. reaction with KClforms a orange coloured crystalline compound
Give reason.Zn, because of no unpaired electron in d-orbital. (C).
(viii) Copper has exceptionally positive Eº(M2+/M) value why? (i) Write the formulae of the compounds (A), (B) and (C).
Because of low Δhyd H/ high Δi H (ii) Write one use of compound (C).
(ix) Which element is a strong reducing agent in +2 oxidation state 5. When FeCr2O4 is fused with Na2CO3 in the presence of air it gives a
and why ?Cr,Cr2+ is oxidized to Cr3+ which has stable d3 / t32g yellow solution of compound (A). Compound (A) on acidification
orbital configuration. gives compound (B). Compound (B) on reaction with KCl forms an
(x) Zn2+ salts are colourless. why ? orange coloured compound (C). An acidified solution of compound
Due to d10 configuration/no unpaired electrons. (C) oxidizes Na2SO3 to (D). Identify (A), (B), (C) and (D).
12. The elements of 3d transition series are given as : KMnO4
Ti4+ V2+ Cr3+ Mn3+ 1. Give reason: Hydrochloric acid is not used in permanganate
Answer the following : titrations. Because HCl is oxidised to chlorine.
(i) Which ion is most stable in an aqueous solution and why? 6. When MnO2 is fused with KOH in the presence of KNO3 as an
Cr3+ , half filled t32g oxidizing agent, it gives a dark green compound (A). Compound (A)
Class XII/Chemistry /The d and f Block Element/2022
 GRADE XII GRADE XII
disproportionates in acidic solution to give purple compound (B).
An alkaline solution of compound (B) oxidises KI to compound (C)
whereas an acidified solution of compound (B) oxidises KI to (D). 12. MnO4 – (aq)+ Fe2+(aq) + H+(aq)→
Identify (A), (B), (C), and (D).
13. MnO4 – (aq)+ I –(aq) + H2O(l)→
7. Write the chemical equations for the preparation of KMnO4 from
MnO2. Why does purple colour of acidified permanganate solution 14. MnO4 – (aq)+ S2O32 –(aq) + H2O(l)→
decolourise when it oxidises Fe2+ to Fe3+ ?
15. MnO4– + 5S2– +16 H+→
8. When pyrolusite ore MnO2 is fused with KOH in presence of air,
green coloured compound (A) is obtained which undergoes 16. MnO4– + NO2– + H+→
disproportionation reaction in acidic medium to give purple 17. MnO4– + SO32– + H+→
coloured compound (B).
18. MnO42– +4 H+→
(i) Write the formulae of the compounds (A) and (B)
(ii) What happens when compound (B) is heated? 19. Cu2+(aq) + I – (aq)→
9. Write the preparation of K2MnO4 from pyrolusite ore (MnO2). Write 20. Fe3+ + I –→
the type of magnetism shown by KMnO4 (D) and K2MnO4.(P) The f block elements
10. Write the ionic equation showing the oxidation of Fe(II) salt by
acidified dichromate solution. Give reason
11. Describe the preparation of 1. Actinoids show wide range of oxidation state./The members in the
(ii) KMnO4 from K2MnO4 actinoid series exhibit a large number of oxidation states than the
1. Na2Cr2O7 + KCl → corresponding members in the lanthanoid series./ The actinoids
exhibit a greater range of oxidation states than the lanthanoids.
2. Na2CrO4 + 2H+→
Due to comparable energies of 5f, 6d and 7s orbitals .
3. Cr2O7 2 –(aq)+ C2O42 – (aq) + H+(aq) → 2. Actinoid contraction greater than lanthanoidcontraction.
Because 5f electrons have poorer shielding effect than 4f electrons.
4. Cr2O7 2 –(aq)+ Fe2+(aq) + H+(aq) →
3. Actinoids show irregularities in their electronic configurations.
5. Cr2O7 2 –(aq)+ H2S(g) + H+(aq) → Due to stability of 5f0, 5f7, 5f14 / very small energy difference /
comparable energy among 5f, 6d, and 7s orbitals.
6. Cr2O7 2 –(aq)+ I – (aq) + H+(aq) →
4. Among lanthanoids, Ln (III) compounds are predominant.
7. Cr2O7 2 –(aq)+3Sn2+(aq) +14 H+(aq) → However, occasionally in solutions or in solid compounds, +2 and
8. CrO42 – (aq) + H+(aq)→ +4 ions are also obtained.
Because to attain extra stable f 0 and f 7 configurations.
9. KMnO4 Δ 5. Ce4+ is a strong oxidizing agent in aqueous solution.
10. MnO2(s) + KOH(aq) + O2(g) → Ce4+ gets reverted to 3+ oxidation state in aqueous medium hence
is a good oxidizing agent/ Ce is more stable in +3 oxidation state.
11. MnO4 – (aq)+ C2O42 –(aq) + H+(aq)→ 6. Eu2+ is a strong/good reducing agent.
Class XII/Chemistry /The d and f Block Element/2022
 GRADE XII GRADE XII
Because +3 oxidation state of Eu is more stable. (or) 2. Define lanthanoid contraction. Write its one consequence.Write the
Eu2+ (4f7) is a strong reducing agent because Eu3+ is more common oxidation state of lanthanoids.
stable than Eu2+. The overall decrease in atomic and ionic radii from La to Lu (due to
7. La3+ (Z = 57) and Lu3+ (Z = 71) do not show any colour in
poor shielding effect of 4f electrons) is called Lanthanoid
solutions./Lanthanum and Lutetium do not show colouration in
contraction. Common oxidation state of Lanthanoids is +3.
solutions.
3. Name an element of lanthanoid series which is well known to
8. Lanthanoids form primarily +3 ions, while the actinoids usually shown +4 oxidation state. Is it a strong oxidising agent or reducing
have higher oxidation states in their compounds, +4 or even +6 agent ?Cerium / Terbium ; Oxidising agent.
being typical. 4. What are the common oxidation states of Cerium (At. no. 58) ?
due to the energy difference between 5f, 6d and 7s orbitals is very
+3 and +4
less in actinoids
9. The chemistry of actinoids is more complicated as compared to 5. What is ‘mischmetal’ ? Write its one use
lanthanoids.(2 reasons)/. Misch metal is an alloy which consist of a lanthanoid metal(95%)
Because actinoids are radioactive and show wide range of and iron (5%) and traces of S,C,Ca and Al.
oxidation states. Use- It is used in Mg-based alloy to produce bullets, shell and
10. The chemistry of actinoids elements is not so smooth as that of the lighter – flint.
lanthanoids.The energy difference between 5f, 6d and 7s orbitals is 6. What is meant by the term lanthanoid contraction?What is it due to
very less as compared to lanthanoids. and what consequences does it have on the chemistry of elements
11. The gradual decrease in size (actinoid contraction) from element to following lanthanoids in the periodic table?
element is greater among the actinoids than that among the 7. What is the general electronic configuration of lanthanoids ?
lanthanoids (lanthanoid contraction). 4f 1-14 5d0-1 6s2
8. Write one similarity and one difference between the chemistry of
Because 5f electrons have poorer shielding effect than 4f electrons
lanthanoids and that of actinoids.
Other questions Similarity : Both show contraction in size /Both show irregularity in
1. Compare actinoids and lanthanoids with reference to their : their electronic configuration/Both are stable in +3oxidation state
(i) electronic configurations of atoms /both are electro positive and very reactive/ both exhibit magnetic
(ii) oxidation states of elements and spectral properties. (any one)
(iii) general chemical reactivity of elements.
Difference :Actinoids are mainly radioactive but lanthanoids are
not/ Actinoids show wide range of oxidation states but lanthanoids
do not /Actinoid contraction is greater than lanthanoid contraction.
( any other one similarity and one difference)

************************

Class XII/Chemistry /The d and f Block Element/2022