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Computer Based Numerical Techniques (CBNT)

CBNT notes Unit 1 AKTU

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Thakur Prabhanshu Singh
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195 views

Computer Based Numerical Techniques (CBNT)

CBNT notes Unit 1 AKTU

Uploaded by

Thakur Prabhanshu Singh
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
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A OP oul Equation Algebric equation AN aebat . egyretton Algebric equation— Th expressionof the Form FOO= age b aly 8 pany ® +n, coher. Boy 21 ,Q2/7-~ ~~, a, = constant & ag go andy if tive Integer js calted a polynomial of dagreery Hes FOU=0 j4 known as algebric ewation of dagree r, Example- 3p etine TransdentoL equotion— LTE £04) contain sting SUCh ay trigonometric, Logay jthmir exponential etc, than f(w<0 14 Knows at trance dental equation, Exam ple— of ok Ehe Functions H3+4sinnt e+] <0 xtsintntz =o Geometric mean of yooks of FWD 50 — A root OF FOV=0 ia thot volur of x uhur fhe graph of Yr fix) crocess the xX~ axis. The process of finding The root of Fhe eqotion 12 known ay solution of that eqsaty on, Trtermediote vols property (T-v- P)- LeE(F: Lab] Sp)be any real valued -funchon such that Fla) UECb) have opposite sign Phin fFlt)eg has abliott one root ekween Mea B wah ( Fmeping from indervel o, h-to R.) Descanks yulk of signs — The equakion FOX Cam no} have more tive roots than th» chang of 519% FOO and more —ive ~rate Hhan the change 9 sign toy for tiw or -iw BES ote oy for imaginary te othe ou} Examph-~ f(r) =@7 erg RUT aay Sionchanpeta 3H me? # chearly FOr so hat ot moet 3 rive roots, Now, Floor aw 2b Urt-5 20 Usione hangs . thew has atmest 2 —ive roots: S006 hot atta =< 7- (342) = 2 imaginmy rook, Method of salving eqrotion— UW) BisecHon method / Bal gane method, or half interval method ~— Subset Le FOr be any cont nuout function oh ta,bl Cc RK, Such that Flayxo & f(b =e seis approxi makion— we tales 124 (4b) if FOX = od Xt 14% root of FLMsF0 CareCH)~ FlX1I 56 Dp root Lies betwen ak uy Com (I) — TE FOX 190 yoot Lies Hektweey, vee b 2 Suppose FHL) >6 OS as S s ' oe Op prenimeakion— we take y= ae eT CF FOROS Ha ig rook Con (I )- fF Fimo rook Lies |, ebween a RL arene Com(OD- Lf FUN) FUweo > Flroth=o Un-Jzo up to. four stagu, te Toylorls serjes for om voriabl. Finth) = Fons hiooat tte Ve) ta P # woth ForDthd 4 7 t be zy + PFODEME Ro Lon niglicklng cecond § Kigher order erm 1 | 5 hs- fot FC) P [rene Fore) 47(ne) Similonly, [Yaerr— Ox) fonp Here x1 ib hettey Approximation than xe andy b better approx Imecdion than). On taking successive OPP rd xi mation Wa yee > SHA Kny M6 at ro Yn FOnay fim) Ths Ly Newton- Raphson formula, No}fe— WE Pon iy lange be. the graph of y=FOO fa ne Vantico to the YAR, then th New - Raphson Method jy ving useful. Gyre PCr) Ja cero or tere thy this rthedl 14 nee nearly Ci) This method Lb the bert tenown procedion for finding Hhe reot ofan equatton algehric anbtrangdardl OY This formule converge weap joleLy Tf be choose Yo vey chose to Hhe root «, © Thin muthod fy ufal for colutoting real ® complex Yoot. Solutfon( 1) — We hove FON = *3-5HnEL ZO —(i) fF COD= C0)3- SXotl aoe +) = +live RK €CL) © (193- SXL4L eee -3 co -ive The fF irvct approximation root Lie between oul. ytd OtijyeL +( ) PCD = (> B(Lyn SO SUS 1375 * Fo). F(L) <0 TRe second OpProx) motion Lie betroeen Bee aso) L f(+)= (AP= 5(L)t = — 0234375 ve F(0)-F(E) FP KOO= FO F7OD [rong] for convengence. |gno]'< 1 leon): #%n9| ——— < | Fou ]* >|) Fox £%] < |-00]7] Thus Newton's formula with convenge if LEOAD F/O < | £7000] > dn Phe inttr val considered. Ge ovedtri cally Interpretation — Let: Pos P bea curve Y= tx) Slope of th~ tangent pop to the curve ab bhe point Po( xe, 4o) = FC) Tarnngert PoB cut the n-axjg ate Le Crro), a i A, = OB = OA-AB ZT Ho- PoA cot} =u, — PeA tany M1 = xo — FC%e) | <— First approximation. #7Cno) The tangent of the curve Pp) Ccorraponding bo ML) cut the ania ot C(%2,0), uring wy ad the stonki ng valus they, oo eS Aa= wp — FOX) FO) Now x, jx, neanty to A bhan 41 (second ap pronimedon) “ process can be repeated and rvot d appeamdveue ee Yhap = £(%n) fOmn) YyefOO FCx) Lo _ zon gee Polo, Fo) Z Rate of convengence of Newton — Raphson bad Mee Yn Copproxi mate root) differs Fron, the achual root x by asmall qantity br, “Mme kth, —(iy Mrtis < thy, ii) By Newton Raph son~ formula, Ray = %— Frm) Vii ! rn) ti VAING equation § Cid in (ii), woe get — Kthytr= Athy FCdthy) FC «+ hn) Dhoue hy - FC &+ hy) (thy) on expanding fat hn) & (4thn) by Taylary ser} es oot hnay = hy ~ Flare hrf (a4 4 her (4)+—--- Ee yg ne Faye WAC ARE g(a) Sone a We know thak #(«)s ey then we have, hytit by - bef CHL EMA) e--~- ee Oe eee FC) thn f(A) ---- = hn £709 HE F/(—hn £70 abt ey — fae FC) thn f(A+—— ~~ ok ty F(A) thn f(O . : £4 ma Dhytr= bor ( fe ) approximately Cho. eae) oniinatorf > het br Thy i— ) 4 meary thot subsequent envr hn41 at each skp U proportional to Phe sqprane of the previous error hn, So, He yuember of eurrect decinnal [4 approximately oul at each iberation tf £7(4) rUFt/CR) WD convergence is quadvedte root. ta nok too Lang. Ovdar of convengence— n= dthy XK np = d+ hn hres hk wh, k is called order of convergence. TF REIL Phin Convergence 7 Lincan, TE K=25 IES qaradvattc. Working wulk of slope FOU=0 By Newten-Raphson method :— ; * Choose two close numbers bec, FULI& FCO) am the Opposite sigh, then rook X Lies between ba C, «Out of FUb) & £060) choose Which ib Lnkar'te tere. TF £Cb) iy neansy te tere Fhe b is an inital approximale rook (te) of Hhigqiven equation. ‘Apply Newten Raphion -ferrnula be find out bebtur o Ppreximacke rook of, Men, — Flr%e) £/(re Repeat the process to get succenive app roti mation, * Stop when buoo approximate roofs rreegural, Exar ple - Find the reat reot of HN fe owing equation Correct to the dacimoat place wy} New he matheds memes ng for Raphe on Salution-Wle have, Lb, FOWOe w3- ox 5 > Flas (23 *3 2-5 zo —H) ~202)-5 2-4 (-Ive) k & FSI= (a5) aes) ee FB! 625 (tine) £20 ¢ £( 25D ane of opposite signs, then the pootor eqmroction (i) Lie behocen 2£2:5 5 F(2>]4 rrantr bo ter than £(2'5). 12 15 better approximate root than 2-5, zket x,=2 bean approximate root of equatton(i), Then by Newton Raphson method — Ars He— FO) feo = cr. 2: Fw) F02) ones F(ab = (2-1)2-2(2-L)-5 2 0-064 {tr = Brae 0A i ob) . robl elt ate “Area fb _. af as FaNY 11-23 s - = 2-69457 Now, £(2-09457)= (2-09457)3- 2209457) = ne f(r09457)23(2 C9457) 2 Ad elgg * Hg22 -09457— f(2-09457) © 2+09457~o-no0l6 MLele7 = 909456 Pog = A, curreet upk four places of chejmed. Hence the root of Fiven equation (4 2094 5 eurrect upbe 4 placel of dicj mal. Example(L)- Pevive the Newhon Rap thon formule es Finding ao voot of non lincan eqrrotion, Find th root of FOUO=K3E2K2 +10X~2020 Upto Lo iteration Solution- we heme f(a) = 1342224 Lox —26 =o—ciy F FOO Ir+UYX+Lo (iy) FCLI= (199 +20 DP at ind tse 327 [aah FC LS) = (1507425 P+ 10(1 5) 202 2.075( +i) #(1) 4 FOL 5) ane of opposite signs then HY yoot of eqrrotton (j) Lie between L&les: f(s) is rooney to tere than FL), So LF 1A bekkey approxi malt root Hhan L. “Libs Aes Lee bean approximate root of equatton(id. Then by Newton's Raph con mebhed= re x— Fre) 2 FOO = YF aK HU KEL F7Cx0d F(LSI= FU SHU E LD p5- #(1'5)_ F195) 22-75 £/(1'5) SSH 2878 az ae 22-78 Now, ¢ (4-37 362)= (1+37362)342(1 3736 24 1L0(1-37324) 20 = 0:09 8o5 #°(1.37 B6r)= 3(1+37962) 744 (1-373 6294102211549 M22 K1- FOr) = $.3732g~ f01-37326) FOO) F7(1:37324) = 13732- 0109 G05. 2 1BYg =136860 Move £ (1-3 6860) CL zeagoyt42 (1:26 860)? + Lo(.1-36660)—20 = =4.39¢6x%19°3 , ~ 000439 £7(1+26 Bbo) =3(1:36660)7 4U(1:36860) 410 T2loq3gs Now, a= n,~ £0n2) xm, - FCL+2 6 60) FO) F/(1-36060 = 1+34660- 0+ 00439 2L+093S Hgele36 83g HBEM2 curcct Up 2 place of ducimal, Hence Lhe rook of Given eqarcction fg 11368 Ctrrect upto 3 place of decimal Similarly colve upto Le itration, Example— By Using Newton Raphson method, find Hu root of xt~xK-Loro Which is Ntan to W522 currect fe 3 place of ducimal . Salublon— Lb, Fie KIL K—Lo —OD NIE 4y? = 1 tip i ari L5=Los— 6 4375 (~je) felg22) = 4 f : (1) Fe 2-10 m4 (tiv) » T(E) © FC0S at Opposite sign Hn the reefof eqation(}) Jie bechween, pes RL, F(a) iy rraex to Zere than F(1-5), Lb xtg= 2 be an opproni mate voot of equation), TR by Newton Raph son formula — 9 = yto BOW) © = oe C2) (re) FC1-:96431) = 2. 51L9YU8 F749 6431) 2 @*YOo$L ee 2 1:98Y3 #72) as 1 Pe Nae My — FOU) wy FCL+9 043L)_ HAD T7U-9843D oa plow, £(1-86038)= o'14 823 £7CL: 86038) =24+ 75520 Maan.— FCW) yn, £1 0603M 21 wees, OM) 471: 66028) mow, £C1 OSS6o) 2000037 F/(L O56) = 2YOSSTIC Hqen,— FOND _ yy F(L:dsebe) oe esc Pong) #(hosrea) Mg=%q Upkr plhaces OF Aicimal, Hence te reot of Hun equation j4 1+ OS currect Upto 3 places ofdeci mal, Examph- Find the real root of the £7 (48) liv) 2! mie On putting tre valus of FOU, weak, ECKL) Zo From WV), FOKD+ Oye) £706) teak p71 lndee So Gane FO) 1 Cum) £7 (ne) Me 2 Flo. wing Win Ww) we hae ns) FO Aero —FO%ed i S$ FC) FN) Lu Srey —s 1" (x9) Some Reduction From Newton—Raphson Formed, @> Ttevative Formula te Find JN” Is *na pre : whuy naa ny numbers. alt m= In” wIe-No Let FOUS WIEN & FOODS 22 = Newlon Raphson Formula, ip pre-e qpratior dd voles In hry— wn — (*AA-ND) _ aot mn tN e Benen EN oO) > yn = a nH wtp aK so) Wewtone Raphron formula Aud [iin For Finding sywor yoo} of 7 ang nunnrber Example Find the value of wor {28 by NAR CNewten— Ro-phson) method, Solution- wt N= 28 * = 28 —_/j nes = Lint (i) » An approximate value of Io fs were so, TRevfore we act. any eh (meh Zh we nee putin . Yo eqyuctton(iii) <1 28). 5:3 4e( + S ) S ie (m+ 22) =H satth) = S-1gis) (% +28) 4 (sratsis on) $2915) 229150 Le D Hea Upto four decimal places a (vee 512915 Regula falsi mebhod or folue Position method: The aldegt method for computing of the reel root of A numerical equation ia thi muebhodof fells « position, Let FOES) be an equotion Let Yor) bea curve AB, Which cuts w-axiot Peintp, Mean op is real root of (), dchord AB cuts raxir at, F ' fl J =f08) “ORL ary ap prrImatk rootoefW), By Bais muthod, we hawede pai Find oQ. \ st equatien of chord AB I3 e : 4 -F l= ete =£ENCOn- ay iy a Fa) a YYyr Yrs a Ca, 41) a? paras ma) $ ww TRY chord AB cub p-anris at@ Le Yoo 2 From(i) ocak - FC b)~ FC at ard o-fCa= = a = a) > ne SFUD- bFlLAd FCL)-~ Fla) simitanly, we repeat the abows rule — Nope— + Rate of convengauce of His reekthod 1s Foster than the bitecHon method. b Thi method is alas connede. * Rate of convengance OF this methoo 1 1618. Q Find a +ive moots of x32?— Un41iso by the mebod of false position, Solution— let FOU = yB-yuntleo —f") “AF COVDL CHI . p(bDe-zl-tve) We, Lie og 1 a5 D> Root Lies between 08 1, First appr ximah on §— x12 af Cb) -b FO) go. fy 10d _ FCB) -Fla) F(1)~ FD F(S>= (Ey -4 sae “Sey “Rook Lee bekvern o 8 J, fesecond approrimetion ¢—_ 4) £(o)~oxF (2) > Thirfor es conclar, Result 3 TD SI C6 (PV sconditie —F(L ae, east (ap) “#9 ) of 993 uf9 = 7446 i Gs) (as ex a eae cee ae ‘Root Lies hepweeh ot 3s TRiy 8 Apprexi mation — = -o FD Xg= ch £(0)-0 3) = 4225 FO) — F(2) “4el9 “ Ags 3 ra R %ge i225 _ woe 35 a2571 3 Gata o2sys 2 WrerXa upte two decimal places, S yooko hl) b An taee. (2) Iteration formula to find <- ix | Anai= *n(2- Nxtn) 2- | leew xed a> tine eons 7 a ae Leh £Ox) = 4 oN 6 £a)2-4 = x nr Thin Newton Raphson formula giva— Mntis x,— FOr) F*CK) BS a ; Cee) eee F YWnst= my. (GH 1) = xy Yon (L_ ny 7 Gs-%) ° D> YMnt+1 = (3) Ttervotion formula to find 4: =—— A IN Mng1 = L(wn4+ 4 : a= SOm+t a) a tee wedt os yrit . Ww” ne we take fCn)> Pt ae A, we have FOn)= 2H Neuston Raphson formula qivy - Mere Yn- FO%n) #7An) 3 = yn — tN 1 P ney = myn CSN) 8a Gant tie) UHH 2 Pir Som te) | (4) Tteration formule to find kin 13 Anta = +_[ CK-L) y+ N FA =] — Let “x= kIN > xKoNn -=Nr0 Let FOUS xK_LN S inde ent Then by Mewtor Rap hron formula — ere ee eG) F7C¥n) K Pret © RUn— oN Kk kot 1 Ane = Hn Keke awen kn rete EP waCem UN Buk-l Q@ Evaluote the following Curved to four dicimal placer) by Newton Raphsonvmnekhed + oy ieation @ 3, Solurtion~ Tleration fF 4 OeMULer of ty Ane ny (2-N%n) Let N= 31) | : won Comparing, 1 ark | An approx| make valu No3r ) oF ah 0-03, we ™ take Xo O03 Spo Hy (2-3) Xa) 5 5 Are M4 (2-24%2) a= a! 0°03 (2- 31X00 3)20.6324 = 0-0321(2~31xo-0324 Je - “3I%2) = 0-03 2257 (4 : 2 =a Upte four cli cimat plac 1 “37 = 010329 C032 ST 31x 0-03 225 7 )= 0.033 er we have (ae la eae Sodution- Ld N=lY IN” is R rteration formula Suit is D>Nety . 4 —— Mays E fend aoe fn expproximate vals of Led sgias,e have a Hot 012s PB Ply ake i = E[o25++ =o. then ed [eons x] > Tqxeus |7%26765 -Lfn +4 ct lo2679 541 ___——_ £0-2672618 my f tax x |? Li 14xX0-267 GS ae i L i 435] nat talo. 18+. | fa a5. 2 im] [oa er26 1y x02 672618 = 0-2 672612 WM =%3 Upte foun decimal places, we have +A = 0.2673 4 Ci) soy 2.compans IN = a[Re Solution- We takeNe24 & kK=3 D>k=3B &N=24 ar ae [2+ 2M ‘| —i) 3 Wy a tal N = t [ove] Nan ep proximate value of k at Qu. (25) Fea gue take nes then 1 = 4 [ane 2 Kot Xe mute Oe ie -eaust 1 mye YX (2: 88809)2[* > ce - 24 . 24 %3 = $ [patie jaf 2x2-690U5L F Gsanayt 2 884 HX2= ra “Upto four dechmeab places, we have | yj - 4 [pxat cA ‘|= 2+ 60089 3 (32 = 2-88y> (iv) (30) -U5 l hie “on Comparing 3 Wetuke N=30 & Ks-5 XIN = (oy NF Senge SE 6%nt30__ - gL eetse, re D> KS-5 ENS3 2% : i = DP waee Bl 630%] His ® Formula— "avy copproximote valurof Yona t a: : CeDnnth Gayl @y oa “elt ss Dawes Fwe take, Ne cork Now, From equak)on (j>~ A= Mo “E[¢-30%8 ] =o so eas R= m1 5 | 2 Mf e~3on Jeo se6 495 %a= afco- 7 2 ral Borr] = osoeya6 = "%2= Mg upto four decimal placa, “ -15 (30) 50-5065 Qe Find He Ha tdcabaapa hae one Sodbtloricoe howe £69) = 5x -7- F(D = (293-5 (2) -7 = ~9(-Wve) £(3) = GY 5(3)-7= 5 (+ivey Rook lier bebween O 81 First opproximation~ | re AACS) ~ ba). 2¢(3y-34(D _ 215) - 3-9) F(L-FCQ) Cay -FOD (= 9) = 264285 ~5x-T=0, Which OF Fao posibion, o—{j) Ja -1-64278 Nowe, #(2-64985)= (2-64905)?— 5(2-6498D-7= neues Rook Lees between 3 & 2.64928. Second opproximation— Mae 3F(2:6Y92G)-2 64926 FH) 3-4-6427 8) ~ 2 EUT2OD) FC2-64929)—F (a) H1:64279—5S *2= 2-73 604, Now, (2-73 60Le (2:736DL)3_ 5(2-7360L )-7 = 0119896 (-IvO) yoot Lie between 272601 & 2. Third Op pro x mation— X= 2173 601-€(a)—3+# (2:73.60) #)-FlaT360D = 2°72601(5)- 3(-0:19996) = 27Y 644 5-(-019 696) bles F(2-7U 61) @TY6LL)? —5(2-746 LL) —7 =~ 0+02180 (~jvey voot Lies between 3 & ATELY, Fourth OP PrOKImation— Xe = 3 FUE TY OLD ~2-7 461 CHD SS ee DVIVTw FA-7Y4611)-F(3) "e Az=%q Upt 2 dicimmal places, “1 yootoF eqrotion UD iy Q. Find by the method of Regula fabri o vook oF the equction 134% —3x-3c0 dre hetvoen 1 22, Sodetion= let, FOOs WHF 3% —F=G —) Feige (BoE 3 a= Celie) (2) = (2) 3+ (02)? —3(1)-35 ¥( Live) Roost Ute betroeen 1 82, Frrst opproximation— due SEC ThGPCAD og FC) 2#CL) FORA Fe Fay SY Now, FURs3) =e 63) 363 6ayL— 2 f 136263)—9 FOL YD = (L434 Chey? 20 bey = FE -2496 (~jvey root Ite bet ween gf Ley, Second Pp roxi mation— —— STD Fe ETE LS 7627 PE CUS Tere ~1-32773(-ivO “ Root Utes between 2 8 1557617 Thevd opp roxnimation— Mas REC STONE S767) | O £ (157627) — F(a) nee Bey oe F(L. 65304) = -—0 “T0957 (ive) woot diet betuwten 24 165304, Founth approxi motion- Kg sz ZFCL 6530Y4)—1 b53204f(2) fs CL 68973)=-0: 3@UL0O (ive) ! Root Lies between 2 4.1.69973, = 168973 FIFth approri mation — — PECL6 8 ITD Le 6 C9 BE (2) Mee Thee = 4:70839 F(L-6897% — F(2) i F(1-70 O39= — 0:92 O66 (FIved fr Rook Sieg between 2 & Le7o 839, Sixth SP proxi mation— Om PEC 839)~ 17083) - sg, #C1°70839)—F(2z) FULT S392 0.1 4799 (-4ive) “ Roobilies between 1674753 ¥ 1°70 829. Seventh Opprexri mation— oa ze LTYTS3F C70 839) Fo 839 FCI 74759) #(1:70839)—- (1794753) War sliqy2ts KEEN Upte 2 decimol places Seo root of eqrotion (5 [1-7 y Q. Find the reat root of the equation ndog x= br by Khe method of Foye position (te. Regula felt method) currect be four. decimal phaces, Nlotei~ F(2)= —0-89794 (—jve) &FG)= 0123136 Solukion- Wle ba, (tive) have, x log wat. ho FO = dog x- taco —Cis F(z)e- 2°5 9794 ( ~Ive) F( 35 023136 (tiwo Se woot Lies bekween 2%3, First @ ppronirmatioh— we AF) bad SEZ C3) —3FC2) #(b) - Fey Rap- Fa =2-72tel F380 - FR) FO Trlotys OIL) Les a-Tatoh — Lae ee * Rook Lies between 3 © 2-72I10l, Second appro Kimatton— Mee 2F(2TZLOL) ~— aT 2Lol (3) A Goo fF (2-72L0l)—~F(D “ £C2°74020) = -0-00028 (ive) S Roobties petroeen 2& 2-74 OVO. Third Opproxi mati on— Hge 32F (TY Oro)— 27 yore F (3) _ ae F(2-7 400) — F(3) YW Was Ka Upbe three dicimel places. Se Phe root of equationcid jy Rote of convengence of folse position mnetrod- Let FON 50 —()> be qiven equation R Lek & hea vooctof (i) & Xn beanappron! note. roo} of GH) such that kyo kth, Satnae thn —th) &® na2= fey > Fre Fry) ii my Andy using eqpiation Gi) im eqmokion (i) = Cth) £(Xthnar) — (ae thnar) £ 4th») F (<4 hngy )- FC L+hn) Dogg 2 Reba (4+ bd] pho FLA bn) — hnar F(X+hy) ? Aner Ft hn) FUE h AD ”% = H+ hn F(Kthnty) —hnart C4thn) Pot. FT Dh PS) SP Pa FC Mth na) — FCXt+ hn) hyn FL&b hnta) — hn FC<+hn) D> Lthnte = fp be Ffldt bts) hn > x +2 x # (hn 4s) =F Ata) hinge = Dnt ( alk, Do th Shr = . Deere aay Again hnt2 = A eae —Vid using equation (vi) 2 Vi) In equation liv), we det ~ kK Ar ilk Abn s AF brea [hnee co] > hes — (+4) ery) (c) On comparing the power of hn+i on both sjdus, we geb~ oye ke b+4 > e2_k-1=0 @ be te eey. te ae SS > ke Lt22364 [ tqroring slime sign] 2 iq CSE Using the valru of k in equection (v.), wwe get — 1-648 ho = A hy The rade of convergence in false position method i 41618, Ttexokion method — Considsy thy equation #(x)=0 —(j) Now we wWrile equation (1) tn the form X= (x) —HD Let US draw two curvy Y=R & Yo pend Tre point of ikevation of thy curve TA Hhe root of equration(i), 6 Let K=%o be an initial opp roxi mate root, thi» first approximation xi is found by Kr = gd Cro). Now taking wi a yntttol valu, then m2 second Opproni mation 14 given by A%2= H(*_) zk So on. Pe ¢ OO) TRY 13 also known ay successive approximation method. Rote of convengence of Iteration method— Lee fO0=0 be the equations which can be expressed. Uw ne pcr). The jeration fermula for solving the equation is— Anas = OCA) Lek & be a root of n= b(t) > k= $e) TH wna 8 A, be two succertive approximation tok, we have ne $(%n-1) PA-K= o(%HY)—-4 Pomme = b Onn (4) Up EK EOF By mean valur theorems we have — Pn = POD BCE) jf wh Kn wyW-4s (n-1-*) oS) 0) fr by equation(h § toe, & Cpn-y are the error of approximations %, Rwy “Ens Kyo Kk & en-y SMy~y —% ii ing eqprettion (1) in equrection (ii), Weg Here dow) 1s a continuous function. TF lo(nojek Bn eset en-L », The root of convergence of ths irakion method. ned Otny) U brseur, Note :— GD TRe rake of convengence [3 more if He veut of $700 14 smatix (fi) For real roots » His method is very useful. CHD The equation FOOFO UY wWritt as x= G0. thy form n= p(x) ean be choosen in many way. We have choose bor) tn such away that ivitial appro makion x, should sakicfy the condition | (ne) [<1- TREN Koy Ai» X25 0 ----~ 2 %n convenges to Fhe root & of the equration f(1)=0, Example- find a real root of Hu equation copnegundt cUrrect ty three decimal placer Ving iteration methed- F Solution~ Let f(nde Cosn-Bnt1=0 “Fos 2 (HVO 2 i ; F(D)< 2B gis sive > TR roottiau between 028 w. z Ve#Co) tA nroexr to rer, than f(-B). Rene we take e200. c Mow the equckion can be wovi Hen as WES [cosmH y= bor) & oon —sine & = ; ri | dou] = Arlsinn} ct in (0-4) Hence the iferation methed canbe applied. Me zo. Th the successive approximeadton anc red (Moyes 4b Ccosotly sor l6e7 Are S POL) = A (cos 0 664741 Je 05953 Kae $013) =4 (eos 0595341) = 0°6093 %ae Az =4Cevso- 6093-41) = 0° 6067 My = b (4) ~ 4 (cos 0° 606TH) = 06072 Mee bow) = (coso 607241 )= 0 6071 D> Ke arte currect upko 3 decimal places, tL veqrired real root it | °: 607 QuBtion- Find the yook of Hhe equation W-5x-11=0, by the method of iteration currect bo 3 decimal placer, Solution Let page “x2 5K-LL=0 —) 13 (+Ive) 27-262 4Ctive) FCvd= @3- 5(2)-l= #(3) =(3)3— 5(3) = ‘The vyoots Jie between 24 3. (3) is reaner to Zero Than F(2). Hens we take He =3, from equation G)— Sy x3-11 (i at KE EOP)" & bon) 4 oid. 2 POO = Sbw)= Ba | oo] neq FEUD lo] nog 5 SU Ot 1600] Ix nek Lest than 1 so equation (i) bs not wed to Finding the root of thy giver equation: ) Nlow, again from secretion (1) — we Bx+1] X= (sre __ C43 2 bwWe ee ( seri 3 ? lOO) ,0, = O21 EL & lvoo) x23 ” o-1O94]) [oer] ia Lua thant for inkyval xo2 &n=3. So eqpration (iid La Use be Finding the rook of He qiven equation, 2 rye the) 2 (5x3 +19 IF = aemgey 2006249 Ho = PCS (SKI SEY 1196249411) 3 2.95537 Hb Oua)= (SXU95537441) F< 2.95399 ay = p (tg) = (5X2-95399 +1413 U3 $373 D354 curreck upts three decimal places. J required real root Ih Example Find a real root of 2x- tog x =7 currect to three decimal places, using iteration muthod , whe Hy = 28. Solution= Ut, Fos 2%-Log x -7=0 —iy F(3-8)= 2(3-8)- bog, 28 -72 0: 02021 (tim) (3) 5 2(3)-loga 72-4. 4772 eae) TH root Lies between 2 and 2-8. £(3-6) in rawr to zexo than F(3). Herne wor bake Kor 3-8. from equatki or (i) — ons tog u+7 Lo n= Joa, +7 = bord —— ww 2 L L ae 85> Sdegho troy yeh ee , 4 ees éL > loerd| ye at | ioe = ainsi 16666 v lar 1 1 OW —— E = 0+1315 \o lesus ape Teas les 013157 eh “Lec | is Less than 1 for interval »=3 & x53°8, So equation (i) it follow to Finding He rook of the given equalton, Vows $0) = 09,3847 —— = 3-789 89 Y= _ dog 378989 +7 zaps 499, a a-7893! bet pe hog eT IAF eaberrye tog eos Ryo W* currect upto three decimal place. So root of Given equrction is 3-7695| Secank wekhod- This method is ienprovernvent over, the Regula fai method at It doey nok recrulred. the condition FO) FOU) <0, oF Phek nrethod . Here also the qraph of the function ys fOr) ia opproxi~ mated by a scant dine but ek cach ibe -veat!on, YF tio most recent approximations to the rook ane Used bo find the not approximation, Alco Tt is nok necessary that the tnberval mun Contain the woot: Lek He (nikal Limit of He Interval be Xo & 1» then the equation of chord joining these a ~ Ferme FOCIH FOC) Py . ars i (x11) —D equation (1) Crosser Fhe n-axis be. yro from equation (1) 5 we get— HFOuye FOU FOC) A Ke > n-ne — | Mr re Geo-te oe > meer - [ee] F(ALI-F OH) FKL) (w-*L) 3 where n22k Hew 2 ig firck approximation, Th. antral formula for successive approximation — Mths no | ne Ant | Fon) 3 NL FOAn)— FOZ) ) Note— WD TH at ang iKration FOtn)= FOG 19/7 then Eis method fails. Hance Enis mokhod does not converge always while requta- folsi method wilt always converge, ip Advantage IF the secant method an once converges thin fts rake of convergence ia 1-84 which is fouter Ehan bhet of Regula~folsj method, Examphe- Find the yeot of the equation wes cosn, using the secant wicthod currect to + dacimal places, Solution— “Elen dagree 4 o> LetFON=e coK—Ke™ oo —() Nok $s Th ER method alroays taking the initial Approximation %oro & mye]. Frode 1. FOX) = cost-ore®= tel: 2.417798 Thin by secant method, we have We H— CU-Ne Ln 1 ReleoCey em 1)= 14+=—___ (-2-17798 FOWI= Fe) e17736 ( z = 031467 : _ OULYGG Now, Fea Cost yoo en ony c04(01 146675 799) = 051987 Cat, on converting di gren) 4 = 180 Nn ae 3 Hae ng Meo iy pertry F014 1673 FOV) -FOU) A root Lies heween 0314 6b &1 Second appro ximation~ Now, E04) = £0044 673)* O2Ue4GY. “RES Ag~ Kare -F-Ora- FOAL) tray ob B4Tl . oS UT FOE Cos STITIS OvHALTIE : = x S73) V Ree ng MET FO) = 0151690 FO4)—FC) ~ 0 0424 = 051690 New, fens j= cos(o 51690457 32)— 0: 516408 = 0:00256 YApe Ag MOM tn e)e 05177 H(A )— FOr) i. Ho “ FIND = #051779) 051113 = cvs (0°51773XS7-32) ~ oO SLITZe = 9000064 . He-Mo TAHp= WE — — FIM) = oS FOG) ~F (HS) Oe oS Henct, 462% CUrPECE Uplo for cicimol plact Hence Pre vrecprrred soot 1s [e177] orsl77 Muller’s Method — ‘ This method 2 qeneraligotton of the secant method a3 1b doe nok remire o tha derivative of Hhe function. ; 4 ert ik an | terative method that rewtres three Stating pot wks, Oey Send (ey Ye) 8 OLY) F Tn case wo hetter appsoximatton ane known, we take xe 52-1, Yese, KiaL- — : ce jye pe ne Peres pos ena ee o> Mid Ki-1 > 4a u os > Mie gi-2AT — Yes + Ye (AL +6) —tii) (FAH Yer Si tye) ALTE MEA HECYC So J eee ee 4s TMUE Tabu g ye beAR(Y ACH Yegect YD iv 2ycsl Using eqrrabion Gy (ii) (I) in equationtiv) thin we Ht value of 1/4, T# we choose thy —ine sign so that numerotor in eqrotion (lv) fs dangqest in magnituch & obtained 7TH: next approrimotion to thereok tf given hy MUELE MiEtACKHER KL 1) Repeating Lhe above press pvse pt Alta > King o Kipg, (o> & so on. Q. Apply Mutlery mithod to Find Hh. root of the equation cosx= re which Lid hab ween O41, Sodution- Let Y= cog xe we taka initial approxi mation af — Wi-ge-1, %ELs0, Keel Yirt costes! yy yso & yis cosine —A) kosce wp =H HH? gen — HER > Miz Costte 12-42? 4 Ccost-e) (4 +2) DP mcs Gortt eye aCcost~ MAAC aAiH 9p BL EY )ACAP HM ATE Yi FO 2 MOF PME ECAC Y0-a MAS TACT) 29¢6C —(P) Using (Aa), (Bl In (Dd) we get two vali of I/4, re we choose the -ive sign so that the woumeraler im (D> ix Langut im the magnitude & obtaind Aco ser | STR Reet approximation te ths root Le Given Ly - | Aiane neFtaACei— AED =l-e sees co-uuis | SrA OUdLs | Lepeabing th abet process ,we ack - Mign fOrSLTSs Aiea OSLI7, meay TO'SI7T I [= voot if oSid Correct te 2 decimal rleces] Unit - 02 Fivote-dbef-fe Ivteypolotion Firth differences — Concicler With Function y= FOr) whee x14 knownas angument and} is Known as erty. Hew the value of arguments avr ot eqral intervals as (ath), Cat2h), Cat3ah), —---- 77 5 Catrh) Le corre Rens ias valu of You Ffa),Flath) fet2hy, F(atzh), a FCatnh), The Following difference FCath)-Flad Ce fCath) F(atnh)-FCat(n-lh] ans called Finife difference, Foreword di Ffere nce operotor— TE ix denoted by AR is defirnedas [AFC Crth)- 00 * First forword difference FOO = Forth) FON | —(1) sand forword aetference AFOO= ALAFGO] is Ar =delte2f = AL F(uth)-FO0] = DFA) DFU = [Fer 2h) Fath] PF tbh) FON] fort DFO £CAEDLH)— 2F (MEH) E EOD RE aah gd atau Grae ic aera ae Simitany, D#O= ATL EOMhI- FOO] AP fON= AN Forth ot Fo0 Nole- Here a> js not scprore of opexator Ay but BS? yrtant A operested by A, Backword dif ference operokor~ Tt is denoted by nebla/del/grad (V) and is defind P © First buckword difference— v VFM) = FC)— -£(u-h) —> ‘ + Second backword difference — VES v (VFO) = V LFO0- FOwnh) ] firFrom equation (Dp = BV F(A) VEC xh) cS [FOo- FR s)] = [Ff CXA)— F OA 2h) |X From inition VEO FAD —2£(u-h)4 £(M—2h) definitions 1 1 1 cimitany, VFO = Vt FOQ- VFO shifting operotor— Tt is denoted by E Vitis acFined as— TE FOO= ELEFOO] e ELF OHI] = FOxt2h) FOO = F(n+3h) EX (Ws FUE Hh) Reswht— To prove that Es 14a Proof—:; AFOO= FU nth) ~ Flny > AFOUE EFOO-£LW) DSEFOU= DFW+ FLY DEF LU= (640400 >E= OFL A, 8>debta Result~ el. 1-v SV > dah CANT, Prook— We difine EFO4) <4 (0h) ee 8 VEOUDEFOO~ FOt-h) vecfor ell Coterbor DVFIMIZTEMEHE Fond > el fos FOO- VED) Pet bons UHV )Fony [et] Result ~ re kis constant — "D Akeo liv ERK ek Solution — Lek ke €O0) be FOLIA constant PFOA )Ek Oo Bee Aran, Fond h)- FO) Ek-k=o > [Akzo] (Ek © exons FlAth) - i ey | Central difference operator— THIS denoted by § & ia defined ar SfOU=, f ( tho th c Ie “ § FO: fim +4 h)- f(n- i h) -1 = Pte peay & Gf = (ee aes pin) ole: eT e | Avenage Operator — ~& la diftead ar Tt Wt denoted 4 BF 1 [+ (ns n) t#(n “fOr Fl nanhy} B ek [git i e ae ass ec Foot E a FOU] t Let se oh] FOO Result — Mra it S2 Ja THis the relation between a average & central difference operator. Proof — A FOeLfarooy = facets ethy|*roy =, [ce ne eth)tey] rare) fer = (ab) = 2 [sey] cO0 rat 2 -_ nee ptle wt = a Pose ei A ye Forwerd cle operator / Relation between DRA > (° prove the, pet ct [a-tom barn] | P. anes roof 2 ERGAD= F(t th) = FOr nt EUR) 4 = 2 t from tayo seri ER(AVE FOE AD FOU EH OF FOV 4- -- ~ 2 = £00 [4ho+ trot, -_-] 2) ho SEFOD = € Find jret= enan = phd Baa > Ete Biking Log both [4 Zt t psn OP Tatar 4h ps — eer | Relation between AL § — ee ties gr Eye +f g§ ie Proof — SFO) = E(nth) Fb) >sF= eh foy-e4* 400 ta go He a respaaring bob side % >ore > gteete 2 DES = E*H-2Z prays? = (44)? ~ 2 (140) fo Calta DAP 57A-S%=0 plas sty Snare tebrom shridhrochraya or a “G7 formula Rulotion between E&, Whe Know that, s fOr s and 4 - = FON a) FCB) > PEOOS Bea. E En) > |s-e' Bo te] af MOOS STrorth) +e (a-k)] F MFO = ag ain, + [ EGO ET es] > | —— Ww On adeling equration (id g Cid, we gat ~ Staperoetl > pz eS sf This ts required relation, > EV=VE-cA Proof— “EV FCa)=€ L fla)—fla-h)] , PE FCA) — EF (anh) = EFCa)— f(a <(E-VFla) > EVE (a)= (E-D F¢ap > EV Fla) AFCA) i pat A > —% & Vefta)= VFCath) = F(ath) — fra) VEFCad= A F(a) ? [ve=a] —tii) From equation (id & (19.5 we get - Relotion bekween A, Ve pk E— (> ps=L (atv) (GD Mss ant A ci Proof — San es b)+F( yw ’)] Seas * £604 EP Fa] 1 poh BUL § - ele et on mt phging ph 8) Wwe get — = 1 ay thet Mea Ee tty ecthy eth g-thy a2 e-e!) 2 ESL+A ( qicice (lt o+v- L) ee Ne VtA-~2usr0 Sea CHD from equation (3, we have ae Ape let, & ee L (ay) SAT EE a=V? ete cbf ar at”) 4( =T dlauge a6 44 | 7 2 Z Relation hekween A, V>M,§,D> bps tog (14A)= ~1og (1-0) = sink (ms) Whee D vepresents the AL (-Leverd | ol operator, Solutionn a EF OK)= f Orth) E POnA pees Tnyan-~ EEO th PEO) +b prep God--- wy <[tahpa b?p? el thas a + ~~} Fin) ho > ERI~ eC Fon) Sepa? __ tip > hd= log ft —(ii) ———<———— . ECLA = toy (+4)|—@) Sue F - ol ag cin -from eqyrotion(ti), hpe —loy E > [Ras =2e97] —e r =e ‘Smeal ethyeth) g ge (ele eth) * PLE =i ¢ eth, gay ete eT /t) | DMSe 4(e- a) from eration (Ay, (® eco- > x h PMge ti (ehP_e ') hP= tog (1+) > MS= sinh (hd) 5..o588i vo dog (1+) > [rors T MOS ey |Leseh "eo ZQ. Prove with th usual notation that — (etl pectey(rtayth sr24a Proof— Les. = (etley eh) cata e(eteye ty ( ey etl 1+A41 Sues ina F = 2+A = pHs. " " Q. Define the shift operotor, Forvoord and bacltoard difference operator, central defference operator athe average operator. Ectablish — CD (eth 4 eth) 2( rLo)( sray tle oo = GD a (ipa = V(t-v) Fle Solutio n— Ch pHs -2(atboy(rtay te = [2H] Cray = fat (ara) Creag le Je 4] . = < [ite] Te] Foire EP : ny c plage Ie c pth, ett HL oy ella ye = BHs. CD) first method — bHss= A Crpayctle WES Lta = (CE-L)Cip enya } ae = (e-1) Cex te = ettk .otk -1 ‘ =1-¥ sethey_enty }" eS a 2 ete g Vc1i-E (ety. S sc a-wtlty = v(1- vt Lites, Second method — RMS = V C4a- vyrtle Sovetet 2 =~ bY Cr ye ety-tle s(2-e4) ede sella potle = etaci-ent) e etl (et) Gas = eve. (e-1) Vee L4+D =CGtaytle a ; se a(szay tle o nec: : DFO a. A degfO = tog [1+ £098 ore Solution— - Proof — | os Aloo FO0= slog FUAAh) — log Fx) pets oe Wszb) Fin) = dog EF) pe ee =F FOO eae “thi e dog HAF [nes ba] fon) D| Alkog fue [1+ 4FOU FOO | Q. Evaluate = we, A lgthrie Function A harks 7 Trans dundal equaHon Hh ae Solution- 3 Ex lta Az E-l from qusHon- 2 Aas (oS E = = E pe epeite = FfEr ETH 7I x? PEF OO = FOth) a ie ENF on = FOcimh = pry EC 13 2 Gt? Ol ane = ox Prove thot, (2)e*. eer > e Aze% Proof — Wie Know that, E=1L+A ; A=E-4 So 2 & is ce ers (E=1 one E241 -2E] ow : ; Semee -L = Ct a —rWe™= Eer+ Ete*_ oe Be Orth). Cx GC. ye" ee eee tee tw Now, Ee Ee nen Azer (e-yte* (£24126) 0% Ee% E2e%te% 260% = eth - CTS aE —bi) ertahd tee 2e™ par the velus of equation dy (id th EH's of the qrrurtion— “(45 =)e*. Ee% Are Cath 4 =[eS" eerh ae] x erth +2h emtth yam g uth i go cn 2eth =e +e -2e 4 ele ent 2 w+ 2h te% —20e%th tls WED wh aes Feo —-2e “if = * = RHS. U extth a 2th] | Quusshon- Erelucte APM) U2) C1-3nD) hed Solution - Lab FOWd= (1-1) C12») (1-30) cr ( 4 an-nF2n7) 1-3) = (4 -3x¢ 202) CL-3 0) co L-BK- 3X 492 -2nt~ 6x3 2H Gr 4+ 1b nr brth Now from queth on- ABFA. © b3 (- bn thin? —Gx4) = — 6[a22] tif a2? 1-6 (A? ] 447-4 = ~¢6fE3]J+4aLel-slolto =< — 6x [3x2xL] a lone ate ef Sue Qusstion~ Evalue WEES MAS Answere Lo*t32 (err) ATBd Ht 4) Ot) Solution- Ondeing panHal fraction— 5re2 . Suite UA “pF —t HrEBUKAG Ctra (ntay) *t2 +3 : 12 . b> 5+ ACHH3) 4 Be t2) Cty Cx +3) Z SHE CA+ By nt Gatr28) > At+B=5 __ Giy BATLB ALD iii) om selving eqratton (ii) & (iri) 7 [A=2 © 6-3] pk the valu of A&B in equation (jj HEE SHAE Bx+12 | FREE HHES S +2 —l*i wert SKHES WEL are Meow from ques Hon | 2 x-ESH+ = Ar 2. 3 A. Brom equrattontv) lee * x3 | & ue vw J A [age et tat] *[fder-tah thas fal fey A 2 3 3 peta) ~ fae or all [as x | i. | wmt4 ntZ i gebric " " equ ahion, het A Fass] * “lem Be eoa _2 =3| ay) Oxr 4 (nt3) eal eeerer Gt 4) On43) y = 6 abe ieee ee CRD OID CHEW G3 Ort) OES) C2) (W438) CHEN C45 ) (n+2) Oo+3) CHO) = LOK 4F3% IAD OVO) Q. Evaluate— doaepse”] Solution— Given, =2A( ae) 23a (etth_ oD) Fo AFOO S FEA HHI-FOD F ofiaenty cae] =32 [centr arty (eth “| . 2h uth mw =3[ 2" —2e ia a = af ereth ar ely | Answers ar (20%) A’C3e") =i Bre? [ Cee eh gl i am a*(3¢ de ae eb ye qi? CV Fa) Ort gay golubon~ We have (w+ a)? Crttny gy Cee oe eof ete yo Ee (x-e-* Gr Ef) (nt4n) 2 Ce EW) Cxrany ZT EC ut4n)~ eT! Cea = (tay + (W447 = (KO C OE) = O41)" =O =) HEL: Fonth) = 2 EG: [+19 -OUDY Be Ket re ECE) (4d 94 Oke B (an)(2) +2. =G@+h)( eb) = 4R+2 Answer (> a*r*cos2x Solution ye have — Worm = (E—Dtcos2 r es A =e-1L = (€27-2EFL) cosan DAPcosare E2eosan—-2ECosIR+ Cos2% EF OOD ath) wisi FEC E Cosan)-2Ecos2n+ cos2n SF Ecos 2( uth) — 2c052( nth) + Cosa = Cos2(mthth)p2cos(raut2h) + cosa = cos(ant4h) — Cos(rampraLrt+e oF 2 x~comlantl) © Dei (aucttihsaactth)s in (antakmznnth) +2Sin h).st hake (aah) sin(gaCeahe 9 | S* Cos cos Bo2sin(até )sin(B-4) = 2sin( Aut th)sin(—2h +2 sin (Untah)s infah) 2sin(2xtsh)sin(—h) +2sin(2x+h) sinh = —2SiMh[ sin( 243h)~Sin( 29th) ] =- astehl i rset) vst (zackakearel] 2 hw — 2sinh [zcos(2rctab}sinh | — Ysinl® ces(2x42h) Answer " ”

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