Comprehensive reviewer of concepts for 3rd Quarterly Assessment

• Work-Energy Conservation:

• The principle states that work done on an object equals the change in its kinetic
energy, exemplifying the conservation of mechanical energy.

• Example: A ball rolling down a hill converts potential energy into kinetic energy as
gravitational force does work on it.

• Example: A car accelerating on a straight road increases its kinetic energy through
work done after being fueled.

• Resistors in Series:

• Resistors connected end-to-end in a series circuit experience the same current

flow.

• Voltage across each resistor is identical due to conservation of electric charge.

• Total voltage applied to the circuit is distributed equally across all resistors.

• Situation: Think of a string of Christmas lights where each bulb acts as a resistor.
When one bulb burns out (increasing its resistance), the others in series remain lit
with the same brightness because they all receive the same voltage.

• Electric Field and Potential:

• Electric field represents force per unit charge at a point, while electric potential
represents potential energy per unit charge at a point.

• Magnitude of Electric Field:

• Represents force experienced by a positive test charge at a point due to

other charges in the vicinity.

• Factors affecting electric field strength include charge magnitude and

distance from the charge.

• Electric Field Lines Between Positive Charges:

• Like charges repel, causing electric field lines between positive charges to
diverge.

• Divergence indicates the direction of the repulsive force according to

Coulomb's law.

• Relationship Between Electric Field Strength and Distance:

• Electric field strength decreases inversely with the square of the distance
from the charge.
 • Direction of Electric Field Around Positive Point Charge:

• Electric field around a positive point charge points radially outward,

pushing positive test charges away from the source charge.

• Work Done Against Electric Field:

• External work is required to move a positive test charge against the electric
field's direction.

• Work done increases the potential energy of the test charge and is
proportional to the distance moved against the field.

• Situation: Lifting a positive charge against the electric field is like lifting a ball
against gravity.

• Calculating Resistance of Bulb Filament:

• Ohm's Law determines resistance, where resistance equals voltage divided by

current.

• Assesses how much the bulb resists the flow of current when connected to a
battery.

• Example: When you plug in a lightbulb, its filament offers resistance to the flow of
electricity, causing it to glow and produce light.

• Electric Potentials of Point Charges:

• Electric potentials around point charges in a uniform electric field exhibit

characteristic patterns.

• The electric potential decreases with distance from a positive charge and increases
with distance from a negative charge.

• Understanding the distribution of electric potentials aids in analyzing charge

behavior within the field.

• Situation: Imagine a positive charge at the center of a graph where electric potential
is highest, and as you move away from it, the potential decreases.

• Calculating Electric Field Strength with Superposition:

• Superposition principle allows for determining the net electric field at a point by
considering the contributions from multiple charges.

• Electric field vectors add vectorially to find the resultant field strength.

• Calculating electric field strength with superposition involves summing the

individual fields due to each charge.

• Situation: A classroom demonstration with multiple charged objects where

students calculate the resulting electric field at various points.
• Predicting Behavior of Charged Particles:

• Charged particles follow paths influenced by external forces and electric field
strength.

• Understanding how forces and fields interact enables prediction of particle

trajectories.

• Changes in particle motion reflect alterations in force or field strength.

• Situation: Predicting the path of an electron beam in a cathode ray tube under the
influence of electric and magnetic fields.

• Work, Energy, and Power:

• Work involves the transfer of energy, and power measures how quickly this transfer
occurs.

• Work done on an object changes its energy, and power determines the speed of this
change.

• This relationship aids in analyzing scenarios involving energy transfer and

transformation.

• Example: Lifting a weight requires work, which transfers energy to the weight,
increasing its potential energy. The rate at which you lift the weight (power)
determines how quickly this energy transfer occurs.

• Car Acceleration and Engine Power:

• When a car accelerates, the engine must produce power to overcome inertia and
increase speed over a specific distance.

• Power reflects the rate at which work is done, indicating how quickly the car's engine
can propel it forward.

• Understanding the relationship between acceleration, engine power, and distance

traveled helps in analyzing vehicle performance.

• Example: When a car accelerates from 0 to 60 mph in a certain amount of time, the
engine's power output determines how quickly it achieves that acceleration.

• Concept of Work:

• Work is the result of applying a force to an object, causing it to move in the direction
of the force.

• Understanding work helps in quantifying the effort needed to perform various tasks.

• Situation: Pushing a heavy box across the floor requires work because a force is
applied to move the box in the direction of the push.

• Mountain Biking Routes and Energy Expenditure:

 • Different biking routes require varying levels of power output and energy
expenditure.

• Knowledge of these factors aids bikers in planning routes and managing energy
levels effectively.

• Situation: Riding up a steep hill requires more power output and energy expenditure
compared to riding on a flat road.

• Electricity Flow Through Different Paths:

• Current flows through paths of least resistance in electrical circuits.

• Understanding these principles helps in designing efficient circuits for various

applications.

• Situation: In a circuit with multiple pathways, electricity flows preferentially through

the path with the least resistance, similar to water flowing through the path of least
resistance in a network of pipes.

• Evaluating Reliability of Information Sources:

• Assessing the reliability of information sources involves critical thinking and

considering author expertise, publication credibility, and scientific evidence.

• Example: When researching a topic, consulting peer-reviewed scientific journals is

considered more reliable than random internet sources without clear authorship.

• Scientific Inquiry into Odor Diffusion and Electric Fields:

• Scientific inquiry involves observation, hypothesis formation, experimentation, and

evidence-based conclusion drawing.

• Example: Studying how molecules diffuse in the air and applying principles of
electric fields to understand the movement of odor particles in different
environments.

• Characteristics and Applications of Circuits:

• Engineers utilize understanding of circuit configurations to design circuits tailored to

specific needs.

• Situation: Designing a series circuit for holiday lights ensures that if one bulb burns
out, the others remain lit.

• Understanding Series Circuits:

• Series circuits consist of components connected end-to-end, affecting voltage and

current distribution.

• Example: Christmas tree lights are often wired in a series, so if one bulb burns out,
the entire string goes dark because the circuit is broken.