HUMIDITY MEASUREMENT

Instrumentation Engineering
Department
 Abstract
• Humidity is the amount of water vapor present in the air.
Water vapor is the gaseous state of water and is
invisible. Humidity indicates the likelihood
of precipitation, dew, or fog. Higher humidity reduces the
effectiveness of sweating in cooling the body by reducing the
rate of evaporation of moisture from the skin. This effect is
calculated in a heat index table or humidex . The amount of
water vapor that is needed to achieve saturation increases as
the temperature increases. As the temperature of a parcel of
water becomes lower it will eventually not reach the point of
saturation without adding or losing water mass.
 Humidity can be classified into :
Absolute Humidity
Relative Humidity
 Absolute Humidity
• Absolute humidity is the total mass of water vapor
present in a given volume of air. It does not take
temperature into consideration. Absolute humidity in
the atmosphere ranges from near zero to roughly
30 grams per cubic meter when the air is saturated at
30 °C (86 °F).
• Absolute humidity is the mass of the water vapor ,
divided by the volume of the air and water vapor .
The absolute humidity changes as air temperature
or pressure changes. This makes it unsuitable
for chemical engineering .
 Relative Humidity
• Relative humidity (RH) is the ratio of the partial pressure of water vapor
to the equilibrium vapor pressure of water at a given temperature. Relative
humidity depends on temperature and the pressure of the system of interest.
It requires less water vapor to attain high relative humidity at low
temperatures; more water vapour is required to attain high relative humidity
in warm or hot air. The relative humidity (RH} of an air–water mixture is
defined as the ratio of the partial pressure of water vapor (PH20) in the
mixture to the equilibrium vapor pressure of water (P* H20) a flat surface of
pure water at a given temperature :
• RH = PH20 / P* H20
• Relative humidity is normally expressed as a percentage ; a higher
percentage means that the air–water mixture is more humid ; a lower
percentage means that the air-water mixture is less humid .
 Calculation Of Relative Humidity
• The amount of water vapor in the air at any given
time is usually less than that required to saturate the
air. The relative humidity is the percent of saturation
humidity , generally calculated in relation to saturated
vapor density.
• Relative Humidity = Actual Vapor Density /
Saturation Vapor Density * 100 %
• The most common units for vapor density are gm/m3.
 Humidity Relative Humidity
1. Humidity is the amount of 1. Relative humidity is one
water vapour in the type of humidity .
atmosphere . 2. Relative humidity is the
2. Humidity is the water percentage of water vapour
content of the mixture of in the air at a given
water vapour and other temperature .
element found in the air . 3. Relative humidity is used
3. Humidity is used to for climate control and how
determine the likelihood of it affects the health,
precipitation , fog or dew . comfort and safety of
4. Determining the humidity humans .
of a certain place provides a 4. Relative humidity is also
way to gauge the weather . used to ensure of machines,
vehicle and buildings.
 Types Of Hygrometer's
Classical Hygrometer's Modern Hygrometer's
1. Metal-paper coil type 1. Capacitive
2. Hair tension 2. Resistive
hygrometer
3. Thermal
3. Pyschrometer (wet and
dry bulb hygrometer ) : 4. Gravimetric
Sling pyschrometer
4. Chilled mirror dew
point hygrometer
 Hygrometer
• A hygrometer is an instrument used for measuring the
moisture content in the atmosphere. Humidity measurement
instruments usually rely on measurements of some other
quantity such as temperature, pressure, mass or a mechanical
or electrical change in a substance as moisture is absorbed. By
calibration and calculation, these measured quantities can lead
to a measurement of humidity. Modern electronic devices use
temperature of condensation (the dew point), or changes in
electrical capacitance or resistance to measure humidity
differences.
Basic Principle :-
• Due to humidity, several materials experience a change in
physical, chemical and electrical properties. This property is
used in transducer that are designed and calibrated to read
relative humidity directly. Hair hydrometer is a type of
absorption hydrometer and uses the mechanical humidity
sensing technique. Certain hygroscopic materials such as
human hair, animal membranes, wood, paper, etc., undergo
changes in linear dimensions when they absorb moisture from
their surrounding air. This change in linear dimension is used
as the measurement of humidity present in air.
Description :-
• Human hair is used as the humidity sensor. The hair is
arranged in parallel beam and they are separated from
one another to expose them to the surrounding
air/atmosphere. Number of hairs are placed in parallel
to increase mechanical strength. This hair
arrangement is placed under small tension by the use
of a tension spring to ensure proper functioning. The
hair arrangement is connected to an arm and a link
arrangement and the link is attached to a pointer
pivoted at one end. The pointer sweeps over a
humidity calibrated scale.
 Hair Hygrometer

Human hair has a property that its length increases when it

is wet and its length decreases when it goes dry .
Operation :-
• When the humidity of air is to be measured, this air is made to
surround the hair arrangement and the hair arrangement
absorbs the humidity from the surrounding air and expands or
contracts in the linear direction. This expansion or contraction
of the hair arrangement moves the arm & link and thus the
pointer to a suitable position on the calibrated scale and thus
indicating the humidity present in the air/atmosphere.

• Precaution : These Hair hydrometers are called membrane

hydrometers when the sensing element is a membrane.
Applications :-
These hydrometers are used in the
temperature range of 0’C to 75’C.
These hydrometers are used in the RH
(Relative Humidity) range of 30 to 95%.
Disadvantage :-
These Hydrometers are slow in Response .
If the Hair hydrometer is used constantly,
its calibration tends to change.
 Wet & Dry Bulb Hygrometer
• A pyschrometer or wet & dry bulb thermometer , consist of two
thermometers , one that is kept moist with distilled water on a sock or wick
. At temperatures above freezing point of water evaporation of water from
the wick lower temperatures so that the wet-bulb usually shows a lower
temperature than that of the dry-bulb thermometer . When the air
temperature is below freezing , however the wet-bulb is covered with a thin
coating of ice and may be warmer than the dry bulb .
• Dry-Bulb temperature (DBT) :- The dry-bulb temperature is the
temperature indicated by a thermometer exposed to the air in a placed
sheltered from direct solar radiation . The term dry-bulb is customarily
added to the temperature to distinguish it from wet-bulb and dew-point
temperature .
• Wet-Bulb temperature (WBT) :- The thermodynamic wet-bulb is a
thermodynamic property of mixture of air and water vapor . The value
indicated by a wet-bulb thermometer often provides an adequate
approximation of the thermo-dynamic wet-bulb temperature .
Wet & Dry Bulb Hygrometer
Sling Pyschrometer :-
• A sling psychrometer, which uses
thermometers attached to a handle or length of
rope and spun in the air for about one minute,
is sometimes used for field measurements, but
is being replaced by more convenient
electronic sensors. A whirling psychrometer
uses the same principle, but the two
thermometers are fitted into a device that
resembles a ratchet or football rattle.
Sling Psychrometer
Operation :-
• In order to measure the dry bulb and wet bulb temperature, the
Psychrometer frame – glass covering – thermometer arrangement is rotated
at 5 m/s to 10 m/s to get the necessary air motion. The thermometer whose
bulb is bare contacts the air indicates the dry bulb temperature. At the same
time, the thermometer whose bulb is covered with the wet wick comes in
contact with the air and when this pass on the wet wick present on the bulb
of the thermometer, the moisture present in the wick starts evaporating and
a cooling effect is produced at bulb. Now the temperature indicated by the
thermometer is the wet bulb thermometer which will naturally be lesser
than the dry bulb temperature.

Precautions :-
• If the Psychrometer is rotated for a short period, then the wet bulb
temperature recorded will not be proper. If the Psychrometer is rotated for a
longer period, the wick will get dried soon and the wet bulb temperature
will not be at its minimum value.
Application :-
 It is used for checking humidity level in air-
conditioned rooms and installations.
 It is used to set and check hair hygrometer.
 It is used in the measurement range of 0 to
100% RH.
 It is used for measuring wet bulb temperature
between 0’C to 180’C.
Disadvantage :-
 The measured medium is disturbed due to the act of
measurement. The evaporation process at the wet
bulb will add moisture to the air.
 It cannot be used in automation requirement
situations.
 It cannot be used for continuous recording purpose.
 If the wick is covered with dirt, the wick will become
stiff and its water absorbing capacity will reduce,
however, a stiff/dirty wick will resume normalcy
when boiled in hot water.
 WHAT IS SOUND?

Sound can be defined in two ways. [Physical or psychophysical]


Sound can be defined as a wave motion in air or other elastic media.

 Or as excitation of the hearing mechanism that results in the perception

of sound.

REJVI, ACOUSTICAL MEASUREMENTS,IUBAT 6

 TRANSMISSION OF SOUND

• Requires a medium with elasticity and inertia

(air, water, steel, etc.)

• Movements of air molecules result in the

variation of sound pressure causing the
propagation of a sound wave

REJVI, ACOUSTICAL MEASUREMENTS,IUBAT 7

 HOW SOUND IS PRODUCED?
Energy in the form of sound is produced when a vibrating
surface or object is contact with the air.

Sources of sound
Vocal
Plucked strings
Air column
Vibrating plate

REJVI, ACOUSTICAL MEASUREMENTS,IUBAT 8

 HOW SOUND IS PERCEIVED?
Physical stimulation of the ear by the sound wave.

Physiological and psychological processing and perception in

ear and brain (psycho-acoustics) resulting from nerve
impulses stimulating the acoustic cortex of the brain.

REJVI, ACOUSTICAL MEASUREMENTS,IUBAT 9

 PROPERTIES OF SOUND
• Amplitude

• Period

• Frequency

• Speed

• Wavelength

REJVI, ACOUSTICAL MEASUREMENTS,IUBAT 10

 PROPERTIES OF SOUND (CONT..)

• Amplitude

y Amplitude

Time

Period, T

For a simple sine wave it is easy

REJVI, ACOUSTICAL MEASUREMENTS,IUBAT 11
 PROPERTIES OF SOUND (CONT..)

Period (T)
is the time it takes to complete one full cycle
Frequency (f)
is the number of times per second a complete
wave passes a point. The number of cycles per
second is termed Hertz (Hz).

The period and the frequency are simply related

by the following equation

𝟏
T= (seconds)
𝐟
REJVI, ACOUSTICAL MEASUREMENTS,IUBAT 12
 PROPERTIES OF SOUND (CONT..)

Speed (c)

of sound in air is governed by density and air pressure

which in turn relates to temperature and elevation above
sea level.

• The speed of sound in air is approximately 343 m/s.

Sound travels about 1 kilometre in 3 seconds.

REJVI, ACOUSTICAL MEASUREMENTS,IUBAT 13

 PROPERTIES OF SOUND (CONT..)

Wavelength (λ)-

is the length of one complete cycle, and is

measured in metres (m).

It is related to the frequency (f) and speed of

sound (c) by:
Wavelength (λ) = c/f metres

REJVI, ACOUSTICAL MEASUREMENTS,IUBAT 14

SOUND-MEASURING APPARATUS AND
TECHNIQUES

REJVI, ACOUSTICAL MEASUREMENTS,IUBAT 31

 SOUND-MEASURING APPARATUS AND TECHNIQUES

 Measurement of the parameters associated with sound use a basic

system made up of a detector-transducer (the microphone),
intermediate modifying devices (amplifiers and filtering systems), and
read-out means [a meter, CRO(Character Read Out), or recording
apparatus].

 Most sound-measuring systems are used to obtain

psychoacoustically related related information. Elaborate filtering
networks also provide the basis for analyzers, devices for separating
and identifying the various frequency components or ranges of
components forming a complex sound.

REJVI, ACOUSTICAL MEASUREMENTS,IUBAT 32

Sound level meter with
microphone extension, pressure meter
Although long with microphone
discontinued, this has extension cord,
been a standard of the preamplifier and
industry for firearm microphone.
sound measurements.

REJVI, ACOUSTICAL MEASUREMENTS,IUBAT 33

 MICROPHONES
 Most microphones incorporate a thin diagram as the primary
transducer, which is moved by the air acting against it. The
mechanical movement of the diagram is converted to an
electrical output by means of some form of secondary
transducer that provides an analogous electrical signal.

 Common microphones may be classified on the basis of the

secondary transducer, as follows:
1. Capacitor or condenser
2. Crystal
3. Electrodynamic (moving coil or ribbon)
4. Carbon
REJVI, ACOUSTICAL MEASUREMENTS,IUBAT 34
The capacitor or condenser microphone is probably the most
respected microphone for sound measurement purposes.
We can use this formula for find out the output voltage:

E = Qd
Where,
E = The Voltage
Q = The charge provided by the polarizing voltage (relatively
constant)
d = The separation of the plates.

REJVI, ACOUSTICAL MEASUREMENTS,IUBAT 35

SCHEMATIC OF THE CONDENSER-TYPE MICROPHONE

REJVI, ACOUSTICAL MEASUREMENTS,IUBAT 36

 MICROPHONE SELECTION FACTORS

An ideal microphone used for measurement would have the following

characteristics:

 Flat frequency response over the audible range.

 Non directivity.
 At the lowest sound level to be measured, output signal that is
several times the system’s internal noise level.
 Minimum dimensions and weight.
 Output that is unaffected by all environmental conditions except
sound pressure.
REJVI, ACOUSTICAL MEASUREMENTS,IUBAT 37
 THE SOUND LEVEL METER
The basic sound-level meter is a measuring system that senses the input sound
pressure and provides a meter read-out yielding a measure of the sound magnitude.

The sound may be wideband, it may have random frequency distribution, or it may
contain discrete tones. Each of these factors will, of course, affect the read-out.

Microphone
Weighting
Amplifier Meter
networks

Oscillograph

Fig: Block Diagram of a typical sound-level meter, or sound-level recorder

REJVI, ACOUSTICAL MEASUREMENTS,IUBAT 38
 THE SPECTRUM ANALYZER
A spectrum analyzer measures the magnitude of an input signal versus frequency within the full
frequency range of the instrument.
Spectrum analyzers usually display raw, unprocessed signal information such as voltage, power,
period, wave, shape, sidebands, and frequency. They can provide you with a clear and precise window
into the frequency spectrum.

Major blocks in a spectrum analyzer are:

1. RF input attenuator 6. Video filter
2. Mixer 7. Local oscillator
3. IF (Intermediate Frequency) gain 8. Sweep generator
4. IF filter 9. CRT display
5. Detector
REJVI, ACOUSTICAL MEASUREMENTS,IUBAT 39
 Maratha Vidya Prasarak Samaj’s
Rajarshi Shahu Maharaj Polytechnic, Nashik
Udoji Maratha Boarding Campus, Near Pumping Station, Gangapur Road, Nashik-13.
Affiliated to MSBTE Mumbai, Approved by AICTE New Delhi, DTE Mumbai & Govt. of Maharashtra, Mumbai.

Mechanical engineering measurements

Unit 6 : Miscellaneous Measurement Sound,
Speed and humidity measurements

Prof. M. S. Gaidhani
Mechanical Engineering Department
Tel.:0253 2311018 www.rsmpoly.org [email protected]
 UNIT-II
Measurement of speed

1
 Tachometer, What’s That?
 Tachometer is used for measuring rotationalspeed
 Can be used to measure speed of a rotating shaft
 Can also be used to measure flow of liquid by
attaching a wheel with inclinedvanes

2
 What Are the Different Types of
Tachometers?
 Classification of tachometers:
• Mechanical Tachometers
• Revolution counter
• Hand speed indicator
• Tachoscope
• Centrifugal tachometer
• Resonance (vibrating read) tachometer
• Electrical Tachometers
• Eddy current or drag cup tachometer
• Tachogenerator (DC and AC)
• Contactless electrical Tachometers
• Magnetic pickup tachometer
• Photo-electric tachometer
• Stroboscope

3
 Tachometers can also be classified on the basis of data
acquisition – contact or non contact types
 They can also be classified on the basis of the
measurement technique – time based orfrequency
based technique of measurement
 They can also be classified as analog or digital type

4
 Mechanical
Tachometers
5
 Revolution counter
 Revolution counter is used to measure an average of rational
speed instead of instantaneous rotational speed.
 It consists of a worm gear that is usually attached to a
spindle. It has two dials, an inner one and an outer one.
 The inner dials represent one revolution of the outer dials and
the outer dials represent on revolution of the spindle.
 The tachometer has a stopwatch attached to the revolution
counter and is used to indicated time.
 These are limited to low speed engines and measure
satisfactory upto 2000-3000r.p.m.

6
 1. Revolution counter

•Speed measure upto 2000-3000 rpm.

7
 2. Hand speed indicator

 Hand Speed Indicator has an integral stopwatchand

counter with automaticdisconnect.
 The spindle operates when brought in contact with
shaft.
 Counter does not function until start and wind button is
pressrd to start watch and engage the clutch.
 The instrument indicates average speed over short
interval in r.p.m .
 Accuracy about 1% of the full scale.
 Measure speed within range 20,000 to 30,000 rpm
8
Hand speed indicator

9
 3. Tachoscope

 Tachoscope consists of revolution counter for timing

device.
 The two components are integrally mounted and start
simultaneously when contact point is pressed against
rotating shaft.
 The rotational speed is computed from readingof
counter and timer.
 Tachometer can be used to measure speeds up to
5000r.p.m.

10
Tachoscope

11
Tachoscope

12
 4. Centrifugal force tachometer

 Centrifugal Tachometer operates on principle that

centrifugal force is proportional to speed ofrotation.
 It consists two balls arranged about spindle. Centrifugal
force developed by these ballscompress spring as
function of speed positionspointer.
 They are suitable for40,000r.p.m. with an accuracy of
about ±1 %.

13
 Centrifugal force tachometer

w = angular speed, 1 = shaft,

2 and 3 = masses, 4 = displacement-sensitive element.
14
 5. Resonance (vibrating reed)
tachometer
 In Vibrating Read Tachometers a series of consecutively
timed steel rods are used to determine speed on basis of
vibrations created bymachine.
 One end of rod is fixed to a base which is kept in
contact with any non-moving part of machine and
other is attached to calibratedscale.
 These can be used in speed range of 600-10000 rpm with
an accuracy of ±0.5 %.

15
Resonance (vibrating reed)
tachometer
16
 Electrical
Tachometers

17
 1. Eddy current or drag cup
tachometer
 An eddy-current tachometer uses the interaction of the
magnetic fields generated by a permanent magnet and a
rotor, whose speed of rotation is proportional to the eddy
currentsgenerated.
 The currents tend to deflect a disk, which is mounted on
the shaft and restrained by a spring, through a certain
angle.
 The deflection of the disk, which is rigidly connected to a
pointer, is indicated on a dial.
 Used for measuring rotational speeds upto 12,000rpm
with an accuracy of ± 3%.
18
Eddy current or drag cup tachometer

19
 Tachogenerators
•Employ small magnet type dc or ac generators which
translate the rotational speeds into dc or ac voltage signal.
•Relative perpendicular motion between a magnetic field
and conductor results in voltage generation in the
conductor.
• Magnitude of this voltage is a direct function of the
strength f the magnetic field and the speed with which the
conductor moves perpendicular to it.

20
 D.C. Tachogenerator
 In a D.C. generator the e.m.f generated depends upon the following two
factors:
(i) Field excitation
(ii) Speed
 If for the field system permanent magnet pole pieces are used, then the
generated voltage depends only on the speed. Hence the speed can be
computed by measuring the generatede.m.f.
 The shaft whose speed is to be measured is coupled to the armature.
 A moving coil voltmeter is connected across the brushes to measure the
generated voltage. The variable resistance R is incorporated to limit the
current through the voltmeter.
 Since voltage is proportional to speed, the voltmeter may be calibrated in
terms of speed (r.p.m.).

21
D.C. Tachogenerator

22
 A.C. Tachogenerator
 The inherent demerits associated with D.C. tachometer
generator, due to the provision of commuter and brushes, are
eliminated in A.C. tachometergenerator.
 It consists of, like an alternator, a stationary armature (stator)
and a rotating field system (rotor). Owing to the generation
of e.m.f in a stationary coil on a stator, commutation
problems no longerexist.
 The alternating e.m.f. induced in the stationary coil is rectified,
and the output D.C. voltage is measured with the help of a
moving coil voltmeter(V).
 The ripple content of the rectified voltage is smoothened by
the capacitor filter(C).

23
A.C. Tachogenerator
 As the speed depends on both the amplitude of the voltage
and frequency, anyone of them can be used as a measure of
the speed. In an A.C. tachometer, it is the induced voltage
that is considered as the required parameter.

24
25
Contactless
electrical
Tachometers
26
1.Inductive type pickup tachometer
 A coil wounded on permanent magnet not on iron
core, this configuration enable us to measure
rotational speed of the systems.
 In the construction of variable reluctance sensor, we use
ferromagnetic gearwheel. As the gearwheel rotates, change
in magnetic f lux take place in the pickup coil which
further induces voltage. This change in magnitude is
proportional to the voltage induced in the sensor.

27
28
Let, T-> No. of teeth on rotor
N-> Revolutions per second
P -> Number of pulses per second
Speed,N = pulses per second / Number of teeth
N = P/T
= P/T * 60 rpm
•If rotor has 60 teeth, and if the counter counts the pulses in one
second, then the counter will directly display the speed in
revolutions per minute.
29
2. Capacitive type Pickup tachometer
 Various pick-up devices can be used in conjunction with a
digital counter to give a direct reading of speed.
 An inductive pick-up tachometer is shown in Figure (a).
 As the individual teeth pass the coil they induce an
e.m.f. pulse which is appropriately modified and then fed
to a digitalcounter.
 A capacitive pick-up tachometer is shown in Figure (b).
As the rotating vane passes between the plates a
capacitance change occurs in the form of a pulse.
 This is modified and then fed to the digital counter.

30
31
 Photo-electric tachometer
 It consists of a opaque disc mounted on the shaft
whose speed is to be measured. The disc has a
number of equivalent holes around the periphery.
On one side of the disc there is a source of light (L)
while on the other side there is a light sensor (may
be a photosensitive device or photo-tube) in line
with it (light-source).

32
 On the rotation of the disc, holes and opaque portions of
the disc come alternatory in between the light source and
the light sensor. When a hole comes in between the two,
light passes through the holes and falls on the light sensor,
with the result that an output pulse is generated. But when
the opaque portion of the disc comes in between, the light
from the source is blocked and hence there is no pulse
output.
 Thus whenever a hole comes in line with the light source and
sensor, a pulse is generated. These pulses are
counted/measured through an electronic counter.

33
 Photo-electric tachometer
 The number of pulses generated depends upon the foliowing factors:
i. The number of holes in thedisc;
ii. The shaft speed.
 Since the number of holes are fixed, therefore, the number of pulses generated
depends on thespeed of the shaft only. The electronic counter may therefore be
calibrated in terms of speed (r.p.m.)

34
35
 Photo-electric tachometer
 Computer mouse with a ball

36
 Stroboscope
 The instrument operates on the principle that if a repeating
event is only viewed when at one particular point in it’s cycle it
appears to be stationary. A mark is made on rotating
shaft, and a flashing light is subjected on the shaft. The
frequency of the flashing is one very short f lash per revolution.
 To determine the shaft speed we increases the frequency of
flashing gradually from small value until the rotating shaft
appears to be stationary, then note the frequency. The frequency
then doubled, if there is still one apparent stationary image, the
frequency is again doubled. This continued until two images
appear 180 degrees apart. When first appear for these two
images the f lash frequency is twice the speed of rotation.

37
i) Single mark on the shaft
fr= ff
fr= nff
Where, n=1,2,3,4 …etc.

(a) fr= ff /2 (b) fr= ff /3 (c) fr= ff /4

38
2) Multiple marks on the shaft

• For getting stationary pattern when,

fr= ff /4, ff /5 ……etc.
• For certain values of fr which is smaller than ff namely,
fr= ff /N, 2ff /N, 3ff /N……….
Where N represents the number of distinguishing made
on shaft.
39
Shaft speed = (disk speed) x ( no. of opening in the
disk)/ no. of images

40
Stroboscope
 Stroboscopes are used to measure angular speed
between 600 to 20,000 rpm .
 It’s advantage is that it doesn’t need to make contact with
the rotating shaft.

41
• For exact speed measurement, the flashing rate is
adjusted and synchronism is attained (appearance
of a single line stationary image) for the highest
rate of flashing.
• If synchronism occurs at n different flashing rates
f1,f2,….fn, then the actual shaft speed is
calculated from the relation;

fr  f1  fn  n 1
f1  fn

42
 CONTENTS

1. Introduction (including types, classification etc.)

2. Working Principle
3. Diagrams ( labeled and clear)
4. Application
5. Advantages
6. Disadvantages
 Speed measuring instruments

• Speed measuring instruments are vary with the job whether

measuring traveling speed , wind speed, acceleration or engine
speed, there is a proper instruments for calculating that from of
speed.
• Police use Radar & lidar To measure traffic speed .
• Cars have speedometer For travel speed and Tachometer for
engine speed. Accelerometer also used With cars speed
measurements. Meteorologist Used anemometer and radar to
create their whether forecasts.
 Tachometer
• Tachometer is used for measuring the
rotational speed.
• It can be used to measure speed of rotational
shaft.
• It can also be measure the flow of liquid by
attaching a wheel with incline vane.
 Classification of Tachometer
• Mechanical Tachometer:
1. Revolution counter
Hand speed Tachometer
Tachoscope
Centrifugal Tachometer
Resonance Tachometer
 Electrical Tachometer
• Eddy current or Drag cup Tachometer
Tachogenerator (DC&AC)
 Contactless Electrical Tachometer

• Magnetic Pick-up Tachometer

• Photoelectric Tachometer
• Stroboscope
 Tachoscope
• Tachoscope consist of revolution counter for
timing device.
• Rhe two components are Integrally mounted
& Start simultaneously when contact point is
pressed Against rotating shaft.
• The rotational speed is computed from reading
of counter and timing.
• Tachometer can be used to measure hoto 5000
r. P .m.
 Hand speed indicator

• It has an integral Stpowatch and counter with

automatic disconnect.
• The spindle operate when Brought in contact
with shaft.
• Counter does not function Until Start and wind
button is pressed to start watch and engage the
clutch.
• The instrument indicate the average speed over
the short interval in rpm.
 Revolution counter
• It is used to measured an Average of rational
speed instead of instantaneous rotational
speed.
• It is consist of a worm gear that ususally
attached to a spindle.
• It has two dials , an inner one & an outer one.
• This are limited to low speed engine and
measure satisfactory upto 2000- 3000rpm.
 A.C. Tachogenerator
• The inherent demerits associate with DC
Tachometer generator, due to the Provision of
commuter and brushes are eliminated in AC
Tachometer generator.
• The alterning r.m.f. Induced in a stationary coil
is rectified , O/p Dc voltage is measured with
the help of moving cool voltmeter(V).
• The ripple Connect to the rectified voltage is
smoothened By the capacitor filter.
 Centrifugal Tachometer
• It operates on principle that centrifugal force is
proportional to speed of rotation.
• It consist two balls compressed spring as
function of speed position factor.
• They are suitable for 4000r.p.m.
 Eddy current & Drag cup Tachometer
• An Eddy current Tachometer uses the
interaction of magnetic field generated by the
permanent magnet And a rotor .whose speed of
rotation is proportional to the Eddy current
generated.
• The deflection of disks, which is rigidly
connected to a pointer to a indicated on a dail.