ENGG

CHEM

Department of Chemical Engineering

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 ENGGCHEM

COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the module, you should be

able to:

CLO 1: Express proficiency in General

Inorganic Chemistry.

CLO 2: Execute proper calculations

involving General Inorganic Chemistry,
Thermochemistry, Electrochemistry,
Nuclear Reactions, and Chemistry of the
Environment.

CLO 3: Apply appropriate operating

variables in Chemistry.

CLO 4: Evaluate results of calculations

made on different topics if Chemistry.
CHEMISTRY FOR
ENGINEERS (LEC)

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 COURSE INTRODUCTION

This 3-unit course in the Chemical Engineering curriculum provides students with core
concepts of chemistry that are important in the practice of engineering profession. It
covers the Principles of General Inorganic Chemistry including Thermochemistry: energy
flow and chemical change; Electrochemistry: chemical change and electrical work;
Nuclear Reactions and their applications; Engineering Materials; The Chemistry of the
Environment: water, atmosphere, and soil; and Chemical Safety.

Each unit in this course is designed using the 5E constructivist model of learning,
developed by Rodger Bybee, that encourages students to engage, explore,
explain, elaborate, and evaluate their knowledge of topics covered therein. It
means that at the end of each unit, each module, and the course as a whole, you
will be assessed on your progress in attaining the course learning outcomes.
Outcomes-based education dictates that only when you can demonstrate the
course learning outcomes by the end of this course, can you be given a passing
mark.

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 MODULE 1

ENERGY
At the end of the module, you should be able to:

TLO 1: Express high competence in the understanding of Electrochemical Energy

TLO 2: Demonstrate appropriate concepts of Nuclear Chemistry and Energy.
TLO 3: Demonstrate appropriate calculations in stoichiometry particularly in the
combustion of fuels.

Introduction
What is Energy?

Energy is one of the most fundamental and universal concepts of physical science, but
one that is remarkably difficult to define in a way that is meaningful to most people. This
perhaps reflects the fact that energy is not a “thing” that exists by itself, but is rather an
attribute of matter (and also of electromagnetic radiation) that can manifest itself in
different ways. It can be observed and measured only indirectly through its effects on
matter that acquires, loses, or possesses it.

The concept that we call energy was very slow to develop; it took more than a hundred
years just to get people to agree on the definitions of many of the terms we use to describe
energy and the interconversion between its various forms. But even now, most people
have some difficulty in explaining what it is; somehow, the definition we all learned in
elementary science ("the capacity to do work") seems less than adequate to convey its
meaning.

Although the term "energy" was not used in science prior to 1802, it had long been
suggested that certain properties related to the motions of objects exhibit an endurance
which is incorporated into the modern concept of "conservation of energy". In the 17th
Century, the great mathematician Gottfried Leibnitz (1646-1716) suggested the distinction
between vis viva ("live force") and vis mortua ("dead force"), which later became known as
kinetic energy (1829) and potential energy (1853).

“Chemical Energy”

Electrostatic potential energy plays a major role in chemistry; the potential energies of
electrons in the force field created by atomic nuclei lie at the heart of the chemical
behavior of atoms and molecules. "Chemical energy" usually refers to the energy that is
stored in the chemical bonds of molecules. These bonds form when electrons are able to
respond to the force fields created by two or more atomic nuclei, so they can be
regarded as manifestations of electrostatic potential energy. In an exothermic chemical
reaction, the electrons and nuclei within the reactants undergo rearrangement into
products possessing lower energies, and the difference is released to the environment in
the form of heat.

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 Unit 1 Electrochemical Energy

UNIT LEARNING OUTCOMES

TLO 1: Express high competence in the understanding of Electrochemical Energy

ENGAGE
All chemical reactions are fundamentally electrical in nature since electrons are involved
(in various ways) in all types of chemical bonding. Electrochemistry is a branch of chemistry
that deals with the relationship between electricity and chemical reactions. The relations
between chemical change end electrical energy have theoretical as well as practical
importance. Chemical reactions can be used to produce electrical energy (i.e., in cells are
called voltaic or galvanic cells). Electrical energy can be used to bring about chemical
transformations (i.e., in electrolytic cells). The study of electrochemical processes leads to
an understanding as well as to systematization of oxidation-reduction phenomena that
take place outside cells.

 To have a quick overview of what we’re going to tackle on this module, let us watch
the video entitled “ Electrochemistry: Crash Course Chemistry #36 ” using the link
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IV4IUsholjg.

EXPLORE
Electrochemistry

ELECTRICITY ↔ CHEMISTRY
The study of electricity and how it relates to chemical reactions
▪ Certain chemical reactions can produce electricity.
▪ Electricity can be used to make certain chemical reactions.

Electricity - the flow or movement of electrons in a conductor.

Chemical Reactions: Oxidation and Reduction Reactions - electrons move between atoms
▪ Certain chemical reactions can produce electricity. (SPONTANEOUS REACTION)
▪ Electricity can be used to make certain chemical reactions. (REACTION DO NOT
NORMALLY HAPPEN)

Oxidation-Reduction Terminology and Concepts

▪ Oxidation occurs when a species loses electrons and increases its oxidation number
(ON ↑). An equation that shows this loss is called an oxidation half-reaction. In this
half-reaction, the electrons are in the product side.
▪ Reduction occurs when a species gains electrons and decreases its oxidation
number (ON ↓). An equation that shows this gain is called a reduction half-reaction.
In this half-reaction, the electrons are in the reactant side.

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 ▪ Oxidation and reduction occur together in the same reaction. There is no net
change in the number of electrons, just an exchange of electrons.
▪ Oxidation Number – set of numbers obtained by arbitrary rules which are related to
the combining ratios of elements.
▪ Ion – an atom or group of atoms carrying a + or a – electric charge.

REDOX (Reduction-Oxidation) Reactions

 OXIDATION IS LOSING of e- REDUCING AGENT (OILRA)

 REDUCTION IS GAINING of e- OXIDIZING AGENT (RIGOA)

Remember: electrons have NEGATIVE CHARGE

 Need to know the oxidation numbers of each atom in a chemical reaction.

How to determine the oxidation state?

1. The oxidation state of the uncombined element is zero.
Examples: Be0, N20, Cs0

2. The sum of the oxidation state of a neutral compound is always equal to zero.
Examples: CaO Ca+2 O-2
1(+2) + 1(-2) = 0

MgBr2 Mg+2 Br-1

1(+2) + 2(-1) = 0

Li2CO3 Li+1 (CO3)-2

2(+1) + 1(-2) = 0

 The Group A elements number indicates it oxidation state

Examples: Elements Group I II III VI VII
Oxidation State +1 +2 +3 -2 -1

3. The oxidation number of polyatomic ion is equal to its charge. Oxygen is -2 except in
peroxides.
Examples: C in CO3-2
oxidation of C + oxidation of O = -2
C + 3(-2) = -2
C + (-6) = -2
C = -2 + 6
C = +4

Cr in KCrO4-2
Oxidation of K + oxidation of Cr + oxidation of O = -2
1(+1) + Cr + 4(-2) = -2
1 + Cr + (-8) = -2
Cr = +5

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 4. Hydrogen + non-metal, the oxidation state of hydrogen is +1.
Examples: HI H+1 I-1
H2SO4 H +1 (SO4)-2

5. Metal + hydrogen, the oxidation state of hydrogen is -1.

Example: LiH Li+1 H-1

 To better understand the determination of the oxidation state of an element, you may
want to watch the video entitled “ Assigning Oxidation Numbers - Chemistry Tutorial ”
using the link https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w0RfMRDy34w.

Activity 1: Determination of Oxidation State

Self-Assessment No. 1

Determine the oxidation state of the following:

1. O2
2. Cr in KCr2O7
3. S in MgSO4
4. P in Zn3PO4
5. Group VIA elements

To be submitted in Google classroom on:

Determining the oxidizing agent and the reducing agent.

▪ Oxidizing Agent (OA) - or oxidant, gains electrons and is reduced in a chemical
reaction. Also known as the electron acceptor, the oxidizing agent is normally in
one of its higher possible oxidation states because it will gain electrons and be
reduced. Examples of oxidizing agents include halogens, potassium nitrate, and
nitric acid.
▪ Reducing Agent (RA) - or reductant, loses electrons and is oxidized in a chemical
reaction. A reducing agent is typically in one of its lower possible oxidation states,
and is known as the electron donor. A reducing agent is oxidized, because it loses
electrons in the redox reaction. Examples of reducing agents include the earth
metals, formic acid, and sulfite compounds.

Examples:
2 Mg (s) + O2 (g) → 2 MgO (s)
Mg0 O20 Mg+2 O-2

Mg 0 → +2 Loss 2 e- (Reducing Agent; Oxidized)

O2 0 → -2 Gains 2 e- (Oxidizing Agent; Reduced)

Zn + 2 H+ → Zn+2 + H2
Zn0 H+ Zn+2 H20

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 Zn 0 → +2 Loss 2 e- (Reducing Agent; Oxidized)

H2 +1 → 0 Gains 1 e- (Oxidizing Agent; Reduced)

Activity 2: Identifying Oxidizing and Reducing Agents

Self-Assessment No. 2

Identify the oxidizing agent and reducing agent in each of the following:
1. 2 H2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2 H2O (g)
2. Cu (s) + 4 HNO3 (aq) → Cu(NO3)2 (aq) + 2 NO2 (g) + 2 H2O (l)

To be submitted in Google classroom on:

Balancing REDOX Reactions

When balancing redox reactions, make sure that the number of electrons lost by the
reducing agent equals the number of electrons gained by the oxidizing agent.

Two methods can be used:

▪ Oxidation Number Method
▪ Half-reaction Method

Method 1: Oxidation Number Method

1. Assign oxidation numbers to all elements in the reaction.
2. From the changes in oxidation number, identify the oxidized and reduced species.
3. Compute the number of electrons lost in the oxidation and gained in the reduction
from the oxidation number changes.
4. Multiply one or both these numbers by appropriate factors to make the electrons lost
equal the electrons gained, use the factors as balancing coefficients.
5. Complete the balancing by inspection, adding states of matter.

Examples:
Method A: Al (s) + H2SO4 (aq) → Al2(SO4)3 (aq) + H2 (g)

Step 1: Assign oxidation numbers to all elements

0 +1 +6 -2 +3 +6 -2 0
Al (s) + H2SO4 (aq) → Al2(SO4)3 (aq) + H2 (g)

Step 2: Identify oxidized and reduced species

Al was oxidized (oxidation number of Al: 0 → +3)
H2SO4 was reduced (oxidation number of H: +1 → 0)

Step 3: Compute e- lost and e- gained

In the oxidation: 3 e- were lost from Al
In the reduction: 1 e- was gained by H

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 Step 4: Multiply by factors to make e - lost equal to e- gained, and use the factors as
coefficients
Al lost 3 e-, so the 1 e- gained by H should be multiplied by 3. Put the
coefficient 3 before H2SO4 and H2.
Al (s) + 3 H2SO4 (aq) → Al2(SO4)3 (aq) + 3 H2 (g)

Step 5: Complete the balancing by inspection.

2 Al (s) + 3 H2SO4 (aq) → Al2(SO4)3 (aq) + 3 H2 (g)

Method B: PbS (s) + O2 (g) → PbO (s) + SO2 (g)

Step 1: Assign oxidation numbers to all elements

+2 -2 0 +2 -2 +4 -2
PbS (s) + O2 (g) → PbO (s) + SO2 (g)

Step 2: Identify oxidized and reduced species

PbS was oxidized (oxidation number of S: -2 → +4)
O2 was reduced (oxidation number of O: 0 → -2)

Step 3: Compute e- lost and e- gained

In the oxidation: 6 e- were lost from S
In the reduction: 2 e- were gained by each O

Step 4: Multiply by factors to make e- lost equal to e- gained, and use the factors as
coefficients
S lost 6 e-, O gained 4 e- (2 e- each O). Thus, put the coefficient 3/2 before O2.
PbS (s) + 3/2 O2 (g) → PbO (s) + SO2 (g)

Step 5: Complete the balancing by inspection

2 PbS (s) + 3/2 O2 (g) → 2 PbO (s) + 2 SO2 (g)

Method 2: Half-reaction Method (ACIDIC)

1. Divide the skeleton reaction into two half-reactions, each of which contains the
oxidized and reduced forms of one of each of the species.
2. Balance the atoms and charges in each half-reaction.
▪ Atoms are balanced in order: atoms other than O and H
▪ Add H2O to balance O and H+ to balance H
▪ Charge is balanced by adding electrons
- To the left in reduction half-reactions
- To the right in oxidation half-reactions
3. If necessary, multiply one or both half-reactions by an integer to make the number of e -
gained equal to the number of e- lost
4. Add the balanced half-reactions, and include states of matter.
5. Check the atoms and charges are balanced.

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 Examples:
Method A: ACIDIC SOLUTION
ClO3- (aq) + I- (aq) → I2 (s) + Cl- (aq) [acidic]

Step 1: Divide the reaction into half-reactions

ClO3- (aq) → Cl- (aq)
I- (aq) → I2 (s)

Step 2: Balance atoms and charges in each half-reaction

- Atoms other than O and H
ClO3- (aq) → Cl- (aq) Cl is balanced
2 I - (aq) → I2 (s) I is now balanced

- Balance O atoms by adding H2O molecules

ClO3- (aq) → Cl- (aq) + 3 H2O Add 3 H2O
2 I (aq)
- → I2 (s) No change

- Balance H atoms by adding H+ ions

ClO3- (aq) + 6 H+ → Cl- (aq) + 3 H2O Add 6 H +
2 I - (aq) → I2 (s) No change
- Balance the charge by adding electrons
ClO3- (aq) + 6 H+ + 6 e- → Cl- (aq) + 3 H2O Add 6 e-
2 I- (aq) → I2 (s) + 2 e- Add 2 e-

Step 3: Multiply each half-reaction by an integer to equalize number of electrons

ClO3- (aq) + 6 H+ + 6 e- → Cl- (aq) + 3 H2O x1
2 I (aq)
- → I2 (s) + 2 e- x3

Step 4: Add the half-reactions together

ClO3- (aq) + 6 H+ + 6 e- → Cl- (aq) + 3 H2O
6 I- (aq) → 3 I2 (s) + 6 e-
ClO3 (aq)
- + 6H + + 6 I (aq) →
- Cl- (aq) + 3 H2O + 3 I2 (s)

Step 5: Check that atoms and charges balance

OA: ClO3- RA: I -

Method B: BASIC SOLUTION

▪ The only difference in balancing a redox equation that takes place in basic solution
is in Step 4
▪ At this point, we add one OH- ion to both sides of the equation for every H + ion
present
▪ The H+ ions on one side are combined with the added OH - ions to form H2O and OH-
ions appear on the other side of the equation
▪ Subtract H2O from both side of the equation if possible
▪ Do a final check and make sure atoms and charges are balanced.

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 Fe(OH)2 (s) + Pb(OH)3- (aq) → Fe(OH)3 (s) + PbS (s) [basic]

Step 1: Divide the reaction into half-reactions

Pb(OH)3- (aq) → PbS (s)
Fe(OH)2 (s) → Fe(OH)3 (s)
Step 2: Balance atoms and charges in each half-reaction
- Atoms other than O and H
Pb(OH)3- (aq) → PbS (s) Pb is balanced
Fe(OH)2 (s) → Fe(OH)3 (s) Fe is balanced

- Balance O atoms by adding H2O molecules

Pb(OH)3- (aq) → PbS (s) + 3 H2O Add 3 H2O
Fe(OH)2 (s) + H2O → Fe(OH)3 (s) Add H2O

- Balance H atoms by adding H+ ions

Pb(OH)3- (aq) + 3 H+ → PbS (s) + 3 H2O Add 3 H +
Fe(OH)2 (s) + H2O → Fe(OH)3 (s) + H+ Add H +

- Balance charge by adding electrons

Pb(OH)3- (aq) + 3 H+ + 2 e- → PbS (s) + 3 H2O
Fe(OH)2 (s) + H2O → Fe(OH)3 (s) + H+ + e-

Step 3: Multiple each half-reaction by an integer to equalize number of electrons

Pb(OH)3- (aq) + 3 H+ + 2 e- → PbS (s) + 3 H2O x1
Fe(OH)2 (s) + H2O → Fe(OH)3 (s) + H+ + e- x2

Step 4: Add the half-reactions together

Pb(OH)3- (aq) + 3 H+ + 2 e- → PbS (s) + 3 H2O
2 Fe(OH)2 (s) + 2 H2O → 2 Fe(OH)3 (s) + 2 H+ + 2 e-
Pb(OH)3- (aq) + H+ + 2 Fe(OH)2 (s) → PbS (s) + H2O + 2 Fe(OH)3 (s)

Step 4 (basic): Add OH-

Pb(OH)3- (aq) + H+ + 2 Fe(OH)2 (s) → PbS (s) + H2O + 2 Fe(OH)3 (s)
O OH- → OH-
Pb(OH)3- (aq) + 2 Fe(OH)2 (s) → PbS (s) + 2 Fe(OH)3 (s) + OH-

Step 5: Check

OA: Pb(OH)3- (aq) RA: Fe(OH)2 (s)

 For more examples on balancing redox equations, you may want to watch the videos
entitled “ Oxidation Number Method ” using the link
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nSQl6qI_JWk and “ Half Reaction Method ” using
the link https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j-xcAvrv9ow.

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 Activity 3: Balancing REDOX Reactions
Self-Assessment No. 3

Method 1: Fe2O3 + CO → Fe + CO2

Method 2: Zn + HNO3 ↔ Zn(NO3)2 + NH4NO3

To be submitted in Google classroom on:

Metallic Conduction
▪ Conduction of electricity through metal by electron displacement
▪ An electric current is the flow of electric charge. In metals this charge is carried by
electrons.

Electrical Units
I - electric current
- rate of flow of an electric charge
- unit: ampere (A)

Q - quantity of an electric charge measured in coulombs (C)

- quantity of electricity carried past a point in one second by a current of 1 A
1 A = 1 C/s
- from a point of view of fundamental particles:
1 proton = 1 electron = 1.602 x 10-19 C

V - potential difference
- force through a circuit measured in volts
1 V = 1 J/C

OHM’S LAW - expressed the quantitative relation between voltage and current
V=IxR R = resistance in ohms (Ω)
P=IxV P = power in watts (W) 1 W = 1 J/s

Sample Problems:
1. A lamp draws a current of 2.0 A. Find the charge in coulombs used by the lamp in
30 seconds.

Given: I = 2A Req’d: Q =?
t = 30 sec
Solution:
Q = It
( )
= 60 C

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 2. Compute the time required to pass 36,000 C through an electroplating bath using a
current of 5 A.

Solution:

3. A dynamo delivers 15 A at 120 V.

a.) Compute the power in KW supplied by the dynamo.

Solution:

( )

b.) How much electric energy, in KW-hr, is supplied by the dynamo in 2 hours?

Solution:

c.) What is the cost of this energy at Php 120/KW-hr.

Solution:

4. How many electrons per second pass through a cross section of copper wire
carrying ?
Solution:
( )=

Electrolytic Conduction
▪ Conduction of electricity by the movement of ions through a solution or a molten salt.
A sustained current requires that chemical changes at the electrodes also occur.
▪ Cations move towards the cathode and anions move towards the anode

FARADAY’S LAWS OF ELECTROLYSIS

- the mass of any substance liberated or deposited at an electrode is proportional to the
electrical charge.
mαQ or mαIxt
where: m = mass I = current t = time

- the mass of different substances liberated or deposited by the same quantity of electricity
are proportional to the equivalent weights of various substance.

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 1.602x1019 C 6.023x1023 electrons
1F  x
electron mol
1F  9.56x10 C / mol
4

Sample Problems:
1. Exactly 0.2000 mol of electrons is passed through 3 electrolytic cells in series. One
contains silver ions, one zinc ion and one ferric ion. Assume that the only cathode
reaction in each cell is the reduction of the ion to the metal. How many grams
each metal will be deposited?
Atomic Weights (g/mol):
Ag = 107.9 Zn = 65.39 Fe = 55.85

Solution: 1 mol of electron liberates 1 g-eq wt of an element.

Equivalent-weights: is = 32.69
is = 107.9

=( )( )
=( )( )
( )( )

2, A current of 5.00 A flowing for exactly 30.0 minutes deposits 3.048 g of zinc at the
cathode. Calculate the equivalent weight of zinc from this information.

( )( )

( )

= 32.7
3. Find the charge in coulomb on 1 g-ion of N3-.
Solution:

4. How much charge is required to reduce (a) 1 mole of to Al and (b) 1 mole of
to ?
Solution:
(a) The reduction reaction is
+3
Thus, 3 mole of electrons are needed to reduce 1 mole of Al 3+
Q = 3 x F = 3 x 96500 = 289500 coulomb

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 (b) The reduction reaction is

1mole 5mole
Q = 5 x F = 5 x 96500 = 48500 coulomb

Electrolysis
▪ Electrolysis is a process by which electric current is passed through a substance to
effect a chemical change.
▪ The chemical change is one in which the substance loses or gains an electron
(oxidation or reduction).
▪ Electrolysis is used extensively in metallurgical processes such as in extracting
(electrowinning) or purification (electrorefining) of metals from ores or compounds and
in deposition of metals from solution
(electroplating).
▪ It is the use of electric current to bring
about oxidation-reduction (REDOX)
reaction.
▪ Electric charge in electrolytic
conduction is carried by CATIONS (+)
moving toward the cathode and anion

Na+ Cl- Cl-

Na+Na+ Cl2

For a complete circuit, electrode reactions must accompany the movement of ions. At the
cathode, come chemical species (not necessarily the charge carrier) must accept
electrons and can be reduced. At the anode, electrons must be removed from some
chemical species which as a consequence is oxidized.

In the given diagram, Na+ ions are reduced at the cathode:

Na+ + e- → Na0
And Cl ions are oxidized at the anode:
-

Cl- → Cl2 + 2 e-
Proper addition of these partial equations gives the reaction for the entire cell:
2 NaCl (l) → 2 Na + Cl (g)

 Here’s a video entitled “ What Is Electrolysis | Reactions | Chemistry | FuseSchool ”

explaining what electrolysis is for a better understanding. Use the link
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7uIIq_Ofzgw.

Voltaic Cell or Galvanic Cell

▪ A cell that is used as a source of electrical energy. It is also called a GALVANIC CELL
after ALESSANDRO VOLTA or LUIGI GALVANI, who first experimented with conversion of
chemical energy or electrical energy.
▪ A device in which spontaneous oxidation-reduction occurs in the passage of electron
through an external circuit.

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 ▪ In voltaic cells, half reactions are made to occur at different electrodes so that the
transfer of electrons takes place through the external circuit rather than directly
between the metal electrodes and the
ions.

Oxidation - a process in which a substance

loses electrons. It occurs at the anode.

Reduction - a process in which a substance

gains electrons. It occurs at the cathode.

The cell diagram in the figure is designed to

make use of this reaction to produce an
electric current. The cell on the LEFT contains a
zinc metal electrode and ZnSO4 solution. The
cell on the RIGHT consists of a copper metal
electrode in a solution of CuSO4.

 To understand better how galvanic cells work, watch the video entitled “ Introduction
to galvanic/voltaic cells | Chemistry | Khan Academy ” using the link
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Xncz_mMc5g.

Cell Notation - a useful notation that describes the components of a cell

- expresses a certain reaction in an electrochemical cell

Rules in writing cell notations

▪ solid | aqueous || aqueous | solid
▪ Anode on the left (oxidation) || cathode on the right (reduction)
▪ Single line; different phases
▪ Double line; porous disk or salt bridge
▪ If all the substances on one side are aqueous, a platinum electrode is indicated.
▪ If non standard concentration of the aqueous solution was used, indicate the
concentration enclosed with an open and close parenthesis.

Example: Zn (s) + Cu+2 (aq) → Zn+2 (aq) + Cu (s)

Half Reactions:
Anode (oxidation): Zn (s) → Zn+2 (aq) + 2 e-
Cathode (reduction): Cu+2 (aq) + 2 e- → Cu (s)

Cell Notation: Zn|Zn+2||Cu+2|Cu

Prepared by: Engr. N. L. Escalante

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 Standard Half Cell Potentials
Cell Potential - difference between two electrode potentials, one associated with the
cathode and the other associated with the anode.

A galvanic cell have a reduction reaction (in cathode half-cell) and an oxidation reaction
(in anode half-cell). Electrons flows through a wire from the anode half-cell to the cathode
half-cell. The driving force that allows force that allows electrons to flow is called the
electromotive force (emf) or the cell potential (Ecell).

 Determining Standard State Cell Potentials

A cell’s standard state potential is the potential of the cell underd standard state
conditions, which is approximated with concentrations of 1 mole per lite (1 M) and pressure
of 1 atmosphere at 25 oC.

To calculate the standard cell potential for a reaction:

▪ Write the oxidation and reduction half-reactions for the cell.
▪ Look up the reduction potential, Ereduction
o
, for the reduction half-reaction in a table of
reduction potentials. See Appendix for the Table of Standard Electrode Potentials in
Aqueous Solution at 25 oC
▪ Look up for the potential for the reverse of the oxidation half-reaction and reverse the
sign to obtain the oxidation potential. For oxidation half-reaction, Eoxidation  Ereduction
o o

▪ Add the potentials of the half-cells to get the overall standard cell potential.
o
Ecell  Ereduction
o
 Eoxidation
o

>0 Spontaneous
0
Ecell
<0 Not Spontaneous
0
E cell

=0 Equilibrium
0
E cell
Example Problems (Cell Potential and Cell Notation)

1. Find the standard cell potential for an electrochemical cell and write its cell notation:
Zn (s) + Cu+2 (aq) → Zn+2 (aq) + Cu (s)
Solution:
Reduction: Cu+2 (aq) + 2 e- → Cu (s) E o = +0.34 V→ from the table
Oxidation: Zn (s) → Zn+2 (aq) + 2 e- E o = +0.76 V→ from the table
Overall: Zn (s) + Cu+2 (aq) → Zn+2 (aq) + Cu (s) E o = +1.10 V (Spontaneous)

A galvanic cell runs spontaneously in the direction that gives a positive value for Ecell
0


Cell Notation: Oxidation Anode||Reduction Cathode

Zn (s)|Zn+2 (aq)|| Cu+2 (aq)|Cu (s)

2. Find the standard cell potential for an electrochemical cell and write its cell notation:
Fe+3 (aq) + Cu (s) → Cu+2 (aq) + Fe+2 (aq)

Prepared by: Engr. N. L. Escalante

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 Solution:
Reduction: 2 Fe+3 (aq) + 2 e- → 2 Fe+2 (aq) E o = +0.77 V
Oxidation: Cu (s) → Cu+2 (aq) + 2 e- E o = -0.34 V
Overall: 2 Fe+3 (aq) + Cu (s) → Cu+2 (aq) + 2 Fe+2 (aq) E o = +0.43 V (Spontaneous)

Cell Notation: Oxidation Anode||Reduction Cathode

Cu (s)|Cu+2 (aq)|| Fe+3 (aq), Fe+2 (aq)|Pt (s)

Activity 4: Calculating Standard Cell Potentials and Writing Cell Notations

Self-Assessment No. 4

Calculate the cell potential for the following reactions and predict whether the reaction
will take place. If it will take place, write the cell notation.
1. Zn (s) + 2 Ag+ (aq) → Zn+2 (aq) + 2 Ag (s)
2. Cu (s) + Ni+2 (aq) → Cu+2 (aq) + Ni (s)

To be submitted in Google classroom on:

Cell Potential: Nernst Equation

To determine the cell potential when the conditions are other than standard state
(concentration not 1 molar and/pr pressure not 1 atmosphere). Use the Nernst Equation.
 RT 
Ecell  Ecell
o
  ln Q
 ln F 
Ecell cell potential at non-standard state conditions
standard cell potential
o
Ecell
R constant (8.31 J/mol K)
T absolute temperature (K)
F Faraday’s constant (96,450 C/mole e-)
n number of moles of electrons transferred in the balanced equations for
the reactions occurring in the cell

Q reaction quotient for the reaction Q

C  D
c d

Aa Bb
If the temperature of the cell remains at 25 oC, the equation simplifies to:
 0.0257 
Ecell  Ecell
o
  ln Q
 n 
Or in terms of log10
 0.0592 
Ecell  Ecell
o
  log Q
 n 

Prepared by: Engr. N. L. Escalante

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 Example: Calculate the cell potential of the following system:
Fe (s)|Fe+2 (0.01 M)||Cu+2 (aq) (3.0 M)| Cu (s)

Solution: Assume T = 25 oC

Reduction: Cu+2 (aq) + 2 e- → Cu (s) E o = +0.34 V

Oxidation: Fe (s) → Fe+2 (aq) + 2 e- E o = +0.44 V
Overall: Fe (s) + Cu+2 (aq) → Fe+2 (aq) + Cu (s) E o = +0.78 V

n = 2 mole e-

Q

Fe 2


0.01M 

Cu 2
3.0M 
 0.0257  0.01M 
Ecell  0.78V    ln
 2  3.0M 
Ecell = 0.85 V

Corrosion
▪ The process that returns metals to their oxidized state
▪ Involved oxidation of the metal

 To undestand corrosion better, watch this video entitled “ Corrosion | Reactions |

Chemistry | FuseSchool ” using the link
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TKMgUCq3npg.
How to prevent Corrosion?
▪ Apply coating (such as paint or metal)
▪ Alloying
▪ Cathodic Protection

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 Electroplating
In all aspects of our lives we are surrounded by products with electroplated surfaces.
Whether we are looking at a silver-plated watch through gold-plated glasses, watching
television, using the washing machine, getting into a car or boarding a plane:
electroplating plays an important part in all of these situations.

The objective is to prevent corrosion and wear, produce hardness and conductivity, and
give products an attractive appearance.

The principle: thin metallic layers with

specific properties are deposited on base
materials including steel, brass, plastic, and
die-cast parts.

Silver electroplating was the first large

scale use of electrolysis for coating base
metal objects with a higher value
decorative finish.

 To understand the process of

electroplating better, watch this video
entitled “ How Does Electroplating Work |
Reactions | Chemistry | FuseSchool “
using the link
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oxh
CU_jBiOA.

EXPLAIN
To be able to translate your understanding of electrochemical energy, do the following
activity.

Activity 5: Check Your Understanding on Electrochemical Energy

Self-Assessment No. ?

1. The current in a wire is carried by moving electrons. What carries the current through
the solution in an electrochemical cell?
2. What is the function of a salt bridge in an electrochemical cell? What would happen
if the salt bridge were removed?
3. What is the difference between an electrochemical cell and an electrolytic cell?

To be submitted in Google classroom on:

Prepared by: Engr. N. L. Escalante

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 ELABORATE

Having understood electrochemical energy better, it is now time to check your

comprehension on the application of electrochemical energy through batteries.

Activity 6: Batteries
Self-Assessment No. ?

1. How do batteries generally work?

2. Why are lead-acid batteries used in cars?
3. What type of battery can be recharged? Which cannot?
4. If mercury batteries are so long lasting and efficient, then why are they not used
anymore?

To be submitted in Google classroom on:

EVALUATE

Activity 7: Case Study

Self-Assessment No. ?

The deteriorating iron framework inside the Statue of Liberty was replaced with stainless
steel as part of a major restoration project. The work was finished in 1986, exactly one
hundred years after the statue was first completed. To avoid any electrochemical
contact between the metals, the new stainless steel frame and the external copper
plates covering the statue were separated using Teflon spacers. The original statue was
constructed using asbestos pads as insulating spacers. Apparently, the pads were still
able to act as a conductor (in conjunction with moisture and gases from the
atmosphere). Why was the iron framework on the interior of the statue most in need of
repair and not the copper plating exposed to the atmosphere on the exterior of the
statue?

To be submitted in Google classroom on:

Prepared by: Engr. N. L. Escalante

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 Appendix:

Standard Electrode Potentials in Aqueous Solution at 25 oC

Cathode (Reduction) Standard Potential
Half-Reaction E° (volts)

Li+(aq) + e- -> Li(s) -3.04

K+(aq) + e- -> K(s) -2.92

Ca2+(aq) + 2e- -> Ca(s) -2.76

Na+(aq) + e- -> Na(s) -2.71

Mg2+(aq) + 2e- -> Mg(s) -2.38

Al3+(aq) + 3e- -> Al(s) -1.66

2H2O(l) + 2e- -> H2(g) + 2OH-(aq) -0.83

Zn2+(aq) + 2e- -> Zn(s) -0.76

Cr3+(aq) + 3e- -> Cr(s) -0.74

Fe2+(aq) + 2e- -> Fe(s) -0.41

Cd2+(aq) + 2e- -> Cd(s) -0.40

Ni2+(aq) + 2e- -> Ni(s) -0.23

Sn2+(aq) + 2e- -> Sn(s) -0.14

Pb2+(aq) + 2e- -> Pb(s) -0.13

Fe3+(aq) + 3e- -> Fe(s) -0.04

2H+(aq) + 2e- -> H2(g) 0.00

Sn4+(aq) + 2e- -> Sn2+(aq) 0.15

Cu2+(aq) + e- -> Cu+(aq) 0.16

ClO4-(aq) + H2O(l) + 2e- -> ClO3-(aq) + 2OH-(aq) 0.17

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 AgCl(s) + e- -> Ag(s) + Cl-(aq) 0.22

Cu2+(aq) + 2e- -> Cu(s) 0.34

ClO3-(aq) + H2O(l) + 2e- -> ClO2-(aq) + 2OH-(aq) 0.35

IO-(aq) + H2O(l) + 2e- -> I -(aq) + 2OH-(aq) 0.49

Cu+(aq) + e- -> Cu(s) 0.52

I2(s) + 2e- -> 2I-(aq) 0.54

ClO2-(aq) + H2O(l) + 2e- -> ClO-(aq) + 2OH-(aq) 0.59

Fe3+(aq) + e- -> Fe2+(aq) 0.77

Hg22+(aq) + 2e- -> 2Hg(l) 0.80

Ag+(aq) + e- -> Ag(s) 0.80

Hg2+(aq) + 2e- -> Hg(l) 0.85

ClO-(aq) + H2O(l) + 2e- -> Cl-(aq) + 2OH-(aq) 0.90

2Hg2+(aq) + 2e- -> Hg22+(aq) 0.90

NO3-(aq) + 4H +(aq) + 3e- -> NO(g) + 2H2O(l) 0.96

Br2(l) + 2e- -> 2Br-(aq) 1.07

O2(g) + 4H +(aq) + 4e- -> 2H2O(l) 1.23

Cr2O72-(aq) + 14H +(aq) + 6e- -> 2Cr3+(aq) + 7H2O(l) 1.33

Cl2(g) + 2e- -> 2Cl-(aq) 1.36

Ce4+(aq) + e- -> Ce3+(aq) 1.44

MnO4-(aq) + 8H +(aq) + 5e- -> Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l) 1.49

H2O2(aq) + 2H +(aq) + 2e- -> 2H2O(l) 1.78

Co3+(aq) + e- -> Co2+(aq) 1.82

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 S2O82-(aq) + 2e- -> 2SO42-(aq) 2.01

O3(g) + 2H+(aq) + 2e- -> O2(g) + H2O(l) 2.07

F2(g) + 2e- -> 2F-(aq) 2.87

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