Assignment 2 Question 1

IIsenberg

August 23, 2023

(a)
For a function to be L2 space Z
|f (x)|2 < ∞

1. Closure under addition:

For Vector Space, it should be Closure under addition and scalar
multiplication, if f (x), g(x) ∈ L2 then,
Z
|f (x)|2 dx < ∞

and Z
|g(x)|2 dx < ∞

then clearly
|f (x)|2 + |g(x)|2 < |f (x) + g(x)|2

= |f (x)|2 + |g(x)|2 + 2|f (x)||g(x)|

clearly, Z
|f (x)|2 + |g(x)|2 + 2|f (x)||g(x)|dx < ∞

because if
Z
|f (x)|2 < ∞

1
 then,
Z
|f (x)| < ∞

2. Closure under scalar multiplication:

Clearly, if Z
|f (x)|2 < ∞

then,
Z
c|f (x)|2 < ∞

for ∀ c ∈ C
3. Additive Identity:
∃ 0 ∈ L2 such that ∀ f (x) + 0 = f (x)
4. Additive Inverse:
∃ − f (x) for every f (x) such that
f (x) + (−f (x)) = 0

5. Associativity,Commutativity and Distributive Property:

∀f (x), g(x), h(x) ∈ L2
(f (x) + g(x)) + h(x) = f (x) + (g(x) + h(x))
f (x) (g(x) + h(x)) = f (x)g(x) + f (x)h(x)
a(bf (x)) = ab(f (x)) ∀a, b ∈ C

(b)
Let assume f (x) as test function,
⟨Ôf (x) − ⟨Ôf (x)⟩2 ⟩
=⇒ ⟨(Ôf (x))2 + ⟨Ôf (x)⟩2 − 2Ôf (x)⟨Ôf (x)⟩⟩
=⇒ ⟨(Ôf (x))2 ⟩ + ⟨Ôf (x)⟩2 − 2⟨Ôf (x)⟩2
=⇒ ⟨(Ôf (x))2 ⟩ − ⟨Ôf (x)⟩2
=⇒ ⟨Ô2 ⟩ − ⟨Ô⟩2
Hence Proved
(c)
To show (p̂f, g) = (f, p̂g)
Z
ℏ ∂g
f∗ dx
i ∂x
Z
ℏ ∂g
=⇒ f ∗ dx
i ∂x
from integration by parts and since f, g ∈ L2
∂f ∗
Z
ℏ
=⇒ − g dx
i ∂x
∂f ∗
Z
ℏ
=⇒ ∗ g dx
i ∂x
ℏ ∂f ∗
Z  
=⇒ g dx
i ∂x
Z
=⇒ (p̂f )∗ g dx

=⇒ (p̂f, g)
Hence Proved

(d)
Let X
f (x) = fn bn
n
then !
X
(bm , f (x)) = bm , fn bn
n
X
=⇒ (bm , fn bn )
n
X
=⇒ fn (bm , bn )
n
X
=⇒ fn δmn
n
since each bn is orthonormal to bm
=⇒ fm
replacing m → n
=⇒ (bn , f (x)) = fn
(e)
Clearly, the graph is repeated after each addition of 2s hence period is 2s.

(f )
From trigonometric formulae

ZL/2    
2πnx 2πmx
cos cos dx = 0
L L
−L/2

  r
2 2πnx
if m ̸= n and L/2 when m = n thus let {bn } = cos for proper normalisation.
L L
This shows that each basis vector is perpendicular to other hence linearly independent also
using the result of part (d), coefficients can be found so that any
X
f (x) = cn bn
n

or,  
X 2πnx
f (x) = cn cos
n
L
also,  
X 2πn(x + L)
f (x + L) = cn cos
n
L
which is same as  
X 2πnx
f (x + L) = cn cos + 2πn
n
L
which simplifies to,  
X 2πnx
f (x + L) = cn cos
n
L
thus,
f (x + L) = f (x)
r  
2 2πnx
hence for periodic f (x), cos can be a basis.
L L