FLUID MECHANICS

Fluid Mechanics

Branch of physical science which deals

with the mechanics of liquids and
gases and is based on the same
fundamental principles that are
employed in the mechanics of solid
Branches of Fluid Mechanics

FLUID STATICS FLUID HYDRODYNAMICS

KINEMATICS

Velocities and streamlines without Relations between velocities and

Mechanics of fluids at rest accelerations and the forces
considering forces or energy
exerted or upon fluids in motion
 Fluid

• Substances capable of flowing

• Possess particles which easily move and
change their relative position without
separation of the mass
• Offer practically no resistance to change in
form

Ideal or Perfect Fluid – no friction nor viscosity

Classification of Fluids

Gases Liquids
Fluids which have little resistance to change Fluids which offer great resistance to change in
either in form or volume and occupies all the volume and occupies a definite portion in which
space in which it is contained it is contained
PROPERTIES OF
FLUIDS
Specific Weight
The weight per unit volume of a substance

Gamma

Where:
Mass
Quantitative measure of the amount of matter in a given body

Where:
Density
Mass per unit volume of a substance

rho

Where:
Specific Gravity
Also known as "Relative Density"
Ratio of the density or specific weight of a substance to the density or specific weight
of some other standard substance

Note: The standard values of the density and specific weight of water @ 4°C for
Physicists and 15.6°C for engineers are the ff:
Specific Gravity

Where:
Specific Volume
Volume per unit of a substance
Reciprocal of mass density
nu

Where:
Bulk Modulus of Elasticity
Expresses the compressibility of fluid
Ratio of the change in unit pressure to the corresponding volume change per unit of
volume
Uppercase Delta

Note: The modulus of

elasticity or compressibility
Where: is temperature dependent
Viscosity (Dynamic Viscosity)
Property of a fluid which determines the amount of its resistance to shear forces
Perfect fluid has no viscosity and incompressible
Viscosity (Dynamic Viscosity)
sigma
mu

Where:
Kinematic Viscosity
Ratio of the dynamic viscosity of the fluid to the mass density

Where:
Units of Viscosity
For dynamic viscosity For kinematic viscosity
Given: Sample Problem
The viscosity of water at 70°C is
0.00402 poise and its specific
gravity is 0.978, determine its
absolute viscosity in Pa-s and its
Find: kinematic viscosity in m2/s and
stokes?
Given: Solution:

Find:
Given: Solution:

Find:
Solution:
Given: Sample Problem
A fluid of viscosity of 5.2 x 10 -5 lbf-sec/ft2 is
flowing in a rectangular duct. The equation of
the symmetrical velocity (in ft/s) is
approximately V=0.3y0.7 ft/s where y is in
Find: inches. Compute the velocity gradient at y 3
inches from the wall, and the shear stress of
the fluid at that point.
Given: Solution:

Find:
Given: Solution:

Find:
Surface Tension
Property which exists due to the cohesion between the molecules at the surface of a
liquid
Soap bubble

Liquid bubble

Where:
Surface Tension

Soap bubble

Liquid bubble

Where: Note:
 Behavior of liquid in a thin-
bore tube

Capillary Action
(Capillarity) Rise and fall of liquid in a
capillary tube

Caused by surface tension

between the liquid and a
vertical solid
 In water adhesive forces between
the liquid molecules and the
surface is greater than the
cohesive forces between
Capillary Action molecules themselves.
(Capillarity)
That is the reason why water will
be attached itself to climb a solid
vertical surface
Capillary Action (Capillarity)

Adhesion – attractive force between molecules of different

substances
Cohesion – attractive force between molecules of the same
substance
Meniscus – curve surface of liquid in a capillary tube

Note: Capillary is important when using tubes smaller than about 3/8 in. (9.5 mm) in
diameter
 Meniscus Adhesion
Water in Capillary
Tube h

Adhesion > Cohesion

Mercury in Meniscus Cohesion
Capillary Tube
h

Cohesion > Adhesion

Capillary Action (Capillarity)

Where:
Given: Sample Problem
The surface tension force of water
in air is approximately 0.00518
lbf/ft. If the atmospheric pressure
is 14.7 psia, what is the pressure
Find: inside a droplet 0.01" in
diameter?
Given: Solution:
Droplet = Liquid Bubble

Find:
Given:

Solution:
Given: Sample Problem
At a particular temperature, the surface
tension of water is 0.073 N/m. Under
ideal conditions, the contact angle
between glass and water is zero. A
Find: student in a laboratory observes water
in a glass capillary tube with a diameter
of 0.10 mm. What is the theoretical
height of the capillary rise?
Given: Solution:

Find:
FLUID STATICS
Fluid Pressure
Force exerted on a unit area

Where:
Pascal's Law
At any point in a fluid at rest the pressure is the same in all directions
Variation in Pressure
The pressure at any point below the free surface of a liquid is equal the product of the
unit weight of the liquid and the depth of the point

Where:
Basic equation of fluid statics applied to
liquids
Liquid Surface

Where:
Basic equation of fluid statics applied to
gases

Sea Level
Atmospheric or Barometric Pressure
Pressure exerted by the atmosphere on every surface with which comes in contact
Measured by barometer
Absolute Pressure
Pressure measured above absolute zero

Note:
Gage Pressure
Pressure measured by means of gages above or below atmospheric level

Note:
Pressure in Manometers
A. Simple U-Tube Manometer
Using the principle of that the pressure at the
horizontal level in continuous fluid is the same
(Pascal's Law), the pressure at the left and the right
limbs of the manometer at the datum level Z-Z can
be calculated as follows:
B. Differential Manometer
 Buoyancy
Archimedes Principle
A body submerged in a fluid
is subjected by an
unbalanced force called the
buoyant force equal to the
weight of the displaced fluid

Where:
 Homogeneous Solid Bodies Floating in
Homogeneous Fluid at Rest

Where:
 Hydrostatic Force
resultant force caused by the pressure loading of a liquid acting on submerged
surfaces

Where:
Sample Problem
Find the pressure in the tank from the
manometer readings shown in the
illustration
Shift Store to A
Shift Store to B Shift Store to C