Vishaka & Ors vs State Of Rajasthan & Ors on 13 August, 1997

Vishaka & Ors vs State Of Rajasthan & Ors on 13 August, 1997

Equivalent citations: AIR 1997 SUPREME COURT 3011, 1997 AIR SCW 3043,
1997 LAB. I. C. 2890, 1997 CRILR(SC MAH GUJ) 749, 1997 LAB LR 991, (1997)
3 ALLCRILR 283, (1997) 2 CHANDCRIC 112, (1997) 24 CRILT 455, (1997) 7 JT
384 (SC), 1997 SCC(CRI) 932, (2013) 3 KANT LJ 546, 1998 (1) BLJR 228, 1998
BLJR 1 228, 1997 CRILR(SC&MP) 749, 1997 (5) SCALE 453, 1997 (6) SCC 241,
(1997) 3 RECCRIR 187, 1997 CHANDLR(CIV&CRI) 25, (1997) 77 FACLR 297,
(1997) 3 SCJ 584, (1997) 3 CURCRIR 126, (1997) 2 CORLA 321, (1997) 5
SCALE 453, (1997) 5 ANDH LT 14, (1997) 3 CRIMES 188, (1997) 2 MADLW(CRI)
604, (1997) 13 OCR 305, (1997) 2 EASTCRIC 574, (1997) 3 ALLCRILR 819,
(1997) 3 RAJ LW 373, (1997) 7 SUPREME 323, (1997) WRITLR 823, (1998) 2
LAB LN 965

Bench: Chief Justice, Sujata V. Manohar, B. N. Kirpal

PETITIONER:
VISHAKA & ORS.

Vs.

RESPONDENT:
STATE OF RAJASTHAN & ORS.

DATE OF JUDGMENT: 13/08/1997

BENCH:
CJI, SUJATA V. MANOHAR, B. N. KIRPAL

ACT:

HEADNOTE:

JUDGMENT:

J U D G M E N T Verma, CJI:

This Writ Petition has been filed for the enforcement of the fundamental rights of
working women under Articles 14, 19 and 21 of the Constitution of India in view of
Indian Kanoon - http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1031794/ 1
 Vishaka & Ors vs State Of Rajasthan & Ors on 13 August, 1997

the prevailing climate in which the violation of these rights is not uncommon. With
the increasing awareness and emphasis on gender justice, there is increase in the
effort to guard such violations; and the resentment towards incidents of sexual
harassment is also increasing. The present petition has been brought as a class action
by certain social activists and NGOs with the aim of focussing attention towards this
societal aberration, and assisting in finding suitable methods for realisation of the
true concept of 'gender equality'; and to prevent sexual harassment of working
women in all work places through judicial process, to fill the vacuum in existing
legislation.

The immediate cause for the filing of this writ petition is an incident of alleged brutal
gang rape of social worker in a village of Rajasthan. That incident is the subject
matter of a separate criminal action and no further mention of it, by us, is necessary.
The incident reveals the hazards to which a working woman may be exposed and the
depravity to which sexual harassment can degenerate; and the urgency for safeguards
by an alternative mechanism in the absence of legislative measures. In the absence of
legislative measures, the need is to find an effective alternative mechanism to fulfil
this felt and urgent social need.

Each such incident results in violation of the fundamental rights of 'Gender Equality'
and the 'Right of Life and Liberty'. It is clear violation of the rights under Articles 14,
15 and 21 of Constitution. One of the logical consequences of such an incident is also
the violation of the victim's fundamental right under Article 19(1)(g) 'to practice any
profession or to carry out any occupation, trade or business'. Such violations,
therefore, attract the remedy under Article 32 for the enforcement of these
fundamental rights of women. This class action under Article 32 of the Constitution is
for this reason. A writ of mandamus in such a siltation, if it is to be effective, needs to
be accompanied by directions for prevention; as the violation of fundamental rights
of this kind is a recurring phenomenon. The fundamental right to carry on any
occupation, trade or profession depends on the availability of a "safe" working
environment. Right to life means life with dignity. The primary responsibility fro
ensuring such safety and dignity through suitable legislation, and the creation of a
mechanism for its enforcement, is of the legislature and the executive. When,
however, instances of sexual harassment resulting in violation of fundamental rights
of women workers under Articles 14, 19 and 21 are brought before us for redress
under Article 32, an effective redressal requires that some guidelines should be laid
down for the protection of these rights to fill the legislative vacuum.

The notice of the petition was given to the State of Rajasthan and the Union of India. The learned
Solicitor General appeared for the Union of India and rendered valuable assistance in the true spirit
of a Law Officer to help us find a proper solution to this social problem of considerable magnitude.
In addition to Ms. Meenakshi Arora and Ms. Naina Kapur who assisted the Court with full
commitment, Shri Fali S. Nariman appeared as Amicus Curiae and rendered great assistance. We
place on record our great appreciation for every counsel who appeared in the case and rendered the

Indian Kanoon - http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1031794/ 2

 Vishaka & Ors vs State Of Rajasthan & Ors on 13 August, 1997

needed assistance to the Court which has enabled us to deal with this unusual matter in the manner
considered appropriate for a cause of this nature.

Apart from Article 32 of the Constitution of India, we may refer to some other provision which
envisage judicial intervention for eradication of this social evil. Some provisions in the Constitution
in addition to Articles 14, 19(1)(g) and 21, which have relevance are:

Article 15:

"15. Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of

birth.-

(1) The State shall not discriminate against any citizen on only of religion, race, caste,
sex, place of birth or any of them. (2) xxx xxxx xxxx (3) Nothing in this article shall
prevent the State from making any special provision for women and children.

(4) xxxx xxxx

xxxx"
Article 42:

"42. Provision for just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief - The
State shall make provision for securing just and humane conditions of work and for
maternity relief."

Article 51A:

"51A. Fundamental duties. - It shall be the duty of every citizen of India, -

(a) to abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, ...

xxxx xxxx
xxxx

(e) to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the
people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities;
to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women;

xxx xxxx
xxxx"

Before we refer to the international conventions and norms having relevance in this
field and the manner in which they assume significance in application and judicial
interpretation, we may advert to some other provisions in the Constitution which
permit such use. These provisions are:

Indian Kanoon - http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1031794/ 3

 Vishaka & Ors vs State Of Rajasthan & Ors on 13 August, 1997

Article 51 :

"51. Promotion of international peace and security - The State shall endeavour to -

xxxx xxxx
xxxx
(c) foster respect for
international law and treaty

obligations in the dealings of organised people with one another;

and xxx xxx xxx"

Article 253 :

"253. Legislation for giving effect to international agreements - Notwithstanding

anything in the foregoing provisions of this Chapter, Parliament has power to make
any law for the whole or any part of the territory of India for implementing any
treaty, agreement or convention with any other country or countries or any decision
made at any international conference, association or other body."

Seventh Schedule :

"List I - Union List:

xxxx xxxx
xxxx

14. Entering into treaties and agreements with foreign countries and implementing of
treaties, agreements and conventions with foreign countries.

xxx xxx
xxx"

In the absence of domestic law occupying the field, to formulate effective measures to
check the evil of sexual harassment of working women at all work places, the contents
of International Conventions and norms are significant for the purpose of
interpretation of the guarantee of gender equality, right to work with human dignity
in Articles 14, 15 19(1)(g) and 21 of the Constitution and the safeguards against sexual
harassment implicit therein. Any International Convention not inconsistent with the
fundamental rights and in harmony with its spirit must be read into these provisions
to enlarge the meaning and content thereof, to promote the object of the
constitutional guarantee. This is implicit from Article 51(c) and enabling power of the
Parliament to enact laws for implementing the International Conventions and norms
by virtue of Article 253 read with Entry 14 of the Union List in Seventh Schedule of
the Constitution. Article 73 also is relevant. It provides that the executive power of

Indian Kanoon - http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1031794/ 4

 Vishaka & Ors vs State Of Rajasthan & Ors on 13 August, 1997

the Union shall extend to the matters with respect to which Parliament has power to
make laws. The executive power of the Union is, therefore, available till the
parliament enacts to expressly provide measures needed to curb the evil.

Thus, the power of this Court under Article 32 for enforcement of the fundamental
rights and the executive power of the Union have to meet the challenge to protect the
working women from sexual harassment and o make their fundamental rights
meaningful. Governance of the society by the rule of law mandates this requirements
as a logical concomitant of the constitutional scheme. The exercise performed by the
Court in this matter is with this common perception shared with the learned Solicitor
General and other members of the Bar who rendered valuable assistance in the
performance of this difficult task in public interest.

The progress made at each hearing culminated in the formulation of guidelines to

which the Union of India gave its consent through the learned Solicitor General,
indicating that these should be the guidelines and norms declared by this Court to
govern the behaviour of the employers and all others at the work places to curb this
social evil.

Gender equality includes protection from sexual harassment and right to work with
dignity, which is a universally recognised basic human right. The common minimum
requirement of this right has received global acceptance. The International
Conventions and norms are, therefore, of great significance in the formulation of the
guidelines to achieve this purpose.

The obligation of this Court under Article 32 of the Constitution for the enforcement
of these fundamental rights in the absence of legislation must be viewed along with
the role of judiciary envisaged in the Beijing Statement of Principles of the
Independence of the Judiciary in the LAWASIA region. These principles were
accepted by the Chief Justices of the Asia and the Pacific at Beijing in 1995 as those
representing the minimum standards necessary to be observed in order to maintain
the independence and effective functioning of the judiciary. The objectives of the
judiciary mentioned in the Beijing Statement are:

"Objectives of the Judiciary:

10. The objectives and functions of the Judiciary include the following:

(a) to ensure that all persons are able to live securely under the Rule of Law;

(b) to promote, within the proper limits of the judicial function, the observance and
the attainment of human rights; and

Indian Kanoon - http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1031794/ 5

 Vishaka & Ors vs State Of Rajasthan & Ors on 13 August, 1997

(c) to administer the law impartially among persons and between persons and the
State."

Some provisions in the 'Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against
Women', of significance in the present context are:

Article 11:

"1. States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to eliminate discrimination
against women in the field of employment in order to ensure, on basis of equality of
men and women, the same rights, in particular:

(a) The right to work as an inalienable right of all human beings;

xxxx xxxxx
xxxx

(f) The right to protection of health and to safety in working conditions, including the
safeguarding of the function of reproduction.

xxx xxxxx
xxxxx
Article 24 :

"States Parties undertake to adopt all necessary measures at the national level aimed
at achieving the full realization of the rights recognised in the present Convention."

The general recommendations of CEDAW in this context in respect of Article 11 are :

"Violence and equality in

employment:

22. Equality in employment can be seriously impaired when women are subjected to gender specific
violence, such as sexual harassment in the work place.

23. Sexual harassment includes such unwelcome sexually determined behavior as physical contacts
and advance, sexually coloured remarks, showing pornography and sexual demands, whether by
words or actions. Such conduct can be humiliating and may constitute a health and safety problem;
it is discriminatory when the woman has reasonable grounds to believe that her objection would
disadvantage her in connection with her employment, including recruiting or promotion, or when it
creates a hostile working environment. Effective complaints procedures and remedies, including
compensation, should be provided.

24. States should include in their reports information about sexual harassment, and on measures to
protect women from sexual harassment and other forms of violence of coercion in the work place."

Indian Kanoon - http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1031794/ 6

 Vishaka & Ors vs State Of Rajasthan & Ors on 13 August, 1997

The Government of India has ratified the above Resolution on June 25, 1993 with some reservations
which are not material in the present context. At the Fourth World Conference on Women in
Beijing, the Government of India has also made a official commitment, inter alia, to formulate and
operationalize a national policy on women which will continuously guide and inform action at every
level and in every sector; to set up a Commission for Women's Rights to act as a public defender of
women's human rights; to institutionalise a national level mechanism to monitor the
implementation of the Platform for Action. We have, therefore, no hesitation in placing reliance on
the above for the purpose of construing the nature and ambit of constitutional guarantee of gender
equality in our Constitution.

The meaning and content of the fundamental rights guaranteed in the Constitution of India are of
sufficient amplitude to compass all the facets of gender equality including prevention of sexual
harassment or abuse. Independence of Judiciary forms a part of our constitutional scheme. The
international conventions and norms are to be read into them in the absence of enacted domestic
law occupying the fields when there is no inconsistency between them. It is now an accepted rule of
judicial construction that regard must be had to international conventions and norms fro construing
domestic law when there is no inconsistency between them and there is a void in the domestic law.
The High Court of Australia in Minister fro Immigration and Ethnic Affairs vs. Tech. 128 ALR 535,
has recognised the concept of legitimate expectation of its observance in the absence of contrary
legislative provision, even in the absence of a Bill of Rights in the Constitution of Australia.

In Nilabati Behera vs. State of Orissa 1993(2) SCC 746, a provision in the ICCPR was referred to
support the view taken that an enforceable right to compensation is not alien to the concept of
enforcement of a guaranteed right', as a public law remedy under Article 32, distinct from the
private law remedy in torts. There is no reason why these international conventions and norms
cannot, therefore, be used for construing the fundamental rights expressly guaranteed in the
Constitution of India which embody the basic concept of gender equality in all spheres of human
activity.

In view of the above, and the absence of enacted law to provide fro the effective enforcement of the
basic human right of gender equality and guarantee against sexual harassment and abuse, more
particularly against sexual harassment at work places, we lay down the guidelines and norms
specified hereinafter for due observance at all work places or other institutions, until a legislation is
enacted for the purpose. This is done in exercise of the power available under Article 32 of the
Constitution for enforcement of the fundamental rights and it is further emphasised that this would
be treated as the law declared by this Court under Article 141 of the Constitution.

The GUIDELINES and NORMS prescribed herein are as under:-

HAVING REGARD to the definition of 'human rights' in Section 2(d) of the

Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, TAKING NOTE of the fact that the present
civil and penal laws in India do not adequately provide for specific protection of
women from sexual harassment in work places and that enactment of such legislation
will take considerable time, It is necessary and expedient for employers in work

Indian Kanoon - http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1031794/ 7

 Vishaka & Ors vs State Of Rajasthan & Ors on 13 August, 1997

places as well as other responsible persons or institutions to observe certain

guidelines to ensure the prevention of sexual harassment of women:

1. Duty of the Employer or other responsible persons in work places and other
institutions:

It shall be the duty of the employer or other responsible persons in work places or
other institutions to prevent or deter the commission of acts of sexual harassment
and to provide the procedures for the resolution, settlement or prosecution of acts of
sexual harassment by taking all steps required.

2. Definition:

For this purpose, sexual harassment includes such unwelcome sexually determined
behaviour (whether directly or by implication) as:

a) physical contact and advances;

b) a demand or request for sexual favours;

c) sexually coloured remarks;

d) showing pornography;

e) any other unwelcome physical verbal or non-verbal conduct of sexual nature.

Where any of these acts is committed in circumstances where under the victim of such conduct has a
reasonable apprehension that in relation to the victim's employment or work whether she is drawing
salary, or honorarium or voluntary, whether in government, public or private enterprise such
conduct can be humiliating and may constitute a health and safety problem. It is discriminatory for
instance when the woman has reasonable grounds to believe that her objection would disadvantage
her in connection with her employment or work including recruiting or promotion or when it
creates a hostile work environment. Adverse consequences might be visited if the victim does not
consent to the conduct in question or raises any objection thereto.

3. Preventive Steps:

All employers or persons in charge of work place whether in the public or private
sector should take appropriate steps to prevent sexual harassment. Without prejudice
to the generality of this obligation they should take the following steps:

(a) Express prohibition of sexual harassment as defined above at the work place
should be notified, published and circulated in appropriate ways.

Indian Kanoon - http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1031794/ 8

 Vishaka & Ors vs State Of Rajasthan & Ors on 13 August, 1997

(b) The Rules/Regulations of Government and Public Sector bodies relating to

conduct and discipline should include rules/regulations prohibiting sexual
harassment and provide for appropriate penalties in such rules against the offender.

(c) As regards private employers steps should be taken to include the aforesaid
prohibitions in the standing orders under the Industrial Employment (Standing
Orders) Act, 1946.

(d) Appropriate work conditions should be provided in respect of work, leisure,

health and hygiene to further ensure that there is no hostile environment towards
women at work places and no employee woman should have reasonable grounds to
believe that she is disadvantaged in connection with her employment.

4. Criminal Proceedings:

Where such conduct amounts to a specific offence under the Indian Penal Code or
under any other law the employer shall initiate appropriate action in accordance with
law by making a complaint with the appropriate authority.

In particular, it should ensure that victims, or witnesses are not victimized or

discriminated against while dealing with complaints of sexual harassment. The
victims of sexual harassment should have the option to seek transfer of the
perpetrator or their own transfer.

5. Disciplinary Action:

Where such conduct amounts to mis-conduct in employment as defined by the

relevant service rules, appropriate disciplinary action should be initiated by the
employer in accordance with those rules.

6. Complaint Mechanism:

Whether or not such conduct constitutes an offence under law or a breach of the
service rules, an appropriate complaint mechanism should be created in the
employer's organization for redress of the complaint made by the victim. Such
complaint mechanism should ensure time bound treatment of complaints.

7. Complaints Committee:

The complaint mechanism, referred to in (6) above, should be adequate to provide, where necessary,
a Complaints Committee, a special counsellor or other support service, including the maintenance of
confidentiality.

Indian Kanoon - http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1031794/ 9

 Vishaka & Ors vs State Of Rajasthan & Ors on 13 August, 1997

The Complaints Committee should be headed by a woman and not less than half of its member
should be women.

Further, to prevent the possibility of any under pressure or influence from senior levels, such
Complaints Committee should involve a third party, either NGO or other body who is familiar with
the issue of sexual harassment.

The Complaints Committee must make an annual report to the government department concerned
of the complaints and action taken by them. The employers and person in charge will also report on
the compliance with the aforesaid guidelines including on the reports of the Complaints Committee
to the Government department.

8. Workers' Initiative:

Employees should be allowed to raise issues of sexual harassment at workers meeting

and in other appropriate forum and it should be affirmatively discussed in
Employer-Employee Meetings.

9. Awareness:

Awareness of the rights of female employees in this regard should be created in

particular by prominently notifying the guidelines (and appropriate legislation when
enacted on the subject) in suitable manner.

10. Where sexual harassment occurs as a result of an act or omission by any third party or outsider,
the employer and person in charge will take all steps necessary and reasonable to assist the affected
person in terms of support and preventive action.

11. The Central/State Governments are requested to consider adopting suitable measures including
legislation to ensure that the guidelines laid down by this order are also observed by the employers
in Private Sector.

12. These guidelines will not prejudice any rights available under the Protection of Human Rights
Act, 1993.

Accordingly, we direct that the above guidelines and norms would be strictly observed in all work
places for the preservation and enforcement of the right to gender equality of the working women.
These directions would be binding and enforceable in law until suitable legislation is enacted to
occupy the field. These Writ Petitions are disposed of, accordingly.

Indian Kanoon - http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1031794/ 10