Differential EquationsDISCLAIMER “The content provided herein are created and owned by various authors and licensed to Sorting Hat Technologies Private Limited (“Company”). The Company disclaims all rights and in relation to the content. The author of the content shall be solely responsible towards, without limitation, any claims, liabilities, damages or suits which may arise with respect to the same.”Differential Equations DEFINITIONS = ‘An equation which involves independent and dependent variables and their derivatives is called a DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION. eg OY x an % +2y=0 wai arent equation represents a family of curves. To find that family is to solve that differential equation and its solution is also known as its PRIMITIVE. Order and Degree of Differential Equation Order of a differential equation is known as the order of the highest differential coefficient occurring in it. Note: Order of differential equation is positive integer. 2 &y , aay Example : —> + 3— + 2y=0 has order 2. ax’ dx Degree of differential equation is the degree of highest order derivative ‘occuring in it To find degree differential equation should be expressed as polynomial in derivatives and it should be free from radicals and fractions. ms fooy) [2] +o@y) [9] + is order m and degree p. order 2 d 40) 3 -P (ay Nesgeas fg ay ae order 3. i BV ory Gil) 0 — x FF +y-0 < (ectopicThe order and degree of the differential equation x x respectively, (A) 2, not applicable = (B) 1, 4 (©) 2,3 (0) 2,5 Sol. © y/o) ° dx? | “(dx -(2)-f-(@ Hence, the order is 2 and the degree is 3. Find order and degree of the differential equation & x w( 2) are, respectively, (A) 3, not applicable (B) 3,1 (€)1,3 (D) not applicable, 2 Sol. # fay Clearly, the order is 3 and the degree is not defined due to mS ix FORMING OF A DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION To remove arbitrary constants from a differential equation, we follow following steps () We differentiate given equation w.rt independent variable. It should be noted that equation should be differentiated as many times as number of arbitrary constants in it (Il) Use above equations obtained to remove arbitrary constants (Il) Equations we get in terms of derivative free from arbitrary constants is required differential equations fy _ { + (xy are,Examples: Qa. Sol. Sol. Tell differential equation of all concentric circles having center at the origin Equation of such circles x? + y? =r Differentiating xdx + ydy = 0 Note that the order is 1. What will be the differential equation of the family of parabolas with focus at origin and axis of symmetry along the x-axis. Equation of the parabola is (8 + y) = c+ 2A? y= 4A(A+x) gy — =4A Yee dy ry oon Ye gy) _ 9 2 °( sey H Poly) + ay x or yay?| LY) +a Form the differential equation whose general solution is y= Ae*+ Be-* (A, B are arbitrary constants). We have y= Ae+ Bem* Differentiating w.rtx we get x = Ae* -Be™* ay = 7 and —4 = Ae” +Be" oli dx? y 0 From Equations (i) and (ji) we have &y y=0 dx Which is the differential equation whose general solution is y = Ae" + Be,Sol. Sol. ‘The differential equation of all ellipses having axes along co-ordinate axes, is: ayy yy oy (sy ay _ oy ox) TV a OY ae yl ax) 1 ae ox OY gy SY © (2) oy Day (0) None of these ©) Equation of such ellipse is ax? + by’ Different ig W.r.tx, we get 2ax + 2by y,= 0 = ax t byy,=0> From equations (|) and (i), we get Weyeyy, x > Ys = XY! + YY, ‘What will be the differential equation of all parabolas whose axis are parallel to the y-axis is dy dx dy ax dy dy FY 29 By S* cy S¥ FX 20 py <¥ 2 ge Oo oe ay ©) xe Pox @ The equation of a member of the family of parabolas having axis parallel to y-ax- is is yr Ax + BxtC eft) where A, B, and C are arbitary constants Differentiating equatin (1) w.rt. x, we get * = A+B ix e Which on again differentiating w.rt. x gives sy i 2A +3) 2, Differentiating (3) w.rtx, we get x =0 ixQ. The differential equation of the family of circles with fixed radius § units and cantre on the line y = 21s (A) («= 29" y= 25 = (y= 29" (®) («= 2) y?= 25 -(y- 27 (©) (y-2)y" = 25 ~(y— 2 (©) (y- 27 y7= 25 -(y- 2)" Sol. © The equation of te is (oP +Y-2=25 Differentiating wart. x, we get - -2)%-0 (ea) (9-2) 5, (2) From (1) and (2) on eliminating ‘a’, we get 2 (dy (y-3) (2) +(y-2 =28 = & - Wy? = 25 -(y- 2 GENERAL AND PARTICULAR SOLUTIONS A solution of differential equations which contains arbitrary constants of same number equal to order of differential equation is known as general solution and when we assign some value to those arbitrary constants we get a particular solution order of differential equations = number of independent arbitrary constants By independent it means we should not be able to make differential equation of similar relation containing fewer arbitrary constants For example y = m e''* are not independent as the equation can be written as y = me". et = ke’. Similarly y = (C, + C,) cos (x + C,) -C, has only 3 independent arbitrary constants hence will be of order 3.TYPES OF FIRST ORDER & FIRST DEGREE DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION: Elementary Type of first order and first degree mH 12 T-3 T-4 Reducible normal SX=tlaxeby+c) Polar General to Homogeneous. as Co-coordinates Variables Separable : Differential equation which can be expressed as ; f(x) dx + g(y) dy = 0 is said to be variable - separable type VARIABLE SEPARABLE (Type-1) = ‘A general solution will be given by Jteadx + fewsy = where ¢ is the arbitrary constant. Examples : dy _ 0. InBeartby Sol. tn & = ax + by a% ey sem ey or fem dy = fer ox by or [=f Q. Solve the equation costy cot x dx + cos'x cot y dy = 0 Sol. The given equation can be rewritten as 2 2 J see ae J 82 X ay = toge tanx tany = log tan x + log tan y = log c; where c is an arbitrary positive constant = tanxtany=c.oO Sol. Qa Sol. ‘The equation of the curve passing through the point (1, 1) and satisfying the differential equation x =e" 4x76" Is given by () ef -os (0) & =e" wlx wlx wl+ wi+ (Variables separable) Integrating we get foray Se +x?) dx esttac 3 The curve passes through (1, 1) implies esertec sce-t 3 a Therefore the curve equation is xd ig a3 Solve tog SY = Ax - 2y -2, given that y = 1 when x= 1. ?en? 2 => 27? - e+ et > ‘The family of curves (not passing through origin) for which the length of the normal at any point equals the length of the radius vector joining the point with the origin is (ar @) circles or ellipses centre at origin (B) ellipses and rectangular hyperbolas with centre at origin (©) rectangular hyperbolas and circles with centre at origin (0) Pair of lines and ellipses (centre origin) Sol. «© Let y =f(x) be the curve. Length of the normal at N(x, y) is ON. Given ON = GN case: ySt =x. Than ix Which is a rectangular hyperbola. case I: y% = =x, Then ox ydy + xdx = 0 Sy += 2c Which is a circle.If for some curve the tangent to it at any point P intersects the coordinate axis at A and B. If P is the mid-point of AB then find the curve given that curve passes through (2,3) (Ay? +x? = 13 (8) xy=6 (C) 3x? = ay (D) 2x? +? =17 Sol. © The equation of tangent at any point P(xy) is voy= Loon -) cx Givesx ~intercept=x-y 2% Beek ¥ a As P is mid-point of intercept x-y%ro x 2 = oxy = = 2x aoe, y x Integrating we get xy=c Since the curve passes through (2, 3), c = 6. >xy=6 If the curve passing through (1, 2) for which the segment of the tangent be- tween P and T is bisected at its point of intersection with the y-axis is a conic, then its length of latus rectum. (ay 64 (B) 16 ©-4 (D8 Sol. © The equation of the tangent at any point P(xy) is P(x, y) y-y= 2-0 ot) IM x ; dx T Gis -int it=*—y— y ives x ~intercept=x-y 7 waa O As Mis mid-point of P and T dx nya 2Integrating we get 2 Iny=Inx+lnc >y=cx Since the curve passes through (1, 2), ¢ = 4. ay = 4x MULTI-CORRECT TYPE Sol. Let the curve y = f(x) is such that area bounded by the curve, the co-ordinate axes and a variable ordinate is equal to the length of the corrasponding arc of curve. Given that the curve passes through (0, 1) then f(2) can be Dae? a (2 << (ac) ar + fyde=fat = [\@rrGy = h+ (2) dx 08 0 7 . Al Now — both sides. oi ly = f+(& L_ y (3) ¥ aly’ -1 yet t+dx Integrating in(y + P—i\=tx+0 through (0, 1) > c= 0 In(y + ¥y?=1) = + x v=) =e (Wi=t)=et*-y 10.Sol. set? ~2ye"* et+e* 2 Case Il:y=41 Here y = 1 is satisfying differential equation. Acortain radiactive substance is present M, grams at time t, and M, grams at time t, then find it’s half time. Let k be decay constant dy dt y ay = -kdt y Iny=-kt+e yee yee Let e=M, fo = y= Me™ “ Now, M, = Mge*e (2) and M, = Me" ak u UUY $ gives M M, sk = Wn JM) bo Half pefiod ln2 t= 22 ha tt) tn2 f= (te ~ Oa 7M 7a) nnVARIABLE SEPARABLE (Type-2) : x = flax + by+c),b #0. (Ifb = 0 this is directly variable separable) For solving this , substitute t = ax + by + c. After which equation reduces to separable type in the variable t and x which can be solved. EXAMPLES Sol, letxty=t ait dx dx so given equation becomes (sono Sol. Putting fT+x+y =v , we have (ovStaaveviaa 12.= alfs : - Jews Jom Xv-) 3v+2). 1 4 > 2\v+—log|v-1|--log|v+2 [ Hogiv-11-Ftog where ve flpaay O. Solve Se ESET dx 4x+6y-5, Sol. Jav = Zax 9 7 2 vo glniiav-12b Sac = lav - Bln [tay ~ 12] = 49x + K, Where v = 2x + 3y -1 13.If curves passing through (0, 0) satisfies s = (x+y) then it is represented by: (A) tan" (x + y) = (B) tan" (x+y) =y. (C) tan ()=x4y (0) tan (y) =x4y Sol. # Be teoyy 0 Here the variable are not separable but by putting x+y=v, we have el dx = dx = Equation (i) reduces to. Perot J x vl ii) tan’ v=x+c As it passes through origin tan" (x + y) = x which is a required solution VARIABLE SEPARABLE (Type ~ 3) dy _ ax+by+o, dx "a,x+by +c, Approach: (Simply cross multiply and note the perfect differential of xy, integrate term by term) where b, + a, = 0 dy _ 4x-3y If solution curves of 3% = 55 don't pass through origin then it can be (A) Ellipse (8) Parabola (C) Hyperbota (0) Pair of tines Sol, Cross multiply Sxdy ~ 2ydy = 4xdx - 3ydx or A(xdy + ydx) - 2y dy - 4xdx = 0 or 3 d(xy) - 2ydy - axdx = Integration gives 3xy - y? - 2x7 = ¢ As hi > ab. It is hyperbola, 1“.Oy | x-2y4+5 eee oe 2x+3y-1 Sol, Cross multiplying we get 2xdy + 3ydy -dy = xdx - 2ydx + Sdx 2Axdy + ydx) + 3ydy -dy - xdx - Sdx = 0 2(d(xy)) + ydy -dy - xdx - Sdx = 0 integrating we get Oxy + 1.5y? -y - 05x? - Sx = ¢ Axy + 3y? - 2y - x? - 10x = 26 POLAR COORDINATES (Type - 4) Many a times transformating to the polar co-ordinates easies separation of variables. For which we should remember the following differentials. (A) Ifx = 1cos; y=r sino where rand 0 both are variable. (i) xdx+ydy=rdr (i), xdy-y dx = do (B) Ifx=rsecO &y=rtand @) x dx-ydy=rdr (i) xdy -ydx = sec do. Proof of A: x= rcos0 ;y =r sind Serer and — tan0 = y/x Hence, x dx + y dy = rdr and xdy -y dx =x? sec do xdy ~ ydx = 7 do Proof of B: x= rsec0 and y =r tand ¢ e and y/x = sind xd -ydy=rdr and xdy - ydx = x2 cos do xdy ~ ydx= r? sec do OQ, Solve s Gx + xy)dx = (x? - yidy Sol. x= reoso;y = xdx +y dy =r dr; xdy - ydy =r? do rdr =r cos r? do dr F = Joosoao 15.posi or Fo Ra * yetecyesy? of Yee oes+y) 1 2dx+ydy _ ydx= xdy ©, Solve: ye eee Sol. Putx=rcos0:y=r sind > xox + ydy = rdr xdy - ydx x > x+y and => secid do fOr | eee? ‘ Jeec?oao r= -tand +c as tec The solution of XX + YAY. xdy - ydx w fery in{ranyy dx) +c} e) fesy’ (0) fx? +y? =(tan(sin*(y/x))+C) _ (D) None of these cos {(tan* y /x)+c} Sol. @ “ye =X xdesydy _ fi-(? ry") x2 ay? ~ xdy—ydx (OF +y") Bate Seeebiyorshaseaiit Sai 1a a orwyse es 2 SEE fa der j=") = r= sin(@+0);,|(x7 + y’) = sin(@+c) where 0 = tan ) x Jor sint@=orc Alternative The D.E, can be re-written as xdx+ydy__ xdy - ydx 16.Q. Sol. a dy — ydx since dtan“(y / x) = YY | ince Osa and d(¢ + y") = 2(dx + ydy), dae + y? dale +y’ we have 2 ( ) 2dy~ YOK _ atean-(y/n)} Very finery) + Put x? + y? = t? in the LH.S and get tdt Were dfran(y 1x} Integrating both sides, we get sin" t = tan"(Y/x) +c ie. . Qe +9?) = tanty/x+e z Solution of “O*-Y4¥ _ [lt ¥’-y" jg. xdy-ydx Y x?-y? (0) 2-9 + fe? =v) (2 -¥"f = coo @) ays fev) [9 ete Aa peo GF =v) =cx-y) (0) x°-y? + fhe) (2 Hv) =cbe+y) a) Let x = rsec®, y=rtand So. given equation becomes td fee ? secod0 ie © Integrating lofee dive] - in| seco + tane| 4in|e| = rite =e(sec8 + tané) 7= Pannier er secO +r tan) > ayaa) v) =cuey) Homogeneous Equations : A differential equation of the form 2Y = £069) wnere f(x,y) & dx oy) (x , y) are homogeneous functions of x & y containing the same degree , is called HOMOGENEOUS DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION. This equation can be reduced to the form sy (3) & can be solved by putting y = vx changing the dependent variable y to another variable v, where vis some unknown funetion, which changes differential equation to an equation with variables separable. Consider 2¥. 4 ¥&*¥) 9 ax x Important Note : (a) For function f (x, y) to be a homogeneous function of degree nit is necessary that for any real number t (# 0) , we should have f (tx , ty) = t ftx, y) e.g. f(x,y) = axt? + hx? y/" + by#” is a homogeneous function of degree 2/3. (b) A differential equation of the form # = f(%, y) is homogeneous if i€ f( , y) is a homogeneous function of degree zero which means F (tx, ty) = tf (x,y) = fix. y). Examples on Homogeneous: ay, yd xty' st? OL Solve Sol, The given differential equation can be re-written as dy __yk+y) oy yy? dx * dx Putting y = vx given equation transforms toputy= vine Y ave xt or [vexSaveanty =1 dv y dye f% xy anvet or ftan'v av = [= vtanv= f—> dv = Inet 7 taney = © tn(tev) = Inx +c where x=1;y=0=3v=0=C=0 2 2 Lean'® ain fie + tnx stax f+ xo x x x a ery c= Inve nitty? = V5 +x Pty a5 4x24 25x y=5+ 6x Similarly, with -ve sign , y’ = 5 -2v5x] y = (54 2v5x if the algebraic sub-tangent at any point of a curve Is equal to arithmetic mean of the coordinates of the point, then the equation of the curve is, (A) +y?=ey (8) (x-y)? =cy (C) (x-y)? = ex. (D) x? = y? = ¢? (B) By hypothesis y x+y dy/dx 2 Dy... 2V_ Ge pry (Memogeneous)dv _ 2 Put y = vx. Then v+xS¥ = dv _ 2 viv? > xV_ Wye a tev TeV tHv gy ox vi-w x integrating we get far av. fox wizy x I+ Zw SE 2 t-v log (v) -2log(1-v) + in c = log (x) (i-v)? x = ev (x-y? = cy uuu Consider the curve such that the angle, formed with the x-axis by the tangent to the curve at any of its points, is twice the angle formed by the polar radius of the point of tangency with the x-axis. Such curves are: (A) circles touching a fixed line (8) circles passing through a fixed point (C) circles having fixed centre (0) circles passing through a fixed point and which also touches a fixed line Sol. ©) Given tanzo= 9¥ where tano = £ 4 x 2tano_ _ dy -tan’@ dx (which is homogeneous) . dy dv Put y= Vx > So avexe dy__2v VPN ax TovF 2 [eae dx vile) xpy av? ay vl+ v7) x 2 Lay (a 2 ‘due ox vi+v’) x 2 d IG-< wale ef tnv-tn(1+ v2) = Inx tine v aaa 7 te a migee (itv?) xX? ty? = 2ky=0 Ans. The curve is a circle with center on y-axis and touching the x-axis at the origin. Equations Reducible To The Homogeneous Form : i OY ax + by +e dx a,x + by + Cy ay ae “bby then the substitution of x = u+h,y =v +k will transform this equation to a homogeneous type which includes new variables u and v where h and k are constants to be chosen so as to make the given equation homogeneous. (a,b, - a,b, = 0, then a substitution of u = a x + b, y will transform the differential equation to an equation with variables separable. : where a,b, - a,b, #0 and a,+b,+0, ie. dx 4x4+6y-5 Gi) b,+a,=0, then asimple cross multiplication and substitution of d (xy) in place of x dy + y dx will help in integrating term by term and yields the result easily. dy _x-2y+5 ax 2x+y-7 dy __2x-y+1 dx 6x—Sy+4 eg. Gi) eg. 22Q. Sol. dy _x-2y45 Bole es Qx+y—1" The cross multiplying, we get Qxdy + ydy ~ dy = xdx -2ydx + Sdx > 2Kdy + ydx) + ydy -dy = xdx + Sdx => 2d(xy) + ydy -dy = xdx + Sdx 2 2 On integrating, we get 2(xy) + = ns solve 2 = 2439-1 x 4x4 6y-5 Let 2x 4 ay -1=v = 243.8% ax dx So, gives equation becomes 4 v-19)-9 4 7 gy 14v -12 2 > (- 9 Jav Ze 14v -12, 2 v= 2 tn14v- 122 Zxre 14 2 Tav - Sin [lav - 12] = 49x + k, Where v = 2x + 3y -1 Ifa curve satisfies differential equation 9Y. - 2% +1 has its equation dx 6x—5y+4 (4y-ax-b) = k(Sy-cx-d)* then the value of atb+c+d (where k is arbitrary constant) 13 (8) 14 (C2 (0) 15 23)Sol. «© x=u¢hsy=v+k;dx = du; dy=dv dy. av. dx du dv Auth)-W+k)+1 | -v “duo 6u+h)-S(+k)+4 Gu-Sv where 2h -k +1 = and 6h - 5k + 4 =O givesh = -1/4, k= 1/2 ut veuz = Meu y2 B duo du 3 ge20! og A 3(6z-2) 32-1) Integrating 4 4 inc ag nbz 2) 4 In = =lnu+— Un -1) = 3lnu+Inc+ 41n(S2 - 2) Un(v -u) = In(e(Gv - 2u)*) (v-u) = c(5v - 2u)* Put the value of u and v (- x 3) = e(Sy-2x-3)! (4y- 4x-3)=k(Sy-2x- 3)" where k = 4c ty +27 If slope of tangent to curve at any point (xy) Is 7 py has Its expression x+y- in form of In(y +l) +k tan” | ¥*™ FOX) ) =, where f(x) is monic polynomial then tell the value of k + |+m + #(4) “as (4 (e)2 (D) None of theseSal. © dy ay +27 dx Sty +2) Lety+2=¥x-3=X oy ax” +P Letv=vxa ave x® ax ax dv __2v? dv _-vi-v vex 2 2 a xN iv nv Xx WP aX ee wat+2v__dx_ dv 2 ax CAN A, dy o-X vet) kv Pat x Integrating tn v +2 tant v= -InX +6 (Putting valve of v) (tx) atant x x => In(y)+2tan* ¢ x > Iny+2)+2tant Linear Differential Equations : A differential equation is said to be linear if the dependent variable & all its differential coefficients occur in one degree only and are never multiplied together. The n* order linear differential equation is of the form; ‘ 3,0) £¥ + a¢s) SY ++ a, y= 600 dx’ dx’ Where a(x) , a(x) .... a,(x) are called the coefficients of the differential equation. Linear Differential Equations Of First Orde The most general form of a linear differential equations of first order is x + Py=Q, where x P & Q are functions of x (Independent variable) © Point to Remember Note that a linear differential equation is always of the first degree but every differential equation of the first degree need not be linear. e.g. the differential 0 is : equation st z (2) +y not linear, though its degree is 1. 25.In physics it will look like Sote0.s = att) To solve such an equation multiply both sides by e!”** or ef* Note : () The factor e!”® on multiplying by which the left hand side of the differential equation becomes the differential coefficient of some function of x &y, is called integrating factor of the differential equation popularly abbreviated as I. F. (2) itis very important to remember that on multiplying by the integrating factor, the left hand side becomes the derivative of the product of y and the LF. (3) Some times a given differential equation becomes linear if we take y as the independent variable and x as the dependent variable. e.g. the equation; 3 (+ 29) = Sy can be written as = *42¥ oy dy y —x + 2y? which is a linear differential equation. dx dt Oe iP apery dx xt) dt ti+t?) dx 1 t att tae elie (linear differential equation) [oly =-umese ie (¢ - tant) -25c=0 a hence x= -ttan~t Ans Q. xo Yay x8) #2 boc 26.Sol. Sol. dy _y(t-x?) | xInx dx x(1+x?) 14x? dx x(1+x?) 14x? iw ins am (x241)_pxinx 2241 y(e 21). pie 21 x 41 x = x(In(x) = 1) +c dy ve xn Ye ty = 2m xt 4+y = 2Inx dy 4 2 ax * xinx”~ x ‘ te tec. cane gon aay yinx = 2% dx +e x yinx=in’x+c Ans. if eolution of (x - 1) inx SY + [2x sinx + (x2— 1) cosx ] y - (x? - 1) cosx = 0 Is y Qc = 1) sin x= f(x) sin x + g(x) cos x + ¢ then the least value of f(x) + (x) (A) -3 (B) -4 (C) -2 (D) -5 (8) dy , 2xsinx +(x? -1)cosx . dx" (x? -1)sinx uo seme Joxsonsleteoen 7 Les lPtnnix se Pe isinxSol. Let (x? -1) sinx = t fa IF=e@ t =e = t= (x?-1)sinx Solution is y(x? -1) sin x = Joe ~1)cos xdx +e Applying by parts (taking x? - 1 as | and cosx as 1!) y(e =1) sinx = (@ 1) sinx - Jrxsinxdx +6 y(e? ~1) sinx = (x -1) sinx + 2x cosx - 2(cosedx +e Y (x? =1) sinx = (°—A)sinx + 2x cosx — 2sinx + ¢ y (x? = tsin x = (x? - 3)sin x + 2x cos x +c F(X) + g(x) =x? + 2x- 3 K+ - 4 Let the function y= f(x) is such that the initial ordinate of any tangent is less than the abscissa of the point of tangency by two units. If f(1) = 0 then which of following doesn’t holds good (A) (9 is odd function (8) function is unbounded (©) fle?) = -2 (D) £60 is aperiodic a) Equation of tangent (xy) to curve y = f(x) is Y~ y= FX) (Xx) Putting X = 0, the initial ordinate of the tangent is Y= y -x f®) y x P(K) = x -2 = &.(-Ty 2-1 ax x) x x x y=ex-x In |x} - 2Sol. Sol. y(t) = 0 gives c= 2 y=2x-xInkk|-2 Which is unbounded and aperiodic. 2 dx xcosy+sin2y dy 1 dx xcosy+sin2y X oy cosy + sin 2 dy = + (cos y) x = sin 2y Les fo xety = fe“ 2sinycosy dy s dt Put siny =t, cosy= — ut sin y eS fe-*r2siny cos ydy = Je*enat . 2, 2. xety = ~ 2es(sin y +1) +c x= -2(siny+1)+ce™ Solution of differential equation °Y - __Y___ ig: dx” 2y Inyty-x A) x=y? (Iny tc) (B)x=y?lny+cy (C)xy=yinyte (D) xy=y?Inytc @) dy _ y dx cx, ti ox ¥ 7 (linear in q ) Solution is xy = fy(2iny + t)dy + ¢ xysylnyte -2e*(t +1) =-2e“"(siny +1) 29.Sol. Suppose that g'(x) exists for x c R and given that g°(0) = 2 and BOX + y) = 0. £00 + e*. By) for all x & y. ‘Then which of the following is true (A) The area bounded by g(x) and the x axis is 3 unit? (@) g(x) has exactly one local maxima (©) Greatest value of g(x) is = (0) Minimum value of g(x) Is 2 0 > €@)=0 and g' (0)= lin 2 9 2 (x) = tim& +h) - 8 Now ¢' 6) = lim" 0-6) g(h) - g(x) =e val or gO)=EH) +2 Let g@)=y then syrze soe Naeegys2 dx d > ay vedn2 Hence y= 2xe"= g(x) now Y=a[e+xe]=0 3 x=-1 ae => minima at x= -1 > range is [-2, © rs > ° Area = f 2x0" 30,Sol. YU) gy xt 4 2x41, a The function y (x) satisfies the equation y (x) + 2x f; = @ ylu) ise Show that the substitution z (x) =f a order Unear differential equation for 2(x), solve for 2(x). Hence solve the original equation for y(x). du converts the equation into a first y (x) + 2x leer du= 3x’ 42x44 w(t) et 2) = [20> du ° 2°) oe > y@=Gex) 20) (2) substituting y (x) in equation (1) (1 + x2) 2'Q0) + 2x: 2(x) = 3x? + 2x +1 as = SE Let 2%) = 3 2 $e B19) x RB hich ear DE : tee fo et crag Hence z (1 +x*) = [(3x +2 + Ndx Hence z (x) =* ** ** oa(3) T4x now yO) = +x) 200 (4) (from 2) ees 2 also 20) Me wee 2x x) = 14 2 2091 CaF = (1492) 42x (aw? = Met f 4x yO Geax) [from eqn (2)]Differential equation can be used to find a equation which relates amount of salt (or chemcial) present in liquid solution at a given time where solution is kept uniform and additional liquid (may or may not containing salt (chemical) is being run into present mixture) Differential equation for the above process is based on the concept Rate of change rate at which) rate at which’ ofamount =| chemical | -| chemical -() in container arrives departs if we represent amount of salt in container at time t as (t) and volume at time ‘t’ as V(t), then the departure rate of the chemical at time t is Departure rate = ¥) (out flow rate) v(t) concentration in “(container at time t (out flow rate) Accordingly, Equation (1) becomes &Y = (chemical’s arrival rate) -Y (our flow rate) (2) at vay Examples : | 100 liters of solution containing 50 gms of salt is present in tank. A solution containing 2 gm/liter of salt runs into the tank at the rate of 5 liter/min, The mixture is kept stirring and flows out of the tank at the rate of 4 liters/min then solve the DE of the process and use it to find an expression for the amount of salt prasent at time t. 5 ‘ 2gm Sliters _ ; Sol. () Rate at which salt is added = TET = 10 g/min. (b) Volume V (t) of solution at time t =initial value + (inflow-outflow).t = 100 + (5 - 4) t= (100 + 0) liters (©) Rate at which satt leaves = © (our flow rate) = —Y—-4 ve) 700+t (@) Hence DE is YY = 10 - —4Y_ which is linear Y% 4 —4¥ = 10 dt 100+t dt 100+t ‘ at ee ee y (100 + t)* = tof (100+ tyidt +o 32.y (100 + t= 2 (100+ tr +0 if t=O:y=50 50 - 100% = 200 - 100" + ¢ ¢ = ~ 160-100" y (100 + t)* = 2 (100 + t)* - 150 - 100° 1501100" =2(100 +t) - ——_| 42009 +9) oo 4 ef : y = 2 (100 +t) - oO. A tank contains 200 liters of Solution in which 20 gms of salt dissolved. Solution containing t gm of salt/lit. runs into the tank at the rate of 2 liter/ min, The mixture is kept stirring runs out at the same rate. Find the limiting value of salt when t > oe and also find the time when amount of salt in solution is 20 gm. Sol. @ t=0 ;y=20 DY, IN eV dt 2 200 dy _ dt 50-y 100 700” dt Hence t ~In@0-w= a5 -e or = In(50-y)= +e 100 t=0;y=20;¢=1n30 s9-y) +t 700 Hence In ( y= 50-30 1 (i) ywhen 9 00 = 50 gms (iil) Never, as y > 20 for allt > 0 33.Equations Reducible To Linear Form : ( Bernoulli’s Equation) The equation she Py = Q. y’ where P & Q functions of x, is reducible x to the linear form by dividing it by y' & then substituting y™ = Z. Its solution can be obtained as in the normal case. ayy Q. Solve 7 ae i the given equation by y’, we get wn) This is a linear equation with v as the dependent variable. Le = oI ersten -, We 4 Therefore, the solution is = fex+e ety? Xa 2ee eo Or 2xy? + oxy Solution 2 xy = xy? is " ox 7 2 WMy=e"@ +c (@)y=-e +e (C)y=2+ce"? ~—(D) y= te Sol, © Ady tay ydx'y 34.vt Levey aoc y yi dx dx ined er Solution : y.e 2 =Je~ e? dxtc =x? Let Rat 3 (-xdx)edt >y=ttee? Q. Solve the following Differential Equation x soysxty? Sol. Be ayeny’ = Beye ny? a +tx =x! = Integrating factor = el™ ae x 7 t ai fer Ox = fe? xx? dx — e fer x dx = Jet (z)d2 = 2(2- ter= (x? 2) e7 te? =(-2)e?-coO Sol. Solve y sin x3¥ cos x (sin xy) Letz=y? «dz =2y dy iz = = scot x z = cos x 2dx = 242 cox z = 2 c05 x ox Jreotxae Integrating factor = e! e7 rte = sin’x x = | 2sin? xcosxdx +¢ Ke 2sin’ x |. 3 Ce Solution of of tylny = xye* is: ix (A) yln y= x -t#ee* (B) ln y = (x+1)e* 46 (6) yln x = (x#)er +c (0) xin y = e*(x-1) +c (p) Divide by xy 1dy ——+lny. ydx x Let in yev > yar av aw ox uy (linear) x LR = de en = x Solution is xv = Jx.e'dx +c xln y = xe ferdx +e (Applying by parts) xln y = xe-e" +c 36.Solution of secy Y +2x tany = x*is: ¢ ax (A) tany = x741-ce™” (B) tany = x?-14 ce” (C) 2e* tany = e% («?-1) + 2¢ (D) 2tany = x? 41+ce™ Sol. () . dy tse. Let tan y=v= sect y Sh = oe WY oxy = x? (inear) dx LE = es et Solution is ve" = fe" xcdxtc Let x? = t= 2xdx = dt 2 ale e tan y= Je tdt +6 et [et IS 2 eF tany= © = (tan yje” = pet) + = 2e™ tan y = e* (x21) + 2c EXACT DIFFERENTIALS Note: Following Exact Differentials Must Be Remembered : @ xdy ty dx = day) gy X4¥a dx, (2) diy ¥OX=*4Y Lyf ) iy 994 YF _ gingy) . xy w 2+99 J gancey) wy *dyaydx _ a(t”) xey xy x (ity YOX-xd¥ dn?) xy Vy. jay *4¥— yee, o{ rae) ay . x yox-xdy fax (a> aj tan 4)Sol. Sol. Sol. my xdx + ydy =n] (iy (-4)- xdy + ydx vay xy xy? i yitexodt 1) nerdy -e! ona (*] = verde = eldy (xatty o(f)]- 22a eee a o’ dx Sota xd + yy =F — ‘The D.E. can be written as Jagesy?) = atvan-(Z)p 2 * Integrating we get Foe) S vam (2 2) +c x Solve {(x+1) (Z} seins dx+(x + log x + xcos y) dy = 0 We can re-write the differential equation (y dx +x dy) + (aes tog ey) + (siny dx + x cos y dy) = 0 x = dixy) +d(y logx) +d(xsin y) = 0 Integrating both the sides we have xy ty logx + xsiny =c ‘The general solution of the differential equation x dy + y dx + 2x? dx = 0, is (A) xy + xt = @)xy+ixt=€ (e)xt ys iat =0 @)xy-3x*=€ (8) (xdy + ydx) + 2x¢dx = 0 = dixy) = -2x¢dx => Sd(xy) = f-2edx 4 on Bre xt “ee ayesQ. Sol. Sol. ‘Solve this differential equation (y+ sinx cos*(xy))dx + xdy + siny cos*(xy) dy = 0 xy 4d cin dx + sin y dy = 0 cos" xy = +Jsinx dx+ [siny dy =¢ cos* xy tan (xy) = cos x + cosy+c 2 Solution of the differential education { : | + ee 4 dy = Ois x (x-y¥ &-yP oy 2g Ye XY een 9 nls c os ce”? (€) in py] = c+ a (D) None of these (ay 4 eagle ad i oF ee ¥fYE e-9)CEe)* xy (-yF 2 2 =(2-2}- dy sy’ ~ xt’) 4 xy) Ory 9 Integrating we get in inixi-tnlyl + >In f+ ane ly] x-y¥ ‘The solution of the differential equation {t+ x(x? =¥)} dx + {YOP +9") - 1] ydy =0is i Wy-7%) * 2,4 124 ype 2 12, aye (A) P44 08 ty PP = (8) 8-74 508 ty =e , ; (©) x- 24 LG8 ay =e x-La ler eyrt neSol. ©) ( + nfo} (YGF +y - a} y dy=0 = dx- y dy +? +y4) (xdx +y dy) = 0 > dx-y dy +p GF PI d0e+y) =0 Integrating we have x LiL Meatee {t= Yor +) 2 Or x= 2 12 4 yaya? to? + ze gry) Trajectories : Suppose we are given the family of plane curves. o(%ya)=0 depending on a single parameter a. A curve making at each of its points a fixed angle a with the curve of the family passing through that point is called an isogonal trajectory of that family ; if in particular a = 2/2, then it is called an orthogonal trajectory. Orthogonal trajectories : For differential equation of form F(xyy") = 0, the equation F(x, y, -1/y’) = 0 is a orthogonal trajectory In order to find orthogonal trajectory for a given curve, find its differential equation and replace y’ by -1/y’ and solve the new equation to get orthogonal trajectory for the 1st curve EXAMPLES: ‘The orthogonal trajectories of the family xy = c i (A) e-y? =k (B)wryak (©) °-} k D)xtty!=k Sol. @© Sol. xyz Differentiating w.rt. x, we get wey =0 ix peptace Sy ae getty =0 x dx -y dy=0 Integrating ax-ye=k This is the family of required orthogonal trajectories. The equation of all possible curves that will cut each member of the family of ‘the curves x? + y? = 2ey = 0 at right angle, Is: @)y=aie+a) (x+y sax (C)ysax 9 (@)t+y'=a? For orthogonal trajectory, replace y’ by $ op Oh =) = 0 =2x2 ty? + (2xy’ -2y)y = 0 = xity’ + Day. a -2y? = 0 ax (a homogeneous differential equation) av = In (V+ 1) = -Inx + In a= x? +y? = ax2 Sol. ‘Which of the following is the orthogonal trajectory of the family y* = 4k (x + k) Is: (A) xt yx? +y? sey? (B)x+ Yr ay? = (C) Both A and B (D) None of the: ) 2yy,= 4k Al) as pain le (= a YE BY YAP IE "(im dy ¥ (“J+ 2x (2)- x For orthogonal trajectory, replace y’ by “5 dx dx =| - 2 =0 = (2) (3) - dx _ xt fan? + ay? a viy Steve oF dv dy ol? view? inv Jisv?) =In(e) + In Cy) Case | (+ sign) Inqv+ Vi+v?) = In (cy) woe oy y x4 fot +y? = cy? Ans, Case II (- sign) 42.tn (vt Yat?) =In(e) - tn (y) xaysy? oc y y fey? MISCELLANEOUS 1, SPECIAL Type y f (xy) dx + xg (xy) dy = 0 In an equation of the form : y f (xy) dx + x g (xy) dy = 0 the variables can be separated by the substitution xy = v. lq. Sol. =o 3ey ey? ony 41 ey ty? tay 44 v xyev aye xLyye& 0) now equation become y+ vi +v+1 + yi tvitveDe-vievet [& v=o ox ¥L@evavenn(@ovavenle Se -v-veyeo Y cayt Be GBiayiia = g t+ Wav -vet=o 2 Bvt) -vaye dx vi-v-v41 =e ojeaeene vwey vO dx pW -Vv-1) a> aap oe? f% vi-2ve1 1 = 2in(x) + v -2Inv -— v where v = xy. 43.Solution of yxy + e%)dx + xfxy-e™)dy = 0 is. A) ny =U (€) 2in x -tny Sol. © ay Let xy= v= & = y ox Given equation become vive v-en(sx au ) 0 ox Y= (e%— Vx” 2ve" = (e WER SM fovea ev = 2inx = Inv + eve = In @) - In ) = €-* 4 Putting value of v 2, Misleading appearance as Homogeneous y AD. E. containing terms like ¥ and > may not be homogeneous and this can not be solved by substituting y = v x. ae deal Gath dl —sin— - 4-cos* +1] dx+,—cos= - sin— + =0 [Fon - Bovey +1) oes(Zoaed — Sing +5) a Sol. Isolating sin2 a cos” y x cos +ax + Y dx xdy) ink 4 9¥. -12) ( |sin® Yvon + y ys y x YOR=WY. gin X , MOY =e y y wink (2) score) oor ofn0 yy \ y .cos¥+dx+¥ a0 ery 44,Sol. Be n¥ ~cos* +sin2+x- x y (x08 vain’) yar (x cost —ysin® xy =0 x eny x my This differential equation is Homogeneous and can be solved by substitution yas ty = Puy oy dx Given equation becomes (cosv+vsinv)v+ (cosv-vainy)(v+x24} 0 simplifies tof S88¥=¥8IN¥ gy. - ‘dx, veosv x a =+[ 2 x In (¥) + ln (Cosy) =-2 Inx + Inc In (v cosv) + In x? = Inc =rycos Y= x dy, de xsiny + ycosy | xcosy - ysiny Let x siny + y cosy =t Gifferentiate w.rt. x Y yg, oy sinyd¥ oot x cosy Sf + siny + cosy St ~ y sinySh = 5 ey SF 5. oy _ at (x cosy - y siny) H+ siny + cosy 2 = i) Put in given equation dt . oy s. WY) ate ax {siny + ceay St) t=0 siny = 2; cosy Y¥ = 92 dx” dx B(21Z)srwo or = Se-2y4(t-2=0 ax (7 * dx axLet t-z=u du Bsus G tuso = Inu+x=c => In(ft-2)+x=C ln (« siny + y cosy ~ siny) = C - x = x-siny + y cosy - siny = ce Prove the identity | edz = e/[e'#az @ > doriving for the function I (x) = Jemez a D.E. and solving it. 3 Sol: a6.lets Je Tdx+c =F (x)+C (say, where Je T dx = F(x) when x = 0 then! = 0 => C=-F) x oe FO-FO= fe = 0 o: & 1s ef fo 402 = RH. ° 47,