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Item I
Source --------11• Kunst.Plast. 32, No.ll, Nov.1985, p.10-1
German - . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - L a n g u a g e (unless English)
Title ---------1.. WGH PERFORMANCE COMPOSITES
Geschwill W - . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Author
Organisational Source --~ BASF AG
Developments in high performance composites are
considered with particular attention being paid to carbon
fibre reinforced epoxy resins. Activities of BASF in this
field are described and information is given on the
formation ofBASF Structural Materials. The company's
calendering facilities for CFRP prepreg manufacture are ...- Abstract
discussed as is the production of finished articles from
such prepregs. Cost comparisons are made with metals,
e.g. aluminium, for applications in the aircraft industry.
Properties, especially mechanical behaviour, are described
and compared with those of steel.
Geographical BASF STRUCTURAL MATERIALS - . - - - - - - - Companies or Organisations
Location _ _ _ _ _ .. USA; WEST GERMANY
----,~ Mentioned
Copyquest Order No. 310405
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Engineering, L. Hollaway, University
of Surrey.
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D.K. Thomas, RAE, Farnborough. Report 27 Injection Moulding of Rubber,
M.A. Wheelans, Consultant.
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Wilton. Report 28 Adhesives for Structural and Engineering
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(Ireland) Ltd.
N.W. Sandland and M.J. Sebborn, Cambridge
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I.T. Barrie, Consultant. Report 30 Non-destructive Testing of Polymers,
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R. Spratling, British Telecom. Report 31 Silicone Rubbers, B.R. Trego and H.W.Winnan,
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R.F. Evans, Engelmann & Buckham Ancillaries. Report 32 Fluoroelastomers - Properties and
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Kingdom Pic and 3M Belgium SA.
Volume2 Report 33 Polyamides, R.S. Williams and T. Daniels,
T & N Technology Ltd. and
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Thermoplastics, A.F. Whelan, London School of
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Petrochemicals Inc.
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International Marketing.
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J.M. Methven, Cellcom Technology Associates. Leicester Polytechnic.
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Report 49 Blends and Alloys of Engineering Report 73 Reactive Processing of Polymers, M.W.R.
Thermoplastics, H. T. van de Grampel, General Brown, P.D. Coates and A.F. Johnson, IRC in
Electric Plastics BV. Polymer Science and Technology, University of
Bradford.
Report 50 Automotive Applications of Polymers II,
A.N.A. Elliott, Consultant. Report 74 Speciality Rubbers, J.A. Brydson.
Report 51 Biomedical Applications of Polymers,
C.G. Gebelein, Youngstown State University I Report 75 Plastics and the Environment, I. Boustead,
Florida Atlantic University. Boustead Consulting Ltd.

Report 52 Polymer Supported Chemical Reactions, Report 76 Polymeric Precursors for Ceramic Materials,
P. Hodge, University of Manchester. R.C.P. Cubbon.
Report 53 Weathering of Polymers, S.M. Halliwell, Report 77 Advances inTyre Mechanics, R.A. Ridha,
Building Research Establishment. M. Theves, Goodyear Technical Center.
Report 55 Computer Modelling of Polymer Processing,
Report 78 PVC • Compounds, Processing and
E. Andreassen, A. Larsen and E.L. Hinrichsen,
Applications, J.Leadbitter, J.A. Day, J.L. Ryan,
Senter for lndustriforskning, Norway.
Hydro Polymers Ltd.
Report 56 Plastics in High Temperature Applications,
J. Maxwell, Consultant. Report 79 Rubber Compounding Ingredients • Need,
Theory and Innovation, Part 1: Vulcanising
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Rapra Technology Ltd. C. Hepburn, University of Ulster.
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Report 82 Advances in Blow Moulding Process

Volume6 Optimization, Andres Garcia-Rejon,
Industrial Materials Institute, National Research
Report 62 Coextrusion, D. Djordjevic, Council Canada.
Klockner ER-WE-PA GmbH.
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E. Meehan, Rapra Technology Ltd. and Polymer
Report 65 Decorating and Coating of Plastics, Laboratories Ltd.
P.J. Robinson, International Automotive Design.
Report 84 Rheology and its Role in Plastics Processing,
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P. Prentice, The Nottingham Trent University.
Processing and Applications, P.G. Kelleher,
New Jersey Polymer Extension Center at
Stevens Institute of Technology.
Report 67 Plastics in Thermal and Acoustic Building VolumeS
Insulation, V.L. Kefford, MRM Engineering
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Rapra Technology Ltd. D.J. Kemmish, Victrex Ltd.
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P.J. Fardell, Building Research Establishment, Report 87 Rubber to Metal Bonding, B.G. Crowther,
Fire Research Station Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 70 Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Polymers, Report 88 Plasticisers • Selection, Applications and

M.E.Adams, D.J. Buckley, R.E. Colborn, Implications, A.S. Wilson
W.P. England and D.N. Schissel, General Electric
Report 89 Polymer Membranes • Materials, Structures
Corporate Research and Development Center.
and Separation Performance, T. deV. Naylor,
Report 71 Rotational Moulding, R.J. Crawford, The Smart Chemical Company
The Queen's University of Belfast.
Report 72 Advances in Injection Moulding, C.A. Maier,
Econology Ltd.
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Report 90. Rubber Mixing

Rubber Mixing

P.R. Wood

ISBN: 1-85957-077-1
 Rubber Mixing

Contents
1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 3
2. History ......................................................................................................................................... 3
3. Equipment in Use Today ............................................................................................................ 3
3.1 Mills ................................................................................................................................................ 3
3.1.1 Stock Blenders .................................................................................................................... 5
3.2 Internal Mixers ................................................................................................................................ 5
3.2.1 The Banbury Mixer ............................................................................................................ 5
3.2.2 The Intermix ....................................................................................................................... 6
3.2.3 The VIC (Variable Internal Clearance) Mixer .................................................................... 7
3.3 Current Continuous Mixers ............................................................................................................. 7
4. Ancillary Mill Room Equipment ............................................................................................... 8
4.1 Weighing ...................................................................................................................................... ~ .. 9
4.1.1 Weighing Considerations .................................................................................................. 10
4.1.2 Oils .................................................................................................................................... 10
4.1.3 Tolerances ......................................................................................................................... 10
4.2 Handling of the Compound After the Mixer .................................................................................. 11
4.2.1 Downstream Operations .................................................................................................... 11
4.2.2 Milling and Blending ........................................................................................................ 12
4.2.3 Dump Extruders ................................................................................................................ 12
4.2.3.1 Roller Die and Sheeter ....................................................................................... 12
4.2.3.2 Split Tube ........................................................................................................... 12
4.2.3.3 Pelletisers ........................................................................................................... 14
4.2.4 Twin Screw Dump Extruders .. ..... ..... ..... ... .. .. ..... .. ...... .. .. ... ... .... .... ... .. ... .... .. ... ... ... ......... ... . 14
4.2.5 Cooling .... ... ... .. .. ... ... .. .. ..... ... .. .. .. ........ ... .. ... .... ... .. ........ .......... ......... .. ..... ...... ... ... .... .......... .. 14
5. Health & Safety ......................................................................................................................... 14
6. Recent Mixing Machinery Developments .............................................................................. 15
6.1 Tangential Rotors .......................................................................................................................... 15
6.1.1 Improvements in the 4-Wing Rotor ... .... .. ... ....... .. .. ... .. ... .. .. .. ... ... ... ......... ........... .... ... ......... 16
6.1.2 Equal Rotor Speed .... ... .. ..... .. ... .. ..... ... ... .. .... .... .. .......... .. .. .... .... ..... .. ... .. .. ... .. .......... ... ... ..... .. 16
6.1.3 Synchronous Technology Rotor ....................................................................................... 16
6.1.4 Other Developments in Tangential Rotors ....................................................................... 16
6.2 Intermeshing Rotors ...................................................................................................................... 17
6.2.1 Cooling of Intermeshing Mixers ....................................................................................... 17
6.3 Hydraulically Operated Rams ....................................................................................................... 18
6.4 Hydraulic Drives ........................................................................................................................... 18
6.5 Machine Temperature Control ... .. .. ......... .. ....... .. ..... ......... .. ........ ..... .......... ......... ... ............. ...... .... . 18
6.6 Variable Speed Drives ................................................................................................................... 18
6.7 Microprocessor Control ................................................................................................................ 18
6.8 Tandem Mixing ............................................................................................................................. 18
7. Mixing Techniques .................................................................................................................... 19
7.1 Single Stage Mixing .. .. .... ......... .. .. .. .. .... ... .. ..... .... .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. ........ ..... .. ... .... ... .. .............. .. .. .. .. . 19
7.2 Two Stage Mixing ......................................................................................................................... 20

1
 Rubber Mixing

7.3 Normal (Conventional) Mixing .................................................................................................... 20

7.4 Upside Down Mixing .................................................................................................................... 20
7.5 Variable Speed .............................................................................................................................. 20
7.6 Ram Movement ............................................................................................................................. 20
7.7 Discharge ...................................................................................................................................... 20
8. Differences In Mixing Behaviour: Intermeshing vs Tangential ........................................... 20
8.1 Fill Factor ...................................................................................................................................... 21
8.2 Ram Speed .................................................................................................................................... 21
8.3 Material Flow ................................................................................................................................ 21
8.4 Rotor Speeds ................................................................................................................................. 22
8.5 Discharge Shape ............................................................................................................................ 22
9. Mixing Process Development ................................................................................................... 22
9.1 Cycle Control ................................................................................................................................ 23
9.2 Feedback Control .......................................................................................................................... 23
9.3 On Line Control ............................................................................................................................ 23
9.3.1 The Rheomill .................................................................................................................... 23
9.3.2 RELMA ............................................................................................................................ 23
10. Mixing Quality Problems ......................................................................................................... 24
10.1 Machine Wear ............................................................................................................................... 24
10.2 Cured Nibs .................................................................................................................................... 25
11. Scale Up/Down .......................................................................................................................... 25
11.1 Machine Size ................................................................................................................................. 25
11.2 Machine Type ................................................................................................................................ 25
12. Recent Research ........................................................................................................................ 25
12.1 Loughborough University ............................................................................................................. 25
12.2 The University of Akron ............................................................................................................... 26
12.3 Tecnion-Israel Institute of Technology ......................................................................................... 26
12.4 Case Western University ............................................................................................................... 26
13. The Future ................................................................................................................................. 27
Additional References ..................................................................................................................... 27
References from the Rapra Abstracts Database ........................................................................... 29
Subject Index ................................................................................................................................... 95

The views and opinions expressed by authors in Rapra Review Reports do not necessarily reflect those of Rapra
Technology Limited or the editor. The series is published on the basis that no responsibility or liability of any nature
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material contained therein.

2
 Rubber Mixing

1 INTRODUCTION It was whilst working for the Werner and Pfleiderer

Company in Saginaw, Michigan that Fernley
This review of the current status of mixing in the rubber H.Banbury finally refined an idea for a mixing rotor
industry is written from the point of view of the for rubbers. His first ideas on this rotor were invented
machinery manufacturer. Whilst developments in whilst working for the same company (Werner,
chemistry and in the area of process aids have been Pfleiderer and Perkins) in Peterborough, England (a.1 ).
significant since J.C.Lupton's Rapra Review Report on We.. The cause of the development was the lack of
this subject in 1990, developments in mixer technology 4o performance of the early GK mixers, but for reasons
have also taken place. The long term effects of these not totally apparent the Saginaw plant was not
mixer developments should result in better control of interested in supporting Banbury's development. He
the mixing operation, possibly with less mill room scrap, therefore took out personal patents on his machine in
but significant reductions in cycle times with consequent 1915 and resigned from the W&P company in 1916.
increases in productivity are not expected. An association with the Birmingham Iron Foundry
which later merged with the Farrel Company resulted
in the Banbury mixer being made by this same company
today.
2 IDSTORY

A brief study of the history of internal mixers, very

well covered in an article by J.L.White (224) leads one 3 EQUIPMENT IN USE TODAY
to think that there is nothing new. Single rotor mixers,
double rotor mixers, inclined, horizontal and vertical 3.1 Mills
have all been attempted in either the last century or the
early part of this. First used for compounding in about 1835 (224), these
machines are still used extensively for compounding
Whilst many of the original companies supplying the today. Where internal mixers are available the mill has
rubber industry with machinery no longer exist, three generally been retired to a simple sheeting use in the
major suppliers of batch mixing machinery still exist. mill room, however for specific types of compound,
Their history continually crosses each other with particularly roller covering materials, the mill is still
technological and process development passing first very often the preferred mixing unit. It is also widely
to one and then another. Other companies who have used in developing parts of the world for normal
made developments in mixing machinery have often compounding.
held manufacturing licences from one of these three
companies.
Conventionally, mills have had a friction ratio between
the rolls of between 1: 1.05 and 1: 1.2 to maintain the
Early compounding took place either in single rotor
compound on one roll. With the natural rubber
machines such as Hancock's Pickle, or on two roll mills.
compounds of early industry, material invariably stayed
White identifies the first use of the 2 roll mill in the
on the slower roll, which is traditionally regarded as
1830s in the USA, whilst Hancock's Pickle was
the front roll. Unfortunately this does not apply to some
patented in 1837, although models had actually been
modern compounds of either polychloroprene or
in use from the early 1820s, increasing in size from a
EPDM, and problems are regularly encountered with
unit capable of handling 55 grams up to one handling
materials going onto the back roll. Where take off
some 80-90 Kg.
equipment is sited in front of the mill the result may be
severe delays in production. In practice it is better to
The first reference to double rotor internal mixers
would appear to be dated 1865, the Quartz mill of utilise rolls running at the same speed, with temperature
Nathaniel Goodwin, although there is some doubt control systems on each roll to force material onto the
whether this machine would have been suitable for front roll. It is better still to have individual roll drive,
rubber due to its apparent lack of strength. The first with drilled rolls and temperature control systems, such
machine which appears suitable for rubbers was a twin that both temperature and friction ratio can be set to
rotor design patented by Paul Pfleiderer in 1878/1879 direct the rubber onto the correct roll. Modem mills
which does not look unlike a Z-Blade mixer. Further (Figure 1) are often fitted with hydraulic motors on
advances on this patent resulted in a Gummi-Kneter each roll, dispensing with a gearbox, and hence become
(GK) machine which was patented in 1913, but was a very sophisticated tool in the mill room on which
almost certainly manufactured prior to this. compound quality can be controlled.

3
 Rubber Mixing

Figure 1
Typical modern mill (courtesy of Iddon Bros.)

Figure 2
Typical tangential rotor (courtesy of Carter Bros.)

4
 Rubber Mixing

3.1.1 Stock Blenders of one rotor within the other and the archimedean screw
shape of each rotor driving material in opposite
These are generally nip rolls above the mill through directions. The nip of the mill, and the friction ratio of
which the sheet is passed, removing it from part of the the rolls is simulated by the nip between the rotors being
circumference of the mill roll. They are fitted to both offset from the centreline of the machine, causing a
dump mills and take off mills and assist greatly in difference in the surface speeds of the top of the nogs
achieving consistency from the mill room, allowing and root of the rotor and hence the simulation of the
blending between mixer batches. They also assist in friction ratio.
maintaining relatively cool compound temperatures on
the mill.
3.2.1 The Banbury Mixer

3.2 Internal Mixers The Banbury mixer was initially developed by Fernley
H.Banbury from 1916 onwards (Figure 4). It was
The study of the mixing action of a mill, when being developed in response to problems encountered with
driven by an experienced operator, gave rise to both the existing range of mixing machinery in the USA
the Banbury (Tangential rotor type- Figure 2) and the during the early part of this century. As the first truly
Intermix (lnterrneshing rotor type - Figure 3) mixing successful batch mixer, this machine has given its name
action. These two mixing actions are significantly as the generic term for all internal mixers. Early
different due to the different emphasis being applied machines were supplied without a ram, as was common
by each inventor to actions taken on the mill. Typical at the time, and were expected to mix within the mixing
milling procedure utilises the shearing action at the nip, chamber alone. It was soon realised that addition of a
the rolling of the compound into the nip, and the cutting
and folding of the sheet on the roll by the operator.
The action within the nip, and the approach to the nip,
is simulated in the tangential rotor by the rotor shape
f. M. IANIUIY.
acting on compound being squeezed and sheared ....t.ll£ ro• TIUTIIG IUUU UO OfiU IUYI PLASTIC IATUIAL
APftiC.Uifl lli. IJ. Ill ..
against the mixer side. The cutting and folding is 1,200,070.
fl~ll

hteated Oct. 3, 1916.

simulated by the transfer of compound from one rotor
to the other, and the movement of compound along
each rotor due to rotor shape. In an interrneshing
process, emphasis is placed on the cutting and folding,
enforced by the impingement of the radius of rotation

Figure 3
Figure 4
Typical interrneshing rotor (courtesy of Francis
Shaw) The Banbury Mixer

5
 Rubber Mixing

ram increased the efficiency of this mixer dramatically, with the introduction of drilled sides, problems with
and since that time all primary internal mixers have mixers which were too cold, including bad black
utilised a ram. The mixing principle relies on a tapering dispersion and poor viscosity control, returned. This
nip between the rotor and the sidewall of the mixer to led to the introduction of water temperature control
give mix dispersion. It also relies on the transfer of systems, an idea still being adopted by the more
material around the mixing chamber and from one rotor conservative sections of the rubber industry but
to the other to give mix distribution. universally accepted by mixer suppliers as a
contribution to consistent mixing. Developed from a
Consideration of the Banbury mixer should not be made simple system fitted only to the sides of a mixer, water
without reference to the developments in this machine temperature systems now use up to three zones which
which have been copied and in some cases developed are separately adjustable in temperature, with pumps
further to enhance the quality of mixing from internal circulating the temperature controlled water through
mixers. separate areas of the mixer cooling system. These areas
are commonly the sides, the rotors, and the door top
Some of these developments are mentioned in the for tangential machines.
authorized biography of Fernley H.Banbury (a.1). For
instance, the first mixer delivered to the Goodyear Tire
The drop door was the type of closure fitted on the
Factory in Akron in 1916 was driven by a D.C. motor,
original Banbury design, and probably came from
albeit for development purposes but a design feature
similar designs at Werner & Pfleiderer. Manually
which was used again some 60 years later. The other
operated initially, and then by a pneumatic cylinder
development at about this time was the hinged hopper
and toggle clamp arrangement, the system was prone
door, developed to allow the sampling of the batch from
to failure. The problems were overcome with a sliding
the mixing chamber to determine the progress of the
door but this was also found to cause batch to batch
mix prior to discharge. In practice the hopper door was
contamination when only slight wear had taken place.
found to be more beneficial in containing the dust and
Tailings were dragged out of the chamber by the sliding
fume generated during mixing than for sampling
door, only to be either re-introduced to the next batch
purposes. In fact the idea of sampling a batch from the
as contamination as the door closed, or to spread
machine constantly recurs, but sampling via the hopper
liberally over the mixing floor. Powder leakage around
of the machine would not be recommended today.
the door slide area caused contamination around the
In 1917 another critical development which is still mixer and on the mill below. The introduction of
extremely valuable and used by all technologists was reliable hydraulics and the rotac (a device for turning
the sight rod attached to the weight at the bottom of a shaft within a housing) allowed a return to drop door
the ram, by which the mixing action and batch weight designs and a general improvement in the cleanliness
could be monitored.This development was due to of the mixing operation. Most mixer manufacturers
incidences of unmixed batches. Whilst the same soon adopted the drop door as a standard feature.
problems of mixes 'going to sleep' still recur today,
monitoring of the mixing temperature rise and energy
input give sufficient warning for remedial actions to 3.2.2 The Intermix
be taken. The modern development of the sight rod is
to incorporate a ram movement measuring system into The concept for the Intermix (Figure 5) was developed
the control system of the mixer to detect the same in the U.K. during the early 1930s by an unknown
problems. engineer of the ITS Rubber Co. (a.2). Construction and
detail design of the machine was contracted to Francis
Temperature measurement of the rubber in a Banbury Shaw and Company of Manchester, who eventually
mixer was first fitted to a machine in about 1918, after acquired and patented the design. This mixer gave a
mixing problems were found during a hard winter different approach to the problems of rubber mixing,
when, as the sun set, the water supply to the Banbury the emphasis was given to the transfer of material
cooled rapidly. Initially there was a temperature around the chamber by utilisation of scrolls on what
indicator only, but the circular charts which were are basically mill rolls. Each rotor transfers material
common until the time of computer monitoring were along its length and in the opposite direction to the
an early introduction which proved valuable in other rotor. Transfer from rotor to rotor occurs due to
identification of trends and changes in the mixing cycle. the interlocking nature of the rotors and mixing takes
place initially in the nip between the two rotors. A ram
As rotor speeds increased the problem caused by cooler was later found to be necessary, although initial designs
water to the mixer became less important. However did not include this.

6
 Rubber Mixing

Each of the above machines have been mentioned due

to their being a first of their type, offering something
different to mixing technology. Developments in rotor
shape, which may be regarded either as significant or
not to mixing technology, have been made by many
manufacturers and are discussed later.

3.3 Current Continuous Mixers

The continuous mixing of rubber compounds is still

very much in its infancy, even though the Du-Pont
Delphi probe of 1971 (406) predicted a significant
change to powder type processing similar to the plastics
industry by the mid 1980s. The earliest machines used
in continuous processing of true curable rubbers were
the EVK (215) (Extruding, Venting,Kneading) machine
made by Werner & Pfliederer, and the MVX (294)
(Mixing,Venting,eXtruding) made by Farrel Bridge
(now Farrel Ltd.).

Both of these machines made some inroads into the

compounding market, the EVK primarily into the
EPDM extrusion compound area using powdered
polymer and the MVX into cable compounding and
into production of tyre compounds using granulated
polymer. Successful tests were run with the MVX on
most, if not all, types of rubber compound. These
included not only the common rubbers, such as NR,
SBR, IR, BR, CR and EPDM, but also other types,
such as Viton, silicone rubbers, Vamac, NBR and
Figure 5 HNBR.
The Intermix (courtesy of Francis Shaw)
Recent work on continuous mixing of rubbers has
centred on modified twin screw compounders (l65,a.4)
which have been used for some considerable number
of years in the plastics compounding industry. Whilst
3.2.3 The VIC (Variable Internal Clearance) no details are available of the modifications of this type
Mixer(l43) of machine, it is likely that the rotor speeds are very
much reduced compared with plastics compounding,
This mixer has recently ( 1987) been developed in Italy and hence the throughput. Torque handling of the screw
to address what some regard as problems in and drive systems must also have been increased.
intermeshing rotor mixer designs. On this machine a
device allows axial movement of the rotors to increase A final machine on which some limited testing has been
or decrease the gap between them during mixing. This carried out is the NKT mixer (74) made in Japan and
is said to allow easier feed of large batches of rubber at under licence in Austria, and currently supplied for
the start of the cycle, and also to allow adjustment of compounding of ceramic materials. This machine uses
the rotors to an ideal mixing position for each type of a single rotor and relies on a feedscrew section to force
rubber compound. This is analogous to the requirement material between shaped rotor and stator sections which
for different nip settings during mill mixing. How achieve dispersion and distribution of the mix. As in
valuable the rubber industry will find this development the case of twin screw machines mentioned earlier,
is not yet known, but initial reports, primarily from the screw speeds could be fairly limited to allow sufficient
manufacturers (a.3) indicate a promising start. compound temperature control.

7
 Rubber Mixing

The problem to be overcome with all continuous Control of five gravimetric feeders is sufficient when
compounding systems is to achieve good dispersion accuracy of proportion is required.
with adequate distribution of compound ingredients
( 144). All continuous mixers, by their very nature, only The topic of continuous mixing should not be left
mix a small quantity of compound at any one time. without reference to a recent paper (68) suggesting
The requirement has therefore been that all ingredients methods of using a very much altered Transfermix type
used in a rubber compound must also be present in a of unit as a continuous mixer for final mix. This novel
very small amount of that compound. Compared with idea uses a stationary internal column with a rotating
batch mixing, where batches are both extensively and outer casing, each grooved with spiral grooves in the
intensively mixed and small ingredients will be manner of the Transfermix where one set of grooves
adequately distributed in the mixer or the following reduces in depth as the other increases. The large
mills, continuous mixers achieve only the intensive
surface area generated is claimed to be capable of
mixing. The extensive mixing must be done outside of
cooling the mix, and able to distribute the curatives
the machine. This can be done either by making
which are added to the system at a different site to the
preblends of all materials, as have been used on the
hot rubber batch. Continuous feed of curatives is
EVK and MVX, or by using a multiplicity of
possible as the hot batch is removed gradually and
gravimetric feeders as have been used on twin screw
consistently from the feedpocket below the internal
compounders in the plastic industry.
mixer. The machine would be located after a batch
Inevitably when most rubber compounds include mixer, in place of an extruder or mill. Product would
between eight and sixteen ingredients some degree of extrude around the circumference of the moving casing,
premixing is essential as the cost of separate feeders and knives fastened to the stator would pelletise the
for each material would be prohibitive, even if space compound as it extruded from the grooves. Whether
were available. Maintaining the integrity of any this process will achieve market acceptance remains
preblend depends upon similar particle sizes with to be seen.
similar bulk densities. The problems in achieving a
stable premix are obvious when one considers for
example the differences between zinc oxide, stearic
acid, and all the other shapes of pellet, micropellet, 4 ANCILLARY MILL ROOM
flake and resin lumps used in normal rubber compounds
EQUIPMENT
(215,221).

Gran'ulation of the polymers and maintaining the Rubber mixing quality depends not only upon the mixer
partitioning of the granulate has never proven to be a itself, but also upon the whole mill room approach,
particular problem, although the time for which a from the moment the raw materials arrive in the factory,
granulated polymer could be kept prior to use depended to the moment the compound leaves the mill room for
very much on the polymer. Natural rubber could be further processing.
kept for days, silicone rubber for hours. Partitioning
agents used have varied from the effective but generally Requirements prior to the weighing of materials depend
unwelcome talc, to zinc oxide. Even carbon black has upon the materials themselves, the method of delivery
been used, but the granulation process is then generally and storage, and the necessity or otherwise for any pre-
unpleasant. treatment such as the use of warm-rooms. Many of
these are affected by the type of business, whether tyre
Ideally a mix could be reduced to a limited number of industry or GRG.
preblends:-
Methods of chemical delivery depend upon plant
Preblend 1 Polymers and partitioning agents throughput and range of materials being mixed (a.5).
Preblend 2 Bulk fillers and powders Tyre companies generally take deliveries of major
materials in bulk, i.e. by the tankerload. In the case of
Preblend 3 Flake and waxy materials major fillers such as carbon black this is probably an
advantage, not only from the consistency point of view,
Preblend 4 Oils and plasticisers (possibly
but also from the material quality standpoint. Less pellet
including paraffin waxes at an
breakdown and less fines are likely to be developed in
elevated temperature)
a bulk handling system than one using either big bags
Preblend 5 Cure System or 25Kg sacks (119,340).

8
 Rubber Mixing

With smaller throughput and a much wider range of reducing the height requirements of the modem mill
compounds, the GRG companies have to accept raw room. If pneumatic transfer from scale to mixer is
materials in smaller lots, with the consequences of utilised it is preferable to have a checkweigh hopper
greater variability both in terms of the materials behind the mixer to ensure total transfer of the batch.
themselves, and in changes due to atmospheric Without this valuable check consistent mixing is more
conditions. An example of the problems which can be difficult to guarantee, particularly to the standards
caused by atmospheric conditions was experienced by demanded in today's climate of total quality
the author during a mixing test using a bagged carbon management.
black in winter. On discharging the batch at 160°C from
the mixer, water was found in the batch. Hydraulic
examination of the mixer, which was immediately
4.1 Weighing
suspected of having developed a crack in a rotor or
elsewhere, proved that this was not the source of the The weighing of the small materials can be carried out
problem. Examination of the carbon black proved that automatically but this is usually a very expensive
the moisture content was much higher than anticipated option. More common is to have a computer controlled
and the source of the water was in fact this material. manual weigh station on rails which can be moved to
the particular small powder demanded by the display
Once delivered to the compounding plant handling of screen attached to the scales (340) (Figure 7). The
the chemicals is becoming increasingly automatic computer also unlocks the appropriate raw material bin
where this can be justified by the throughput (Figure to prevent errors in this area. Bar marking of chemicals
6). Automatic weighing systems are in common usage prior to issue to the mill room can also be used to ensure
especially for the bulk fillers. Transfer of these fillers the correct material is put in the correct bin, again by
from bulk silo to daybin and from weigh station to having a lid which is locked until released by the correct
mixer is increasingly carried out by pneumatic transfer, barcode.

I
0 0 0 0 ••
LMl
11m1n1!

Emil
110
12.3015 I m
1-
..
Ulll
Ill
I
Ill
z
Ill
J

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LMl
--- ~I
-~I 120 ~
34
I IIIII
II
34
I
II
32
-Til'
Ill
LMl

--·
11110

=-· = - n

Figure 6
Typical weigh and feed system (courtesy of Carter Bros.)

9
 Rubber Mixing

·-------------------------------------~
• Does the mixing cycle require a single or split feed
of fillers?

~ Dut..!.~for • Are all the oils compatible for injecting through a

single injection system?

f;J ~,_
• If large amounts of oil are used is one injection
system sufficient?

Figure 7 • How easy is the system for the operators and

technicians to understand?
Small weighing equipment
• Is the mixing cycle control to be incorporated into
the feeding system suppliers control?
Weighing of polymers usually takes place on the weigh/
feedbelt located at the mixer feedhopper. Control of Accuracy of weighing is of prime consideration, and
this operation is again by computer but with the manual whilst modern scales can be very accurate, the control
intervention of loading the scale. Many tricks have been of the flow of materials into the scale is very often
witnessed to overcome the accuracy demanded by the more difficult. A simple supplier change or grade
computer. One such example is for the mixer operator change for the same material can require significant
to have available small blocks of polymer or wood adjustment to the weighscale feeder controls to return
which he uses to obtain the accurate reading demanded to accuracy. The sizing of the scales is also a critical
by the system. Once an accurate measurement has been consideration. They must be sized very slightly larger
accepted by a system no further controls are maintained than the largest total measurement, i.e. the total of the
to determine whether that item is removed from the several materials weighed in a single scale. Too large
scale, and of course the makeweight pieces are removed a scale and the accuracy of measurement of small
to use again for adjustment of exact weight on the next amounts is significantly reduced. It is very often better,
batch. This does however cause problems with the mix. but more expensive, to use several smaller scales for
accurate weighing.

4.1.1 Weighing Considerations 4.1.2 Oils

The operational requirements of a weighing and feeding Whether to weigh or to meter oils is a constant area for
system need careful planning before any system is argument. Whichever system is used correct
installed. Some of the considerations are listed. temperature control of the oil lines and oil injectors
must be maintained by trace heating using either
• What accuracy of measurement is required for each electricity or steam, and for accuracy the pipe-run
material? between weigher or meter and mixer must be as short
and straight as possible. The use of an air purge to
• To what cycle time must the system operate? empty an oil line into a mixer can only be successful if
the pipework is streamlined and short.
• How many ingredients are to be incorporated into
the system?
4.1.3 Tolerances
• What are the foreseen expansions of the business
To assess whether the tolerances in use in a weighing
likely to demand? system are adequate, laboratory batches of compound
should be made with accurately weighed ingredients
• How versatile is the system to accommodate any using a combination of highest and lowest tolerance
unforseen changes in demand? figures. An example for active ingredients would be to
make up two mixes for comparison, the first at highest
• Do different coloured weight measurements follow tolerance figure of sulphur and lowest tolerance figure
the same feedroute into the mixer? for curative and another with the reverse of this.

10
 Rubber Mixing

Say a weight tolerance chosen was +/-25g on a The advantage of a 'pork chop' die, which consists of
weighment of lOOOg CBS and on a weighment of750g a screen mounted very close to the end of the screw
sulphur then: with a rotating knife forward of the screening plate, is
that compound temperatures are generally lower as the
Batch 1 uses sulphur measurement +3.3% and compression and head pressure are lower. The
CBS -2.5%, disadvantage is that a mill or other sheet forming device
Batch 2 uses sulphur measurement -3.3% and is required downstream of the extruder.
CBS +2.5%.
Usually the compound is required in either sheet or
strip form from the mill room. This can be obtained in
several ways (Figure 8)
4.2 Handling of the Compound After the Mixer

Post treatment of the batch after mixing to obtain a • One or several mills,
product which can be handled in the factory requires • Extruder and roller die,
that more processing of the material occurs. This in • Extruder sheeter using rolls,
tum can lead to a more consistent compound when done • Extruder sheeter using a split tube head.
correctly or a less consistent compound when control
of the operation is not maintained.
The extruder itself could be either a single screw
extruder or more recently a hi-conical twin screw unit.
4.2.1 Downstream Operations

Operations downstream of the mixer may include

straining of the compound, either in line or off line,
and sheeting or pelletising of the compound. In line
straining requires the use of either a 'pork chop'
straining head, or a split tube head fitted to a dump
extruder arranged below the mixer. In line straining is
not very popular except where a particular mixing plant
is dedicated to a particular product (e.g. high voltage
cables) as stoppages to change the screen result in all
the line stopping. These stoppages can be reduced by
the fitting of twin heads on the extruder, but the
interruption to the process can result in significant line
downtime and inconsistencies in product.

Off line straining usually utilises a dump mill under

the mixer, feeding a strip to a separate 'pork chop' type
of straining extruder. In this system, even if all
compound is to be strained, the mill can act as a
reservoir until a screen change is completed. In this
way the mixing line does not need to stop. Equally if
straining is not required the straining extruder may be
by-passed and the strip or sheet taken straight into the
cooling line.

Of the types of straining head mentioned above, the

split tube head which consists of a large tube die (up to
250mm dia.) fitted with a knife at the top, tends to run
at a higher head pressure than the 'pork chop' die. This
can result in higher stock temperatures and
Dump Extmderjl Batch-off

consequently more risk of scorch. The advantage of RoUer Die

this type of head is that the sheet can be taken straight
into the cooling line, and the automatic screen changers,
Figure 8
which are being slowly introduced to the rubber
industry, can be utilised. Typical downstream operations

11
 Rubber Mixing

4.2.2 Milling and Blending 4.2.3 Dump Extruders

Considering first the most common system utilising The use of dump extruders is not totally confined to
mills, many plants operate more or less successfully the tyre industry but they are certainly found more often
using a single mill after the mixer. This is not to be in this sector than any other. The traditional dump
recommended in this day and age except where a batch extruder (Figure 11) consisted of a large feedpocket
identity has to be maintained. Consistent material is through which passed a tapered screw section. The
best obtained by cross blending of several batches of tapered section was applied simply to increase the size
compound, and this can only be done with a minimum of the feedpocket to allow it to accept a batch from a
of two mills (Figure 9) and for cross blending of up to mixer. Forward of the conical section of screw was a
six batches; four mills (Figure 10). The mills short plain parallel barrel section to allow pressure
themselves should be variable speed, variable friction development for extrusion through a head and die. The
ratio and fitted with a stock blender and drilled rolls feedpocket may be fitted with one or two pushers to
for optimum benefit to the compound and ease of use assist material feed. Variations on the standard machine
to the mill operators. have included parallel screw versions and very recently
a type of pusher which rotates rather than being a linear
Mills are to be recommended for most general rubber push (75,a.6).
goods applications, but controlled and careful operation
must be maintained to give consistent product.
4.2.3.1 Roller Die and Sheeter

After introduction the roller die head became very

popular in the tyre industry, but the cost of this unit led
to the development of a derivative which did not use a
pressurised head. The roller sheeter was the equivalent
of a vertical two roll mill mounted at the nose of the
extruder. A further variation on this idea consisted of
an extruder fitted with fixed knives at the front of the
/.
I I
screw feeding directly onto a simple horizontal two
DumpMiUi.f
I.
roll mill. The problem with both these designs, and
I
;I I
similarly with the roller sheeter applied to many twin
-j l screw dump extruders, is that the edges of the sheet
If are not as good quality as is obtained from the roller
i!
I I
die, and this can give rise to problems due to poor
stacking.
Take Off MiD ft'
I/ : I
A more sophisticated type of roller die which utilises
calender technology (roll bending and crossed axis etc.)
is available but is not commonly used in mill rooms.
This type of roller die is generally used to make accurate
thickness sheet materials, typically for use in conveyor
belt production.
c
0
0
I 4.2.3.2 Split Tube
i
n
g The split tube type of dump extruder is not widely used
L but has been a popular method of obtaining sheet in
the cable industry. Some are in use in other areas of
n
e the rubber industry and edge definition of the sheet is
as good as, or better than, that obtained from a mill.
Sheet thickness is determined by adjusting the cone
position relative to the outer ring of the die, and is
Figure9 generally set prior to a run as it cannot easily be adjusted
Twin mill arrangement once the die is full of rubber.

12
 Rubber Mixing

Dump Mill

<------ Blending Mills ------>

Take Off Mill

c
0
0
I
n
g

L
i
n
e

Figure 10
Quadruple mill arrangement

Figure 11
Section through typical single screw dump extruder

13
 Rubber Mixing

4.2.3.3 Pelletisers a sheet, but as pressures are low the sheet edges can be
poor. The advantage of this type of machine in
Little used except in the tyre industry is the rubber comparison with a single screw unit is the lack of
pelletiser. The resurgence of blending to obtain temperature rise in the stock due to lack of energy put
consistent product has led to an increasing use of into it, and the claimed ease of self cleaning. The
pelletisers on masterbatch stock. Production of pellets removal of the requirement for maintenance on pushers
and the use of large rotary storage bunkers (301) for is also thought of as a benefit by maintenance engineers.
the masterbatch material enable very good cross
blending of batches. This also allows easy automatic
weighing of the masterbatch for the next stage mix.
4.2.5 Cooling
Pelletisers use an anti-tack spray directly on the pellet
plate, this helps to cool the plate and lubricates the Comments above on both mills and extruders tend to
knives to assist in cutting the pellets. refer to the production of slab compound or wig-wag
stacked (concertinaed). Cooling of this width of
compound is generally by use of a festoon cooler. This
4.2.4 Twin Screw Dump Extruders is matched to the speed of the last mill by either slowing
the mill to the speed of the cooler or by having a
Twin screw dump extruders introduced recently by variable drive speed on the cooler. Alternatively the
several manufacturers (Figure 12) benefit from the last mill is emptied, the cooler stopped and the next
ability to operate without pushers, the large biconical batch stitched to the protruding end of the previous
screws easily pulling the batch between them and batch before re-starting the cooler. Most festoon coolers
driving it forward through the die. Normally twin rolls utilise an anti tack dip or spray onto the compound prior
are used on the front of the twin screw machine to give to it being hung over a moving rack and blown dry
(and cooled) by a fanset. At the end of the cooler the
sheet is pulled out of the festooner and either stacked
as a continuous strip, or cut and stacked as separate
sheets.

For strip compound, knife attachments are made for

festoon coolers which cut the sheet either as it is fed
into the cooler, or immediately prior to stacking. If
placed at the start of the cooler the knives are generally
rotating knives which are notched to leave occasional
webs between the strips, keeping the strips together
until wig-wagged onto the pallet. If the knives are at
the end of the festoon cooler, cutting the cooled rubber,
they are generally of more robust construction. The
cut strips are then directed away individually to several
boxes.

The alternative method of producing strip is to cut this

directly off the mill and feed it through a strip cooler, a
tank containing cooling water and antitack with a
. rotating endless belt in it to which the end of the strip
is clipped. The problem with this type of system is that
the length of time taken to empty the mill may severely
restrict productivity.

5 HEALTH & SAFETY

With the present emphasis on the protection of both

Figure 12 workers in the industry and the environment, a report
Typical twin screw dump extruder arrangement of this type would not be acceptable without reference

14
 Rubber Mixing

to aspects of health and safety. Mechanical protection

for operators against rotating machinery is well
covered, particularly in the U.K., by Health and Safety
legislation. Protection from damage by materials
handled has been covered more in recent years by
Thrust End Drive End
COSHH legislation although lists of 'safe' materials
are not uniform throughout Europe. An example of this
is the ban on the use of PBN in the U.K. but not in all
countries in Europe. The US has even stronger
legislation which the UK legislation is based on.

To reduce the risks from rubber chemicals, more and

more of the active ingredients are being supplied in 2 Wing Rotors
dust free forms such as pellets, polymer bound
masterbatches, or oil or wax damped powders. Further
protection is being offered by supply of pre-prepared
active mixtures of pellets in preweighed, low melting
point polyolefin bags (153).

Further protection can be provided by the use of special

weighing areas (as are commonly used in the
pharmaceutical industry) in which the air stream is
pulled down from the ceiling to the floor level (87). Thrust End

For protection of the environment, licences from the

local authority are required in the U.K. to operate a
rubber and black mixing process. Part of the terms of
this licence require exhausts and losses from mixing
plants to be controlled both quantitatively and
4 Wing Rotors
qualitatively. This is gradually causing the introduction
Turbo Swirl
of scrubbing of exhausts and extraction from both the
mixing plant and potentially from other areas of a
rubber factory (155).

6 RECENT MIXING MACIDNERY

DEVELOPMENTS

6.1 Tangential Rotors

Even today, it is likely that at least 50% of all rubber

mixed in the world is still mixed on 2-wing tangential
rotors. A significant proportion of the tyre industry has
changed over to 4-wing rotors, on the basis of both
productivity and quality improvements when larger
mixers are used (Figure 13).
4 Wing Rotors
Standard
Due to the large number of suppliers of tangential
machines, it is almost impossible to keep track of all
rotor developments. Those which appear to have been
significant, and also to have been noted by their Figure 13
competition are mentioned below. Developments on Tangential rotors, 2-wing and 4-wing
2-wing rotors are much more limited than those on 4- (courtesy of Carter Bros.)

15
 Rubber Mixing

wing; over the years 2-wing rotors have gone fatter the potential of even speed mixing using conventional
and thinner, the tip gap (clearance between side and tangential rotors. At the same time it was discovered
rotor) has decreased and then increased again, the that, when both rotors were fitted with a torque
angles of the blades have been changed, and the transducer during conventional mixing, for part of the
approach angle to the tip has been altered. Obviously cycle the torque on one rotor became negative. In other
all these things do have an effect, but the developments words the mix was driving the slow rotor from the fast
are not well documented. Suffice it to say the standard, rotor, resulting in the whole power of the machine being
modern 2-wing rotor is probably the most universal transmitted through one rotor. This is not an attractive
unit for all compounds. proposition, particularly on high power, high speed
machines.
What 2-wing rotors do not have is high productivity,
hence the development of the 4-wing rotor. The 4-wing The results from even speed mixing depended upon
rotor was initially developed for larger mixers, but it rotor orientation, with some orientations giving large
has gradually been introduced for all sizes of machine benefits in output and batch size but with some loss in
when the process requires the faster mixing which this consistency through the batch. Other orientations gave
type of rotor provides. (In fact the 27D or F620 from an increase in output, with good consistent material
Farrel has only ever had 4-wing rotors although it was but no increase in batch size (a.7). The increased output
developed in the 1920s). can easily be understood to be due to the simple
increase in speed of the slow rotor by some 5 to 7% to
match the fast rotor. To some, the loss in consistency
6.1.11mprovements in the 4-Wing Rotor within a batch was not of great consequence,
particularly if a high degree of mill compounding
From the original licence for manufacturing the succeeded the mixer. To others, particularly the mixer
Banbury mixer held by Kobe Steel in Japan, and from manufacturers, it was of the utmost importance.
experience of using the 4-wing rotors, the engineering
department at Kobe had thoughts that the 4-wing rotors
could be improved in operation by increasing the length 6.1.3 Synchronous Technology Rotor
of the long wings. This was said to promote better flow
around the mixing chamber compared with the shorter To obtain both the increase in output and benefits in
wing on the Farrel rotor. Hence the development of mix distribution required the development of a different
the Kobe H rotor which has found some popularity in rotor, with improved distributional flow properties. The
the tyre industry. Kobe's development along the lines Farrel development was the ST (Synchronous
of the H rotor produced the H-Mk:.2 which introduced Technology) design (237,272). This rotor, originally
more spiral twist to the long wings, again promoting developed in 2-wing form, was significantly improved
better flow around the chamber. The H-Mk:.2 is claimed when a 4-wing derivative was introduced. The 4-wing
to be even more beneficial when the rotors are run at ST rotor is different from the standard 4-wing rotor,
equal speed with a particular orientation to each other with cooling passages incorporated under the mixing
(247). tip of the long wings. These long wings now run one
from each end of the rotor, rather than both from one
Similar developments with regard to wing length also end as is normal on the original 4 wing rotor. The
took place at Carter Brothers in Rochdale, who implementation of cooling under the long mixing tips
introduced their Turbo-Swirl rotors for improved has a quite dramatic effect on rate of temperature
mixing in 4-wing tangential machines (Figure 13) increase during mixing. The presence of cooling in this
area is also reported to improve the dispersion of the
mix.
6.1.2 Equal Rotor Speed

Referred to briefly above was the use of tangential 6.1.4 Other Developments in Tangential Rotors
rotors rotating at equal speed, rather than the
conventional friction speed which was copied from 2- Several other developments in tangential rotors have
roll mill technology in the early days. The work which addressed the problem of distribution during mixing
led to this development was started some 8 or 9 years with even speed, amongst them the Kobe H-Mk.2
ago when certain compounders, particularly in the tyre (247), Werner and Pfleiderer's ZZ2 (115) and Carter
industry, and mixer manufacturers started to explore Turbo-Swirl rotor (354).

16
 Rubber Mixing

A recent development in Italy introduces a further rotor the NR2 rotor (a.S). This rotor catered for increased
design which is claimed to improve the distributive mixing between nog and sidewall and also increased
mixing of tangential rotors. The HDM (High the typical fill factor for the Intermix to 0.63 from a
Distributive Mixing) rotor (125) produced by Pomini figure closer to 0.55.
again uses equal rotational speed of the rotors and a
particular orientation to provide the claimed benefits A very recent entrant into the intermeshing rotor field,
of better distributive mixing, cooler discharge Kobe Steel (Kobelco) of Japan claim to have increased
temperatures and higher fill factors. the fill factor of this type of machine even further (a.9).
From photographs of the rotors in the supplier's
technical literature, it would appear that this has largely
6.2 Intermeshing Rotors been achieved by removing metal from both pressurised
and unpressurised ends of the long nog.
From the time of conception of the Intermix until the
early 1980s very little change had taken place in the
external design of interlocking rotors. One of the 6.2.1 Cooling of Intermeshing Mixers
concerns was the low fill factor of the intermeshing
The cooling ability of the larger rotor inherent in
machines and, independently, a programme of design
intermeshing designs (Figure 14) has always been
by the two suppliers of this technology at the time,
regarded as one of the attributes of this type of mixer.
Francis Shaw and Werner and Pfleiderer set out to
The manufacturing of these rotors from two pieces,
address this problem. The approach taken in each case with the rotor being shrunk onto its shaft, allowed the
was slightly different, W &P used their tangential mixer design to move rapidly from a simple chambered rotor
knowledge to reduce the angle of approach to the nog to one with an enforced cooling flow pattern around it.
of the machine, and also appear to have altered the Even though this gave reasonably good cooling during
angles and profiles of the nogs compared with the mixing, th~re were still some areas of the rotor less
original intermeshing designs. This allowed an cooled than others. On larger machines, where the
increased 'window' between the rotors and more surface to volume ratio reduces, this was felt to be an
internal space between the rotors and sides. unnecessary constraint on the mixing process, and
recent internal design changes to the rotors have now
Francis Shaw's work on nog profiles, rotor body shape resulted in virtually all the rotor being cooled in a
and the removal of the press uri sed end of the long nog manner analogous to the drillings used on mixer sides.
(i.e. the end of the nog towards which the rubber is Inevitably the extra cooling ability of the rotors has
driven by the archimedean screw action) resulted in resulted in requirements for higher motor powers to

Figure 14
Intermeshing machine showing cooling cavities (courtesy of Francis Shaw)

17
 Rubber Mixing

keep the rotors turning, but reports of the improved 6.5 Machine Temperature Control
quality available from larger mixers indicate sufficient
justification to warrant this. The benefits of controlling the mixer temperature,
rather than simply cooling it, have taken some 25 years
to be appreciated. Initially developed after it was found
that drilled sides on a Banbury mixer could be
6.3 Hydraulically Operated Rams (a.10)
overcooled, causing slippage and poor mixing, the
In the last few years increasing use has been made of benefits for consistent mixing in summer and winter
hydraulic power rather than pneumatics for ram alike are now widely accepted. The extra benefit of
operation. Patents were taken out by the Continental setting the mixer temperature for a particular compound
Rubber company in Germany which were then sold to has also been found helpful on many occasions,
Werner and Pfleiderer, but there is some doubt about particularly for the mixing of natural rubbers or
the validity of these patents and most manufacturers ethylene propylene rubbers.
now offer the option of hydraulic operation. It was
initially thought that the extra cost of hydraulic
equipment could be recovered in about two years when 6.6 Variable Speed Drives
compared with the cost of air. With the more efficient
air compressors now available this equation may not Touched on briefly in the discussion on hydraulic drives
be so beneficial. The major advantage of hydraulic above, the benefits of variable speed drives cannot be
operation is the independence of the mixing operation too highly stressed. When first introduced, before the
from a varying factory air supply, and the consequential introduction of microprocessor control, the major
benefits which can be gained in consistency. There have advantage was to mix each type of compound at its
been no benefits found from increasing the mixing own optimum speed. This meant that a hard compound
chamber pressure, and in fact more problems would such as a nitrile hose compound could be mixed at a
be likely to follow, with dust stops in particular, if this low speed (e.g. 20rpm on an F80) whereas a soft EPDM
route were to be taken. compound could be mixed at a higher speed (e.g. 50rpm
on anF80).

6.4 Hydraulic Drives

6.7 Microprocessor Control
This type of drive has been popular for some years
where space has been at a premium, for example on The introduction of microprocessor control has vastly
pelletiser drives, or where critical control at high increased the value of variable speed control in mixing
torques has been required, for example pit cages etc.
as each part of the mixing cycle can now be mixed at
First attempted on two-roll mills a few years ago, these
optimum speed. This means that on an EPDM
drives were found to be very good with each roll being
windowseal compound the black incorporation can be
driven by a separate hydraulic motor. The advantage
done at low speed with the black dispersion stage
is the ability to change friction ratio very easily to
carried out at higher speed, a technique which has been
ensure the compound stays on the front roll. Because
suggested for achieving better compound quality.
of the directly mounted hydraulic motor, space for the
Feedback control (i.e. the use of a measured parameter
mill is also acceptable compared to the conventional
in the mixing cycle to control the development of that
approach using two variable speed motors and
cycle) can also be applied so that, for instance, the rotor
gearboxes. A further advantage on a mill is that torque
speed is reduced such that the mixing temperature does
is not reduced with speed, as it would be using DC
electric motors. not exceed a particular temperature. In fact variable
speed even allows cooling of the batch in the mixer in
an acceptable time frame, particularly for interrneshing
The use of hydraulic drives on internal mixers is a much
rotor machines.
more recent phenomenon (118). The same potential
advantages that are achieved on mills may be possible,
but for variable friction ratio it is naturally essential
that the mixer is of the tangential type. A hydraulic 6.8 Tandem Mixing (107,143,169,240,286)
drive is less likely to offer advantages at this time where
connecting gears are necessary to achieve the Invented by Dr. Julius Peter and Herr Gunther Weckerle
interlocking of two rotors. Experimentation continues during their time at the Continental Rubber Co.
with hydraulic drives on mixers. Nordheim, this technique involves the mounting of an

18
 Rubber Mixing

interlocking rotor ramless mixer directly beneath a would be used on a full powered mixer, as the demand
masterbatch mixer (Figure 15). The second mixer is in terms of KWh/Kg of compound is considerably less
larger in capacity than the primary mixer and relies when the viscosity of the compound is less. Both these
both on the cooling ability of the interlocking rotor features are claimed to contribute to the economic
mixer, and the low fill factor, to drop the masterbatch viability of the process.
temperature from a typical value of 150°C to typically
11 0°C in about 2 minutes. This allows the curatives or
The type of compound most suitable for mixing in the
blowing agents to be added and incorporated without
tandem process is one which will pull easily into the
manual intervention such as is necessary on a mill. The
mixing chamber. This includes compounds which have
batch would, after a further 2 minutes, be discharged
a high degree of tack such as natural rubber, many
onto a mill and sheeted in the normal way.
polychloroprenes etc. and also soft materials such as
EPDM sponge and extrusion compounds. In fact a
The fact of taking a hot batch of lower viscosity than
package of curative and blowing chemicals has been
is encountered during the normal mixing process allows
very successfully added to an EPDM sponge base
the mechanical construction of the tandem mixer to be
less strong than would conventionally be used. This compound. Even with the addition made at
translates into allowing a thinner section between the temperatures somewhat higher than would normally
chamber wall and cooling passageways, and hence be used for dump in a conventionally mixed two stage
improved ability in the cooling stage of the tandem compound normal cure and blow levels were achieved.
cycle. It also translates into using a smaller motor than The success must be due to the batch being on a cooling
curve rather than the normal heating curve of
conventional two stage mixing.

Compounds which are not ideal for the tandem process

are those which are hard and tend to break up in the
mixer. Examples would be hard EPDM and hard nitrile
rubber compounds.

'JYpical rotor speeds used during the tandem mixing

process would be 5 to 10 rpm during the cooling phase
increasing to 15 rpm during the addition of the curative
package.

Many other pieces of equipment for use in rubber

mixing have been developed over the years with
varying degrees of commercial success. For example,
the reader's attention is drawn to the work of Walter
Scheisser in Switzerland, although few of his
developments have been adopted widely.

7 MIXING TECHNIQUES

7.1 Single Stage Mixing

Single stage mixing is popular for productivity reasons

but is only feasible where sufficient mixing time can
be allowed to achieve the required dispersion. In this
respect it is most unlikely that the bulk of tyre
Figure 15 compounds could be mixed in this way. Single stage
Tandem mixer arrangement (courtesy of mixing is also very difficult to achieve with highly filled
Francis Shaw) or highly viscous mixes.

19
 Rubber Mixing

7.2 Two Stage Mixing when ram motion died and only re-commenced when
the ram started bouncing. Ram position monitoring can
Two stage mixing will always give a better dispersion be carried out today using computer control, the
of the finer particle size blacks, and for some integrated ram motion indicating whether problems of
compounds with high levels of these blacks three or batch size or ram pressure were evident in any particular
more mixing passes may be necessary irrespective of batch.
mixer type.
A mix 'going to sleep' early in the cycle is much less
common with the use of higher ram pressures and
7.3 Normal (Conventional) Mixing variable speed drives. The problem appears to occur
when the filler content of a mix is such that all the
A normal (conventional) mixing technique is regarded polymer is broken into the filler and lubricated against
as that used when the polymer is added first to the the mixer sides and rotors by filler. Low chamber
mixer, possibly with small ingredients, but excluding pressure allows this to occur more readily than high
the bulk of the fillers. After a period of mixing the filler chamber pressure, as does low rotor speed as opposed
is added followed by any plasticisers or oils. If a single to high rotor speed. Overcoming the problem once it
stage mix is possible the final addition would be the has happened generally requires time. Seeding the mix
curatives and accelerators. with either some of the same compound, oil or even
water is a common mixing room technique to overcome
the problem, but if the mix is one which is likely to
'die' then it is better to attempt to prevent the situation
7.4 Upside Down Mixing by utilising two shot feed of the fillers. '!Ypes of mix
which commonly exhibit this problem are those based
Upside down mixing is the method used where the filler on NBR or more often on SBR.
and oils are added to the mixer followed immediately
by the polymer. The term is often used incorrectly
where a one shot conventional feed is used. This mixing
technique has been popular for EPDM mixing in 7.7 Discharge
particular but there is some doubt whether black
dispersion is helped compared with conventional The question of discharge of the batch with the ram up
mixing. Upside down mixing is usually disliked by the or down has been debated on several occasions. If
machinery manufacturers who suspect that dust stop discharge takes place with the ram down, it is good
damage and leakage are more likely than when practice with a tangential mixer to set the ram in neutral
conventional techniques are used. shortly before opening the door. This reduces the
chances of squeezing material into the door sealing
faces as the door opens. It is also good practice to leave
7.5 Variable Speed the ram in its bottom position until the door has closed.
This prevents any loose material which may be on the
In terms of techniques reducing the rotor speed at ram from being dislodged and falling through onto the
discharge can result in release of the batch in a single discharged batch. If the batch is to be dumped with the
lump. Higher speeds tend to break the batch up, often ram up then it is good practice to lift the ram some 10
resulting in difficulties on the dump mill. to 15 seconds before discharge to allow any loose
materials from the ram to be mopped up by the mixing
batch prior to discharge.
7.6 Ram Movement

Since a sight rod was first installed on the ram of an

internal mixer, ram movement and ram position have 8 DIFFERENCES IN MIXING
been used to monitor both batch size and progress of
BEHAVIOUR: INTERMESHING VS
mixing. Batch size was assessed by checking the ram
position towards the end of the cycle. Progress in TANGENTIAL (82)
mixing was assessed by both ram position and ram
motion during the mixing cycle. An example of the There are differences in behaviour of tangential and
use of ram motion would be in the course of injection intermeshing batch mixers. The table opposite indicates
of large amounts of oil; injection would be stopped some of the observed differences.

20
 Rubber Mixing

Observation Tangential Intermeshing

Average fill factor 75% 63%
Speed of ram descent after feed Fast Slow
Time for ram to bottom 30-50% into cycle 90-100% into cycle
Power peak occurs Early in cycle Late in cycle
Mix development Disperse/Distribute Distribute/Disperse
Material motion around chamber Towards centre Towards chamber ends
Best thermocouple position Doortop Endframe
Oil incorporation Slower Faster
Major use area Tyres GRG
Form of dump Large lump Rough sheet
Typical rotor speed, 60 (mixing) litre machine 20 to 70 rpm 15 to 50 rpm

To explain the reasons behind some of these observed feeds into the mixing chamber and these smaller pieces
differences is not easy, but observing the mixing action can easily move into the larger spaces in the chamber.
in both small and large machines can give some Predominant flow in a conventional tangential rotor
guidance. machine is away from the chamber ends and towards
the central mixing areas of the rotors.

8.1 Fill Factor

8.3 Material Flow
The variation in fill factor can simply be explained by
The material flow also explains the logic of a tangential
the greater mass of the intermeshing rotor; the space
machine first dispersing the ingredients, followed by
for the movement of rubber into large voids which are
distribution. After initial incorporation of the fillers in
present both in front of and behind the wings of the
the wedging action in front of the rotor, some of the
tangential rotor simply does not exist. Consequently
materials will pass over the wing tips, undergoing the
movement of the rubber around those voids that are
high shear and dispersive action in this area. When the
present is much more turbulent.
materials have become more plastic with increasing
temperature, flow along the angled wing of the rotor
and the rolling action in front of it become easier,
8.2 Ram Speed improving the distribution of the mix. Material passing
over the tip is less viscous, hence experiencing less
This space problem also explains why, on the shear and dispersive action in this area. In the
intermeshing machine, the ram descends more slowly. intermeshing machine, the action of materials moving
The enforced flow of rubber in an intermeshing to the rotor ends, up into the hopper and back into the
machine is towards the end of the rotor. At the rotor rotors results in a good distribution of incorporated
end it can either transfer across into the reverse flow fillers. Real dispersion does not occur until the
of the other rotor, which blocks entry of further material compound viscosity drops such that it can pass over
from the hopper, or it can be forced up into the hopper the interlocking nogs of the rotor, both between the
area, allowing other material to enter the rotors. It is top of one rotor and the root of the other, and
this latter action which appears predominant. The ram particularly between the nog and chamber side. The
can only bottom when materials are soft enough to be flow across the nog and against the mixer side results
all encased within the machine chamber. In contrast, in a torque increase towards the end of the mixing cycle,
on a tangential machine, the batch is broken up as it a phenomenon not often encountered in tangential

21
 Rubber Mixing

I
TORQUE
I
TORQUE

TIME--- TIME---

Tangential Mixer Intermeshing Rotor Mixer

Figure 16
Typical torque curves, using a fixed rotor speed, for tangential and intermeshing rotor mixers

mixing (Figure 16). As in tangential rotors, distribution notwithstanding the better surface to volume
in the mix continues during the latter part of the cycle relationship and consequentially improved cooling area
in addition to the dispersion as a result of the rotors' of this type of mixer. If similar rotor speeds are used in
axial pumping action. both intermeshing and tangential machines, then the
mixing time to a particular temperature can be very
Thermocouple response and torque curves indicate that much reduced with an intermeshing machine.
the material motion described above is substantially
correct. The intermeshing mixer thermocouple
mounted in the end frame is responsive until the ram 8.5 Discharge Shape
finally bottoms. Response is then a little slower
indicating less flow of materials past it. Meanwhile the The difference in shape of the discharged lump can
power curve indicates a reduction in torque after easily be imagined. The batch effectively breaks at the
material feed, increasing again towards the end of the door edges as the door opens; with an intermeshing
cycle as material flow over the nogs commences. This mixer on which the door is more closely profiled to
may result in a second power peak, higher than the the shape of the rotors, the batch is then wound out
first, or a continual rise in torque to discharge. from between the rotors in the form of the gap between
them. Hence the rough sheet form of the dumped batch.
In the tangential machine a thermocouple mounted in With a tangential machine, a large proportion of the
the end frame is far less responsive than one mounted batch is between the door and the rotors, hence a large
in the door top, indicating the flow of material away lump is dumped followed by material which is carried
from the ends and towards the middle. The torque curve round and often stretched out by the rotor.
typically hits a peak shortly after the materials are fed
into the machine and then shows reduction to the end
of the cycle.
9 MIXING PROCESS DEVELOPMENT

8.4 Rotor Speeds Conventional control of the mixing process has

employed simple time and temperature techniques, very
The use of lower rotor speeds with intermeshing often only the former, with no changes in rotor speed
machines is necessitated by the rate of temperature rise or ram pressure. The advent of logic (PLC type) and
which can be achieved in the stock, due to the higher computer control systems has allowed much more
turbulence caused by the rotor shape. This is flexibility in mixing control. Presently all control

22
 Rubber Mixing

systems are variations on a simple stepwise method. temperature. Torque feedback control (350), or the
The important change is that each step can be controlled ability to measure the viscosity and mix characteristics
by the parameter most suited to it, i.e. a change in time, using the mixer motor as a glorified rheometer has
temperature or energy. Equally important is the fact proved much more difficult than originally expected.
that each step can be run under the conditions most Theoretically control of this type is still possible, but
suited to it. Where feedback control is in use, this is more particularly with tangential rotors as the rising
normally operated only in one, generally the last, step torque characteristic of intermeshing rotors towards the
of the cycle. Occasionally feedback control is used end of the cycle makes for extremely difficult
earlier in the cycle where it may be chemically interpretation of the figures. A system of sampling the
necessary to incorporate a particular ingredient before batch by utilising a miniature extruder through the side
the cycle progresses, such as in the mixing of of a mixer has been reported by Francis Shaw (45). In
thermoplastic rubbers. this case measurement of screw torque and pressure
values allow some characterisation of the mix in an
What has not developed to any great degree since open intermeshing rotor mixer to achieve a suitable end
mill mixing is the technique for developing the best point.
compound from a particular set of ingredients. For
highest quality and dispersion the addition of polymer
and small ingredients at the start followed by several
filler additions, with oils being fed with the last filler 9.3 On Line Control
addition, almost invariably still gives the best
compound. Internal mixing simply reduces the number Some recent work by Werner & Pfleiderer (a.ll) has
of filler additions required to achieve adequate quality. brought a different interpretation to on line control of
compounding. This work consists of two developments,
the Rheomill which consists of a stationary
instrumented plough operating against the rubber sheet
9.1 Cycle Control
on a rotating mill, and RELMA (REmote Laser
MicroAnalysis) which can analyse the distribution of
Temperature is always used in cycle control as an
additives along a sheet of rubber.
absolute value, but both time and energy can be used
either from the start of the cycle, or from the start of a
step, such that a cycle may be written in either of two
ways: 9.3.1 The Rheomill

The Rheomill, by measuring the tangential force on

the wedge, is claimed to be able to detect relatively
Time from Stepwise Rotor
small changes in compound processing characteristics.
start time speed These changes can be related to either Mooney or
capillary rheometer data and, as results are
Feed Polymers 0 0 60 instantaneous as soon as a batch is properly banded
Feed Filler 1 30" 30" 60 onto the mill, can be used to make decisions on the
suitability of the batch for downstream processing.
Feed Filler 2 60" 30" 40
Feed Oil 75" 15" 60
Dump 120" or 150°C 45" or 150°C 30 9.3.2RELMA

The RELMA apparatus uses a laser to ablate a very

small fraction of the surface of a moving sheet of
material, for instance between mill and festoon cooler.
Energy could be substituted for time in the above
This ablated material is heated up to plasma
example.
temperatures by the laser, and the light produced can
be analysed by spectrometry for concentrations of
particular chemical groups related to the compound in
9.2 Feedback Control question. The variations in concentrations can be
monitored, giving an indication of the linear
Feedback control is generally used to adjust rotor speed homogeneity of the whole sheet or batch of compound
and ram pressure to control the mix to a particular at the monitoring position.

23
 Rubber Mixing

10 MIXING QUALITY PROBLEMS (a) is the shape when new, with tip clearance 'x'.

10.1 Machine Wear (b) has the leading edge slightly rounded, but most of
the tip width remains.
Disregarding the problems which can arise from
variation in raw material quality, and assuming that (c) is rounded, very little tip width remains, but tip
the batch weight was determined and was correct when clearance will measure as O.K.
a mixer was new, a gradual fall off in mixing quality
can be put down to machine wear and tear. For a limited (d) Tip clearance has increased, mixer is significantly
period of time compensation for wear can be made by worn.
increasing batch weight, but even a full mechanical
inspection on a mixer cannot necessarily indicate the Obviously mixing quality depends on tip width for
effect which wear can have. A simple example would dispersion, and at both (a) and (b) it is unlikely that
be a statement in an engineer's report on a tangential dispersion will be affected. At (c) one would expect a
mixer such as 'Leading tip edges rounded, tip clearance significant effect on dispersion, and at (d) dispersion
still within specification'. would not have to be the main criterion of the mix.
Increasing the tip width of a new machine, a technique
What does this mean?- It means that mixing quality in which has been adopted by Carter Bros, reduces the
critical compounds could be severely affected. impact of wear, and the ultimate example, as typified
by intermeshing machines, provides dispersion
Consider the tip shape at (a), (b), (c) and (d) performance until significant wear occurs on the mixer
(Figure 17). jackets.

t
(b)
(a)

.£L t ,~I/ ( /t:_

:(.

t t

(c)
(d)

Figure 17
Effect of wear on tangential rotors

24
 Rubber Mixing

10.2 Cured Nibs properties. Laboratory mixers should be appreciated

for what they are; a simple and clean method of
A second regular complaint about mixing quality is developing new compounds.
'cured nibs'. Almost invariably, these come from the
dust stop area of the mixer. Dust stops rely generally
on adequate lubrication and adequate process oil feed
11.2 Machine Type
to ensure their performance and long life. Unfortunately
most chemists do not want the added complication of To change machine type, say from a tangential machine
extra process oil from the dust stops in their carefully to an intermeshing machine requires much more care.
worked out formulae. They therefore want the process A good guide for batch weight conversion is to adjust
oil feed at a minimum, and even though lubrication oil the fill factor by the ratio 63175; this has been found to
should not enter the mixing chamber this is often give good results on intermeshing rotor mixers. It is
reduced as well. We now have two contrasting well documented that the cooling surface to volume
requirements. The result of too little lubrication is wear, ratio is greater on the intermeshing mixer. The energy
both on dust rings and rotor ends/wear plates. When loss into the cooling water is greater and thus a simple
sufficient wear has taken place pockets can develop KWh/Kg conversion is less valid. Claims are often
which retain some of the rubber from one batch to made that a different mixing technique may also be
another, escaping from the dust stop area into the mix required on the intermeshing machine, although this
as little worms or nibs. The wet mulch is no longer has been found necessary only in very few cases. Some
present in the dust stop area, leading to cross
experimentation with mixing time, dump temperature
contamination between batches. Additionally, and more
and energy input will be required in this case.
worryingly, dry dust rings may develop excessive
temperature, leading to the release of small pieces of
cured rubber.
12 RECENT RESEARCH

Much work has been done over the years, in educational

11 SCALE UP/DOWN and research institutions, and in the laboratories of the
larger rubber companies, to determine how materials
It is often necessary to move mixing from one mixer mix. On a less classical and more commercial level,
to another, either for maintenance or production the major mixer manufacturers have also contributed
reasons. If the two machines are of similar size, make significantly to this knowledge with their work on rotor
and degree of wear there are generally no problems. If shapes and machine design. Yet with all this work
the machines are of different sizes, or different makes completed there is still a significant distance to go
then care has to be taken. before a true understanding of mixing emerges. The
following is a brief outline of work going on at a
number of the universities active in rubber mixing
research. It is by no means an exhaustive list, and
11.1 Machine Size apologies are offered to any individual or any institution
which has not been included.
Considering first the problem of changing machine size,
on tangential. machines it is very simple to calculate
the correct batch size as fill factors are transferable. To
determine the compounding method for consistent 12.1 Loughborough University
material takes a little more effort, as the smaller
machine has the better cooling surface to volume ratio, Work from Loughborough University under
and hence potentially a cooler dump temperature for a Dr.P.Freakley has encompassed study of both basic
similar energy input. In most cases dumping to a similar mixing theory, especially in internal mixers, and the
energy input (KWh/Kg) should give better results than mathematical modelling of mixing.
time or temperature.
Studies have been made of the rate of distribution of
An extreme case of scaling is from the laboratory to mixing of sulphur in different types of mixer (220).
the production plant. Normally there is no sensible way The actual number of rotations of the rotor was found
of attempting scale-up from a one litre machine to an to have the major influence. Mixer size and compound
eighty litre machine with any hope of similar compound rheology were found unimportant.

25
 Rubber Mixing

The batch mixing process has been evaluated using work on such a small mixer is representative of
finite element modelling techniques (264, 284). production machinery, but those who have used both
types of production machines may well recognise some
Flow visualisation of the mixing process in a two similarities.
dimensional model has utilised a modified mill
arrangement with shaped ploughs to simulate the shape Work has also been conducted on different methods of
of a mixing rotor acting against the side of a mixer. assessing black dispersion (305). It may be interesting
Different ploughs were used to simulate different styles to compare this work which was carried out on several
of rotor (145). This work has been tied in with the finite grades of SBR with similar work done in other
element modelling of the batch mixing process with universities using other polymers, as and when
very successful results. publication occurs.

Studies of the changing viscosity occurring during Also at Akron University, Nakajima has recently been
black mixing with a single polymer have proposed that involved in studies on viscoelasticity and its effect in
this can be attributed to the release of rubber from its mixing, and several papers having been published on
occluded state as the black agglomerates are broken this topic (84,101,128). These reports are interesting,
down (96). especially if taken chronologically, as they relate
mixing to the real world and use language that most
Other studies have included the use of a smooth rubber technologists could understand. Prior to this
biconical rotor in a TMS rheometer, and capillary some work was carried out on mixing of silicas and
rheometers to study effects of different shear rates on the use of process aids in silica mixing (225,245).
mixing. A very significant contribution to mixing has
been shown to be extensional flow rather than simple
shear or shear rate. 12.3 Tecnion-Israel Institute of Technology

Dr Z. Tadmor has been more heavily involved with

theories of continuous mixing and consequently the
12.2 The University of Akron
mixing of plastics, and was responsible for the theories
which ultimately led to the invention of the Diskpak
At the Institute of Polymer Engineering, within the
compounder by the Farrel company in the 1980s. He
University of Akron, Professor J.L.White and his team
has however published some work on compounding
have specialised in flow visualisation studies using a
of viscoelastic materials (92,a.12).
modified Haake miniature mixer. Many references can
be found which relate to flow visualisation with scaled
down bales (332), polybutadienes of varying
microstructure and SBR polymers of varying styrene 12.4 Case Western University
content (321), phase morphology development in
blends of NBR and EPR (257) and tertiary blends of Work at Case Western University, Cleveland, under I.
CR, NBR and EPR (195), and different rotor styles Manas-Zloczower has specialised in the use of a Fluid
(129,235). Dynamics Analysis Package to study flow within the
mixing chamber of a tangential mixer (a size B
Modelling of mixing has been based on cylindrical co- Banbury) (108,316). It developed from early ideas to
ordinate hydrodynamic lubrication theory and the the application of this analysis package to both batch
development of this theory may be studied in reference and continuous mixing. The use of particle tracking to
206. indicate distributive mixing ability has been
incorporated into this work to give a better model of
Comparison of mixing in tangential and intermeshing true mixing (108,134). A study of mixing in the Pomini
machinery, and the mechanisms of motion of VIC mixer has also been made using both a FIDAP
elastomers in the two types of machine provide another package and particle tracking (83).
area of study at this university (129,256). Used for this
work was a 750ml Haake Rheocord mixer specially Work related to flow and fluid dynamics has also been
modified to allow observation of progress of mixing. reported, with analysis of agglomerate separation,
Published conclusions from this work indicate higher rupture and dispersion by erosion in linear flow fields.
mix circulation rates and faster bale homogenisation, This work utilised a simple cone and plate device, with
black incorporation and oil incorporation times using carbon black in a viscous fluid (polydimethylsiloxane)
intermeshing rotors. It is open to argument whether (277).

26
 Rubber Mixing

13 THE FUTURE a.3 Tire Technology Intemational1993; ITEC 94,

paper 12C.
Developments in both machinery and process control
will assist in achievement of better rubber compounds. a.4 Brite Euram Project BREU0416, 1991-1994
The chemical industries will also contribute to this by 'Development of a continuous process and
manufacturing more easily dispersed chemicals and prototype for manufacturing rubber
developing better control of molecular structure of compounds for car tyres, drive belts, conveyor
polymers. The use of compatibilisers developed for the belts and technical rubber articles'.
rubber industry is likely to increase, particularly in the
blending of the polymers. This should give better filler a.5 E. Facoetti, ACS Rubber Division, 144th
distribution between the rubber phases. meeting, 26-28/10/93. Paper 26.

a.6 Eur.Rubb.J., 175, No.5, May 1993, p.37.

Continuous mixing will increase in the areas suitable
for this technique, but will not usurp the batch mixer
a. 7 Melotto - Scandinavian Rubber Conference,
in the mainstream of curable rubber mixing.
Oslo, 1991.
In the opinion of the author, and in spite of the long
a.8 European Patent No. EP 0170397.
established nature of this industry, if it proves to be as
innovative in the future as it has been in the last decade a.9 Kobe Steel. Promotional Literature.
or so, then it will remain a very satisfying and exciting
field in which to work. a.lO European Patent No. EP 272338A (29/6/88)

a.11 Roeder, Limpner & Lorenzer, ITEC 1994,

Paper 23C.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES
a.12 Z. Tadmor, Mixing processes in Polymer
a.l. D.H.Killefer, 'Banbury -The Master Mixer'. Processing, Elsevier Applied Science
Palmerton Publishing Co. Inc. 1962. Publishers Ltd. 1986.

a.2. Private Communications. a.13 J.L.White, Rubber Processing, Hanser,l975.

27
 Rubber Mixing

28
 References and Abstracts

References from the Rapra Abstracts Database

Item I Item 4
Rubb.World214, No.2, May 1996, p.58 lnt.Polym.ScLTechnol. 23, No.1, 1996, p.T/29-33
POLYMER FEED SYSTEM STUDIES OF RUBBER MIXING. III. FACTORS
INFLUENCING BLACK INCORPORATION TIME
It is briefly reported that the MixMate polymer feed Urabe N; Takatsugi H; Ito M; Toko H; Nakada M
system from Neptune Chemical Pump is said to provide
the most economical and efficient method yet to dilute and A semi-quantitative evaluation is described for the mixing
activate polymers. This multi-stage mixing system is of rubber compounds. Factors controlling the black
available in a range of models that incorporate the incorporation time in SBR are discussed. 7 refs.
company's high-energy injection module with single or Copyquest order no.591789
double-stage static mixers and rotometer-style flow meters
to permit greater flexibility in releasing and mixing a wide Item 5
variety of polymers. !49th ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Spring 1996.
NEPTUNE CHEMICAL PUMP Conference preprints Montreal, 5th-8th May 1996,
USA paper 31, pp.33. 012 ACS,Rubber Div.
Copyquest order no.592518 USE OF CARBON BLACK STRUCTURE AND
SPECIFIC AREA IN THE ASSESSMENT OF
COMPOUND PROPERTIES
Probst N; Donnet J B
Item 2
Corp. Ed.: ACS,Rubber Div.
Kauch.i Rezina No.4, 1994, p.33-6
Russian Two major carbon black parameters are analysed: structure
NON-ISOTHERMAL DISPERSIVE FLOW OF A and specific surface area. Structure is considered from a
RUBBER MIX IN THE CHAMBER OF A MIXER more dynamic point of view as it is known that carbon
Baranov A V; Dakhin 0 Kh; Gerasimenko VA black structure can be destroyed by mechanical forces
prior to incorporation but is also submitted to forces when
The authors established a mathematical model to take into incorporated and in service. Its evolution in the compound
account the non-steady-state character of batch mixing of is followed by the values observed on carbon black
rubber. Theoretical analysis was carried out in terms of the recovered by pyrolysis. Structure assessed by the
mechanics of a continuous medium. Data are presented on evolution of electrical resistivity. The specific surface area
the change in the average temperature of the rubber mix is considered from the carbon black-polymer interaction
during mixing and on the kinetics of dispersion of carbon point of view. Also considered is the extension as well as
black in the rubber mix. 9 refs. Articles from this journal the chemical and physical qualities of the surface. 26 refs.
can be requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra MMM SA; HAUTE-ALSACE,UNIVERSITE
produced International Polymer Science and Technology. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
RUSSIA WESTERN EUROPE
Copyquest order no.592322 Copyquest order no.591672

Item 6
Item 3 !49th ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Spring 1996.
lnLPolym.Processing 11, No.I, March 1996, p.3-13 Conference preprints Montreal, 5th-8th May 1996,
35 YEARS OF STUDIES OF MIXING OF RUBBER paper 7, pp.8. 012 ACS,Rubber Div.
AND VISCOELASTICITY BATCH INCLUSION BAGS- WHICH ONE IS
NakajimaN RIGHT FOR YOU
Akron,University Drasner J; Drasner J
Corp. Ed: ACS,Rubber Div.
A review is given of the mixing of rubber with reinforcing
The reasons for the growing interest in batch inclusion
fillers with emphasis given to the viscoelastic nature of
packaging are explained. Important benefits realised by
rubber. The relationship between the mill processability to
the manufacturer through the use of batch inclusion film
the elongation and failure behaviour of gum rubber is
and bags are emphasised. New developments relative to
discussed. Interaction between rubber and carbon black
batch inclusion materials are presented. Emphasis is
and material and internal mixer is mentioned. A method of
placed on film and bags containing resins made using
constructing viscoelastic master-curves from the tensile
metallocene catalyst technology. Differences in melting
stress-strain data is presented. 30 refs.
point, chemical resistance and water vapour transmission
USA rates are reveiwed. In depth discussion focuses on
Copyquest order no.591923 techniques for determining the most important property

29
 References and Abstracts

melting point. Various test methods, primarily the use of a powder conveying system, an automatic weighing system
differential scanning calorimeter, are highlighted. DSC for carbon black, oils and compounding ingredients, a
curves are shown and analysed for proper melt point computer control system for milling, and a weighing
determinations. system for small particle size powders.
DRASNER J.,& CO.INC. CHINA
USA Copyquest order no. 590621
Copyquest order no. 591648
Item 10
Item 7 BriLPlasLRubb. May 1996, p.12/4
Patent Number EP-712657-Al 96.05.22 BREATHING NEW LIFE INTO THE PIN BARREL
RAW MATERIAL MIXING METHOD AND Capelle G
APPARATUS Berstorff H.,Maschinenbau GmbH
Mineo K; Kano K
Berstorff has used both the pin barrel and Transfermix
Yokohama Rubber Co.Ltd.
rubber extruder technologies in its Pinconvert extruder, in
The apparatus comprises a cylindrical container, agitating which a modified Transfermix-type mixing section
blades rotatable in the cylindrical container, driving means follows a pin section. The redesign of the Transfermix
for rotating the blades and a control unit for controlling section combines multiple flights on both screw and barrel
cyclic switching of the rotational speed of the agitating sections, giving increased plasticising at this point and
blades between a high and low level. The method for eliminating the need on the original Transfermix to have
mixing several raw materials to produce a viscous material several mixing sections in tandem. Berstorff is currently
is also briefly described. building Pinconvert extruders with screw diameters from
JAPAN 90-250mm and L:D ratios of 8 to 10.
Copyquest order no.591414 EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Item 8 Copyquest order no.590470
China Synthetic Rubber Industry 19, No.3, 1996,
p.182-4 Item 11
Chinese Patent Number US5453250-A 95.09.26
THEORETICAL EXPLORATION ON METHOD APPARATUS FOR THE PREPARATION OF A
OF CONTROLLING INSTANTANEOUS POWER FLOWABLE REACTION MIXTURE
ON MIXING TECHNOLOGY IN INTERNAL Kreuer K D; Schulte K
MIXER BayerAG
Chen Kejuan; Zhang Hai
South China, University of Technology Leakage problems can be avoided in an apparatus for the
preparation of a solid or cellular plastic-forming, flowable
Theoretical aspects of the control of instantaneous power reaction mixture of at least two flowable reaction
in mixing technology are considered, with reference to the components and at least one additional component, by
mechanism of the rubber mixing process, the rheological providing in the feed pipe of one of the reaction
theory of the internal mixer and the power curve in the components a mechanical pre-mixer having a stirrer shaft.
mixing process. Compared with the method of controlling Upstream of the pre-mixer, a hydraulic motor comprising
the energy, the present method controls the viscosity of the two meshing toothed wheels which is driven by the
compound during mixing and ensures that the mixing components themselves, is disposed on an extension of the
process is in an optimal state. It can therefore be used for stirrer shaft, and wherein the bearings of the toothed
controlling and supervising the mixing process in an wheels and the stirrer shaft are outwardly enclosed.
internal mixer. 13 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
CHINA WESTERN EUROPE
Copyquest order no.590635 Copyquest order no.590372

Item 9 Item 12
China Synthetic Rubber Industry 19, No.3, 1996, Patent Number US5453249-A 95.09.26
p.143-4 APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING A FLOWABLE
Chinese REACTION MIXTURE FROM AT LEAST TWO
TECHNICAL ADVANCES IN UPSTREAM FLOWABLE REACTION COMPONENTS
EQUIPMENT OF INTERNAL MIXER Proksa F; Sulzbach H M; Duschanek H; Wirth J; Raffel
LinXiujian R
Guilin,Design & Research lnst.ofRubber Ind. Maschinenfabrik Hennecke GmbH
A report is presented on technical developments in In the production of a flowable reaction mixture of at least
upstream equipment of an internal mixer, including a two flowable, also not readily miscible, reaction

30
 References and Abstracts

components which react completely with each other to The mechanism of morphology formation in PP/EPDM
form a solid substance or foam material, a rapid abatement blends and their reactive compounds was essentially
of the mixture flow is achieved with a compact type of dependent on the structure of the components. By selective
construction after causing throttling at the discharge of the crosslinking of the rubber phase during the compounding
mixing chamber. process, the former co-continuous phase morphology of
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; the blend could be deliberately changed into a
WESTERN EUROPE matrix-particle morphology. The vulcanised rubber
Copyquest order no.590371 particles became very fmely dispersed despite the higher
volume fraction of rubber and they were embedded into
Item 13 the thermoplastic matrix. This mechanism of morphology
Kautu.Gummi Kunst. 49, No.4, April1996, p.285-8 formation was connected to the material and heat transport
SIMULATION OF FLOW IN AN INTERNAL processes interacting in the processing step. Using the
MIXER TO EVALUATE ROTOR DESIGN: results from model simulations, it was possible to draw
EFFECT OF NON-NEWTONIAN BEHAVIOUR conclusions about the morphology formation process. The
formation of characteristic matrix-particle morphology in
Hu B; White J L
selectively crosslinked PP/EPDM blends was markedly
Akron, University
affected by the kinetics of the vulcanisation of the rubber
The flow in the mixing chamber with separate rotors in an phase and occurred immediately after adding the curing
internal mixer was modelled for a viscous non-Newtonian agent. After the fast chemical cross linking reaction visible
fluid (simulating an elastomer). The effect of rotor design in the torque maximum of the laboratory mixer and the
on material flow fluxes in the internal mixer was analysed. morphology obtained, only distribution processes of the
Rotor designs in the patent literature are critically rubber particles improved the homogeneity of the system.
discussed. 29 refs. 18 refs.
USA EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
Copyquest order no.590037 WESTERN EUROPE
Copyquest order no.590032
Item 14
Kautu.Gummi Kunst. 49, No.4, April1996, p.280/4
German Item 16
ANALYSIS OF OPERATIONAL BEHAVIOUR IntPolym.Sci.Technol. 22, No.12, 1995, p.T/43-6
AND MIXING EFFICIENCY OF A FEASIBILITY OF ESTIMATING THE DEGREE
TRANSFERMIX-EXTRUDER FOR DIFFERENT OF MIXING FROM THE DIELECTRIC
GEOMETRIES OF THE TRANSFER ZONE CONSTANT
Michaeli W; Meiertoberens U Shiga S; Oka N
RWTH;IKV
The quality of extrudates is mainly dependent on the The relation between mixing time and dielectric constant
homogeneity ofthe melt during extrusion and the latter can was examined as part of a study of the correlation between
be influenced by specially-designed mixing zones or degree of mixing of rubber compounds and physical
elements, where the melt flow is split, distributed and properties. Compounds were prepared in a Brabender
merged again. The alternative principle of Transfermix, plastograph using a previously-described EPDM-FEF
which is currently mainly used in the extrusion of formulation. The compound was formed into sheet, the
elastomers, is presented. In this case, mixing is achieved capacitance was measured with an impedance analyser
in the transfer zone by transferring the melt into a and the dielectric constant was calculated. Capacitance
specially-designed barrel and from the barrel back into the measurement was more reproducible than conductivity
flights of the screw. By considering different geometries measurement and, as with conductivity, a plot of dielectric
of the transfer zone, the influences of important processing constant versus mixing time on semilogarithmic graph
parameters, such as screw speed and backpressure, on the paper showed a well-defined inflection point. The curve
material properties are examined. 8 refs. exhibited a large change, its height at 10 min being
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; between one half and one third of the height at a mixing
WESTERN EUROPE time of 30 sec. The large change ended within the
'minimum mixing time', the dielectric constant changing
Copyquest order no.590036
slowly thereafter. This characteristic demonstrated the
suitability of the dielectric constant for evaluating the
Item 15
degree of mixing in rubber-carbon black systems. The
Kautu.Gummi Kunst. 49, No.4, April1996, p.249/57
theoretical basis of the experimental observations
German
remained unclear. 7 refs. (Full translation ofNippon Gomu
MORPHOLOGY FORMATION IN DYNAMIC
Kyokaishi, No.3, 1995, p.193)
VULCANISED PP/EPDM BLENDS
Radusch H J; Pham T JAPAN
Halle,Martin-Luther-Universitat Copyquest order no.590010

31
 References and Abstracts

Item 17 eliminate variables in order to achieve consistency of

lnLPolym.Sci.Technol. 22, No.l2, 1995, p.T/37-42 product. Areas examined include the process compound
STUDIES OF RUBBER MIXING. I. ACTION OF properties and measurement methods, design of mixing
ZINC OXIDE processes, design of shaping processes, automation, and
Urabe N; Takatsugi H; Ito M; Toko H; Fukui M process monitoring, control and optimisation.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
The presence of zinc oxide was shown to have a significant
EUROPE
effect on the mechanism of carbon black incorporation in
an internal mixer. Depending on the triboelectric Copyquest order no.589772
properties of the rubber, the reduction in electrical charge
due to mixing negatively charged carbon black with Item 20
positively charged zinc oxide markedly shortened the Rubb.World213, No.5, Feb.l996, p.30-3
black incorporation time with increasing temp. of cooling IMPROVING MIXING, QUALITY WITH
water. It was therefore possible to predict the mixing DISPERSIONS
behaviour of rubber and carbon black by combining DeanPR
information on triboelectric properties with the stress Harwick Chemical Corp.
relaxation time. 7 refs. (Full translation ofNippon Gomu
Kyokaishi, No.I, 1995, p.62) Mixing operations and product quality are often improved
JAPAN by using dispersions of additives. The role of chemical
dispersions and the values they provide are classified into:
Copyquest order no.590009
product quality, manufacturing economics and
environmental responsibility. The role of chemical
Item 18 dispersions and their impact on these valued
Rubb.Chem.Technol. 69, No.I, March-Aprill996, p.l-7 improvements are discussed in detail. This article
ANALYSIS OF POWER REQUIREMENTS AND examines theory and basic principles, polymer-based
DISPERSION QUALITY IN BATCH dispersions, plasticiser/oil-based dispersions, pre-wet and
COMPOUNDING USING A DISPERSION MODEL encapsulated powders, absorbed liquids or dry liquid
FOR SINGLE AGGLOMERATES concentrates, product quality issues and new concepts.
Bohin F; Feke D L; Manas-Zloczower I
Case Western Reserve University
USA
Copyquest order no.587355
The extent of dispersion and torque requirements are
known to vary with processing time during the
Item 21
compounding of filled polymers in batch mixers. Starting
Patent Number EP-688600-Al 95.12.27
with a model for the erosion of single agglomerates under
CONTINUOUS MIXER AND ROTOR SEGMENT
simple shear flow conditions, equations were developed
REMOVALTOOLFORTHESAME
which enabled correlation and prediction of the evolution
Hiroshi U; Tsugushi F; Kazuyoshi I; Hirofumi K; Shoji
of both dispersion quality and mixing torque during the
Y; Shin H; Kimio I; Ryota M; Yoshimitsu T; Katsunori T
course of processing. There was good agreement between
Kobe Seiko Sho KK
the shape of predicted dimensionless torque curves and
experimental results for silica-silicone rubber premixes. A continuous mixer is described in which the rotors used
The model was also found to be useful in correlating to mix the material are composed of a rotor shaft, and a
results reported in the literature for the quality of number of rotor segments fitted onto the rotor shaft. The
dispersion of carbon black into NR. 12 refs. rotor segments can be removed from the shaft and replaced
USA by rotor segments of differing specifications to produce a
Copyquest order no. 589971 rotor of a different shape and specification in accordance
with any change in the kind of mixing conditions required.
Item 19 JAPAN
Materials World 4, No.4, April1996, p.l94-6 Copyquest order no.587015
RUBBER PROCESSING: EVOLUTION AND
CHALLENGES
Item 22
Freakley P
Particulate-Filled polymer Composites Harlow,
Loughborough,University
Longman, 1995, p.l65-205. 51
Changes in rubber processing methods are discussed with Manchester,Metropolitan University; Rothon
reference to the advent of new technologies and practices. Consultants
The rubber processing industry has faced over the last PREPARATION AND MIXTURE
decade, an ever increasing demand for improved product CHARACTERISATION OF
performance, in terms of function, the severity of the PARTICULATE-FILLED POLYMER
service environment, and the service life. A review is COMPOUNDS
presented of automation and computer controlled systems Hornsby P R (Edited by: Rothon R N)
which have enabled the processor to identify, control and Brunei University

32
 References and Abstracts

Mixing and extrusion compounding methods and Item 25

machinery and ancillary equipment used in the preparation IRC '95 Kobe International Rubber Conference.
of particulate filled polymer compounds are described, and Conference proceedings Kobe, 23rd-27th Oct.1995,
the influence of compounding procedures on composite p.670-3. 012 Japan,Society of Rubber Industry
properties is discussed. Techniques used in characterising VISUALISATION OF VULCANISATION USING
filled compounds for residence time distribution, specific AN INTERNAL MIXER
energy input, dispersion, rheological properties and Toh M; Gondoh T; Asahara Y; Mori T; Murakami Y;
microstructure and for non-destructive testing are OkaiD
reviewed. 76 refs. Kurume,College of Technology; Kyushu Rubber
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN Co.Ltd.; Kyushu,University (Corp. Ed.: Japan,Society
EUROPE of Rubber Industry)
Copyquest order no.586696 The vulcanisation process of butyl rubber curing reagents
is observed directly in a two-dimensional mixer through a
transparent front window of the mixer. The torque of a
Item 23
rotor axis, and the temperature and pressure of the rubber
Rubb.Chem.Technol. 68, No.5, Nov-Dec.1995,
increases when the vulcanisation occurred. The torque
p.773-82
decreases suddenly when the rubber becomes powdery.
ANALYSIS OF MIXING EFFICIENCY IN A
The same vulcanisation is also carried out in a
MULTI-CUT TRANSFERMIX
three-dimensional internal mixer, and the same
Tao Li; Hongfei Cheng; Manas-Zloczower I
phenomena with the two-dimensional mixer are observed.
Case Western Reserve University
4 refs.
Three-dimensional flow patterns of a power law model JAPAN
fluid in a Multi-Cut Transfermix(MCT) were calculated. Copyquest order no.586295
A particle tracking algorithm was used to study the
dynamics of mixing. Distributive mixing efficiency was Item 26
quantified in terms of length stretch distributions and IRC '95 Kobe International Rubber Conference.
average values. The influence of rotational speed and axial Conference proceedings Kobe, 23rd-27th Oct.1995,
pressure difference on mixing efficiency, under constant p.666-9. 012 Japan,Society of Rubber Industry
output, was analysed. The mixing performance in the MCT MIXING BEHAVIOUR OF RUBBER AND
was also compared with that in a single-screw extruder PARTICLES IN AN INTERNAL MIXER
with the same dimensions as the entrance region of MCT Toh M; Gondoh T; Mori T; Murakami Y; Nishimi H;
and operating at the same flow rate. 5 refs. MishimaM
USA Kurume,College of Technology; Kyushu,University;
Copyquest order no.586554 Sumitomo Heavy Industries Ltd. (Corp. Ed.:
Japan,Society of Rubber Industry)

Item 24 The mixing behaviour of butyl rubber and particles is

China Synthetic Rubber Industry 19, No.2, 1996, investigated in a three-dimensional internal mixer
p.108-11 equipped with new-type rotors having a concave rear part.
Chinese In spite of small helix angles of 5 deg. and 15 deg., the
ANALYSIS ON INFLUENCE OF helix angle of the rotor wings affects the degree of mixing
INSTANTANEOUS POWER ON PLASTICITY OF to attain the homogeneous mixing: the larger the helix
MIXTURE IN MIXING PROCESS WITH angle, the better the degree of mixing. The degree of
STATISTICAL METHOD mixing of the new type rotor is better than that of the
Zhang Hai; He Dehua; Li Qinmin; Ma Tiejun; Zhao conventional type rotor. 4 refs.
Liangzhi JAPAN
South China, University of Technology Copyquest order no.586294

The effects of the time, energy consumption and

Item 27
instantaneous power on the plasticity of mixture in mixing
China Rubb.Ind. 43, No.3, 1996, p.167-71
process were compared with the results obtained by a
Chinese
statistical method. It was found that the correlation
REACTIVE INJECTION MOULDING MODIFIED
coefficient between instantaneous power and plasticity of
WITH MIXING TECHNOLOGY USED IN
mixture was highest and its influence most marked. The
ROTARY INJECTION MOULDING
instantaneous power control method was better than time
LiuHesheng
control or energy consumption control methods in rubber
mixing. 6 refs. 9 Refs.
CHINA CHINA
Copyquest order no.586446 Copyquest order no.586056

33
 References and Abstracts

Item 28 industries. Turnover and employment figures are

Iranian Polymer JournalS, No.I, Jan.l996, p.30-41 presented.
TRANSIENT FINITE ELEMENT MODEL OF GOVONI & C.,SPA; SIM BIANCA; PLANT SPA
MIXING OF RUBBER COMPOUNDS IN A EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;
BANBURY MIXER WESTERN EUROPE
Ghoreishy M H R Copyquest order no.583050
Iran,Polyrner Research Centre
A mathematical model was developed for the simulation Item 32
of the flow of elastomeric materials inside a typical I 48th ACS Rubber Division Meeting. Fall 1995.
Banbury mixer. The model combines the non-Newtonian Conference Preprints Cleveland, Oh., 17th-20th
behaviour of rubber compound with non-isothermal flow Oct.l995, Paper 125, pp.21. 012 ACS,Rubber Div.
regime in a transient condition. The set of the governing FUNDAMENTALS OF SETTING UP A MODERN
equations were solved using the fmite element method. 27 MIXING FACILITY
refs. Gooch L R; Musco M V; Pascuzzo FA
IRAN Gooch Engineering Associates; Musco Engineering
Copyquest order no.586036 Associates; Hancock Engineering Inc. (Corp. Ed.:
ACS,Rubber Div.)
Item 29 A review is made of the issues to be taken into account in
Rev.G.CaouLPlast. No.738, Feb.l995, p.58-9 planning a new rubber compounding or mill room facility,
French including the determination of annual production rate,
POLYURETHANES: A NEW MIXING HEAD selection and sizing of mixers, storage and handling
Petit R requirements, selection of feeding, weighing and
Hennecke France post-mixer forming and cooling equipment, and the
Technical features of mixing heads for polyurethanes are installation of mechanisation and automation. The impact
described, and details are given of the MX mixing head of quality control and environmental, health and safety
developed by Hennecke. issues on facility planning is also examined.
HENNECKE GMBH USA
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; Copyquest order no.583046
GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Copyquest order no. 583134 Item 33
I 48th ACS Rubber Division Meeting. Falll995.
Item 30 Conference Preprints Cleveland, Oh., 17th-20th
lnd.d.Gomma 38, No.l2, Dec.l994, p.22-5 Oct.l995, Paper 114, pp.8. 012 ACS,Rubber Div.
Italian KDS NON-LUBRICATED DUST STOPS
NEW HDM SERIES TANGENTIAL ROTORS Kapper D J; King T
PominiL Kobelco Stewart Bolling Inc.; Colonial Rubber Works
Pomini SpA Inc. (Corp. Ed.: ACS,Rubber Div.)
The design of Pomini's HOM tangential rotors is Details are given of the KDS dust stop developed by
described, and results are presented of mixing trials Kobelco Stewart Bolling for use on its intensive mixers.
undertaken with a number of rubber formulations to The standard bronze gland ring is replaced by a ring made
evaluate the effect of these rotors on distributive mixing. of a self-lubricating polyamide composite material,
6 refs. removing the need for lubrication oil, allowing reduced
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; process oil consumption, and giving longer seal life.
WESTERN EUROPE Results obtained by Colonial Rubber Works in the use of
Copyquest order no. 583125 the new dust stops are presented.
USA
Item 31 Copyquest order no.583037
MaLPlastElast. Nos.ll/12, Nov./Dec.l994, p.570-4
Italian
Item 34
GOVONI SIM BIANCA: YOUNG, BUT NOT THAT
Patent Number US5439286-A 95.08.08
YOUNG
METHODS OF CONSTRUCTING DRIVE
Fabbri L
ELEMENTS INCLUDING PADDLE AND SHAFT
Govoni Sim Bianca SpA
ASSEMBLIES FOR TWIN SCREW MIXER
An examination is made of the background and activities AND/OR PROCESSORS AND THE RESULTING
of Govoni Sim Bianca ofltaly, a Company manufacturing APPARATUS
compounding and mixing lines and storage, transportation Kowalczyk J E; Loomans B A
and weighing systems for the rubber, plastics and food APV Chemical Machinery Inc.

34
 References and Abstracts

Disclosed is a method of constructing or reconstituting a Item 37

shaft and paddle assembly for mixers and processors in BritPlastRubb. Feb.l996, p.8-9
which radially aligned paddles on parallel shafts revolving EXTENDING LABORATORY AUTOMATION
at the same speed in the same direction of rotation both INTO PRODUCTION
co-wipe and completely wipe the interior of the barrel of UrbanikD
the mixer or processor, which has a mixer chamber Eclipse Technical Software Service BV
comprising interconnecting cylindrical bores. The
co-wiping paddles are formed with paddle bores of a Automation in the rubber industry is common practice and
configuration comprising alternating lobular projections is being accepted more and more as a means to improve
and root recesses, and arcuate comer portions on the quality and efficiency of testing. The "information
lobular projections and root recesses. The arcuate comer highway" can be extended from the laboratory into
portions of the projections are tangential to the arcuate production, enabling more information to be gathered
comer portions of the root recesses. The shafts are formed about the process, even before tests on the produced
with intermeshing matching projections and root recesses. materials are carried out. Rather than rewriting control
USA
software to be able to communicate with the other
equipment, a management system can be put on top of
Copyquest order no.581949
these diverse programmes to provide an integrated
solution to data feeding and process parameter analysis.
Item 35 EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
Eur.Rubb.J. 178, No.3, March 1996, p.35-8 NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE
MIXING MOVES TO THE MILLENNIUM
Copyquest order no. 58! 523
White L
Pomini SpA is keen to promote its variable intermeshing
Item 38
clearance (VIC) mixer which can provide 30% higher
Patent Number W09513181-Al 95.05.18
productivity than a tangential mixer. The differences
MULTI-SHAFT CONTINUOUSLY OPERATING
between internal mixers with tangential and intermeshing
MIXER FOR MIXING PLASTIFIABLE
rotors are summarised. With the VIC the rotor clearance MATERIALS
can be varied during mixing. The company's twin dump
Rockstedt S
extruder (IDE) with roller die is also described. This
Maschinenfabrik S.Rockstedt GmbH
features a very compact gear box, ease of disassembly and
no stagnation of material. The TDE gives good This mixer has two shafts which rotate inside a housing;
homogenisation and dispersion, plus excellent cooling and the shafts pass through their respective cylindrical housing
faster feeding to the batch-off cooling area. The Vertical sections and are both provided with a feed and discharge
Screw Sheeter is the next development in dump extruders, zone and, between the latter two zones, at least one melt
still at a laboratory stage. and one mixing zone. The feed and discharge zones are
POMINI SPA formed by mutually engaging equidirectional worm
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; conveyors, while opposing mixing elements are provided
WESTERN EUROPE in the melt and mixing zones, the edges of the said mixing
Copyquest order no.581601 elements running past each other during rotation with
small clearance. The mixing elements consist of helical
processing elements which are substantially of the same
Item 36
BritPlastRubb. Feb.l996, p.23-5 length and have an axial pitch such that, within the
CONTINUOUS PRODUCTION OF SOLID chamber, one helical processing element conveys material
forwards while the other conveys material backwards.
POLYURETHANES
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
Linear PUR elastomers can be produced in batch type or WESTERN EUROPE
continuous processes. Co-rotating twin screw reactors
Copyquest order no.581467
have proved particularly suitable for the production of
homogeneous reaction products. This article describes the
manufacture of PUR elastomers on the ZSK twin screw Item 39
reactor from Werner & Pfleiderer. The continuous Kaut.u. Gummi Kunst. 49, No.1, Jan.l996, p.44-56
metering of the preheated liquid raw materials into the German
screw reactor is carried out gravimetrically using ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS OF FINAL MIXES OF
loss-in-weight feeders. Pelletising of the PU melt at the TECHNICAL RUBBER GOODS BY
end of the processing section is carried out according to LASER-INDUCED EMISSION SPECTROMETRY
the material consistency, as well as the required fmal pellet Schneider T; Ortner H M; Lorenzen C J; Jogwich M;
shape, using either strand cutting or hot die face cutting. Mertens W; Sanzenbacher E; Limper A
WERNER & PFLEIDERER GMBH Darmstadt,Technische Hochschule; Krupp
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY;GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE Entwicklungszentrum GmbH; Veritas Gummiwerke
Copyquest order no.581530 AG; Werner & Pfleiderer Gummitechnik GmbH

35
 References and Abstracts

Laser-induced emission spectral analysis, developed by pure component PVT properties. Interaction strengths,
Krupp as an in-stream elemental analysis method with obtained by small-angle neutron scattering measurements,
broad applications, was examined for its applicability and were classified as regular or irregular according to their
limits for the quality control of fmal mixes of t(;lchnical consistency with a solubility parameter formalism.
rubber goods for the automotive industry. Particular Characteristic pressure and temperature were obtained
attention was paid to the correlation of remote laser from PVT data on the pure components with various
microanalysis data with physical parameters. It was shown liquid-state models. For the regular blends, a close
that, apart from detection of errors in weighing and correspondence was found between the small-angle
detection of mixing inhomogeneities, the identification of neutron scattering-based and PVT-based solubility
particles and the control of incoming raw materials were parameter assignments, the latter being closely related to
possible with this method in the chemical laboratory. With the characteristic pressure, as expected. The pattern of
the exception of rheovulcametry, a number of physical deviations for the irregular blends, positive in some and
tests could be omitted. In contrast to the case of a tyre negative in others, effectively ruled out equation-of-state
factory, on-line monitoring of mixes for technical rubber contributions as a general explanation. However, the
goods was not possible, as a result of significant matrix results suggest that mismatches in both the characteristic
variety and frequent formulation changes. 8 refs. pressure and characteristic temperature play some role,
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; and some tentative attempts at generalisation are offered.
WESTERN EUROPE The polyolefms were prepared by polymerisation of the
Copyquest order no. 580672 monomers, e.g. isotactic PP, isotactic poly(l-butene),
polyisobutylene and statistical ethylene-propylene
copolymers or by hydrogenation of polydienes, e.g. atactic
Item 40
head-to-head PP, alternating ethylene-propylene
Kaut.u.Gummi Kunst. 49, No.I, Jan.l996, p.I0-7
copolymer and alternating ethylene-butene copolymers.
COMPARISON OF BLACK INCORPORATION
32 refs.
AND DEVELOPMENT OF DISPERSION IN
USA
INTERMESHING AND SEPARATED
COUNTER-ROTATING ROTOR INTERNAL Copyquest order no.580396
MIXERS
Kim P S; White J L Item 42
Akron, University !48th ACS Rubber Division Meeting. Fall1995.
Conference Preprints Cleveland, Oh., 17th-20th
A comparative investigation of the incorporation and Oct.l995, Paper 79A, pp.13. 012 ACS,Rubber Div.
development of dispersion of carbon black in an elastomer TANGENTIAL OR INTERMESIDNG MIXER?
with both intermeshing and separated rotors was TECHNOLOGICAL ASPECTS TO MAKE THE
conducted. In some of the studies, using a special internal RIGHT CHOICE
mixer built in the authors' laboratory, rotors based on the Pomini L; Marzella J
design of R.T.Cooke of Francis Shaw and Co. were used Pomini SpA; Pomini Inc.
and flow visualisation was carried out. In other studies of
the development of carbon black dispersion, both Shaw Mixers with tangential and intermeshing rotors are
and Pomini intermeshing rotors were used and compared described and compared, and technical advantages of VIC
with separated double flighted rotor designs developed by intermeshing mixers (Pomini) with variable rotor
F.H.Banbury. The intermeshing rotors were found more clearance are presented. Results are given of trials
rapidly to incorporate and disperse carbon black than undertaken to compare the mixing of different rubber
separated rotors. 41 refs. compounds in both types of mixer. 8 refs.
FRANCIS SHAW & CO.LTD.; POMINI EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; USA;
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
WESTERN EUROPE Copyquest order no.580262
Copyquest order no. 580666
Item 43
Item 41 I 48th ACS Rubber Division Meeting. Falll995.
Macromolecules 29, No.I, 1st Jan.l996, p.367-76 Conference Preprints Cleveland, Oh., 17th-20th
PURE COMPONENT PROPERTIES AND Oct.l995, Paper 61, pp.ll. 012 ACS,Rubber Div.
MIXING BEHAVIOUR OF POLYOLEFIN BLENDS CONTINUOUS MIXING OF EPDM
Krishnamoorti R; Graessley W W; Dee G T; Walsh D J; AUTOMOTIVE WEATHERSTRIP COMPOUNDS
Fetters L J; Lohse D J Tyler R C; Tredinnick D W; Burbank F R
Princeton, University; DuPont de Nemours E.l.,& Uniroyal Chemical Co.; Werner & Pfleiderer Corp.
Co.lnc.; Exxon Research & Engineering Co.
A comparison was made of the quality of dense EPDM
This paper summarises an extensive investigation of the automotive weather stripping compounds prepared using
thermodynamic interactions that govern phase behaviour a ZSK co-rotating twin-screw compounding extruder
in blends ofpolyolefins and examines their relationship to (Werner & Pfleiderer) and a Banbury mixer. Twin-screw

36
 References and Abstracts

extrusion compounding produced a compound in one pass Item 46

having characteristics identical to those of a compound China Synthetic Rubber Industry 19, No. I, 1996,
produced on the Banbury mixer in two passes. p.34-6
USA Chinese
Copyquest order no.580244 FLOW PATTERN IN VESSEL WITH
SCRAPED-SURFACE AGITATORS
Yu Luqiang; Feng Lianfang; Wang Kai; Li Yunming
Item 44 Zhejiang, University
I 48th ACS Rubber Division Meeting. Falll995. The Newtonian flow pattern near the various fluid-loaded
Conference Preprints Cleveland, Oh., 17th-20th blades was studied by streak photography of trace
Oct.l995, Paper 60, pp.l9. 012 ACS,RubberDiv. particles. The height and width of the streamline were
FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS OF MIXING determined to describe the flow pattern and they were
TECHNOLOGY FROM THE EQUIPMENT considered to be related to the efficiency of heat transfer
MANUFACTURER'S VIEWPOINT: WISHES AND of the blades. It was concluded that, in the case ofRe less
REALITY than 25, the height of the streamline could be used to
Haeder W; Heiss G indicate the efficiency of heat transfer, while in the case of
Midwest-Werner & Pfleiderer Inc. Re more than 25, the width of the streamline could be a
standard. In all blades, the blade with a level-tail was the
Developments by Werner & Pfleiderer in rubber mixing most effective in terms of heat transfer. 3 refs.
equipment are described. These include the WP Series of
CHINA
internal mixers, pneumatic and hydraulic hopper
assemblies, the DSE conical twin-screw extruder, the Copyquest order no.580071
PKS-500 process control system, and a rotary pusher for
force feeding pressurised single-screw extruders. Item 47
Elastomer Technology Handbook Boca Raton, Fl., CRC
WERNER & PFLEIDERER GMBH
Press, 1993, p.749-79 011 SciTech Technical Services
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
RUBBER MIXING PRINCIPLES
USA; WESTERN EUROPE
CheremisinoffN P (Edited by: CheremisinoffN P)
Copyquest order no.580243 SciTech Technical Services
Principles and practical aspects of conventional mixing
Item 45 practices for elastomeric materials are reviewed, with
I 48th ACS Rubber Division Meeting. Falll995. particular reference to compounding and blending
Conference Preprints Cleveland, Oh., 17th-20th operations for rubbers, including blade mixers, Banbury
Oct.l995, Paper 59, pp.20. 012 ACS,Rubber Div. mixer operation, and roll mixing. 58 refs.
METHOD FOR ACHIEVING THE REAL TIME USA
MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL OF Copyquest order no.579409
COMPOUND RHEOLOGY DURING BATCH
MIXING
Item 48
Brown C J; Edwards R
Shaw F.,& Co.(Manchester) Ltd.
PlastRubb.Wkly. No.l620, 26th Jan.1996, p.l7
MIXING IN THE SPOTLIGHT
Various conventional methods of achieving control over A seminar was held by JR Dare to enable delegates from
batch mixing of rubber in the internal mixer are described, the rubber industry to hear how Italian machine maker,
and the inability of such systems to cope with Pomini, saw mixing room technology developing. The
batch-to-batch variations in the rheology of feedstock company claims the most modern mixing room
materials is discussed. A new approach to closed loop installations in the world today are in the Far East. A
control of the mixer is presented which is based on the use number of these investments involve the use ofPomini's
of downstream processing parameters, typically those of VIC (variable intermeshing clearance) internal mixers.
extrusion or milling operations. The implementation of the The VIC mixer is effectively an intermeshing mixer with
concept in the measurement of typical extrusion shear the facility to adjust the clearance gap between the two
behaviour of a compound during mixing is described. The rotors. The rotor gap clearance can be used to influence fill
information obtained can then be used during the same volume, cycle time, energy consumption, compound
mixing cycle to control the operational parameters of the temperature and mix quality. Data is presented comparing
mixer to ensure that the compound attains the required a 1.9 litre laboratory VIC mixer with a PL1.6 tangential
value of this parameter before discharge from the mixer. 5 laboratory mixer.
refs. DARE J.R.; POMINI SPA
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; USA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
WESTERN EUROPE EUROPE
Copyquest order no.580242 Copyquest order no. 578153

37
 References and Abstracts

Item 49 turboemulsifier, the Versamix multi-agitator, discharge

Paderbom, 1994, pp.18. 12ins. 18/9/95.2813 systems, and a mixer emulsifier.
English; German EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;
LOEDIGE LEADING THE WORLD OF MIXING WESTERN EUROPE
TECHNOLOGY Copyquest order no.575328
Gebrueder Loedige Maschinenbau GmbH
Item 53
A product brochure is presented from Gebrueder Loedige
Biassono, 1992, pp.lO. 11ins. 19/5/95.2813
Maschinenbau which gives details of the company and its
PLANETARY MIXERS
range of mixing machinery. Fields of application are
Pressindustria Chemical Equipment SpA
discussed, and include pharmaceuticals and foodstuffs,
thermal process technology, environmental protection, Design features, technical specifications and a selection
and plastics technology. guide are presented for the series of double planetary
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; mixers from Ross. Stirrer design and rotation are claimed
WESTERN EUROPE to be highly evolved for optimal mixing efficiency. The
Copyquest order no.577326 LDM and HDM series are detailed.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Item 50 Copyquest order no.575326
China Rubb.Ind. 42, No.ll, 1995, p.676-81
Chinese Item 54
APPLICATION OF PC TO FLUIDISED Biassono, 1992, pp.6. 11ins. 19/5/95. 2813
PNEUMATIC CONVEYING SYSTEM AND VERSAMIX
WEIGHING SYSTEM OF UPSTREAM Pressindustria Chemical Equipment SpA
EQUIPMENT FOR INTERNAL MIXER
Xiao B; Wang Q Design features are described and illustrated of the Ross
Versamix multi-agitator mixer. The mixer is able to meet
Brief details are given of the analysis of conveying and the demands of customers manufacturing products ranging
weighing systems in internal mixers. from low to high viscosity consistencies by selecting the
ClllNA best combination of the three agitation systems offered
with the unit. Available are models for use in laboratory
Copyquest order no.575641
and integrated production systems.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;
Item 51 WESTERN EUROPE
Nottingham, c.l995, pp.4. 12ins. 10/4/95. 124 Copyquest order no.575325
CHRONOS RICHARDSON APPLICATION
REPORT, MIXING WITH THE BEST Item 55
Chronos Richardson Ltd. Macplas Int. Aug.1995, p.83
TWO-STAGE MIXERS
The use is described of Chronos Richardson's CR
Integrated Mixing Line at Avon Automotive's Specialist Integral mixers developed by Industrie Generali are
Mixing facility, and the ways in which it helped ensure basically made up of two independently driven units, each
consistency in the company's diverse range of rubber for a separate processing stage. The first takes place in a
formulations, and reduce the high reject rate previously counter-flow, counter-rotating twin-screw extruder whilst
achieved with their old manual rubber compounding the second is performed through a twin or single-screw
system. counter-rotating machine, depending on the application. A
AVON AUTOMOTIVE brief description is given.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN INDUSTRIE GENERAL!
EUROPE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;
Copyquest order no.575334 WESTERN EUROPE
Copyquest order no.571181

Item 52 Item 56
Biassono, 1992, pp.6. 11ins. 19/5/95. 2813 Macplas Int. Aug.1995, p.81-2
GENERAL ROTORS FOR DISTRIBUTIVE MIXING
Pressindustria Chemical Equipment SpA Pomini L
Pomini SpA
The range of mixing machinery from Ross is described and
illustrated. It includes a double planetary mixer, a To improve distributive mixing some innovations in the
Powermix, ribbon blender, vertical blender, kneader mixing technology have been produced, such as the
extruder, three roll mill, a motionless mixer, optimisation of the rotor flight angles, their length and the

38
 References and Abstracts

use ofthe 'even speed' that eliminates a non-homogeneous Item 59

temperature distribution within the batch. Recent Gummi Fas.Kunst. 41, No.6, 1994, p.390-8
developments are described, including high distributive German
mixing, evaluation of fundamental angle values, and IMPROVED TECHNOLOGIES FOR
filling factor. ELASTOMER PROCESSING. I. CONTINUOUS
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; MIXING IN THE TRANSFERMIX
WESTERN EUROPE Meiertoberens U; Herschbach C; Maass R
Copyquest order no.571179 The paper describes the multi-cut Transfermix process as
a means of continuous compounding of rubber into
vulcanisable elastomer mixes. The mixing process is
Item 57 analysed in detail, taking the example of SBR
Patent Number US5415823-A 95.05.16 compounding, encountered in applications such as
ME mOD AND APPARATUS FOR retreading oftyres. 12 refs. Articles from this journal can
MANUFACTURING RUBBER MIXTURES be requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra
Peter J produced International Polymer Science and Technology.
Continental AG EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
A base mixture of rubber and non-reactive additives is
Copyquest order no.565949
mixed at a first temperature in a batchwise operation in a
ram mixer. The base mixture is removed from the mixer
and formed into a strand, which is cooled to a temperature Item 60
at which the strand is still warm. The warm strand is then Eur.Adhes.& Seal. 12, No.3, Sept.1995, p.27
fed to a ramless mixer and reactive additives are added. In MIXING AND COMPOUNDING OF IDGH
a batchwise operation, the base mixture and the reactive VISCOSITY MATERIALS
additives are mixed at a second temperature, which is The design and capabilities are described of the
lower than the first temperature to form a finished rubber Pressmixer system from Voith, which is designed for the
mixture. Preferably, cooling and feeding of the strand are mixing and compounding ofhighly viscous materials. The
performed simultaneously. technology employed is claimed to improve product
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; quality and process productivity. Brief details are given of
WESTERN EUROPE its variable mixing volume, vacuum feeding and the use
Copyquest order no.567451 of an oscillating mixing tool.
VOITI:I J.M.,AG
AUSTRIA; WESTERN EUROPE
Item 58 Copyquest order no.563952
Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi 61, No.6, 1994, p.423-8
Japanese Item 61
RELATIONSIUP BETWEEN RUBBER MIXING lnLPolym.Sci.Technol. 22, No.5, 1995, p.T/68-72
BEHAVIOUR AND VOIDS INSIDE A STUDIES OF RUBBER MIXING. III. FACTORS
TWO-DIMENSIONAL INTERNAL MIXER INFLUENCING BIT
Toh M; Gondoh T; Mori T; Murakami Y; Nishimi H; Urabe N; Takatsugi H; Ito M; Toko H; Fukui M
MishimaM Kanagawa,University
Kurume,College of Technology; Kyushu,University;
Sumitomo Heavy Industries Ltd. The factors influencing black incorporation time of carbon
black into SBR in an internal mixer are discussed. Carbon
Polybutadiene rubber was kneaded using a blacks, oil-extended rubbers and oils were emphasised as
two-dimensional internal mixer equipped with rotor material factors, while rotor speed, rotor speed ratio, fill
blades of different shapes and the dependence of void factor and ram pressure were selected as mixing
volume on the shape of the rotor blades was investigated. parameters. Their effect on black incorporation time was
It was found that when the rear section of the blade was explored on the basis of a new mixing theory emphasising
cut out concavely more voids were formed and the electrostatic phenomena and rubber viscoelasticity. 7 refs.
transport of the rubber below the ram and above the bridge JAPAN
was efficient. Using the rotor blade giving the most Copyquest order no.563720
effective distribution of the rubber, the mixing behaviour
of the rubber and ion-exchange particles was studied. 12
Item 62
refs. Articles from this journal can be requested for
lnLPolym.Sci.Technol. 22, No.5, 1995, p.T/63-7
translation by subscribers to the Rapra produced
STUDIES OF RUBBER MIXING. II. RELATION
International Polymer Science and Technology.
BETWEEN BIT AND CARBON BLACK
JAPAN DISPERSION
Copyquest order no.565958 Urabe N; Takatsugi H; Ito M; Toko H; Fukui M

39
 References and Abstracts

Kanagawa,University APPARATUS WITH CYLINDERS ARRANGED

OPPOSITE EACH OTHER FOR ACTUATING
The mixing of carbon black into SBR was determined by THE ROD OF A PRESSER ELEMENT IN MIXING
studying the black incorporation time with and without the MACHINES OF THE INTERNAL TYPE
addition of zinc oxide. An analysis of the dispersions is Giani M M; Scotti E
discussed. 8 refs. Pomini SpA
JAPAN
The apparatus, which comprises a lower mixing assembly
Copyquest order no.563719
and an upper structure for feeding of the material, includes
at least one pair of guides arranged opposite each other on
Item 63 the sides of the feed structure parallel to the longitudinal
Patent Number US5399012-A 95.03.21 axes of the machine and in a symmetrical position with
FULLY SELF-CLEANING REACTOR/MIXER respect to the latter on the opposite sides of a transverse
WITH A LARGE USABLE VOLUME horizontal axis, and at least one pair of cylinders fixed to
Schuchardt H; Ullrich M the guides and having the rod of the piston connected to a
BayerAG cross-member travelling via rolling means on the guides
and on which the top end of the rod is hinged. The rod also
This comprises two or more parallel counter-rotating slides while being guided by a sealing group integral in the
shafts, on which toothed discs with scrapers, which are axial direction with the cover of the feed hopper and
distributed over their circumference, are disposed, and a movable with respect to the latter on a horizontal plane so
surrounding housing. The toothed discs are arranged as to allow the oscillating movement of the rod with
perpendicularly to the axes of rotation in planes, which are respect to the longitudinal axis of the machine.
echeloned one behind the other such that they mesh with EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;
one another. WESTERN EUROPE
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; Copyquest order no.561740
WESTERN EUROPE
Copyquest order no.562809 Item 66
Loughborough Fillers Symposium 1994. Conference
proceedings Loughborough, 19th-20th Oct. 1994, paper
Item 64
19, pp.2. 51 Loughborough,University ofTechnology
lnLPolym.Processing 10, No.2, June 1995, p.99-104
NON-ISOTHERMAL DISPERSIVE FLOW OF A RUBBER MIXING PERFORMANCE
RUBBER MIXTURE INSIDE AN INTERNAL EVALUATION FOR INTERNAL MIXERS
Bakhshandeh G R; Freakley P K
ROTOR MIXER
Loughborough,University of Technology
Malkin A Ya; Baranov A V; Dakhin 0 K
Moscow,Research Institute of Plastics; Moscow,State This paper evaluates the performance of an internal mixer
Academy of Gas & Oil; Volgograd,State Technical in the mixing of rubber compounds containing fillers using
University the disagglomeration process. The mixers assessed in this
study were a Francis Shaw K1 Intermix with intermeshing
Theoretical and experimental investigations were
rotor and a Farrel BR Banbury with tangential rotor design.
performed on hydrodynamics, heat exchange and kinetics
2 refs.
of dispersing carbon black in a rubber mix in the chamber
of an internal mixer. Mathematical modelling of the EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
process is based on use of a rheological equation of a EUROPE
power type. The possibility of slippage along a wall is Copyquest order no.560964
taken into consideration in formulating boundary
conditions. Modelling was used to calculate the optimum
Item 67
values of the size of the gap between a wedge of a rotor
Loughborough Fillers Symposium 1994. Conference
blade and a wall of a chamber. There was good correlation
proceedings Loughborough, 19th-20th Oct.1994, paper
between calculation and experiment for such mixing
7, pp.3. 51 Loughborough,University ofTechnology
characteristics as average stock temperature and degree of
DEVELOPMENT OF A PREDICTIVE MODEL
dispersion. The experiments were performed on a
FOR THE RUBBER MIXING PROCESS
laboratory 2-blade mixer with a volume of3l mixing SBR
Quant S J
containing 55 phr. 15 refs.
Avon Rubber Pic
RUSSIA
Copyquest order no.562566 A fairly brief outline is presented on the development of a
computerised model capable of predicting the temperature
and power consumption during the rubber mixing process
Item 65 (depending on materials and mixing parameters). It is
Patent Number EP-673735-A 1 95.09.27 reported that the initial model has been developed for the

40
 References and Abstracts

mastication ofNR and dispersive mixing with one carbon Applications of process control systems in rubber mixing,
black using a laboratory BR Banbury mixer. 1 ref. extrusion and vulcanisation are examined. The early
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN identification of process failures by the on-line detection
EUROPE of trends in rheological data and by monitoring process
Copyquest order no.560952 equipment parameters is discussed. 1 ref.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
Item 68 NETHERLANDS; SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN
Rubb.World212, No.4, July 1995, p.29/115 EUROPE
NEW CONCEPT FOR A CONTINUOUS MIXER Copyquest order no.560459
UNDER AN INTERNAL MIXER
MeyerP Item 71
Frenkel C-D Central Co.Ltd. Rubb. World 212, No.3, June 1995, p.50
The advances in transfer-mix technology and continuing SMALL BATCH MIXERS
pressure from users for ways to use installed internal It is briefly reported that Series BN low-HP mixers from
mixers more effectively, have prompted a radical Neptune Mixer are said to be ideal for mixing small
reconsideration of the transfer-mix concept for millrooms. batches oflow viscosity fluids. The mixers' integral clamp
The proposed scheme would appear to meet a genuine adjusts to any angle and cannot slip, thus preventing the
need with a continuously operating, self-cleaning device, propeller from hitting the side of the tank. They can be
which can be fully process-controlled and which would quickly adjusted on-centre or off-centre for desired results
overcome existing limitations on mixing quality, without tools.
temperature control and mechanical simplicity, thereby NEPTUNE MIXER
promising savings on initial and operating expense. 10 USA
refs.
Copyquest order no.558016
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
Item 72
Copyquest order no.560782
lnLPolym.Sci.Technol. 22, No.I, 1995, p.T/37-40
NON-ISOTHERMAL DISPERSIVE FLOW OF A
Item 69 RUBBER MIX IN THE CHAMBER OF A MIXER
Rubb.World212, No.4, July 1995, p.l7-22 Baranov A V; Dakhin 0 K; Gerasimenko VA
TEMPERATURE CONTROL FOR POLYMER
PROCESSING A theoretical and experimental investigation is presented
MelottoMA of the rheodynamics, heat exchange, and kinetics of
Farrel Corp. dispersion of carbon black in rubbers during mixing in the
chamber of a rotary internal mixer. A mathematical model
The basic understanding of the effects and need to control was created and theoretical analysis was carried out in
process temperatures is perhaps one of the most terms of continuum mechanics. Data are given for carbon
underestimated elements of process control. This article is black, zinc oxide and stearic acid in
specifically directed towards the means of temperature butadiene-methylstyrene copolymers. 9 refs.
control with major emphasis on the internal batch mixer
and the mixing of rubber compounds. Process temperature Copyquest order no.553948
control may be divided into three categories: raw materials
temperature, machine temperature and process Item 73
temperature. These three key elements are discussed Kautu.Gummi Kunst. 48, No.5, May 1995, p.370/5
including storage and preheating of rubber, heat transfer German
capabilities of internal mixers, cooling water requirements NEW CONCEPT FOR A CONTINUOUS MIXER
and temperature control systems such as thermocouples UNDER AN INTERNAL MIXER
and IR probes. MeyerP
USA Frenkel C-D AG
Copyquest order no.560780 In addition to the intensive cross-sectional mixing of the
Multi Cut Transfermix, which has been proven to be
Item 70 adequate for carbon black dispersion and for final mixing,
Rubbercon '95. Conference Preprints Gothenburg, the new Transfermix III is shown to provide longitudinal
9th-12th May 1995, Paper Gl, pp.6. 012 Nordic mixing, as is required under an internal mixer operating on
Council of Rubber Technology a shortened cycle. The new concept comprises a rotatable
WHERE TWO WORLDS MEET: EXTENDING shell around a stationary vertical column, driven like a
LABORATORY AUTOMATION INTO rotary kiln without an expensive gear train.It is shown that,
PRODUCTION with diameters from 1 to 3 metres, even a squat design
UrbanikRD provides large enough cooling surfaces for mixing at
Eclipse Technical Software Service BV sufficiently low temps. to improve carbon black dispersion

41
 References and Abstracts

and to incorporate curing agents without scorch. Feeding Item 76

is into a drop shaft in the column, without any ramfeeders, Antec '94. Conference Proceedings San Francisco, Ca.,
and pelletisation occurs on exit round the bottom 1st-5th May 1994, Vol.II, p.2257-60. 012 SPE
circumference. No manpower is required and computer USE OF A FIVE COLOUR SCALE TO QUANTIFY
control is possible on all parameters. I 0 refs. DISTRIBUTIVE MIXING IN A MISCIBLE
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; SYSTEM
WESTERN EUROPE Bairn W; Bigio D
Copyquest order no.553724 Maryland, University
A technique which tracks the area growth and distribution
of black, white and three grey scales is presented and
Item 74 applied to the study of distributive mixing of a rubber in a
Patent Number US5370456-A 94.12.06 non-intermeshing twin-screw extruder with matched and
CONTINUOUS KNEADING APPARATUS mismatched screws. 7 refs.
PROVIDED WITH ROTATABLE KNEADING USA
MEMBERS AND FIXED KNEADING MEMBERS
Copyquest order no.549443
YamaokaK
BH Kogyo Yugen Kaisha
Item 77
Patent Number US5350230-A 94.09.27
A kneading apparatus includes a number of rotatable discs
mounted on a screw shaft disposed on a hollow cylinder DOOR LOCKING MECHANISM FOR BATCH
and a number of fixed doughnut members mounted on an MIXERS
inner wall of the hollow cylinder. The rotatable discs and RayTL
O'Sullivan Corp.
fixed doughnut members are arranged alternately in an
extending direction of the screw shaft. Projected portions A batch mixer includes a mixing chamber in which
and recessed portions extending radially and alternately polymeric material is heated and mixed. The material is
arranged in a circumferential direction are formed on fed to the mixing chamber through a hopper which has a
opposing side faces of the rotatable disc and fixed door which is swung open and closed by a fluid-actuated
doughnut members in such a way that their depths are cylinder. A locking mechanism is provided to enable the
increased in proportion to the distance from a centre of the door to be swung only slightly open by excessive pressure
screw shaft. Accordingly, the kneading apparatus is of build-ups in order to vent the pressure without permitting
small construction and yet capable of efficiently kneading an appreciable amount of molten material to escape
the material. In addition, material is prevented from through the door.
remaining locally in the apparatus, and thereby a proper USA
shear force is applied to the entire material. Copyquest order no.547969
JAPAN
Copyquest order no.552567 Item 78
China Synthetic Rubber Industry 18, No.2, 1995,
p.65-6
Item 75 Chinese
Plast.Rubb.Wkly. No.l583, 28th Aprill995, p.l2 MODERN MIXING TECHNIQUE AND MACHINE
TYRE DEVELOPMENTS Cheng Yuan
CHINA
The Werner & Pfleiderer PKS 500 ingredient preparation Copyquest order no.547794
system for tyre manufacturing is designed to cater for a
wide range of operational requirements. The W&P Item 79
GK255N is a new internal mixer providing a 255 litre Rubb.Chem.Technol. 67, No.5, Nov/Dec.l994, p.880-91
capacity mix chamber which will take a maximum batch FLOW VISUALISATION OF INTERMESHING
volume of 190 litres. The new unit provides a much AND SEPARATED COUNTER-ROTATING
enlarged feed opening and discharge outlet. Also new is ROTOR INTERNAL MIXER
the W&P EAE single screw dump extruder. This uses a Kim P S; White J L
rotary twin pusher to stuff rubber into the feed throat rather Akron, University
than a conventional linear ram. Krupp Maschinentechnik
A flow visualisation investigation of material motions and
has launched a new Unistage machine for building radial
compounding in an internal mixer with intermeshing
passenger car and light truck tyres. The system cuts build
rotors is described. Rotors based on the design of
time to less than 50s for a passenger car tyre.
R.T.Cooke of Francis Shaw and Co. are used. Compared
WERNER & PFLEIDERER (UK) LTD. with separated rotor designs developed by F.H.Banbury,
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN the distinctive feature is the passage of the rubber and
EUROPE compounding ingredients though the calendering gap
Copyquest order no.549630 between the rotors during mixing. The intermeshing rotors

42
 References and Abstracts

are shown rapidly to circulate the materials from rotor to Item 82

rotor around the mixing chamber and more rapidly to Antec '94. Conference Proceedings San Francisco, Ca.,
incorporate carbon black and oil relative to 1st-5th May 1994, Vol.II, p.l694-7. 012 SPE
double-flighted separated rotors. 37 refs. (ACS Rubber COMPARISON OF INTERMESHING AND
Division Spring Meeting, Chicago, Aprill994) SEPARATED ROTOR INTERNAL MIXERS
FRANCIS SHAW & CO.LTD. Kim P S; White J L
USA Akron, University,Inst.of Polym.Engineering
Copyquest order no.547320 Flow visualisation studies were undertaken for the mixing
ofNR and SBR in internal mixers with intermeshing and
separated rotors. Material motions, bale homogenisation
Item 80 time, carbon black homogenisation time and oil absorption
Eur.Rubb.J. 177, No.4, April1995, p.28-30 time were observed and compared for the two types of
COMPOUNDING FOR THE FUTURE mixer. 30 refs.
WhiteL USA
Copyquest order no.546489
Thona SA, based in Belgium, doubled its compounding
capacity last year to I 0,000 t/y by commissioning a new
Item 83
computerised mixing line. Thona is also planning another
lnLPolym.Processing 9, No.4, Dec.l994, p.291-302
new mixing line, possibly to be set up in a former Eastern
ANALYSIS OF MIXING PERFORMANCE IN A
Bloc country. This is aimed at supplying Thona's
VIC MIXER
speciality, high-tech EPDM compounds, to the many auto
Haur-Horng Yang; Manas-Zloczower I
suppliers who have been set up there. Thona has seen its
Case Western Reserve University
business rise from 500 tonnes of compound in Q4 1991 to
over 7,000 tonnes last year, with a 1995 projection of The variable intermeshing clearance mixer is an
10,000 tonnes of compound. Since it started four years intermeshing internal mixer, whose unique feature is its
ago, the company has designed and installed the new line, ability to vary the clearance between the two rotors. A fluid
trained shop floor staff to be highly motivated autonomous dynamics analysis package, FIDAP, using the fmite
production teams, gained ISO 9001 accreditation, element method was used to simulate the flow patterns in
developed on-line compound straining, and designed and a VIC 1.9 mixer. A 3D flow analysis was carried out for
installed a computerised process control system. the whole mixing chamber. The problem of time
THONASA
dependent flow boundaries was solved by selecting a
BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; number of sequential geometries to represent a complete
WESTERN EUROPE
mixing cycle. The flow field was characterised in terms of
velocity profiles, pressure contours, shear stresses
Copyquest order no.546765
generated and a parameter quantifying the elongational
flow components. Distributive mixing was studied
numerically by tracking the evolution of particles
Item 81 originally gathered for cluster. 14 refs.
Eur.Rubb.J. 177, No.4, Aprill995, p.24-8 USA
MIXING ROOMS GET INTEGRATED
Copyquest order no.546081
White L

Trends in the mixing room towards greater automation Item 84

lnLPolym.ScLTechnol. 21, No.ll, 1994, p.T/47-67
have the mixer control unit at the heart of the system.
Integration of control systems with data acquisition MIXING AND VISCOELASTICITY OF RUBBER.
systems is also possible. Werner & Pfleiderer's new PKS I.
500 control system not only automates compounding NakajimaN
operations, but also allows integration of a wide range of The mixing and viscoelasticity of rubber are discussed.
different aspects of rubber processing. Mixer Particular attention is paid to practical experience in
manufacturers and also other machinery suppliers are mixing of rubber, the process of systematisation,
increasingly stressing their ability to develop complete characterisation, first steps in viscoelasticity, viscoelastic
mixing rooms to suit user's needs. Users in some areas of behaviour of rubber in the mixer, scientific description of
the world, particularly China, would rather have a manual rupture, interfacial velocity, slip and melt fracture,
system. Recognising this, Chronos has recently introduced depiction of deformation, non-linear viscoelasticity, dilute
a Select-0-Weight 600 weighing control system for plants solution method and characterisation on the basis of
which do not require the full capability ofthe sophisticated viscoelasticity. 50 refs. (Full translation ofNippon Gomu
SOW 1000 system. Kyokaishi, No.I, 1994, p.9)
WORLD JAPAN
Copyquest order no.546764 Copyquest order no.545709

43
 References and Abstracts

Item 85 controlled area where technicians can work with minimal

Rubb.World211, No.5, Feb.1995, p.33-4 risk of breathing in dust or fumes.
ARE THERE ALTERNATIVES TO INTERNAL EXTRACT TECHNOLOGY LTD.
MIXERS? EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESlERN
PohlJW EUROPE
Werner & Pfleiderer GmbH Copyquest order no.543137
A bottleneck in rubber processing is today's mixing room
installation. This article discusses whether the traditional Item 88
mixing room equipment like internal mixers, mills and Rubb.World211, No.4, Jan.1995, p.61
dump extruders can be substituted by continuously INTENSIVE MIXING
working equipment, or if it is better to create a "Quasi"
continuous system by combining the right internal mixer It is briefly reported that VWR Scientific has introduced a
with the ideal peripheral equipment. A quasi-continuous mini vortexer to give users maximum control of their
process starts with automatic storing, dosing and weighing intensive mixing operations. The MV-1 mini vortexer is
of all fillers, chemicals and polymers. The internal mixer said to provide quiet, vibration-free mixing in the 200 to
should have, for example, a variable speed drive, a 2,600 rpm speed range. Digital control of the unit's motor
hydraulic ram for equal process conditions, the right rotor is said to permit precise speed settings, ensuring process
geometry for the individual application and sensitive reproducibility. A low profile, compact design is said to
reaction on cooling or heating. It is suggested the conserve bench space.
two-roll-mill should have an on-line quality control VWR SCIENTIFIC
similar to Rheomill. and the whole mixing room should USA
have an automatic electronic process control system. Copyquest order no. 541352
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESlERN EUROPE Item 89
Copyquest order no.545437 Patent Number US5324107-A 94.06.28
CONTROL METHOD, MONITORING METHOD,
Item 86 AND CONTROL DEVICE FOR KNEADER
Rubb.World211, No.5, Feb.1995, p.29-32 Tanaka T; Kihara H; Yamada N; Hatanaka T
COMPUTER CONTROL OF INTERNAL MIXER Kabushiki Kaisha Kobe Seiko Sho
FOR MORE CONSISTENT EPDM COMPOUNDS
Jourdain E P A control method is provided for a kneader, in order to
Exxon Chemical Co. uniformly disperse a compounding agent in a
high-molecular material, enabling energy saving. The
EPDM is used extensively in the production of extruded control method includes the steps of measuring a sound
articles, in particular for the automotive industry. EPDM wave generated from the kneading chamber during
goods are now a focal point of the car makers wanting to kneading, and detecting whether or not a waveform of the
be more cost effective and to improve their overall quality. sound wave is the same as that of a waveform generated
This article shows that a modern and computerised mixing when the compounding agent is uniformly dispersed. It is
room helps the rubber producer to control very accurately preferable to perform envelope detection of the sound
the weight of the ingredients per batch, run reproducible wave in controlling the kneader. Further, detection of a
mixing cycles and ultimately monitor rotor speeds and second torque peak of the kneader from the sound wave is
thermal exchanges of the internal mixer. By combining effective for the control.
these features with tailored MWD EPDM grades which JAPAN
have already proven their contribution for more consistent
Copyquest order no.540962
processing, viscosity variations inherent to the rubber
processing can be levelled out to get the best
batch-to-batch reproducibility. 8 refs. Item 90
USA Le Bourget, c.1994, pp.10. 12ins. 15/9/94.2813
Copyquest order no.545436 MIXERS AND MILLS
McNeil Akron Repiquet
Item 87 Features and technical characteristics are described for the
Eur.Rubb.J. 177, No.3, March 1995, p.32 range of mills and mixers from McNeil Akron Repiquet.
CONTROL DUST BY EXTRACTION Advantages of using internal mixers are discussed, and the
It is briefly reported that Automotive rubber goods principles of their operation are outlined. Details are
manufacturer Holset Engineering suffered from dust included of two roll mills, ancillary equipment and
problems in its mixing room, until Extract Technology Ltd. installation possibilities.
offered a solution. Extract designed a 4m wide work zone EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
with carefully engineering air flow to control the dust WESlERN EUROPE
during weighing and handling. The result is a completely Copyquest order no.540423

44
 References and Abstracts

Item 91 ever built. Two agitators in the mix zone, a planetary blade
Patent Number US5374387-A 94.12.20 and a high speed disperser rotate independently as they
PROCESS FOR PROCESSING ELASTOMERIC revolve around a common axis. The PowerMix can handle
COMPOSITIONS materials up to several million centipoise. Additional
Barnes R P; Johnston J A interchangeable mix vessels and automatic discharge
Gates Rubber Co. systems are said to make the production process virtually
continuous and hands-free.
The process is continuous and includes the repeated,
ROSS C.,& SON CO.
sequential steps of admixing a polymeric material along a
USA
first mixing zone defined by a space, the gross energy
applied inducing a first operating temperature range. The Copyquest order no.539236
mixture of the first zone is continuously passed into and
through a second mixing zone while adding and admixing Item 94
reinforcing agent and processing aid therewith, the second Patent Number US5372419-A 94.12.13
mixing zone being defined by a space wherein the gross INTERNAL MIXER HAVING TWO-SPEED
energy applied induces a second operating temp. range. GEARING
The mixture of the second zone is then continuously Hagiwara K; Miyoshi T
passed into and through a third mixing zone while adding Kabushiki Kaisha Kobe Seiko Sho
and admixing a vulcanising agent therewith, the third
The mixer has two rotors operated at either the same speed
mixing zone being defmed by a space wherein the gross
or different speeds. In two communicating cylindrical
energy applied induces a third operating temp. range. The
closed spaces, which are round in cross section, two rotors
mixture of the third zone is then continuously passed into
connected with two output shafts of a speed reducer are
and through a delivery zone to extrude the mixture in the
juxtaposed in a non-engaged state to transmit the driving
form of an elastomeric composition, with the second and
power from the prime mover to the speed reducer, thus
third operating temperature ranges being lower than the
turning the two rotors in opposite directions. In this
first operating temperature range.
internal mixer, the two rotors are usable both at the same
USA
speed and at different speeds because of the use of the
Copyquest order no.540220 speed reducer having two output shafts, whose speed of
revolution is changeable between the same speed and
Item 92 different speeds. In one embodiment, the speeds of
Munich, Hanser Verlag, 1994, pp.xxviii, 868. DM.268. revolution of the output shafts are changed by a slidable
lOins. 7/9/94. 813 clutch and in another embodiment, the speeds of
MIXING AND COMPOUNDING OF POLYMERS: revolution are changed by a movable stepped gear.
THEORY AND PRACTICE JAPAN
Edited by: Manas-Zloczower I; Tadmor Z
Copyquest order no.539178
Case Western Reserve University; Technion-Israel
Institute of Technology
Item 95
This book looks closely at mixing in polymer processing, Kautu.Gummi Kunst. 47, No.l2, Dec.l994, p.865-6
spanning the field from the fundamental principles to the NR MASTICATION WITH INTERMESHING
very practical aspects of mixing operations. In four ROTORS AND VARIABLE GAP
sections, the following issues are presented in detail : the Pomini L
basic mixing mechanisms encountered in polymer Pomini SpA
processing and the various theories in which mixing is
described; the latest results in modelling, flow simulation Details are given of the importance of a variable rotor gap
and visualisation, and scale-up rules for the most with respect to rubber mastication. Data are given for NR.
important batch and continuous mixers; the properties of EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;
various additives used in the plastics and rubber industry WESTERN EUROPE
and their effects on the properties of the compound; and Copyquest order no.538518
mixing practices in the current commercial mixing
devices. Item 96
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; Rubb.Chem.Technol. 67, No.4, Sept-Oct.l994, p.700-15
USA; WESTERN EUROPE REDUCTION IN VISCOSITY OF AN SBR
Copyquest order no.539290 COMPOUND CAUSED BY MASTICATION AND
DISAGGLOMERATION DURING MIXING
Item 93 Clarke J; Freakley P K
Rubb. World 211, No.3, Dec.l994, p.49 Loughborough, University of Technology
MIXER
The causes of changes in viscosity during mixing of a
It is briefly reported that Charles Ross & Son has compound containing only elastomer and carbon black
introduced the PowerMix, the largest and most powerful were investigated by examining concurrent changes in

45
 References and Abstracts

viscosity of the gum, density of the compound and degree Technical design details are given of the NEX-T series of
of carbon black deagglomeration. The reduction in continuous compounders from KSBI, which incorporate a
viscosity occurring during mixing could be attributed to continuous mixer over a hot feed extruder on a common
mastication of the elastomer and deagglomeration of the base. It is designed for use with high filler materials,
carbon black. The effect of mastication could be removed adhesive materials, blends, and organic and inorganic
by calculating values of relative viscosity, using the materials. The separation of the mixing and dispersing
viscosity of the gum treated in a similar way to the functions from the extrusion process affords advantages
compound and with an allowance being made for strain over twin screw and single screw designs, it is claimed.
rate amplification. The decrease in relative viscosity of the USA
compound with increased mixing was attributed to a Copyquest order no.537656
reduction in effective volume fraction of filler caused by
immobilised rubber being released as carbon black
agglomerates were broken down. The dibutyl phthalate Item 100
absorption value of the carbon black gave a good I 46th Meeting, Fall1994, Conference Proceedings
indication of the amount of immobilised rubber present in Pittsburgh, Pa., 11th-14th Oct.l994, Paper 78, pp.21.
an agglomerate. 20 refs. 012 ACS,Rubber Div.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN NEW CONCEPT FOR A CONTINUOUS MIXER
EUROPE UNDER AN INTERNAL MIXER
Copyquest order no.538241 MeyerP
Frenkel C-D Central Co.Ltd.
Item 97
Technical features of Transfermix III mixing systems and
Patent Number W09422649-A1 94.10.13
their applications in the rubber industry are described. 10
Japanese
refs.
HERMETICALLY SEALED KNEADER
Yamada N; Tanaka T; Hayashida S; Hagiwara K; SWITZERLAND; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
NakamotoN Copyquest order no.535552
Kobeseikosho KK
This comprises a chamber having an enclosable material Item 101
feeding port, a pair of rotors, which rotate in opposite lnt.Polym.ScLTechnol. 21, No.8, 1994, p.T/27-41
directions in the chamber and blade portions on the outer MIXING AND VISCOELASTICITY OF RUBBER.
circumferential surfaces of the two rotors, which can be III.
brought into mesh engagement with each other. The ratio NakajimaN
SID of the gap S between the outer circumferential surface
of the rotor blade and the internal wall of the chamber to This part of a review describes problems related to the use
the internal diameter of the chamber is in the range from of the internal mixer, simulation, energy balance,
0.01 to 0.02. modelling the mixer mechanism, energy-based modelling,
continuous mixing. 23 refs. Translation ofNippon Gomu
JAPAN
Kyokaishi, No.3, 1994, p.163.
Copyquest order no.538035
JAPAN

Item 98 Copyquest order no.535267

Hudson, Oh., c.1994, pp.8. 11ins. 12/9/94. 28
INDUSTRY LEADER IN RUBBER AND Item 102
PLASTICS MACIDNERY lnt.Po/ym.ScLTechnol. 21, No.8, 1994, p.T/9-17
Kobelco Stewart Bolling Inc. IMPROVED TECHNOLOGIES FOR
The line of processing machinery from Kobe leo Stewart ELASTOMER PROCESSING. I. CONTINUOUS
Bolling is described and illustrated. Included are product MIXING IN THE TRANSFERMIX
details relating to the Economix line of tilt-discharge Meirtoberens U; Herschbach Ch; Maas R
internal mixers, the Mixtron BB series of intensive mixers,
The more stringent quality requirements being placed on
the Curex-B tyre curing presses, mills, a non-contact
elastomer components and the requirement to conserve the
parallel twin screw roller head extruder, the Nex-T
available resources means that there is a constant need to
continuous compounders, and calenders.
develop improved polymer materials and the associated
USA processing technologies. With this in mind, the
Copyquest order no.537659 compounding of rubber to produce elastomer mixes
suitable for vulcanisation is described, particularly
Item 99 continuous compounding of rubber mixes using the short
Hudson, Oh., c.l994, pp.8. 11ins. 12/9/94.2821 multi-cut transfermix. Results are presented of
NEX-T CONTINUOUS MIXER/EXTRUDER investigations describing the flow behaviour and
Kobelco Stewart Bolling Inc. processing of thermoplastic elastomers during extrusion.

46
 References and Abstracts

12 refs. Translation of Gummi Fasern Kunststoffe, No.6, Francis Shaw & Co. claims that mixing is at a stage where
1994, p.390. it can be systematically improved. Demands required of
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; compounding have also increased in intensity, with
WESTERN EUROPE industry producing more difficult-to-process compounds.
Copyquest order no.535264 The company has developed an in-process measurement
system as part of a Brite/Euram project. The sensor
assesses rheological properties inside the mixer and differs
Item 103 from other systems in being on-line and in real-time. The
lnLPolym.Processing 9, No.3, Sept.1994, p.199-204 firm's second Brite/Euram project is looking at tyre
FINITE ELEMENT MODELLING OF compounds for the next century and involves considerable
NON-ISOTHERMAL VISCO METRIC FLOW IN work on compound chemistry as well as mixing expertise.
RUBBER MIXING Interlocking rotor mixers are giving good results with tyre
Nassehi V; Salemi R compounds and the company is also enthusiastic about the
Loughborough,University of Technology prospects for tandem mixing in the tyre industry.
This paper describes the Galerkin fmite element modelling SHAW F.,& CO.LTD.
of viscometric flows under non-isothermal conditions. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
The novel aspect of this work is the extension of the EUROPE
application of a viscometric constitutive equation known Copyquest order no.532393
as (CEF) model to the simulation of predominantly
circumferential flow in a two-dimensional representation Item 106
of an internal mixer using polar coordinates. From a given Eur.Rubb.J. 176, No.ll, Nov.1994, p.22/4
set of boundary conditions, the mathematical model can MIXING NEEDS MANY DISCIPLINES
simulate the velocity, pressure and temperature fields White L
inside a mixer. Comparison of the numerical results with
the available experimental evidence confirm the general Fundamental research into the mechanism, rheology and
validity of the mathematical model used. 14 refs. chemistry of the rubber mixing process is producing an
increasingly clear picture of what happens when rubber,
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
carbon black and other ingredients are combined in an
EUROPE
internal mixer. At Loughborough University, two major
Copyquest order no.535209 avenues currently are fmite element modelling of rubber
flow inside internal mixers, and the micromechanics of
Item 104 rubber mixing, looking at filler incorporation and
Plastverarbeiter 45, No.10, Oct.1994, p.90/5 disagglomeration modes and flow effects, the effects of
German mixing changes on rheology.
CONTINUOUS COMPOUNDING AND LOUGHBOROUGH,UNIVERSITY
EXTRUDING MACIDNE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
KlohnW EUROPE
IKA Maschinenbau Copyquest order no.532392
The Conterna machine is a new type of compounding
machine with a discharge screw in which the various Item 107
functions such as the compounding, grinding, emulsifying KauLu.Gummi Kunst. 47, No.9, Sept.1994, p.666-71
and extruding of medium to high-viscosity mixtures are German
performed in a single continuous process. In the rubber TANDEM MIXING. V. APPLICATION TO
industry, extreme viscosity solid rubber blends can now be TECHNICAL RUBBER GOODS
continuously compounded which were previously Peter J; Roethemeyer F; Jennissen J
manufactured in batches in an internal mixer or Continental AG; ContiTech Holding GmbH
continuously in a single-screw runner compounder. For Tandem mixing involves a combination of two internal
these operations, a production machine was built on an mixers and a mill or an extruder. Studies of tandem mixing
industrial scale with six mixing chambers each with a total of three different carbon black compounds based on
capacity of 50 litres and a single discharge screw. This NR/polybutadiene, NBR and EPDM are reported.
machine was then tested with various rubber blends. Particular attention is paid to the effect of different
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; parameters for the NR/polybutadiene compound. It is
WESTERN EUROPE shown that the quality of conventional two-step mixing is
Copyquest order no.532976 almost attained. The results are also reported of temp.
measurements in ramless mixers of different volumes. 6
Item 105 refs.
Eur.Rubb.J. 176, No.ll, Nov.1994, p.26/9 EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
FOCUS IS ON BETTER TYRE MIXING WESTERN EUROPE
WhiteL Copyquest order no.531223

47
 References and Abstracts

Item 108 Kowalczyk J E; Loomans B A

Rubb.Chem.Technol. 67, No.3, July/Aug.l994, APV Chemical Machinery Inc.
p.504-28
STUDIES OF MIXING EFFICIENCY IN BATCH Radially aligned paddles on parallel shafts revolving at the
AND CONTINUOUS MIXERS same speed in the same direction of rotation both co-wipe
Manas-Zloczower I and completely wipe the interior of the barrel of the mixer
Case Western Reserve University or processor, which has a mixer chamber comprising
interconnecting cylindrical bores. The co-wiping paddles
A review is given of result obtained in the field-flow are formed with paddle bores of a configuration
analysis of batch and continuous mixers by using FIDAP, comprising alternating lobular projections and root
a fluid dynamics analysis package based on the fmite recesses and arcuate corner portions on the lobular
element method. 25 refs. projections and root recesses. The arcuate corner portions
USA of the projections are tangential to the arcuate corner
Copyquest order no.530563 portions of the root recesses. The shafts are formed with
intermeshing matching projections and root recesses.
Item 109 USA
Plast.Compounding 17, No.6, Sept/Oct.l994, p.58-60 Copyquest order no.526264
CONTINUOUS COMPOUNDING EQUIPMENT
Information is presented in tabular form on US suppliers Item 112
of continuous mixers, extruders and other continuous China Rubb.lnd. 41, No.8, 1994, p.489-90
equipment. Companies are listed in alphabetical order and Chinese
details of size and throughput ranges are given. Addresses APPLICATION OF COMPUTER IN
and contact names are also supplied. MANAGEMENT OF MIXING
USA YonghongW
CHINA
Copyquest order no..528035
Copyquest order no.526092
Item 110
Patent Number US5302019-A 94.04.12 Item 113
APPARATUS FOR MIXING AND/OR KNEADING Augustdorf, 1990, pp.4. 12ins. 12/5/94. 2813
MATERIALS PXX-COMPOUNDER
Henschel W; Heuberger K Papenmeier GmbH Mischtechnik
BussAG
The Papenmeier Pxx-Compounder is claimed to be an
This comprises a housing defining a mixing and kneading innovation in the field of compounding. The
chamber, a jacket member enclosing the mixing and state-of-the-art processing unit is a combination of a high
kneading chamber and a mixing and kneading member speed mixer with an innovative high capacity cooling
located in the interior of the mixing and kneading chamber. system, (HCC). The HCC feature is claimed to provide
The mixing and kneading member is driven to a rotating throughput capacities far greater than those of
and/or oscillating motion. For supporting the mixing and conventional machines in units with fully automated
kneading operation, projecting members are provided, feeding. Its function is explained.
protruding from the jacket member into the interior of the
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
mixing and kneading chamber. In order to simplify the
WESTERN EUROPE
design of the apparatus and, particularly, to improve the
heating and cooling of the mixing and kneading chamber, Copyquest order no.525714
at least some of the projection members are connected
directly- to the jacket member, or at least some of the Item 114
projection members are integrally formed with the jacket Augustdorf, c.1994, pp.4. 12ins. 12/5/94. 2813
member, thus constituting a common jacket HEATING AND COOLING MIXER
member/projection member unit. COMBINATION
SWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE Papenmeier GmbH Mischtechnik
Copyquest order no.526271
Design and construction details are given for the heating
Item 111 and cooling mixer combinations from Papenmeier.
Patent Number US5304000-A 94.04.19 Applications are indicated for the mixing systems and
METHODS OF CONSTRUCTING OR include the whole preparation of PVC, for which
RECONSTITUTING PADDLE AND SHAFT application there is an illustration of a typical plant.
ASSEMBLffiS FOR TWIN SCREW MIXER EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
AND/OR PROCESSORS AND THE RESULTING WESTERN EUROPE
APPARATUS Copyquest order no.525713

48
 References and Abstracts

Item 115 ShawD

Rubber Products Manufacturing Technology New York,
Marcel Dekker, 1994, p.123-77. 8 Indian Institute of Hagglunds Denison has installed two of its Marathon
Technology; Industrial Engineering Corp. hydraulic motors on an internal mixer at Ondura Rubber's
MIXING MACHINERY FOR THE RUBBER UK factory. Ondura makes compounds for retreaders and
INDUSTRY for new tyre manufacturers. Ondura chose the new drive
Pohl J W; Limper A (Edited by: Bhowmick A K; Hall M technology after a positive experience with Marathon
M; Benarey H A) hydraulic drives on an open mill. Ondura claims the chief
Werner & Pfleiderer Gummitechnik GmbH advantage of the hydraulic drive is its enormous flexibility.
The motors can generate 200% of rated torque for
Details are given of mixing machinery designed for the extended periods throughout the speed range, including
rubber industry. Aspects covered include the history of the from zero. In addition, the low moment of inertia of the
internal mixer; design development of the internal mixer; system substantially reduces shocks to the mixing
developments in processing; and aspects ofthe system. hardware and reduces stopping distance almost to zero.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; HAGGLUNDS DENISON; ONDURARUBBERLTD.
WESTERN EUROPE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
Copyquest order no.524798 EUROPE
Copyquest order no.524395
Item 116
Rubber Products Manufacturing Technology New York, Item 119
Marcel Dekker, 1994, p.103-21. 8 Indian Institute of Brit.Piast.Rubb. July/Aug.1994, p.16
Technology; Industrial Engineering Corp. CHRONOS RICHARDSON UNVEILS 'DUNE
MIXING TECHNOLOGY PHASE' CONVEYING OF CARBON BLACK
Johnson P S (Edited by: Bhowmick A K; Hall M M; The dune phase conveying of carbon black, as developed
BenareyHA) by Chronos Richardson, is described. The process hinges
GenCorp Automotive on the identification of the transitional region between the
Elastomers endure a number of processing steps in their two phases of dilute and dense forms in which existing
transformation from raw elastomers to fmished products. pneumatic conveying systems carry carbon black. This
The first of these is mixing, which involves the addition involves the carbon black remaining in a dense state where
of various other compounding ingredients to the raw the unladen air moves at relatively high velocity and the
elastomer in predetermined amounts, usually in a high solids move at low velocity in a low pressure system.
shear internal mixer, but also often in combination with a Factors affecting dune phase conveying are discussed.
mill or a low shear blade mixer. Aspects of this topic CHRONOS RICHARDSON LTD.
described include material flow to the mixer; the mixing EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN
process; discharge, shaping, cooling and packaging; and EUROPE
quality control and the mixing process. 77 refs. Copyquest order no.522608
USA
Copyquest order no.524797 Item 120
(Zurich), c.l994, pp.lO. 12ins. 3113/94. 2813
Item 117 MIXING TECHNOLOGY FOR TIRE
Rubb.World210, No.4, July 1994, p.101 COMPOUNDS
MIXER Schiesser AG

It is briefly reported that Technical Machine Products has A paper is presented from Schiesser in which the author
added a 35-litre model to the TechniMix line of mixers. gives his opinion on the best mixing technology for tyre
The mixer is designed and constructed to handle tougher compounding. Single step and two-step processes are
materials such as Viton and certain plastics, and is said to considered and compared, and single stage mixing is
be equally useful for mixing silicon and other polymers offered as the best mixing system
economically. The mixer is designed for maximum SWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE
pigment dispersion and for a high level of compound Copyquest order no.521884
property repeatability. The TechniMix 35 can be installed
on the floor, eliminating the need for a mezzanine. Item 121
TECHNICAL MACHINE PRODUCTS Indian J.Nat.Rubb.Res. 6, Nos.l/2, 1993, p.101-4
USA ENERGY CONSIDERATION DURING MIXING
Copyquest order no.524407 OF CARBON BLACK WITH NR AND SBR
Khastgir D; Bhattacharya A K; De P P
Indian Institute of Technology
Item 118
Eur.Rubb.J. 176, No.9, Sept.1994, p.28 Different aspects of energy consumption in the process of
HYDRAULIC DRIVE CAN POWER MIXER carbon black mixing with NR and SBR in a Brabender

49
 References and Abstracts

Plasticorder and the effect of different processing Item 125

parameters are reported. Emphasis is given to mixing Eur.Rubb.J. 176, No.6, June 1994, p.28
temperature, rotor speed and fill factor on the rate and HDM ROTOR IMPROVES MIX-PO MINI
efficiency of mixing, energy consumption, and ShawD
temperature rise. 5 refs.
INDIA This article describes the new HDM (High Distributive
Copyquest order no.519943 Mixing) rotor, designed by Pomini SpA ofltaly. Included
are details of how the HDM differs from more
conventional rotors, and of the research, development
Item 122 principles, and benefits of the new design rotor.
China Rubb.Ind. 41, No.5, May 1994, p.300-3
Chinese POMINISPA
MIXING LINE AND MIXING TECHNOLOGY EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE
WITH F270 INTERNAL MIXER Copyquest order no.513752
Lai Jiyan
CHINA
Copyquest order no. 516416 Item 126
Nordic Rubber Conference 1993. Conference
proceedings Helsingor, 13th-14th May 1993, p.ll-34.
Item 123
012 Danish Society of Rubber Technology; Nordic
Advances in Extrusion Technology. Retec Proceedings
Council of Rubber Technology
Toronto, Ont., 18th-19th Oct.l993, paper 5. pp.l5. 82
COST REDUCTION IN THE MIXING ROOM
SPE,Ontario Section; SPE,Extrusion Div.
Limper A; Gruenheck R
CONTROL OF CONTINUOUS MIXERS.
Corp. Ed.: Danish Society of Rubber Technology;
LABORATORY STUDY AND COMMERCIAL
Nordic Council of Rubber Technology
APPLICATIONS
Gohr E T; Nichols R J
Cost reduction in rubber mixing rooms is discussed.
Farrel Corp.
Simple roll mill mixing systems, simple internal mixer
Details are given of mixers available and the principles of systems and a modem mixing line are compared. Specific
their operation are explained. The four variables which measures for cost reduction are then considered, including
control and affect the operation of the continuous mixer optimal temp. control system/balancing of starting effects,
are stated to be production rate, rotor speed, orifice exchange of rotors, variable speed drive, reproducible ram
opening or gear pump suction pressure, and mixer pressure, optimisation of material handling, exchange of
temperature control. Production rate is controlled solely tangential and intermeshing mixers, optimisation within
by the feed rate. The control of continuous mixers is the surroundings of the mixer, tandem mixing technology,
compared with that of single screw extruders. Some and energy cost reduction.
equipment, particularly rotors, is shown and data given for DENMARK; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; SCANDINAVIA;
mixing of mono-modal HDPE, bi-modal HDPE and WESTERN EUROPE
LLDPE. II refs. Copyquest order no. 512967
USA
Copyquest order no.516388
Item 127
Item 124 145th Meeting, Spring 1994. Conference Proceedings
Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi 67, No.3, 1994, p.l63-79
Chicago, 11., 19th-22nd Aprill994, Paper 37, pp.l4. 012
ACS,Rubber Div.
Japanese
MIXING AND VISCOELASTICITY OF RUBBER. COMPUTER CONTROL OF INTERNAL MIXER
III. FOR MORE CONSISTENT EPDM COMPOUNDS
Jourdain E P
NakajimaN
Akron, University,Inst.of Polym.Engineering Exxon Chemical Co.

A discussion is presented of problems relating to the The use of computer control in the compounding ofEPDM
internal mixer, simulation of the mixing mechanism, and in an internal mixer was investigated. Using an EPDM of
the relation between properties and the operation of the tailored MWD, having a high green strength and offering
machine. Suggestions are presented for modelling the a fast carbon black dispersion, advanced control of mixing
mixing on the basis of energy. 33 refs. Articles from this energy was used to improve the batch-to-batch
journal can be requested for translation by subscribers to reproducibility of a 70 Shore A compound. The Mooney
the Rapra produced International Polymer Science and viscosity variation of the compounds was reduced to less
Technology. than that of the EPDM raw material. 8 refs.
USA USA
Copyquest order no.515776 Copyquest order no. 511443

50
 References and Abstracts

Item 128 ingredients can be added to and incorporated into the

145th Meeting, Spring 1994. Conference Proceedings rubber compound before the material is discharged in the
Chicago, 11., 19th-22nd April1994, Paper 13, pp.25. 012 usual way. Details are given.
ACS,Rubber Div. SHAW F.,& CO.LTD.
MIXING OF RUBBER AND VISCOELASTICITY. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
II. LARGE DEFORMATION AND FRACTURE OF Copyquest order no.511029
RUBBER
Nakajima N
Item 131
Akron,University,lnst.of Polym.Engineering
Antec '93. Conference Proceedings New Orleans, La.,
The viscoelastic behaviour of rubber during mixing is 9th-13th May 1993, Vol.I, p.773-8. 012 SPE
discussed. The relationship of tensile stress-strain TWO-DIMENSIONAL DYNAMIC STUDY OF
behaviour and fracture of gum rubber to processability is DISTRIBUTIVE MIXING OF A BANBURY MIXER
examined, and a method of constructing viscoelastic Wong T H; Manas-Zloczower I
master curves from tensile stress-strain data is presented. Yale, University; Case Western Reserve University
Fracture in the mixing process is shown to result in the
A framework based on a pairwise correlation function was
generation of supermolecular flow units. The mechanism
used to quantify the extent of mixing in a Banbury mixer.
of fracture involves the pull-out of chain ends through
The correlation function distribution and the coefficient of
entanglements, and the high concentration of chain ends
the probability density function of the pairwise correlation
on the surface explains the fact that rubber becomes more
function were very sensitive in discriminating among
tacky as mixing progresses. 18 refs.
various operating configurations. It was found that the
USA
anti-symmetric configuration (90-270) was the best
Copyquest order no. 511420 mixing configuration of those considered, while the
symmetric configuration (90-90) was the worst. The
Item 129 difference came mainly from the absence of exchange
145th Meeting, Spring 1994. Conference Proceedings between chambers in the 90-90 configuration. 11 refs.
Chicago, 11., 19th-22nd Apri11994, Paper 12, pp.35. 012 USA
ACS,Rubber Div.
Copyquest order no. 510859
FLOW VISUALISATION OF INTERMESHING
AND SEPARATED COUNTER-ROTATING
ROTOR INTERNAL MIXER Item 132
Kim P S; White J L Kaut.u.Gummi Kunst. 47, No.3, March 1994, p.l87-90
Akron,University,lnst.ofPolym.Engineering 'VIC' (VARIABLE INTERMESHING
CLEARANCE) INTERNAL MIXERS OFFER
A flow visualisation investigation of material motions and GREATEST FLEXIBILITY IN MIXING
compounding of NR and SBR in an internal mixer with Pomini L
intermeshing rotors based 9n the Francis Shaw design was Pomini SpA
carried out. The results were compared to those of a series
of studies undertaken on Banbury type double-flighted The above mixers are discussed with reference to technical
separated rotors. The mixer with intermeshing rotors was features, mixing efficiency, effects of rotor gap variation
shown to induce a much more rapid circulation rate inside on power peak, feeding time of the raw material, batch
the mixing chamber and to achieve bale homogenisation, discharge temp., energy transmitted to the batch and
carbon black incorporation and absorption of extender oil dispersion, and a productivity/quality comparison for a
more rapidly than the separated rotor mixer. 37 refs. tyre compound for both VIC and tangential mixers.
SHAW F.,& CO.LID. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE Copyquest order no.509598
Copyquest order no. 511419
Item 133
Item 130 IntPolym.Processing 9, No.1, March 1994, p.46-50
Polym.Rubb.Asia 9, No.51, April1994, p.44 3-D FLOW SIMULATIONS OF A CAVITY
WORKING IN TANDEM SAVES TIME AND TRANSFER MIXER
MONEY Wang C; Manas-Zloczower I
Case Western Reserve University
Tandem mixing is reported to be a system for mixing
rubber compounds in a single manufacturing process A fluid dynamics analysis package(FIDAP) using the
which, according to Francis Shaw, results in more finite element method was used to simulate the flow
economic production, due to savings in labour and energy patterns in a Cavity Transfer Mixer with three rows and
costs. The tandem mixing process allows a second, six cavities per row. A three-dimensional, isothermal flow
pressureless mixer to be introduced immediately below the analysis for a Newtonian fluid was carried out. The flow
normal Intermix machine - designed to provide rapid field was characterised in terms of velocity profiles,
cooling from 160C to IOOC, at which point curing average shear stresses and a parameter quantifying the

51
 References and Abstracts

elongational flow components. The influence of Item I36

processing variables on the flow characteristics was also Rubb.World209, No.5, Feb.l994, p.74
examined. The simulation results showed good agreement LABORATORY MIXER
with the experimental data. 25 refs.
It is briefly reported that Farrel has introduced the BR 1600
USA
Banbury mixer for use in laboratories and other small
Copyquest order no.509550 batch applications. Standard features include a
preprogrammed PLC control system with recipe storage
Item 134 and real-time trending, and heat transfer characteristics
Int.Polym.Processing 9, No.1, March 1994, p.3-10 equivalent to production machines.
TWO-DIMENSIONAL DYNAMIC STUDY OF FARREL CORP.
THE DISTRIBUTIVE MIXING IN AN INTERNAL USA
MIXER
Copyquest order no.509348
Wong T H; Manas-Zloczower I
Case Western Reserve University
Item I37
Distributive mixing in an internal mixer was studied Rubb. World209, No.5, Feb.l994, p.24-9
numerically by tracking the evolution of the distance CORRECT DESIGN OF THE MIXING ROOM
between pairs of particles in the mixing chamber. The Facoetti E
distributions of these pairwise distances were reported in Cifaprogetti SpA
terms of the probability density function of a pairwise
correlation function. In conjunction with this descriptive In the tyre production industry, one of the first work phases
technique, a dynamic particle-tracking algorithm for two takes place in the mixing room. The correct design of the
dimensions was developed to study the dynamics of flow of raw materials, the respect for the work
mixing in the mixer. A parameter was proposed to monitor environment, the reliability of the hatching operation and
the extent of mixing. This approach represented the first their accuracy are all bases for obtaining an intermediate
attempt of this type directly to address the goodness of high quality product which will guarantee the success of
mixing. A total of five operating modes was considered. the following work phases. This article discusses the
Three had an even speed ratio of 60 rpm and rotors reception, storage and hatching of raw materials; rubber
positioned at 90-90, 90-180 and 90-270 relative to the granulation plant characteristics; handling of carbon
horizontal axis, respectively. The other two had uneven black; automatic weighing; hatching and control of mixer
speed of 60 rpm/40 rpm and rotors positioned at 90-90 and operations.
90-270 relative to the horizontal axis, respectively. For EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE
each operating mode, a complete period was represented Copyquest order no.509345
as a sequence of snap shots and the flow field for each snap
shot was calculated by means of a fluid dynamics finite
Item 138
element analysis package. It was clearly shown that the
Indian Rubber Journal Vol.4, Jan-Feb.1994, p.32-41
anti-symmetric configuration (90-270) was the best
CURRENT MIXING PRACTICES
operating mode among the three even speed cases and the
Weng S S
90-180 configuration was the worst. The performance of
Kaye! Rubber Products SDN BHD
the uneven speed cases was between that of the even speed
cases. 15 refs. Details are given of developments in mixing lines and
USA mixing technology and how these can be used by
Copyquest order no.509546 Malaysian rubber producers to improve competitiveness.
MALAYSIA
Item 135 Copyquest order no.509006
Rubb.World209, No.5, Feb.1994, p.74
INTENSIVE MIXER Item 139
It is briefly reported that the BTU MXR Series intensive Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi 67, No.I, 1994, p.9-32
mixer temperature control systems offer multi-zone fluid Japanese
heat transfer capability for high-velocity, MIXING AND VISCOELASTICITY OF RUBBER
controlled-temperature water to mixer sides, rotor and NakajimaN
drop door. The MXR Series from Budzar is designed to Akron, University
withstand demanding mix-room atmospheres and is A discussion is presented of rubber mixing as an art, of
available in both direct-injection and closed-loop experience gained and of the different stages in
operation. The series is designed for industrial applications systemising this experience. The article also covers the
requiring fluid temperatures up to 250F. characterisation of viscoelastic behaviour of rubber in
BUDZAR INDUSTRIES internal mixers and the methods of determining and
USA describing viscoelasticity. 50 refs. Articles from this
Copyquest order no.509349 journal can be requested for translation by subscribers to

52
 References and Abstracts

the Rapra produced International Polymer Science and Item 143

Technology. IRC '93/144th Meeting, Falll993. Conference
USA Proceedings Orlando, Fl., 26th-29th Oct.l993, Paper 21,
Copyquest order no.508878 pp.22. 012 ACS,Rubber Div.
VIC GENERATION: INTERNAL MIXERS WITH
VARIABLE INTERMESHING CLEARANCE
Item 140 Pomini L; Marzella J
IRC '93/144th Meeting, Fall 1993. Conference Pomini SpA; Pomini Inc.
Proceedings Orlando, Fl., 26th-29th Oct.l993, Paper B,
pp.l2. 012 ACS,Rubber Div. Pomini's VIC variable intermeshing clearance internal
USE OF COMPUTERS IN RUBBER MIXING mixers are described. The intermeshing rotors allow
Cubbal J P variation of the clearance between rotors which can be
Burton Rubber Processing Inc. automatically controlled according to energy, temperature
or other mixing parameters. Results are presented of
An account is given of computer systems used by Burton rubber mixing studies, and details given of new tangential
Rubber Processing for compound generation and rotors which provide improved homogenisation and
maintenance, process control and weighing in its rubber reduced cycle times. 3 refs.
mixing operations, and for tracking and solving customer EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; ITALY; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
problems, handling financial data and generating memos Copyquest order no.505614
and other documentation.
USA
Copyquest order no.505729 Item 144
IRC '93/144th Meeting, Fall 1993. Conference
Proceedings Orlando, Fl., 26th-29th Oct.1993, Paper 20,
Item 141 pp.l2. 012 ACS,Rubber Div.
IRC '93/144th Meeting, Falll993. Conference ARE THERE ALTERNATIVES TO INTERNAL
Proceedings Orlando, Fl., 26th-29th Oct.l993, Paper MIXERS IN THE NEXT CENTURY?
155, pp.33. 012 ACS,Rubber Div. PohlJ W
INCREASING OUTPUT AND QUALITY BY Werner & Pfleiderer Gummitechnik GmbH;
UPDATING THE MIXING ROOM EQUIPMENT Midwest-Werner & Pfleiderer Inc. (Corp. Ed.:
HaederW ACS,Rubber Div.)
Midwest-Werner & Pfleiderer Inc.
The need for new rubber mixing equipment to substitute
Consideration is given to the optimisation and traditional internal mixers is discussed, and efforts
modernisation of mixers and downstream equipment for towards the development of a continuous rubber mixing
increased productivity and quality in rubber mixing process are reviewed.
operations. Two in-line quality control systems are also EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; USA; WESTERN
described. 9 refs. EUROPE
USA Copyquest order no.505613
Copyquest order no.505719

Item 145
Item 142 Polym.Test. 13, No.2, 1994, p.l71-9
IRC '93/144th Meeting, Fall 1993. Conference NEW METHOD OF FLOW VISUALISATION FOR
Proceedings Orlando, Fl., 26th-29th Oct.l993, Paper RUBBER MIXING
109, pp.l5. 012 ACS,Rubber Div. Ghafouri S N; Freakley P K
FORMULATION MANAGEMENT: FROM LAB Loughborough,University of Technology
TO PLANT. THE WEIGHING SCALE OPTION
FORCHEMIX A flow-visualisation study of the near two-dimensional
Bhatia S S; Colligan T F flow of an elastomer mass in front of a fixed blade is
Simple Software International described. Streamlines and the flow of free surface of the
elastomer are analysed for a particular blade geometry
An account is given of a weighing scale option which parallel to the roll axis, by using a specially designed rig
forms part of Simple Software International's Chemix and an associated image-analysis system. It is intended
computer aided compound management system. The use that the results will be used for comparison with the
of this software in the improvement of productivity and predictions of flow patterns from finite-element modelling
quality control in rubber compounding is described. 1 ref. of the rubber mixing process. 7 refs.
USA EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Copyquest order no.505682 Copyquest order no.505543

53
 References and Abstracts

Item 146 Technical features of VIC (variable intermeshing

Cleveland,Oh., c.1993, pp.4. 11ins. 12/10/93.2813 clearance) mixers developed by Pomini are described. The
MASTER MIXERS SERIES influence of variable clearance on the mixing behaviour of
Technical Machine Products rubber compounds is examined.
POMINI SPA
Special features are described of the TMP Master Mixer
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE
series standard units. The machine is a low labour, high
efficiency, double-bladed rotor mixer for medium and Copyquest order no.501162
small mixing applications.
USA Item 150
Copyquest order no.502375 Rubb.World209, No.1, Oct.1993, p.72
BATCH MIXERS
Item 147 It is briefly reported that the Model S-268 intensive batch
China Rubb.Ind. 40, No.ll, 1993, p.667-9 mixer is available from Skinner Engine Co. Also available
Chinese are technical data, including information on two and four
QUALITY CONTROL AND EXAMINATION lobe tangential rotor designs, as well as units engineered
METHOD FOR MIXED STOCK IN F-270 MIXER to run at friction ratio or synchronous rotor speeds.
Chang X; Shi Z Designs and construction details are based on 125 years of
Brief details are given of the quality control for mixed experience building, restoring and maintaining heavy duty
rubber stock in an F-270 mixer. rotating equipment, the company claims.
CHINA SKINNER ENGINE CO.
Copyquest order no. 502141 USA
Copyquest order no.499458
Item 148
Rubber Europe '93: The Voice of Management. Item 151
Conference Proceedings The Hague, 1Oth-11th June Int.Polym.ScLTechnol. 20, No.9, 1993, p.T/32-5
1993, Paper 10. 012 Rapra Technology Ltd.; European MODELLING THE NON-ISOTHERMAL FLOW
Rubber Journal; Institute of Materials OF A RUBBER MIX IN A ROTARY MIXER
CASE STUDY OF EUROPEAN CO-OPERATION Baranov A V; Prokhorova L N; Skok V I; Vikulenkova
IN RUBBER MIXING RESEARCH ME
Freakley P K
Loughborough, University of Technology A model is proposed for predicting non-isothermal flow of
a non-Newtonian medium in a convergent channel with
This paper examines in some detail a 3-year one stationary wall under complex shear conditions. An
BRlTE-EURAM project between French rubber product attempt is also made to devise methods for calculating the
manufacturer, Hutchinson SA, the Rubber Process basic design elements of a rotor blade for rubber mixers of
Engineering Centre (RuPEC) of Loughborough standard size. 10 refs. Translation ofKauch.i Rezina, No.2,
University research centre, and Intermix internal mixer 1993, p.3 8. Articles from this journal can be requested for
manufacturer, Francis Shaw & Co.Ltd. Information is translation by subscribers to the Rapra produced
presented on the project, entitled 'Development of the International Polymer Science and Technology.
Batch Rubber Mixing Process for Optimal Quality'. The EASTERN EUROPE; USSR
project is reported to be based on the Intermix internal
Copyquest order no.498658
mixer and its objectives are reported to be:- (a)
determination of close relationships between mixing
parameters, dispersion measurements and mix properties; Item 152
(b) development of an innovative closed-loop control IntPolym.ScLTechnol. 20, No.9, 1993, p.T/22-7
system capable of monitoring mix quality in real time; (c) RUBBER COMPOUNDING: WELL-KNOWN
comparison of the efficiency of the two main types of PRINCIPLES AND NEW TECHNOLOGY
internal mixer; and (d) improvement of quality level and Pohl J; Limper A
uniformity of rubber compounds.
This article, which is a continuation of GK 9/92, covers
HUTCHINSON SA; FRANCIS SHAW & CO.LTD.
the further development of the internal mixer and
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
downstream equipment, further optimisation of task
Copyquest order no.501223 allocation in the mixing room and automation, with
emphasis on in-line quality control using remote laser
Item 149 microanalysis and the Rheomill, a sensor system that
Ind.d.Gomina 37, No.lO, Nov.l993, p.42/5 determines the flow behaviour and temperature of rubber
Italian compounds on the roll mill. 2 refs. Translation from
EXPERIENCE WITH THE INTERMESHING Gummi Fasern Kunst., No.7, 1993, p.370. Articles from
ROTOR MIXER WITH VARIABLE CLEARANCE this journal can be requested for translation by subscribers

54
 References and Abstracts

to the Rapra produced International Polymer Science and Item 156

Technology. Polym.Rubb.Asia 8, No.48, Oct.1993, p.34
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE HISTORIC PRINCIPLES
Copyquest order no.498655 Cooke F
Paint Research Assn.

Item 153 Some of the mixing equipment available and the use of
Rubb.PlasLNews 23, No.4, 27th Sept.l993, p.45-7 CAD in its design, is discussed. Werner & Pfleiderer is
CHEMICAL MIXTURES AND PRE WEIGHED using computer design to predict machine and product
PACKAGING performance. In the tyre industry, the usual methods of
Martin C C mixing use tangential or intermeshing technologies.
Elastochem Inc. Werner has patented ZZ-2 rotor configurations which can
produce equal results to the Farrel patented ST system.
The article describes how the combination of a treated WERNER & PFLEIDERER
chemical mixture and preweighed packaging in a EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
dispersible bag yields a synergistic benefit for Copyquest order no.496494
improvement in quality, technical, environmental and
productivity returns. These result in an overall value to the
Item 157
rubber product manufacturer that cannot be obtained with
Plast.News(USA) 5, No.29, 13th Sept.1993, p.25/33
either method of operation being used individually.
SMALL LOTS BECOME A BIG BUSINESS FOR
USA SOME
Copyquest order no.497822 Charnas D
An opportunity has been created, it is claimed, for colour
Item 154 suppliers by major resin producers who have exited the
Rev.PlasLMod. 66, No.446, Aug.1993, p.174-7 small-lot pre-coloured resin business. A void in the
Spanish supplier base to small lot companies is being rapidly filled
RELMA: ON-LINE QUALITY CONTROL IN THE by independent compounders and colour suppliers.
RUBBER MIXING ROOM BY LASER ANALYSIS Comments from the industry and the initiatives of
Hader W; Lorenzen C J companies are reported.
Werner & Pfleiderer Gummitechnik GmbH; Krupp USA
Forschungsinstitut
Copyquest order no. 496007
The application of remote laser microanalysis (RELMA),
developed by Krupp Forschungsinstitut, Werner & Item 158
Pfleiderer Gummitechnik and Pirelli, to quality control in Muanyag es Gumi 30, No.8, 1993, p.181-7
rubber mixing operations is examined. 4 refs. Hungarian
PIRELLI SPA; LONOON,UNIVERSITY,KING'S COLLEGE FIXMIX STATIC MIXER. PROCESS AND
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; ITALY; UK; WESTERN EQUIPMENT
EUROPE BucskyG
Copyquest order no.497621 Hungarian Academy of Sciences
The author introduces types of static mixers used
Item 155 throughout the world, and describes in detail the FixMix
Eur.Rubb.J. 175, No.l1, Dec.1993, p.26-7 static mixers, developed by the Research Institute for
CLEANING UP MIXER EMISSIONS Industrial Chemistry of the Hungarian Academy of
O'HeaP Sciences. The paper deals with the operation of these
Colt International mixers and their advantages in mixing and heat transfer.
In addition, the author shows with practical examples that
Control of carbon black emission in rubber manufacture these static mixers can be used to advantage in many
has challenged the performance capabilities of existing technologies in the rubber and plastics industries. 22 refs.
wet scrubbing technology. This article describes a new wet Articles from this journal can be requested for translation
curtain spray type of scrubbing technology which has by subscribers to the Rapra produced International
shown to achieve particle collection efficiencies of at least Polymer Science and Technology.
99%. Colt International has installed a water-curtain-spray EASTERN EUROPE; HUNGARY
scrubbing system at Pirelli's tyre plant in Carlisle which is Copyquest order no.495299
proving useful for collecting the oil carbon black
emissions produced during mixing oftyre compounds. Item 159
PIRELLI LTD. Rubb.PlasLNews 23, No.3, 13th Sept.1993, p.15-6
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE INTERLOCKING VS. TANGENTIAL ROTORS IN
Copyquest order no.497312 MIXING

55
 References and Abstracts

Wood P R; Nevett R E Item 162

Shaw F.,& Co.(Manchester) Ltd.; Skinner Engine Co. Kauch.i Rezina No.2, 1993, p.38-40
Russian
The interlocking rotor principal has for many years shown MODELLING THE NON-ISOTHERMAL FLOW
to perform more successfully than the tangential rotor OF A RUBBER MIX IN A ROTARY MIXER
principal on internal batch mixing of difficult non-tyre Baranov A V; Prokhorova L N; Skok VI; Vikulenkova
compounds. However, tyre manufacturers are also ME
reported to be reviewing their long-term preference for the
tangential rotor type of mixer, due, it is claimed, to the A model is proposed for the non-isothermal flow of a
widening scope of compounds which can be used. non-Newtonian medium in a tapering channel with one
Comparisons are made between the two mixer types. mobile wall under conditions where complex shear is
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE applied. An attempt is made on the basis of this model to
Copyquest order no.494966 develop methods of calculation of the main constructional
elements of the paddle of a rotor for internal mixers of any
type/size. 10 refs. Articles from this journal can be
Item 160 requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra
lnt.Polym.ScLTechnol. 20, No.6, 1993, p.T/29-39 produced International Polymer Science and Technology.
FUNDAMENTAL THEORY OF RUBBER MIXING
Yoshida T CIS; COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES; RUSSIA
Copyquest order no.491749
Theoretical aspects of rubber mixing are discussed,
including mastication, compounding, selection of
compounding conditions, types of mixers and their Item 163
characteristics, observation of the mixing operation,
Tyretech '92. Conference Proceedings Paris, 27th-28th
behaviour of the disperse system during mixing,
Oct.1992, paper 13. 6Tl Rapra Technology Ltd.;
rubber-filler interface (bound rubber), and optimum European Rubber Journal
compounding. 19 refs. (Full translation of Nippon Gomu
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN COMPOUNDING
Kyokaishi, No.6, 1992, p.325)
AND EXTRUSION MACIDNERY FOR THE
JAPAN TYRE INDUSTRY- A MANUFACTURER'S
Copyquest order no.494735 PERSPECTIVE
BrownCJ
Shaw F.,& Co.(Manchester) Ltd.
Item 161
Kaut.u.Gummi Kunst. 46, No.8, Aug.1993, p.639-46
Three recent developments in machinery for the tyre
NUMERICAL STUDIES OF MIXING
industry are examined. The interlocking rotor mixing
EFFICIENCY IN A BANBURY MIXER FOR A
system is described and compared with tangential rotor
TWO-PHASE SYSTEM
mixers, the tandem mixing system is described and
Wong T H; Manas-Zloczower I
discussed and extrusion equipment developments are
Yale, University; Case Western Reserve University
examined.
The presence of a second phase can affect the flow patterns EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN
and consequently the mixing characteristics of a Banbury EUROPE-GENERAL
mixer. In this work, two different but related two-phase Copyquest order no.491597
systems were investigated: (1) systems in which the
discrete phase is an inviscid fluid and (2) systems in which
both the discrete and the continuous phases are fluids of
fmite viscosities. The first type is representative for a Item 164
partially-filled mixing chamber in a Banbury mixer, Rubb. World 208, No.4, July 1993, p.SO
whereas the second type reflects on blending of RUBBER MIXER
immiscible fluids. Flow simulations were carried out by
FIDAP, a fluid dynamics numerical package based on the It is briefly reported that the Techni-Mix HD Series from
finite element method. A quasi steady-state numerical Technical Machine Products was developed to provide
scheme for tracking the dynamic evolution of the rubber and plastics processors with easy-to-use mixers that
interfaces between the continuous and discrete phases was offer both efficiency and accuracy. Primarily developed
developed. Rheological behaviour ofthe continuous phase for rubber and plastics compounding, the HD Series may
was described by a power-law fluid model. The also be used for other applications including adhesives,
characteristics of the deformation mechanism for the pigments, etc.
dispersed phase were also analysed. 13 refs. TECHNICAL MACHINE PRODUCTS
USA USA
Copyquest order no.492896 Copyquest order no.490379

56
 References and Abstracts

Item 165 results are where possible contrasted to mathematical

Rubb.World208, No.4, July 1993, p.27/81 simulations of flow. 21 refs.
CONTINUOUS PROCESSING HIGH QUALITY USA
COMPOUNDS ON A CO-ROTATING TWIN Copyquest order no.490375
SCREW EXTRUDER
Burbank F R; Ploski W A
Item 168
Werner & Pfleiderer Corp.
Rubb.Chem.Technol. 66, No.2, May-June 1993,
p.257-75
The ZSK fully intermeshing, co-rotating twin-screw
COMPARISON OF FOUR-FLIGHTED AND
extruder from Werner & Pfleiderer can improve the
TWO-FLIGHTED INTERNAL MIXER ROTORS
consistency, the quality of dispersion, and reduce the heat
USING CYLINDRICAL COORDINATE
history in the compounding of rubber formulations. The
HYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION THEORY
equipment is modular, enabling a process configuration
HuB; White J L
optimised for that process task. Continuous processing on
Akron, University
the ZSK opens the door to true SPC and JIT. The variables
which control product quality are set points in the process Details are given of a mathematical model based on
and can be continuously monitored and controlled. cylindrical coordinate hydrodynamic lubrication theory
USA
for internal mixers to various rotor designs. Numerical
techniques were used to carry out calculations of the
Copyquest order no.490377
pressure field, mean flux field, and various mixing
characteristic parameters. Comparisons were made for
both four-flighted and two-flighted rotor designs. 41 refs.
Item 166
USA
Rubb. World 208, No.4, July 1993, p.22-6
ADVANCES IN MIXING LINE EQUIPMENT Copyquest order no.489824
Nekola K; Asada M
Kobelco Stewart Bolling Inc. Item 169
Kaut.u.Gummi Kunst. 46, No.7, July 1993, p.545-9
With recent advances and improvements in intensive German
mixer design, it is now possible to complete a high quality TANDEM-MIXING PROCESS (PART 4)
mix within the mixer. This article describes an under mixer Peter J; Weckerle G
sheeting device, the TSR (twin screw roller head extruder) Continental AG
from Kobelco, which consists of a two-roll sheeting
The tandem mixing process, for use with carbon black
calender, close coupled to a short twin screw extruder. The
mixes, is described. Potential applications of the process
intermeshing twin screws pull in material without
and analysis of the quality of rubber compounds are among
assistance from a pusher and feed the sheeting calender
the topics discussed. 5 refs.
which, in turn, produces a precise sheet automatically.
Kobelco has also developed a high powered, highly AUSTRIA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; WESTERN
flexible, easy to use and inexpensive control system which EUROPE
can be used on any new or existing internal batch mixer. Copyquest order no.487397
USA
Item 170
Copyquest order no.490376
Kaut.u.Gummi Kunst. 45, No.l2, Dec.1992, p.l027-32
German
SIMULATION OF THE KNEADING PROCESS
Item 167
INTO THE INTERNAL MIXER. PART 1.
Rubb.World208, No.4, July 1993, p.17-21
MODELLING OF THE FLOW PROCESSES INTO
FLOW VISUALISATION STUDIES OF
THE INTERNAL MIXER WITH TANGENTIAL
INTERNAL MIXING USING ROTORS OF
KNEADING BLADES UNDER VISCOELASTIC
DIFFERENT DESIGN
MATERIAL BEHAVIOUR
Hu B; White J L
Kreft R; Meissner K; PoltersdorfB
Akron, University
Merseburg,Technische Hochschule; Brabender OHG
Flow visualisation in the internal mixer is the most In order to obtain more information about the mixing
effective way to study the flow patterns and mixing process, the process model of internal mixers has been
mechanisms dominating the behaviour of the internal expanded to include the viscoelastic and
mixer. The relationships between rotor wing arrangements viscoelastic-plastic behaviour of materials. From the
and flow behaviour have been investigated. This article mathematical-physical solution of the problem, the
describes flow visualisation studies of the motions of essential field quantities and their dependence on the
elastomers and the subsequent mixing of carbon black geometry of the rotor and on technological parameters are
with silicone rubber using rotors of different design. The determined and discussed. Conclusions about the

57
 References and Abstracts

fonnation or exclusion of dead zones, the existence of elongation property. It was found from the results that the
eddies, the distribution of stress intensity and about the screw-type rotor is a better distributive mixer but a poorer
mixing quality are presented. 16 refs. dispersive mixer than the Banbury type rotor. 17 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE Articles from this journal can be requested for translation
Copyquest order no.487377 by subscribers to the Rapra produced International
Polymer Science and Technology.
Item 171 JAPAN
lnLPolym.Processing 8, No.2, June 1993, p.99-103 Copyquest order no.485193
ESTIMATION OF QUALITY OF MIXING
Malkin A Y; Baranov A V; Viculencova ME;
Prokhorova L N; Sivetskii VI Item 174
Moscow,Research Institute ofPlastics; Moscow,State Macplas 18, No.l46, March 1993, p.81-2
Academy of Gas & Oil; Moscow, Tyre Research Italian
Institute; Kiev,Polytechnic Institute CONSTRUCTIONAL DEVELOPMENTS IN OPEN
CYLINDER MIXERS
A brief review is given on works relating the quality of BrogliaA
mixing to the work done or the energy consumed. Quality Comerio Ercole SpA
of mixing is defined as either the average degree of
dispersion or the coefficient of heterogeneity. Results are Technical features of open cylinder mixers for rubber are
given on mixing experiments with PE compounds described.
containing various fillers (kaolin plates, chalk spheres, EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE
blue pigment spheres and talc scales) and a rubber Copyquest order no.483651
compound containing carbon black. Degree of mixing is
correlated with energy consumption and with properties of
the resulting compound, e.g. TS and EB. 14 refs. Item 175
RUSSIA; UKRAINE Macplas 18, No.l46, March 1993, p.73-9
Copyquest order no. 486509 Italian
STATE OF THE ART IN MIXING ROOM
Item 172 MACHINERY
ChinaRubb.Jnd. 40, No.6, 1993, p.348-52 Lo Scalzo E; Tentardini G
Chinese
Developments in open and internal mixers and extrusion
INSTANTANEOUS POWER CONTROLLING
METHOD FOR RUBBER MIXING IN AN mixing equipment are reviewed, with reference to
INTERNAL MIXER machinery produced by a number of companies. Quality
and automation systems are also examined.
Zhang H; Zhang S; Cai Q; Huang Y; MaT; Chen J;
Yang H; Cai A; Zheng X EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE; WORLD
Guangzhou,South China University of Technology; Copyquest order no.483650
Guangzhou,Jiangnan Rubber Factory
A new controlling method for rubber mixing in an internal Item 176
mixer is described. The method is used to control directly Kaut.u.Gummi Kunst. 45, No.ll, Nov.l992, p.951-6
the stock viscosity during mixing. 8 refs. Gennan
CHINA MIXING ROOM UNDER SYSTEM ASPECTS
Copyquest order no.485685 Raeder W; Limper A
Werner & Pfleiderer Gummitechnik GmbH
Item 173
Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi 66, No.5, 1993, p.305-ll Methods for optimising the rubber mixing process are
EFFECT OF ROTOR SHAPE ON MIXING IN AN discussed in some detail. Aspects covered include mixing
INTERNAL MIXER equipment, materials handling and automation. 7 refs.
JinKK EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Gyeongsang,National University Copyquest order no.480512
An experimental study is described of the effect of the
rotor shape on mixing behaviour using two different types Item 177
of rotor, i.e. screw and Banbury type rotors. The mixing Polym.Rubb.Asia 8, No.45, Aprill993, p.l4
ability was evaluated by measuring the circulation time POMINIDEVELOPS
corresponding to the distributive mixing capacity. The
dispersive mixing capability was also considered by Brief details are given of developments from Pomini SpA,
observing the states of carbon black agglomerates by a manufacturer of engineering equipment for tyre, cable
scanning electron microscopy and by measuring the and compounding systems for the plastics, rubber and

58
 References and Abstracts

petrochemical industries. In particular, the VIC variable A method is described for the elemental analysis of rubber
rotor pitch mixer is discussed. compounds which is particularly suitable for on-line
POMINISPA detection. The technique is based on the spectroscopic
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE investigation of plasma irradiation created by a pulsed UV
Copyquest order no.48042I laser. 4 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Copyquest order no.478492
Item 178
Int.Polym.Sci.Technol. 20, No.2, 1993, p.T/38-44
Item I8I
STUDY OF RUBBER MIXING IN AN INTERNAL
Rubb. World 208, N o.l, April 1993, p.46
MIXER. II. SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF
INTERNAL MIXERS
ELECTRIC POWER CONSUMPTION CHARTS
Nishimoto K; Urabe N; Akiyama T The S-270, a 270 litre net chamber capacity internal mixer
has been added to the range of heavy duty tangential rotor
NBR mixing experiments were carried out with an internal intensive mixers from Skinner Engine. The S-270 is
mixer using double-vaned rotors. The power consumption offered as a direct replacement for F-270 mixers now in
charts recorded during mixing were subjected to spectral service. Brief details are given of the design and
analysis by the maximum entropy method and the physical changeover mechanism.
significance of the spectral peaks was investigated.
SKINNER ENGINE CO.
Spectral peaks corresponding to th'e rotor speed and to
USA
twice the rotor speed were detected. When the rotors were
operated at different speeds, spectral peaks corresponding Copyquest order no.478398
to the period of mutual encounter of the rotor blades and
twice this period appeared in the low frequency region. Item I82
Determination of the relation between the electrical Eur.Rubb.J. 175, No.5, May 1993, p.22-5
conductivity of the rubber sheet and the total number of MIXER CONTROL NEEDS FEEDBACK
rotor revolutions showed that the former could be White E
expressed as an exponential function of the latter, It is reported that rubber mixing and its consistent control
irrespective of the total power consumption, rotor speed, is central to the rubber manufacturing process. Many in the
and rotor speed ratio. 10 refs. (Full translation of Nippon industry agree, however, that the ideal of mixing
Gomu Kyokaishi, No.8, 1992, p.465) consistently batch to batch, day to day, is difficult to
JAPAN achieve. The mixing process involves many variables; a
Copyquest order no.479569 review of recent developments is presented.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Item 179 Copyquest order no.477622

Eur.Rubb.J. 175, No.6, June 1993, p.28
PO MINI LAUNCHES NEW ROTOR Item I83
ShawD Rubb.World207, No.6, March 1993, p.15-6
PRODUCING RUBBER MIXTURES
It is reported that Pomini will introduce a new rotor shape Peter J; Weckerle G
for its tangential mixers at the Rubber Expo in Orlando, Continental AG
Florida in October 1993. The company is simultaneously
trying to persuade tyre companies to start using its VIC US patent 5,1 08,188 has been assigned to Continental AG
mixer technology. The company is working with Keys concerning a method of producing a rubber mixture
Western University in Cleveland, Ohio to model flow including producing, in a ram kneader, a masterbatch that
within the mixing chamber. Some company information is comprises rubber and non-reactive additives, transferring
said masterbatch into a ramless kneader for fmal mixing
presented.
and cooling, charging the interior of said ramless kneader
POMINI SPA; KEYS WESTERN UNIVERSITY with dry air, and operating said ramless kneader with a
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; ITALY; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
coolant having a temperature of about OCto lOC.
Copyquest order no.479478 EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Copyquest order no.476853
Item I80
Kaut.u.Gummi Kunst. 46, No.5, May 1993, p.403-5 Item I84
German Plastverarbeiter 42, No.1 0, Oct.1992, p.84-94
ON-LINE QUALITY CONTROL IN THE RUBBER German
MIXING ROOM BY LASER ANALYSIS WEARING EFFECTS OF COMPOUNDING.
Hader W; Lorenzen C J ECONOMICAL AND TECHNICAL NEED FOR
Werner & Pfleiderer Gummitechnik GmbH; Krupp MINIMISING WEAR
Forschungsinstitut ZettlerHD

59
 References and Abstracts

This paper describes the measures which must be taken to computer-prompted weighing and data collection system
minimise the costly wearing effects of compounding of incorporating the use of bar code labels coupled with the
plastics on the machines and equipment which are used for introduction of the latest computer-controlled 80-L mixer
the process. Special wear-resistant machines and fitted with an advanced tangential rotor design. 3 refs.
equipment are very expensive. JAPAN
BASFAG Copyquest order no.476000
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Copyquest order no.476647 Item 188
International Seminar on Elastomers. Seminar
Item 185 Proceedings Kurume, 7th-9th Oct.1990, p.133-44. 012
Rubb.lndia 45, No.1, Jan.l993, p.9-10 Akron,University; Teikyo,University
PLANNED PREVENTIVE MIXED MIXING BEHAVIOUR DURING THE
MAINTENANCE REDUCES UNSCHEDULED PROCESSING OF RUBBER BY NEW TYPE
DOWNTIME ROTORS IN A TWO-DIMENSIONAL INTERNAL
SalmaS MIXER
Toh M; Gondoh T; Mori T; Hara S; Murakami Y (Edited
A guide is presented for inspecting various parts of by: White J L; Murakami K)
Banbury mixers to prevent unscheduled downtime. Areas Kurume,College of Technology; Kyushu,University
considered include bearings/rotors, dust stops, drop door
and latch, the hydraulic system and gears. Coloured tracer rubber was incorporated into a
INDIA semi-transparent polybutadiene and the mixing behaviour
Copyquest order no.476049 of the rubbers in the chamber ofa two-dimensional internal
mixer investigated. Novel rotors with two wings were used
at equal rotor speed. The variation of the mixing state with
Item 186 time was followed using a videocamera. A large pressure
International Seminar on Elastomers. Seminar
gradient was generated in the reservoir below the ram and
Proceedings Kurume, 7th-9th Oct.1990, p.l59-74. 012
above the bridge of the mixer, which resulted in good
Akron,University; Teikyo,University
dispersion of the tracer rubber and a short mixing time. 9
CHARACTERISING AND CONTROLLING THE
refs.
BATCH INTERNAL MIXING PROCESS
JAPAN
Freakley P K; Murray G A W (Edited by: White J L;
MurakamiK) Copyquest order no.475998
Loughborough,University of Technology
Item 189
The results are reported of three linked studies on the batch Macplas 17, No.l42, Oct.1992, p.l51-3
internal mixing of rubbers (carbon black filled EPDM and Italian
SBR) aimed at understanding and controlling the mixing MOVEMENT OF COMPOUNDING
process. The studies deal with the multifactor modelling INGREDIENTS AND DOSING IN
of the effect of mixer variables on material properties and COMPOUNDING
mixer responses, distributive mixing efficiency and BucherE
closed-loop control of material properties via rotor torque. Chronos Richardson Ltd.
Both tangential and intermeshing rotor mixers are
considered. 24 refs. Fluidised and pneumatic conveying systems for
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE pulverulent rubber compounding ingredients and dosing
Copyquest order no.476001 and weighing systems for use in rubber compounding are
described.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Item 187
International Seminar on Elastomers. Seminar Copyquest order no.475571
Proceedings Kurume, 7th-9th Oct.1990, p.l75-84. 012
Akron,University; Teikyo,University Item 190
OPTIMISED MIXING PROCESS: IntPolym.ScLTechnol. 19, No.12, 1992, p.T/67-75
MEDWM-SIZED RUBBER COMPONENT METHODS OF COMPOUNDING EPDM-
MANUFACTURER SPECIAL FEATURE: RUBBER MIXING
Bond R; Takada Y (Edited by: White J L; Murakami K) Sasai K
CR Industries; Koyo Chicago Rawhide Co.Ltd.
Results of experimental investigations of the mixing of
The various options open for the mixing of rubber EPM and EPDM with carbon black are presented and
compounds are discussed and an optimised mixing process discussed in relation to the effect of polymer properties on
for medium-sized rubber component manufacturers that carbon black dispersion and to the effect of mixing
meets the overall requirements of a mixing facility is conditions on the dispersion. Typical compounding
described. This was achieved by developing a patterns are considered, problems arising in large-capacity

60
 References and Abstracts

on-site equipment are examined, together with possible computerised sequence control. This greatly enhances the
remedies, and types of enclosed mixing machines uniformity of raw compound properties.
(Banbury, intermix and kneader) are discussed. I ref. (Full EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
translation of Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi, No.6, 1992, Copyquest order no.473480
p.353)
JAPAN Item 194
Copyquest order no.475078 Polym.Engng.Sci. 33,No.33,Mid-Feb.1993,p.140-8
COMPUTATIONAL STUDY OF CHAOTIC
MIXING IN CO-ROTATING TWO-TIPPED
Item 191
KNEADING PADDLES: TWO-DIMENSIONAL
Int.Polym.Sci.Technol. 19, No.l2, 1992, p.T/41-50
APPROACH
RUBBER COMPOUNDING- WELL-KNOWN
Lawai A;Kalyon D H;Zhenghua Ji
PRINCIPLES AND NEW TECHNOLOGIES. IV.
Stevens Institute ofTechnology
Pohl J; Limper A
Werner & Pfleiderer This study attempts to investigate the kinematics of the
mixing occurring in the lenticular kneading disc section of
This article, the continuation of an article in Gummi the co-rotating twin-screw extruder, using the tools of
Fas.Kunst., No.6, 1992, covers the optimisation of the dynamics. Elurian velocity field distributions, generated
batch-fed internal mixer process. Topics discussed include by a two-dimensional isothermal and creeping flow of
the analysis of factors influencing the compounding Newtonian fluid under the periodic co-rotation of the
process (particularly polymer shape, and temp.), kneading discs, were obtained by the Finite Element
optimisation of internal mixers (rotor cooling, hydraulic Method. A simple, novel particle tracking technique based
rams, adjustable rotor spacing, tangential mixers with on the FEM solution of the velocity field was used to
friction-free rotor operation, and tandem compounding) follow individual particles, and to produce the Poincare
and optimisation in the mixer environment (process section mapping. Fingerprints of chaotic motion were
control). 13 refs. (Full translation of Gummi Fas.Kunst., revealed essentially through the Lyapunov exponents,
No.9, 1992, p.460) which were positive. 24 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE USA
Copyquest order no.475075 Copyquest order no.472719

Item 192 Item 195

lnLPolym.Sci.Technol. 19, No.12, 1992, p.T/7-16 KauLu. Gummi Kunst. 44,No.9,Sept.l991 ,p.821-6
RUBBER COMPOUNDING- WELL-KNOWN FLOW VISUALISATION OF THE MIXING AND
PRINCIPLES AND NEW TECHNOLOGIES BLEND PHASE MORPHOLOGY OF BINARY
Pohl J W; Limper A AND TERNARY BLENDS OF
POLYCHLOROPRENE,
The basic structure of an internal mixer is described and ACRYLONITRILE-BUTADIENE COPOLYMER
types of internal mixer are discussed, with reference to AND ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE RUBBER
tangential rotor systems, intermeshing rotor systems, rotor Setua D K; White J L
geometries, and machines. The two main types of internal Akron,University
mixer production lines are outlined, and the roll mills,
A flow visualisation study using a special internal mixing
batch-off plant (sheet cooling plant) and extruders
device was used to follow the blending of polychloroprene
(pelletisers, slab extruders and extruder roller dies) are
(CR)/ethylene propylene copolymer (EPM), acrylonitrile
described. 6 refs. (Full translation of Gummi.Fas.Kunst.,
butadiene copolymer (NBR)/EPM, CRINBR and
No.3, 1992, p. 114)
CRINBRIEPM. CRIEPM and NBRIEPM mixed with
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE difficulty; CRINBR mixed very rapidly. NBRIEPM and
Copyquest order no.475070 CRIEPM mixed much more rapidly when a small amount
of chlorinated PE was added. In CRINBRIEPM, the
CRINBR binary mixed rapidly and the EPM was slowly
Item 193 incorporated. If a small quantity of chlorinated PE was
KauLu.Gummi Kunst. 45, No.6, June 1992, p.476-8 premixed with EPM, homogenisation of all three
German components of the ternary blend occurred rapidly. 21 refs.
COMPUTERISED SEQUENCE CONTROL FOR
USA
MIXING MILLS IMPROVES RUBBER
COMPOUNDS Copyquest order no. 472671
Dinges U; Schnetger J
BayerAG Item 196
Kaut.u.Gummi Kunst. 44,No.8,Aug.l99l,p.758-60
The filler dispersion of rubber compounds produced in a German
mixing mill can be improved considerably by 'TANDEM MIXING' (PART 3)

61
 References and Abstracts

Peter J;Weckerle G;Johnson F;Thum F curves may be determined. Flow patterns and screw
Continental AG; Shaw F.,& Co.Ltd.; Gummiwerk pumping characteristics are computed. 47 refs.
Kraiburg GmbH FARREL CORP.; WELDING ENGINEERS INC.
USA
Tandem mixing is a method of producing rubber Copyquest order no.472447
compounds with a combination of a ram mixer and a
ramless mixer situated underneath, and conventional batch
equipment. The paper describes the results, conclusions Item 199
and potential applications of the pilot plant which has been Mixing in Polymer Processing New York,Marcel
working since February 1991 at Gummiwerk Kraisburg, Dekker,l99l,p.377-403. 813 Rauwendaal Extrusion
Germany. Engineering Inc.
AUSTRIA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; UK; MIXING IN CONTINUOUS INTERNAL MIXERS
WESTERN EUROPE Kearney M R (Edited by: Rauwendaal C)
Copyquest order no.472482 Farrel Corp.

An examination is made of the mixing theory and

Item 197 operation of the FCM counter-rotating, non-intermeshing
KauLu.GummiKunst. 44,No.7,July 199l,p.679-83 twin-rotor continuous mixer developed by Farrel Corp. 23
PROCESSABILITY OF EPDM RUBBERS IN refs.
INTERNAL MIXERS. PART 2. INFLUENCES ON USA
COMPOUND AND VULCANISATE PROPERTIES Copyquest order no. 471844
Noordermeer J W M;Wilms M J M
DSM Elastomers Europe
Item 200
During the mixing of narrow molar mass distribution Mixing in Polymer Processing New York,Marcel
EPDM types, carbon black dispersion tends to stay Dekker,l99l,p.323-76. 813 Rauwendaal Extrusion
constant for an extended period of time. The Mooney Engineering Inc.
viscosity of the batch also changes little. During the MIXING IN IDGH-INTENSITY BATCH MIXERS
mixing of broad molar mass distribution EPDM, such a Manas-Zloczower I (Edited by: Rauwendaal C)
period is not observed, but the Mooney viscosity changes Technion-Israel Institute of Technology
considerably during the mixing. Narrow molar mass
distribution EPDM generally shows the most pronounced
Cohesive and hydrodynamic separating forces in the
changes in vulcanisation characteristics and vulcanisate
dispersive mixing of polymers are analysed. Theoretical
properties with increasing carbon black dispersion. The
models of dispersive mixing in internal mixers and roll
broad molar mass distribution EPDM remains
mills are presented and applied to the optimisation of
comparatively unchanged. An attempt is made to interpret
mixing operations. 60 refs.
the effect in terms of a lower reinforcing power of carbon
black with improved dispersion, combined with ISRAEL; USA
mechanical breakdown of long chain branched molecules Copyquest order no. 471843
during the mixing operation. 11 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; NETHERLANDS; WESTERN
EUROPE Item 201
Copyquest order no.472453 Mixing in Polymer Processing New York,Marcel
Dekker,l99l,p.287-322. 813 Rauwendaal Extrusion
Engineering Inc.
MIXING IN MULTISCREW EXTRUDERS:
Item I98
NON-INTERMESHING TWIN SCREWS
KauLu.Gummi Kunst. 44,No.7,July 199l,p.653-8
Nichols R (Edited by: Rauwendaal C)
SIMULATION OF FLOW IN
Farrel Corp.
NON-INTERMESHING COUNTER-ROTATING
TWIN SCREW EXTRUDERS AND CONTINUOUS
MIXERS FOR THE RUBBER AND An examination is made of the role of feeding and solids
THERMOPLASTICS INDUSTRY conveying, melting, dispersive and distributive mixing,
White J L;Kim M H devolatilisation, melt conveying and residence time
Akron,University distribution in polymer mixing in counter-rotating,
non-intermeshing twin-screw extruders. Variables
determining the performance of continuous mixers are
A simulation model is described for the flow patterns in
also reviewed. 38 refs.
non-intermeshing counter-rotating twin screw extruders
and continuous mixers. The model predicts pressure fields USA
from which mean flux fields and screw characteristic Copyquest order no. 471842

62
 References and Abstracts

Item 202 rotor clearance for a given compound or viscosity gives

Rubbercon 92 - A Vision for Europe.Conference further variables for machine perfonnance. The gap
Proceedings Brighton, 15th-19th June 1992,p.125-30. variation during the mixing cycle can be automatically
012 PRI linked and controlled by the energy or the temperature or
CLOSED-LOOP CONTROL OF BATCH other mixing parameters. 2 refs.
TEMPERATURE FOR THE INTERNAL MIXING EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE
OF RUBBER COMPOUNDS Copyquest order no.47I6I7
Ghafouri S N :Freakley P K
Loughborough,University of Technology
Item 205
Work with a Francis Shaw K1 Intennix has shown that Rubbercon 92 - A Vision for Europe. Conference
mixed compound properties are sensitive to both rotor Proceedings Brighton,15th-19th June 1992,p.79-82. 012
speed and batch temp. A control strategy which comprises PRI
adjusting rotor speed to bring batch temp. to a MIXING AND MACHINERY CONTROL
pre-detennined set-point is devised. This method gives Den Otter J L
improved batch-to-batch unifonnity of some cross linking TNO Plastics & Rubber Research Institute
characteristics at the expense of rheological properties. A
The mixing process for rubber and carbon black is
further strategy is devised which comprises control of
analysed. On the basis of a comparison between
rotor speed to constrain the batch temp. to follow a
experiments in a laboratory mixer and industrial mixers,
pre-detennined profile. Substantial improvements of both
various methods of process control are discussed.
cure and rheological properties are gained. 4 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; NETHERLANDS; WESTERN
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
EUROPE
Copyquest order no. 47I623
Copyquest order no.47I6I6
Item 203
Item 206
Rubbercon 92 - A Vision for Europe.Conference
Proceedings Brighton,l5th-19th June 1992,p.91-100. IntPolym.Processing 8,No.l,Feb.l993,p.l8-29
012 PRI SIMULATION OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL
TANDEM MIXING PROCESS FLOW IN INTERNAL MIXERS- CYLINDRICAL
Johnson F COORDINATE HYDRODYNAMIC
Shaw F.,& Co.Ltd. LUBRICATION THEORY MODEL WITH
APPLICATION TO ROTOR DESIGN
It is reported that in the production of high quality rubber Hu B;White J L
compounds, temperature is a limiting factor; therefore up Akron, University
until now multi-step mixing has been the nonn. With the
introduction of the patented tandem mixing system by A model based on cylindrical coordinate hydrodynamic
Continental, single-step has now become possible. By the lubrication theory for internal mixers is presented. The
use of thennally efficient Intennix mixers, the tandem model is shown to allow full consideration of curvature in
mixing process carries out single step mixing while energy an internal mixer. Numerical techniques are used to carry
consumption is kept to a minimum. Reductions can be out the calculations of the pressure field and flux field for
made in associated equipment, storage areas, labour and various rotors described in the patent literature. This is
internal transport. Considerable cost savings may result. perfonned for a Newtonian fluid in a fully filled mixing
chamber. This type of calculation is shown to be of key
CONTINENTAL AG
importance in the design of flight arrangements on internal
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
mier rotors. 48 refs.
Copyquest order no.47I6I8
USA
Copyquest order no.470540
Item 204
Rubbercon 92 - A Vision for Europe.Conference
Proceedings Brighton, 15th-19th June 1992,p.83-9. 012 Item 207
PRI IntPolym.Processing 8,No.l ,Feb.l993,p.2
VIC GENERATION: INTERNAL MIXERS WITH WERNER AND PFLEIDERER GMBH: A
VARIABLE INTERMESHING CLEARANCE PERSPECTIVE OF THE GREAT MIXERS
Pomini L;Crespi S White JL
Pomini Farrel SpA The history of Werner & Pfleiderer, from its origins in the
Since 1988, Pimini Farrel has offered a new concept of late 1870s, is discussed, particular attention being paid to
internal mixer, the Variable Intermeshing Clearance the development of internal mixers for rubbers and
(VIC). The VIC provides the technologist with an continuous extrusion mixers.
additional variable to work with: the variation of the WERNER & PFLEIDERER GMBH
clearance between the rotors, the area where the shear EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
action takes place. The possibility of establishing a given Copyquest order no.470538

63
 References and Abstracts

Item 208 Item 211

China Synthetic Rubber Industry Rubb. World 207,No.3,Dec.1992,p.39
16,No.1,Jan.1993,p.37-40 LABORATORY MIXER
Chinese
EFFECTS OF BLENDING MACHINES ON Custom Scientific Instruments has introduced the CS-194
PROPERTIES OF EPDMIPP THERMOPLASTIC CSI-Max laboratory mixer extruder, to meet the predictive
testing needs of material processors and manufacturers.
VULCANISATE
This tabletop elastic melt extruder features a screwless
Yujun Z;Zhimao M;Shemao W;Haiping G
Beij ing,Institute of Chemical Technology design. Very brief details are noted.
CUSTOM SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS INC.
The effects of blending machines (open mill and internal USA
mixer) on the mechanical properties, rheological Copyquest order no.468283
characteristics, micromorphology and processing of
EPDM/PP thermoplastic vulcanisate by dynamic
vulcanisation were investigated. The results showed that Item 212
the properties of the vulcanisate prepared by open milling Rubb. World 201 ,No.3,Dec.1992,p.39
were significantly poorer than those obtained by internal DOUBLE ARM MIXERS
mixing. 15 refs.
Littleford Brothers has made available a full range of
CHINA double arm mixers for processing a ~ide range of
Copyquest order no.470484 hard-to-blend materials. These heavy-duty mixers can be
constructed from a variety of materials, including carbon
Item 209 and stainless steel. Production capacities range from 0.25
London, Energy Efficiency Office, 1992, pp.53. 12ins. to 500 gallons. Brief details are noted.
9/7/92. Good Practice Guide No.47. 121-813 LITILEFORD BROS.,INC.
RUBBER COMPOUNDING IN THE RUBBER USA
PROCESSING INDUSTRY Copyquest order no.468282
Energy Technology Support Unit; March Consulting
Group
Item 213
This Good Practice Guide is aimed at rubber compounders Rubb.Chem. Techno/. 65,No.5,Nov./Dec.1992,p.973-97
in the rubber processing industry and is designed to DISPERSION OF CARBON BLACK IN RUBBER.
encourage compounders to investigate more closely the I. RAPID METHOD FOR ASSESSING QUALITY
possibilities for reducing energy consumption in a cost OF DISPERSION
effective way. A number of case studies are included to Coran A Y;Donnet J B
illustrate good industry practices in the area of rubber Monsanto Chemical Co.; Centre de Recherches sur
compounding. Physico-Chemie Surf.Sol.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
The dispersion of carbon black in rubber was investigated
Copyquest order no.470355
with reference to factors affecting the kinetics of
dispersion. Methodology for reproducibly mixing carbon
Item 210 black with rubber in the laboratory was developed,
New York, Marcel Dekker, 1991, pp.viii,475. LS.l35. together with techniques for estimating the degree of
9ins. 16/2/93. 813 dispersion of carbon black in rubber as a function of
MIXING IN POLYMER PROCESSING mixing time. Procedures were developed for introducing
Edited by: Rauwendaal C rubber, filler and other ingredients into a small, laboratory
Rauwendaal Extrusion Engineering Inc. internal mixer and for mixing the batches for various
periods of time. The degree of dispersion of carbon black
This book reviews the fundamental principles of mixing
was correlated with various measured ofTS and with other
and the practical aspects of mixing technology used in the
performance-related properties. 38 refs.
polymer processing industry, focusing on the interactions
between mixer geometry and resulting mixing action. The EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; FRANCE; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
features distinguishing one mixer from another are Copyquest order no.467858
identified and the mixing performance of each device is
evaluated. Distributive mixing, dispersive mixing, and Item 214
methods for assessing mixing quality are examined, and Polym.Engng.Sci. 32,No.15,Mid-Aug.1992,p.989-97
features of single screw and shaft mixers, batch and DETERMINING THE COMPONENTS OF
continuous high intensity mixers, and twin screw MIXING ENERGY WHEN PREPARING RUBBER
extruders (including co- and counterrotating, intermeshing COMPOUNDS IN INSTRUMENTED INTERNAL
and nonintermeshing machines) are discussed. MIXERS
USA Leblanc J L;Lionnet R
Copyquest order no.468660 Enichem Coordination Centre

64
 References and Abstracts

An experimental procedure was developed to assess the explanation of the functions of roll mills, batch-off
various components of the mixing energy when preparing equipment, pelletisers and control systems. 6 refs.Articles
carbon black filled rubber compounds. A from this journal can be requested for translation by
microprocessor-based instrument was used to measure and subscribers to the Rapra produced International Polymer
record all the relevant parameters of the operation, which Science and Technology.
were stored on diskette, loaded in a Lotus 123 spreadsheet EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
and further processed with the appropriate Copyquest order no.466015
macro-programs. Tests were carried out on formulations
based on either EPDM or NR and constant level of
Item 219
different carbon blacks. 6 refs.
Gummi Fas.Kunst. 45,No.9,Sept.1992,p.460-9
BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; WESTERN EUROPE
German
Copyquest order no.467647 RUBBER COMPOUNDING- WELL-KNOWN
PRINCIPLES AND NEW TECHNOLOGIES. rv.
Item 215 Pohl J;Limper A
lnLPolym.ScLTechnol. 19,No.7,1992,p.T/10-20 Werner & Pfleiderer
RUBBER COMPOUNDING- WELL KNOWN
PRINCIPLES AND NEW TECHNOLOGIES The topics covered in this part include optimisation of
Lehnen J P non-continuous internal mixing processes, comprising
analysis of the various parameters of the mixing process
Full translation of Gummi Fasern and optimisation of the internal mixer, and process control.
Kunst.,No.6,1992,p.288. 18 refs. 13 refs. Articles from this journal can be requested for
BAYERAG; HUELS AG translation by subscribers to the Rapra produced
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE International Polymer Science and Technology.
Copyquest order no.467443 EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Copyquest order no.465976
Item 216
PV International Plastics Magazine Oct.1992,p.8-1 0
Item 220
PLASTICATION MACHINE WITH LARGE
Rubb.Chem. Techno/. 65,No.4,Sept./Oct.1992,p. 706-14
INTAKE VOLUME
DISTRIBUTIVE MIXING CHARACTERISTICS
Kraftanlagen AG manufactures a range of machines and OF BATCH INTERNAL MIXERS
components, including a redesign of the double screw FreakleyPK
mixer. The benefits and uses of the mixer are given. A Loughborough,University of Technology
complete description of the machinery and diagrams are
presented. The distributive mixing characteristics of three internal
mixers, a Farrel BR Banbury (1.6L), a Farrel F40 Banbury
KRAFTANLAGEN AG
(40L) and a Francis Shaw Kl Intermix (5.5L), were
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
examined. The former two machines had two-wing
Copyquest order no.467127 tangential rotors, while the latter had intermeshing rotors.
The distribution of sulphur in mixed batches of an EPDM
Item 217 compound and an SBR compound, as measured by
Gummibereifung 68,No.3,March 1992,p.ll417 curemeter tests on samples taken from random locations
German within each batch, was used to quantify distributive
MIXING -THE alpha AND omega OF RUBBER mixing. The dominant influence on sulphur distribution
PROCESSING was total rotor revolutions and a maximum of 20 rotor
The mixing process is briefly discussed in relation to tyres revolutions was adequate for distribution of powder
of various types. sulphur in each mixer. The effects on distribution of rotor
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE speed, rubber compound rheology and mixer size were
insignificant. 5 refs.
Copyquest order no.466663
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY;UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Item 218 Copyquest order no. 464949
Gummi Fas.Kunst. 45,No.3,March 1992,p.l14-23
German Item 221
RUBBER COMPOUNDING- WELL-KNOWN lnLPolym.ScLTechnol. 19,No.5,1992,p.T/9-12
PRINCIPLES AND NEW TECHNOLOGIES RUBBER COMPOUNDING- WELL KNOWN
Pohl J W;Limper A PRINCIPLES AND NEW TECHNOLOGIES. II.
Werner & Pfleiderer LehnenJP
The historical development of the internal mixer, its To emphasise the complex relationships in the
changing design, rotor geometry and adaptation to manufacture of compounds even further, this article,
different production lines is described, together with an which follows up from Gummi Fasern.Kunst.,No.3,1991,

65
 References and Abstracts

describes rubber chemistry in slightly more detail. AKRON,UNIVERSITY

Historical developments are explained using the basic
composition of a NR mixture. Details of specific A detailed review is presented of the development of
formulations are not given. (Translation ofGummi Fasern internal mixer technology from its origins in the 19th
Kunststoffe,No.5, l992,p.228). century to the late 1980s, the emphasis being on the patent
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY;GERMANY;WESTERN EUROPE literature. 161 refs.
Copyquest order no.463823 USA
Copyquest order no.461249
Item 222
IntPolym.Processing 7,No.3,Sept.l992,p.204-ll
Item 225
MODELLING TWIN ROTOR MIXERS AND J.Elastomers Plast. 24,No.l ,Jan.l992,p.37-54
EXTRUDERS- AN EXTENDED COUETTE
METHOD OF DISTINGUISHING DEGREE OF
FLOW MODEL DISPERSION AND FILLER-RUBBER
David B;Sapir T;Nir A;Tadmor Z
INTERACTION IN SILICA-FILLED
STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY;
POLYETHYLACRYLATE
TECHNION-ISRAEL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Nakajima N;Chu M H
An improved flow model for simulating flow in batch and AKRON,UNIVERSITY
continuous twin rotor mixers and extruders is presented.
The model adopts an Eulerian point of view from the Both the degree of dispersion and filler-rubber interaction
stationary barrel surface. It incorporates Couette flow affect mechanical properties of uncured compounds.
analysis, which accounts for the curvature effects in the Because the better dispersion offers a possibility of
non-intermeshing region and correction factors for developing the enhanced interaction, the two effects are
treatment of flow near the bounding sidewalls of a batch difficult to separate. However, under certain conditions of
mixer. A method is presented for tracking the motion of mechanical measurements, one effect dominates the other.
fluid particles. 10 refs. This study seeks such conditions. 8 refs.
ISRAEL; USA USA
Copyquest order no.461253 Copyquest order no.458808

Item 223 Item 220

Int.Polym.Processing 7,No.3,Sept.l992,p.l95-203 PlastCompounding 15,No.3,May/June 1992,p.39/45
THREE-DIMENSIONAL FLOW FIELD DEVELOPMENTS IN BATCH MIXERS
ANALYSIS OF A BANBURY MIXER HanlonL
Yang H H;Manas-Zloczower I
CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY Compounding Systems are reported to always have fallen
A fluid dynamics analysis package was used to simulate into two categories: continuous systems and discontinuous
the flow patterns in a BB2-type Banbury mixer. A or batch systems. New developments in batch systems,
three-dimensional flow analysis was carried out for the including intensive internal mixers, are outlined.
whole mixing chamber. The problem of time-dependent Emphasis is placed on those made available by Farrel,
flow boundaries was solved by selecting a number of American Barmag, Draiswerke, C.W.Brabender, Haake,
sequential geometries to represent a complete mixing Kobelco Stewart Bolling, McNeil Akron, Moriyama,
cycle. The flow field was characterised in terms of velocity Nerpco, Pomini, Skinner Engine, Technical Machine
profiles, pressure contours, shear stresses generated and a Products and Teledyne Readco.
parameter quantifying the elongational flow components. USA
The last two parameters were shown to be the most Copyquest order no.458748
important in analysing mixing efficiency. The influence of
processing conditions (rpm, speed ratio and initial relative
position of the two rotors) on the flow characteristics was Item 227
analysed. The flow results from the 3D model were Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi 65,No.8, 1992,p.465-72
compared with results previously obtained from a 2D Japanese
model. 22 refs. STUDY OF RUBBER MIXING IN AN INTERNAL
USA
MIXER. II. SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF
ELECTRIC POWER CONSUMPTION CHARTS
Copyquest order no.461252 Nishimoto K;Urabe N;Akiyama T

Item 224 This paper examines the relation between the rotor speed
Rubb.Chem. Techno/. 65,No.3,JulylAug.I992,p.527-79 in an internal mixer equipped with two paddle-type rotors
DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNAL MIXER and spectral peaks obtained from analysis of electric power
TECHNOLOGY FOR THE RUBBER INDUSTRY consumption charts for mixing of NBR. I 0 refs.Articles
White JL from this journal can be requested for translation by

66
 References and Abstracts

subscribers to the Rapra produced International Polymer The Energy Technology Support Unit (ETSU) of the UK
Science and Technology. Energy Efficiency Office has recently introduced a good
JAPAN practice guide for rubber compounding. ETSU has
Copyquest order no.458731 assessed compounding practices in the rubber industry and
has been able to recommend methods of saving energy.
ETSU recommends the compounding industry aims for a
Item 228
lnLPolym.Sci.Technol. 19,No.2,1992,p.T/3-5 I 0% energy saving over two years.
INFLUENCE OF THE GAP BETWEEN THE UK,ENERGY EFFICIENCY OFFICE
WALL OF THE MIXING CHAMBER AND THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
TOP OF THE ROTOR BLADE OF AN INTERNAL Copyquest order no.453339
MIXER ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF RUBBER
MIX FORMATION Item 232
Shikhirev N I;Rasskazov AN ;TrofiiDov A P;Skok V Eur.Rubb.J. 174,No.6,June 1992,p.45-6
I; Voronov V S GAP IN MIXING TECHNOLOGY
WhiteL
Small apparatus with a I OOmm diameter, 40mm width, and
a single rotor was used. A variety of gaps, rotor speeds and Developments in mixing technology for rubbers and
mixing times were used. The mix comprised rubber thermoplastic elastomers are discussed. Advantages of
(SKMS-30ARKM-27) and carbon black (P245) . Total variable intermeshing clearance (VIC) mixers include
charge weight was 94g. The quality of the mix was judged better dispersion, uniformity and temperature control, as
from the degree of dispersion. Comparison with a full size well as higher productivity. Farrel has worked on its
internal mixer indicated that critical ratios do not depend Synchronous Technologies (ST) rotors system to give
on mixer size. II refs. (Full translation of Kauch.i improved distribution and dispersion, and Francis Shaw is
Rezina,No.l2, 1991 ,p.l6). currently in the process of installing a tandem mixer in its
EASTERN EUROPE; USSR laboratory. The application of Farrel's MVX continuous
Copyquest order no.456587 mixer for olefmic or styrenic types ofTPE compounds is
also discussed
Item 229 WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
Brit.PlasLRubb. Aug.l992,p.28 Copyquest order no.453338
SCREW MIXER OUTPACES DRUM TUMBLER
Item 233
A description is briefly given of a new screw mixer
I 41st Meeting,Spring 1992,Conference Proceedings
developed by Cavicchi ofltaly, and introduced into the UK
Louisville,Ky.,l9th-22nd May 1992,Paper 20,pp.29. 012
by Plastics Technology Service. It is claimed to be more
ACS,Rubber Div.
efficient than the traditional drum tumbler.
FLOW VISUALISATION STUDIES OF MIXING
CAVICCID SPA; PLASTICS TECHNOLOGY SERVICE OF ELASTOMERS IN AN INTERNAL MIXER
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; ITALY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE USING ROTORS OF DIFFERENT DESIGN
Copyquest order no.455461 Hu B;White J L
AKRON,UNIVERSITY,INST.OF
Item 230 POLYM.ENGINEERING
Hauppauge,N.Y., c.1991, pp.l2. llins. 30/9/91. 2813
ROSS DOUBLE PLANETARY MIXERS Flow visualisation studies were carried out for the mixing
ROSS C.,& SON CO. of elastomers and the subsequent mixing of carbon black
with rubber in an internal mixer using rotors of different
Descriptions are given for a range of double planetary designs. Rotors consisting of many thin plates were
mixers from Ross. The double planetary mixer has no secured onto a shaft which was designed to allow a
packing glands or bearings in the product zone, virtually variable flight configuration. Circulation time and mixing
eliminating all cleaning and contamination problems homogeneity time were measured. The mixing of carbon
between batches. The mixing patterns are described and a black and silicone rubber was correlated with the rotor
listing of product areas where the mixers are currently in design and mixing operation conditions. 21 refs.
use is included. Models are available for laboratory and USA
production scale operations, and design features and Copyquest order no.453257
technical specifications are given.
USA Item 234
Copyquest order no.454340 14lst Meeting,Spring 1992,Conference Proceedings
Louisville,Ky.,l9th-22nd May 1992,Paper 58,pp.35. 012
Item 231 ACS,Rubber Div.
Eur.Rubb.J. 174,No.6,June 1992,p.41-2 ADVANCES IN MIXING LINE EQUIPMENT
MIXING ENERGY IS CONTROLLABLE Nekola K;Asada M
WhiteL KOBELCO STEWART BOLLING INC.

67
 References and Abstracts

Details are given of equipment developed by Kobelco Donoian G S;Canedo E L;Valsamis L N

Stewart Bolling Inc. for use in rubber mixing lines. The FARREL CORP.
TSR twin screw roller head extruder is a sheeting device
Details are given of Farrel's Synchronous Technology
consisting of a two-roll calender coupled to a short
(ST) rotors, specifically designED to operate in a standard
twin-screw extruder. It can be located directly under the
Banbury mixer at even speed. Results are presented of
mixer, is controlled automatically, and offers reduced
experimental studies on the effect of even speed operation
energy consumption and minimal maintenance
and rotor orientation on the mixing performance of
requirements. The MP-1 OOA batch mixer controller
Banbury mixers equipped with two-wing ST rotors. 32
monitors time, temperature and motor power for internal
refs.
mixers, allowing the state of mixing to be followed and
mixing steps to be set according to an optimum USA
combination of these parameters. Copyquest order no.452476
USA
Copyquest order no.453256 Item 238
140th Meeting,Fall1991,Conference Proceedings
Detroit,Mi.,Sth-llth Oct.1991,Paper 24,pp.39. 012
Item 235
ACS,Rubber Div.
141st Meeting,Spring 1992,Conference Proceedings
ADVANCEDTECHNOLOGYININTERNAL
Louisville,Ky.,19th-22nd May 1992,Paper 19,pp.36. 012
MIXERS
ACS,Rubber Div.
Nekola K;Asada M
COMPARISON OF FOUR-FLIGHTED AND
KOBELCO STEWART BOLLING INC.
TWO-FLIGHTED INTERNAL MIXER ROTORS
USING CYLINDRICAL COORDINATE Developments in internal mixers by Kabelco Stewart
HYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION THEORY Bolling Inc. are reviewed.
Hu B;White J L KOBE STEEL LTD.
AKRON,UNIVERSITY,INST.OF JAPAN; USA
POLYM.ENGINEERING Copyquest order no.452475
A new model based on cylindrical coordinate
hydrodynamic lubrication theory was applied to various Item 239
rotor designs for internal mixers. Numerical techniques Elastomerics 124,No.6,June 1992,p.16-7
were used to calculate the pressure field, mean flux field PLANNED PREVENTIVE MIXER
and various mixing characteristic parameters. MAINTENANCE REDUCES UNSCHEDULED
Four-flighted and two-flighted rotor designs were DOWNTIME
compared for a fully filled mixing chamber. 42 refs. Salma S
USA FARREL CORP.
Copyquest order no.453243 A preventative maintenance schedule which applies in
particular to Banbury mixers, but which can be applied to
Item 236 all types of internal mixers, is described. In order to avoid
140th Meeting,Fall1991,Conference Proceedings unscheduled downtime, the following points have to be
Detroit,Mi.,8th-11th Oct.1991,Paper 25,pp.35. 012 inspected: rotors, rotor bearings, drop door, dust stops,
ACS,Rubber Div. gearing, lubrication and cooling. The inspection described
V.I.C. GENERATION: INTERNAL MIXER WITH is intended to gauge mechanical condition, estimate
VARIABLE INTERMESHING CLEARANCE mechanical life, and to identify points requiring
Pomini L;Crespi S adjustment or replacement.
POMINIINC. USA
Technical features are presented for Pomini's variable Copyquest order no.452434
intermeshing clearance (V.I.C.) internal mixers, and the
advantages of clearance variation are illustrated through Item 240
the results of compounding trials. 6 refs. 140th Meeting,Fall1991,Conference Proceedings
USA Detroit,Mi.,Sth-11 th Oct.1991 ,Paper 27,pp.16. 012
Copyquest order no.452478 ACS,Rubber Div.
TANDEM MIXING
Johnson F
Item 237
SHAW F.,& CO.(MANCHESTER) LTD.
140th Meeting,Fall1991,Conference Proceedings
Detroit,Mi.,8th-11th Oct.1991,Paper 23,pp.29 012 Details are given of the tandem mixing process developed
ACS,Rubber Div. by Continental of Germany, and of the Intermix
OPTIMISING MIXING IN THE BANBURY interlocking tandem mixer produced by Francis Shaw. The
MIXERWITHSYNCHRONOUSTECHNOLOGY process allows two mixing stages to be performed in a
(ST)ROTORS single machine configuration, ensuring that energy

68
 References and Abstracts

consumption is minimised by avoiding the need for physical modelling of the mixing process is discussed. The
cooling compound between stages and subsequent three essential aspects of model development are
re-heating for the final stage. considered, i.e. the geometric model, the selection of
CONTINENTALAG relevant rheological properties and the establishmentof
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; UK; USA; WESTERN balance equation terms. Various models are examined and
EUROPE evaluated on the basis of studies in the literature and the
Copyquest order no.452412 authors' own work. A report is given on the use of the
calculated field quantities to determine the internal mixer's
action parameters, e.g. deformation mixing effect,
Item 241
dispersing effect and thermomechanicalload, and to set up
I 40th Meeting,Fall199l,Conference Proceedings
suitable working diagrams. 79 refs.
Detroit,Mi.,8th-llth Oct.1991,Paper 26,pp.29. 012
GERMANY
ACS,Rubber Div.
LABORATORY-SCALE COMPARISON Copyquest order no.451460
BETWEEN TANGENTIAL AND INTERMESHING
ROTOR DESIGN FOR INTERNAL MIXERS Item 244
Halladay J R;Fair M L Antec 91.Conference Proceedings Montreal,Sth-9th
LORD CORP.,MECHANICAL PRODUCTS GROUP May 1991,p.622-8. 012 SPE
MORE INFORMATION ABOUT THE MIXING OF
An experiment was performed using a Werner & Pfleiderer RUBBER COMPOUNDS IN INTERNAL MIXERS
GK SE intermeshing rotor mixer and a GK 4N tangential LeBlanc J L;Lionnet R
mixer to determine which design was more effective for ENIMONT COORDINATION CENTRE
mixing polybutadiene and NR formulations for use in
shock and vibration control applications. Variables A series of experiments is reported which have been
considered were polymer type (amorphous or crystalline), performed with various elastomers and fillers in an
filler level (low or high), and ·oil level (low or high), and instrumented mixer, a procedure is investigated to assess
the combined effect of these variables and the mixer blade the various components of the mixing energy, and it is
design on the physical and dynamic properties ofthe mixes demonstrated that correctly instrumented mixers allow
was investigated. Statistical analysis of the physical test pertinent data to be obtained, using typical factory process
data was inconclusive, and neither mixer showed a clear conditions. 6 refs.
advantage in mixing capability. 1 ref. BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; WESTERN EUROPE
WERNER & PFLEIDERER Copyquest order no.448343
USA
Copyquest order no.452397 Item 245
Antec 91.Conference Proceedings Montreal,Sth-9th
Item 242 May 1991,p.703-6. 012 SPE
lnLPolym.Processing 7,No.1,Feb.1992,p.15-19 PROCESSING AIDS FOR MIXING AND
SIMULATION OF FLOW IN A FARREL EXTRUSION OF SILICA-NATURAL RUBBER
CONTINUOUS MIXER COMPOUNDS
Kim M H;White J L Nakajima N;Shieh W J;Wang Z G
AKRON,UNIVERSITY AKRON,UNIVERSITY

The application of a hydrodynamic lubrication The use of inexpensive processing aids, in this case, metal
theory-based analytical method to simulation of flow in a carbonates, is explored, 67 and 100% of total filler in NR,
Farrel Continuous Mixer is described. A model of the flow carbon black being the minor component. To overcome the
is presented which predicts pressure and flux profiles for mixing difficulty, a coupling agent was used. Ca, Zn, Mg
a fully filled machine. Calculations are reported for both and Pb carbonates significantly facilitated the
Newtonian and non-Newtonian models. 27 refs. incorporation, distribution and dispersion of the filler. The
FARREL INC. resulting compounds were soft enough to be extruded, the
USA extrudates being smooth to slightly wavy. 7 refs.
Copyquest order no.451461 USA
Copyquest order no.448030
Item 243
lnLPolym.Processing1,No.l,Feb.1992,p.3-14 Item 246
MODELDEVELOPMENTFORANINTERNAL PlasLRubb.Wkly. No.l431,18thAprill992,p.ll
MIXER FRANCIS SHAW MIXES IT WITH ABB DRIVES
Meissner K;Poltersdorf B
MERSEBURG,TECHNISCHE HOCHSCHULE A breakthrough into the Spanish market for Francis Shaw,
one of the UK's leading suppliers of rubber making
Using the relevance and importance of modelling of the equipment, has generated an order for a sophisticated
mixing process in an internal mixer as a starting point, electric motor drive system from ABB Drives. The 52SkW

69
 References and Abstracts

d. c. drive will power a Francis Shaw Intermix KS rubber measured and expressed as functions of mixing conditions
mixer at Spain's largest custom compound rubber and rotor shape. Combinations of rotor shapes and mixing
manufacturer, Vigar SA, based in Barcelona. This is said conditions were used to reproduce compounds mixed by
to be the company's first rubber mixer delivery to Spain. large scale equipment. 12 refs.
This abstract includes all the information contained in the JAPAN
original article. Copyquest order no. 441443
ABB DRIVES; SHAW F.,& CO.LID.; VIGAR SA
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; SPAIN; UK; WESTERN EUROPE Item 250
Copyquest order no.447392 International Rubber
Conference:Communications.Conference Proceedings
Item 247 Paris, 12th-14th June 1990,p.264-5. 012 AFICEP
Ruhb. World 205,No.5,Feb.1992,p.34-7 PRINCIPLES OF STRAIN RHEOLOGIC
ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY IN INTERNAL BEHAVIOUR OF ELASTOMER COMPOSITIONS
MIXERS IN BATCH MIXERS
Nekola K;Asada M Vostroknutov E G;Skok V I;Prokhorova L N;Baranov A
KOBELCO STEWART BOLLING INC. v
MOSCOW,TYRE RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Kobelco Stewart Bolling's mixer development
programme, concentrated in the areas of rotor design and The principles of mixing of various types of rubber with
rotor speed, is described. Aspects discussed include rotor carbon black were investigated and a mathematical model
sectional development and design, optimum orientation - of convergent flow was developed. The model was used
even speed mixing, rotor design re-evaluation, high speed to determine the influence of the construction of
mixing, computer program control and the development crescent-shaped space and geometry of minimal clearance
of mini oil dust stops. between the rotor wing and the wall of the mixing chamber
USA on elastomer deformation and degree of dispersion of
Copyquest order no.445426 filler.
EASTERN EUROPE; USSR
Item 248 Copyquest order no.441425
Gummi Fas.Kunst. 44,No.12,Dec.1991,p.672
German Item 251
RUBBER COMPOUNDING- ANEW SERIES OF Stuttgart, c.1991, pp.18. 12ins. 17/9/91.06
ARTICLES WERNER AND PFLEIDERER, A COMPANY
WITH TRADITION
Proposals are made for a series of articles on rubber WERNER & PFLEIDERER (UK) LTD.; WERNER &
compounding to appear in Gummi Fas.Kunst. during PFLEIDERER GMBH
1992. These are to cover the incorporation of internal
mixers in a modern mixing programme, mixer design, new A company brochure is presented from Werner &
ideas during the past decade, optimisation ofbatch mixing, Pfleiderer GmbH. The company supplies machines,
and possibilities for the future. The authors of the articles systems and complete plants for the plastics, rubber and
are to be from various member firms of the chemical industries, for iron and steel production and for
Werner-Pfleiderer Group. the food sector. Illustrated description' are given of the
WERNER & PFLEIDERER GMBH company's plastics technology, rubber mixing technology,
GERMANY and rubber injection moulding technology.
Copyquest order no.443382 EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Copyquest order no.438697
Item 249
lnt.Polym.Processing 6,No.4,Dec.1991 ,p.279-89 Item 252
SCALE-UP EFFECTS IN INTERNAL MIXERS Ind.d.Gomma 34,No.9,Sept.1990,p.24/8
Kawanishi K;Yagii K;Obata Y;Kimura S Italian
JAPAN SYNTHETIC RUBBER CO.LTD. COOLING AND COLLECTION OF MIXING IN
THE MODERN RUBBER INDUSTRY
A laboratory mixer was developed, having exchangeable Mottadelli E
rotors and mixing chamber blocks, to investigate the
effects of equipment geometry and mixing conditions on This article is based on notes for a specialist training course
mixing rubbers. The following factors were taken into on mixing of rubber compounds for electric cables and
account: unit work which is the applied energy to the unit other goods. Guidance is given on the types of machinery
volume of the material during mixing, Mooney viscosity for air- or water-cooling, the fmal forms of the mixing, e.g.
of the compound, bound rubber, and weight average slabs, strips.
molecular weight of extractable polymer. Typical EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE
formulations of SBR, EPR and butadiene rubber were Copyquest order no.438400

70
 References and Abstracts

Item 253 ELASTOMERS IN MACHINES WITH

Hauppauge,NY, 1989, pp.16. llins. 30/9/91.2813 NON-INTERMESHING ROTORS
ROSS MIXING EQUIPMENT. ADVANCED White J L;Kim J K
ENGINEERING AND EQUIPMENT FOR THE AKRON,UNIVERSITY
PROCESS INDUSTRIES
ROSS C.,& SON CO. This paper reports on the factors which determine
distributive mixing in an internal mixer chamber having
Details are given of the Ross line of mixing equipment and separated rotors. The design of rotor flights can lead to
information is included to facilitate the selection of the pumping and circulating motions in the chamber; this
most appropriate mixer for a specific application. phenomenon and how it relates to mixing is described. 57
Descriptions are given of mixer emulsifiers, double refs.
planetary and universal mixers, ribbon blenders, vertical
USA
blenders, kneaders-extruders, and three roll mills.
Copyquest order no.437467
USA
Copyquest order no.438372
Item 257
Item 254 Kaut.u. Gummi Kunst. 44,No.2,Feb.l991 ,p.l3 7-44
Tyretech 9l.Conference Proceedings Berlin,24th-25th FLOW VISUALISATION AND PHASE
Oct.199l,Paper D,pp.30. 6T Rapra Technology MORPHOLOGY DEVELOPMENT IN BLENDS
Ltd.;European Rubber Journal;MMS Marketing & OF NITRILE AND ETHYLENE PROPYLENE
Management Systeme GmbH RUBBER IN AN INTERNAL MIXER
QUALITY (INTYRE PRODUCTION) STARTS Setua D K; White J L
WITH CORRECT DESIGN OF THE MIXING AKRON,UNIVERSITY
ROOM
Facoetti E A study was made of the flow visualisation of the mixing
CIFAPROGETTI SPA cycle for blending NBR and EPDM in an internal mixer
with glass windows. Homogenisation times were
A detailed discussion of the design of mixing rooms for determined by flow visualisation. The phase morphologies
tyre production is presented, particular attention being were determined by scanning electron microscopy. The
paid to the parts upstream of the mixers. Topics covered evolution in phase morphology as a function of process
include reception, storage and hatching of raw materials variables and mastication times was followed. 24 refs.
(polymers, carbon blacks, white fillers, oils and small USA
ingredients), automatic weighing on-line/off-line, and Copyquest order no.437145
introduction of ingredients into the mixer, control and
automation, hatching, and control of mixer operations.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE Item 258
Copyquest order no.438152 International Rubber Conference. Summaries
Essen,24th-27th June 199l,p.39-40. 012 Deutsche
Kautschuk Ges.
Item 255
German
Kaut.u.Gummi Kunst. 44,No.3,March 1991,p.256-63
TANDEM MIXING PROCEDURES. III.
USING A PERSONAL COMPUTER TO MONITOR
Peter J; Weckerle G
AND ANALYSE THE PROCESSING OF
Corp. Ed.: Deutsche Kautschuk Ges.
ELASTOMERS IN AN INTERNAL MIXER
Gark K;Sharman S Abstract only, in German and English.
POLYSAR LTD.
AUSTRIA; WESTERN EUROPE
Using a specialised Farrel BR internal mixer, the Copyquest order no.435570
processing of nitrile/carbon black as well as butyl mixes
was monitored by means of a newly developed
menu-driven computer system. Power curves, ram Item 259
attitude, drive and temperature compare profiles were Rubb. World205,No.I,Oct.I99I,p.54
analysed. TILT-DISCHARGE MIXER
CANADA
Very brief details are noted ofKobelco Stewart Bolling's
Copyquest order no.437468
Economix tilt-discharge internal mixer, which is claimed
to offer high reliability, high-quality mixing and easy
Item 256 maintenance with a minimum capital investment. Features
Kaut.u.Gummi Kunst. 44,No.3,March 1991,p.242-7 include: high performance, positive seal, yoke type dust
DESIGN CONSIDERATION FOR INTERNAL stops; durable, one-piece, cast steel rotors plus exclusive
MIXERS: MECHANISMS OF MOTIONS OF blade design for maximum dispersion of ingredients;

7I
 References and Abstracts

rugged cast steel cooling jacket; and exclusive automatic average molecular weight of the extracted portion of the
bearing lubrication. compound, and peaks in a torque curve. Each measured
KOBELCO STEWART BOLLING INC. property was expressed as a function of these parameters
USA using multiple regression analysis. 15 refs.
Copyquest order no.435519 JAPAN
Copyquest order no.431755
Item 260
Rubb. World 204,No.6,Sept.1991 ,p.47 Item 263
BULK CONTAINER MIXERS /nLPolym.Processing 6,No.2,June 1991,p.121-5
Features of Neptune Mixer's series DT and RGT bulk DYNAMIC MODELLING OF INTERNAL
container mixers are briefly described. Advantages of the MIXERS USING SYSTEM IDENTIFICATION
mixers are said to include reliability and economy. TECHNIQUES
Stoten D P;Moore J M
NEPTUNE MIXER
AVON RUBBER PLC; BRISTOL,UNNERSITY
USA
Copyquest order no.434789 Dynamic modelling techniques are presented that
facilitate the derivation of transfer function models
Item 261 between key inputs and outputs. Tests to model the
lnLPolym.Processing 6,No.2,June 1991 ,p.1 03-10 mastication ofNR in a Francis Shaw Intermix at two levels
NON-NEWTONIAN AND NON-ISOTHERMAL of fill factor are described. The derived models will form
MODELLING OF 3D FLOW IN AN INTERNAL the basis for closed loop control strategies. 8 refs.
MIXER EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Kim J K; White J L Copyquest order no.431754
AKRON,UNIVERSITY;
GYEOUNGSANG,NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
Item 264
In previous work hydrodynamic lubrication theory was
Computers in the Rubber Industry.Conference
applied to simulate three-dimensional flow of a polymer
Proceedings London,4th June 1990,Paper 4. 115 Rapra
melt or elastomer in an internal mixer. Isothermal
Technology Ltd.;European Rubber Journal
Newtonian flow was presumed in a flattened-out mixing
FINITE ELEMENT MODELLING OF BATCH
chamber. Current work considers both non-Newtonian
INTERNAL RUBBER MIXING
flow properties of the polymer and the increase in
Nassehi V;Freakley P K
temperature due to viscous dissipation heating. The
LOUGHBOROUGH,UNNERSITY
influence of non-Newtonian viscosity on flow patterns in
the internal mixer is considered. Viscous dissipation Loughborough University has designed a programme to
heating in the internal mixer is also modelled. Large scale develop an accurate and robust fmite element model of
internal mixers tend to operate adiabatically while small rubber mixing. In particular, the viscoelastic flow is
scale machines are close to isothermal. Temperature-time analysed and equations are presented for consideration. 3
profiles are predicted for laboratory and large-scale refs.
internal mixers. 54 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
KOREA; USA
Copyquest order no.431735
Copyquest order no.431756

Item 262 Item 265

lnLPolym.Processing 6,No.2,June 1991 ,p.111-20 Computers in the Rubber Industry.Conference
RELATIONSIDP BETWEEN ROTOR DESIGNS Proceedings London, 4th June 1990,Paper 3. 115 Rapra
IN AN INTERNAL MIXER AND PHYSICAL Technology Ltd.;European Rubber Journal
PROPERTIES OF MIXED RUBBER COMPUTERCONTROLFORTHEINTERNAL
COMPOUNDS MIXING PROCESS
Kawanishi K;Yagii K;Obata Y;Kimura S BrownCJ
JAPAN SYNTHETIC RUBBER CO.LTD. FRANCIS SHAW & CO.LTD.

Attempts were made to identify relationships between This paper describes a number of aspects of the
equipment design, particularly rotor ones, mixing development of computer control for the internal mixing
conditions and compound properties. A modified Banbury process, based largely on the experiences of Francis Shaw
mixer was used having a number of double winged rotors & Co.Ltd. in implementing such development. The Batch
and replaceable mixing chambers. In the construction Condition Control system is based on the discovery that
consideration was given to rotor shape. The mixing torque measured on the rotors of an internal mixer can be
properties measured were unit work, Mooney viscosity of related directly to the viscosity of the material being
dumped compound, amount of bound rubber, weight mixed. Rheological consistency is obtainable using this

72
 References and Abstracts

system which incorporates closed loop control based on are described. A CTM assembly is illustrated showing the
measurements of the viscosity itself. 6 refs. typical method of connecting stator and rotor to extruder
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE barrel and screw. Comparative results are illustrated to
Copyquest order no.431734 demonstrate the superior mixing capabilities of a deep
screw and 3 row CTM against conventional rubber screws.
Item 266 EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Castellanza, c.1990, pp.l3. 12ins. 26/6/90.2813 Copyquest order no.429749
'F' SERIES BANBURY MIXER
ATAROTH ENGINEERING SERVICES LTD.;
Item 271
POMINI FARREL SPA
Ind.d.Gomma 34,No.ll,Nov.1990,p.34-9
The 'F' series of Banbury mixers for plastics and rubber Italian
are described in some detail in this brochure in terms of OUTPUTS AND ADVANTAGES REQUIRED OF
design, construction and application. TODAY'S INTERNAL MIXER
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; ITALY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE Mereghetti A
Copyquest order no.431712 MECCANICHE MODERNE SPA
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE

Item 267 Copyquest order no.429746

Rochdale, c.l990, pp.6. llins. 2813
'F' SERIES BANBURY MIXER Item 272
FARREL BRIDGE LTD. Rubb. World 204,No.4,July 1991 ,p.20/31
(Also in French and German). Detailed information is THE MIXER OF THE FUTURE TODAY WITH ST
given on the Construction and Action of the 'F' series of ROTORS
Banbury Mixers from Farrel Bridge. MelottoMA
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
FARREL CORP.
Copyquest order no.430706 This comprehensive article examines the improvements in
rubber compound mixing with a new design of internal
Item 268 mixer rotor, the Synchronous Technology Rotor. The
Rochdale, c.l990, pp.4. 9/7/90.2813 results of this new shape were overwhelming in all aspects
'0' SERIES BANBURY MIXER of improved uniformity. Improved heat transfer,
FARREL BRIDGE LTD. productivity and physical properties, reduced viscosity,
(Also in French & German). Detailed information is given discharge temperatures, energy requirements and loading
on the structure and performance of the D series of time, and improved dispersion are discussed and graphs
Banbury Mixers from Farrel Bridge. and tables presented.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE USA
Copyquest order no.430705 Copyquest order no.429694

Item 269 Item 273

Rochdale, c.l990, pp.4. 11 ins. 9/7/90. 2813 Polym.Engng.Sci. 3l,No.ll,Mid-June 199l,p.779-88
INCREASED PROFIT FROM INCREASE EXPERIMENTS AND MODELLING OF FLOW
CAPACITY OF ELASTOMERS IN AN INTERNAL MIXER
FARREL BRIDGE LTD. WITH INTERMESHING ROTORS
(Also in French and German). This brochure describes the MinK;SuhKG
mixer conversion units that allow the upgrading ofexisting AKRON,UNIVERSITY
Farrel Banbury Mixers.
The direct observation of flow in the internal mixer with
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
various rotor geometries is described. With decreasing
Copyquest order no.430703 distance between two rotors, additional transfer flow was
observed in the inter-rotor area. The Flow Analysis
Item 270 Network method with assumption of fully filled,
Manchester, c.l990, pp.8. 12ins. 27111190. 2813 Newtonian fluid and isothermal conditions was employed
CAVITY TRANSFER MIXER to simulate the flow patterns in the mixer with
RAPRA TECHNOLOGY LTD.; SHAW F.,& non-intermeshing rotors. The distributive mixing
CO.(MANCHESTER) LTD. capability was considered in terms of the fractional flow
The principles and operating mechanism of the cavity in the mixer calculated for various rotor geometries. 23
transfer mixer (CTM) are discussed, and applications for refs.
its use suggested. Typical questions on the application of USA
CTMs are answered, and its capabilities and restrictions Copyquest order no.428605

73
 References and Abstracts

Item 274 Dispersion of carbon black pellets in polydimethyl

Antec 90.Plastics in the Environment:Yesterday,Today siloxane was studied using a rotating cone and plate
& Tomorrow. Conference Proceedings device. Three types of pellet were used, i.e. fluffy carbon
Dallas,Tx.,7th-11th May 1990,p.55-9. 012 SPE black compressed into 2mm diameter spheres and two
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF A MIXER types of pellet comprising 1 to 2.2mm clusters of either
INCORPORATING LATERAL MIXING TO fluffy or pelletised carbon black. Erosion of the pellets as
LAMINAR CONVECTIVE MIXING FOR a function of applied shear stress and dimensions shear
POLYMER MELTS time was investigated. Erosion and rupture mechanisms
Shen J;Gogos C were elucidated. 9 refs.
HOBOKEN,STEVENS INSTITUTE OF USA
TECHNOLOGY Copyquest order no.426845
Details are given of the development of a mixer utilising
the introduction of periodic lateral cross flow into the main Item 278
laminar flow. The resulting mixing quality and rate of International Seminar on Elastomers. Symposium
mixing are discussed. Data are given for mixing Kraton, a Proceedings Akron,Oh.,26th-28th Oct.l988,p.35-57.
styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene block copolymer and 012 Akron,University;Tohoku,University
for the flow visualisation ofPDMS. 12 refs. FLOW SIMULATIONS IN A BANBURY MIXER
USA Jing-Jy Cheng;Manas-Zloczower I (Edited by: White J
L;Murakami K)
Copyquest order no.427783
CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY

Item 275 Flow patterns in a Banbury mixer were simulated using a

Rubb.World204,No.2,May 1991,p.60 fluid dynamics analysis package based on the finite
LABORATORY MIXER element method. A number of different flow geometries
were selected to represent the dynamics of the rotors
American Triad has introduced the Auto Homo Mixer during one repeated mixing cycle. Two-dimensional
Model M table-top high shear turbine mixer, which is isothermal flow simulations were carried out for a power
especially developed for the convenience of laboratory law model fluid. The results obtained were in good
operation. The unit is supplied with a transparent jar agreement with those from flow visualisation studies and
permitting continuous observation of the mixing process. data for pressure traces recorded in a highly instrumented
Very brief details are noted. Banbury mixer. 21 refs.
AMERICAN TRIAD USA
USA
Copyquest order no.426035
Copyquest order no.427629
Item 279
Item 276 International Seminar on Elastomers. Symposium
Manchester, c.1990, pp.2. 12ins. 27/11/90.282 Proceedings Akron,Oh.,26th-28th Oct.1988,p.59-89.
DUMP EXTRUSION EQUIPMENT FOR PLASTIC 012 Akron,University;Tohoku,University
COMPOUNDS BASIC STUDIES OF FLOW OF ELASTOMERS IN
SHAW F.,& CO.(MANCHESTER) LTD. INTERNAL MIXERS
Dump extrusion equipment for plastic compounds from White J L;Kim J K (Edited by: White J L;Murakami K)
Francis Shaw is described. Using an Intermix machine, AKRON,UNIVERSITY
pigments, fillers and blowing agents can be incorporated Basic studies on the mixing process in internal mixers and
into the polymer before the batch is dumped to provide a elastomer miscibility are described, with emphasis on flow
continuous process. Examples of dump extruders and visualisation investigations in a laboratory mixer with
mixers are illustrated with details of outputs. windows of elastomer motions and the compounding
Combinations of Intermixes and dump extruders can also process. Elastomers employed were NR, polybutadienes
be used for feeding large calenders requiring very high of varying microstructural and molecular weight
output of plastic compound for sheet or film production. distributions and various styrene-butadiene copolymers. A
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE model is developed using hydrodynamic lubrication
Copyquest order no.427493 theory, which predicts the circulating motions within
internal mixers. 85 refs.
Item 277 USA
Polym.Engng.Sci. 31,No.8,1991,p.558-62 Copyquest order no.425940
CHARACTERISATION OF AGGLOMERATE
DISPERSION BY EROSION IN SIMPLE SHEAR Item 280
FLOWS Swallowfield, c.1990, pp.50. 12ins. 7/12/90. 06
Rwei S P;Manas-Zloczower I WINKWORTH FOR NEW MIXERS AND USED
CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY MIXING AND PROCESSING PLANT

74
 References and Abstracts

WINKWORTH MACHINERY LTD. This paper concentrates on the batch internal mixing
process and examines methods of modelling performance
A catalogue is presented listing over 5,000 items in stock
and of characterising the processing behaviour of mixed
of new mixers and used mixing and processing plant from
rubber compounds. Rheological and crosslinking
Winkworth Machinery Ltd. A brief description is given of
measurements are employed to characterise the mixed
the equipment available and its reference number.
compound and empirical multifactor modelling based on
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE factorial experiment design methods, is used to relate
Copyquest order no.425082 mixed compound properties to mixing treatment. A
method of closed-loop control state-of-mix via rotor
Item 281 torque monitoring is presented and its application and
KauLu.Gummi Kunst. 43,No.1 O,Oct.1990,p.896-8 limitations discussed. Problems and progress in
German fundamental modelling of the batch internal mixing
TANDEM MIXING PROCESS. II. process are also reviewed, with particular emphasis on the
Peter J; Weckerle G fmite element method. Results relate to NR and SBR.
CONTINENTALAG Differences between the tangential rotor Farrel Banbury
Part II of this report on a tandem mixing system which and the intermeshing rotor Francis Shaw Intermix are
consists of a ram-type mixer with a ramless mixer fitted pointed out. 32 refs.
underneath, deals with temp. control, distribution of EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
reactive additives and energy requirements of such mixing Copyquest order no.419359
systems.
GERMANY Item 285
Copyquest order no.424222 KauLu.Gummi Kunst. 43,No.7,July 1990,p.587-94
German
Item 282 MIXING AND EXTRUSION OF ELASTOMERS-
Rubb.PlasLNews 2 12,No.l5,6th May 199l,p.3 IMPROVED PRODUCT QUALITY THROUGH
KOBELCO SETS UP MIXING LAB OPTIMISED PROCESS CONTROL. I. PROCESS
HoffmanK MODELSOFANINTERNALMIXERPROVIDE
POSSIBILITIES OF IMPROVING PROCESS
Kobelco Stewart Bolling recently opened a rubber and CONTROL
plastics mixing laboratory in an effort to increase sales of Sunder J
its machinery. The lab contains a batch mixer designed to INSTITUT FUER KUNSTSTOFFVERARBEITUNG
mix rubber and plastics and a continuous compounder for
plastics. Customers may mix their recipes in the lab to see A description is given of a process model developed by the
how they will work on the machines. IKV for calculating the dissipated energy and temp.
KOBELCO STEWART BOLLING INC. development of mixes processed in internal mixers. The
USA use of this model for process control is considered.
Copyquest order no.422752 EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; WEST GERMANY; WESTERN
EUROPE
Item 283 Copyquest order no.418232
PlasLRubb.Wkly. No.l381,13thApril1991,p.2
WORKING GUIDE TO SAFE USE OF NIPS IN Item 286
RUBBER INDUSTRY KauLu.Gummi Kunst. 43,No.7,July 1990,p.606-9
German
According to the Health & Safety Commission's new TANDEM MIXING PROCESS
booklet 'Safeguarding of Nips in the Rubber Industry', Peter J; Weckerle G
there is no excuse for management or workers to operate CONTINENTALAG
unsafe two-roll mills and calenders. Described as a
working guide which outlines the best industrial practice, A description is given of a mixing system consisting of a
it is said that it should be adhered to in order to avoid ram-type mixer with a ramless mixer situated below this
prosecution and keep machines safe. unit. The technical features and mode of operation of this
UK,HEALTII & SAFETY COMMISSION tandem system are discussed, together with its application
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE areas and economic aspects.
Copyquest order no.420896 EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; WEST GERMANY; WESTERN
EUROPE
Item 284 Copyquest order no.418230
Prog.Rubb.PlasL Techno/. 6,No.4, 1990,p.346-68
CHARACTERISING AND CONTROLLING THE Item 287
RUBBER MIXING PROCESS Allendale,NJ, c.1990, pp.S. llins. 14/9/90.26125-813
Freakley P K;Murray G A W;Nassehi V DRAIS NEWS. VOL. I, N0.4
LOUGHBOROUGH,UNIVERSITY Schall G

75
 References and Abstracts

DRAISWERKE INC. axis located at the centre of the cylinder, is derived. The
rubbery material fills the void between the cylinder and
This issue ofDrais News discusses new developments in the rotor. 7 refs.
superfast compounding using the Drais Gelimat. The
JAPAN
Gelimat consists of a horizontally positioned
mixing/compounding chamber with a central rotating Copyquest order no.416304
shaft with a number of staggered mixing elements
mounted to it at different angles. It is used to blend and Item 291
compound alloyed polymers at high speeds and uses less 136th Meeting,Fall1989,Conference Proceedings
energy than conventional mixers. Two basic Gelimat Detroit,Mi.,17th-20th Oct.1989,Paper 109.012
designs are available and their operational features are ACS,Rubber Div.
described in detail. EXPERIMENTS AND MODELLING OF FLOW
USA OF ELASTOMERS IN INTERNAL MIXER WITH
INTERMESHING ROTORS
Copyquest order no.417729
MinK;SuhKG
AKRON,UNIVERSITY
Item 288
Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi 64,No.1, 1991 ,p.25-40 The direct observation of flow in an internal mixer was
Japanese carried out using a flow visualisation apparatus. The
SCALE-UP EFFECT OF INTERNAL MIXERS distance between the rotors was varied to approach a
Kawanishi K;Yagii K;Obata Y realistic geometry of intermeshing rotors. A flow analysis
JAPAN SYNTIIETIC RUBBER CO.LTD. network was conducted for the mixer with various
intermeshing and partially intermeshing rotors.
The optimum parameters of a laboratory-scale mixer for
Ethylene-propylene terpolymer was used in this study. 23
the reproduction of the mixing of an industrial mixer were
found to be larger rotor tip clearance, larger rotor tip width, refs.
larger overlap ratio of wings, higher temp., and higher USA
rotor speed than those of proportionally-reduced Copyquest order no.416282
dimensions and under comparable conditions. Studies
were conducted using SBR, ethylene-propylene rubber Item 292
and polybutadiene. 6 refs. Articles from this journal can be lnLPolym.Processing 5,No.3,Sept.1990,p.178-83
requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra FLOW FIELD CHARACTERISATION IN A
produced International Polymer Science and Technology. BANBURY MIXER
JAPAN Cheng J J;Manas-Zloczower I
Copyquest order no.417120 CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY
A fluid dynamics analysis package (FIDAP) was used to
Item 289 simulate the flow patterns of an SBR masterbatch in a
Int.Polym.Processing 5,No.3,Sept.1990,p.155-63 Banbury mixer. Various geometries were selected to
MODELLING TWIN ROTOR MIXERS AND represent the dynamic motion of the rotors during a
EXTRUDERS repeated mixing cycle. The simulation results were then
David B;Sapir T;Nir A;Tadmor Z used to characterise the flow field in terms of a parameter
TECHNION-ISRAEL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY quantifying the elongation flow components. The effects
A mathematical model for simulating flow in batch and of design and processing variables on the flow
continuous twin rotor mixers and extruders is presented. characteristics and average shear rate are discussed. 23
The model is a lumped parameter model based on the Flow refs.
Analysis Network (FAN) Method. 17 refs. USA
ISRAEL Copyquest order no.416177
Copyquest order no.416305
Item 293
Item 290 Int.Polym.Processing 5,No.3,Sept.l990,p.173-7
lnLPolym.Processing 5,No.3,Sept.1990,p.164-72 FLOW ANALYSIS IN AN INTERNAL MIXER. II.
FLOW ANALYSIS IN AN INTERNAL MIXER. I. ESTIMATION OF MIXING EFFICIENCY BY
APPLICATION OF FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS BATCH HOMOGENISATION TIME
Yagii K;Kawanishi K Kawanishi K;Yagii K
JAPAN SYNTIIETIC RUBBER CO.LTD. JAPAN SYNTIIETIC RUBBER CO.LTD.
An attempt is made to predict flow behaviour of rubbery A modified Banbury-type laboratory mixer with
material in an internal mixer by means of fmite element transparent front windows was used to observe the flow of
analysis. A simplified model for the mixer, which consists silicone rubber. A pair of specially designed rotors was
of a circular cylinder and a rotor with uniform utilised to estimate the influence of rotor design on the
cross-sectional shape along the axis that rotates around the behaviour of the rubber. These rotors consisted of a

76
 References and Abstracts

number of thin plates of identical shape, which were be kept as tight as possible so that the reject rate is kept to
designed so that they could construct a double-winged a minimum and an increase in automation is essential. Test
rotor. Batch homogenisation times were measured with results are presented showing the effect of size of rubber
torque and unit-work for all experiments, observing flow pieces, temperature and addition sequences of
through the front window at the same time. (Pt.l, ibid, components. 7 refs.
p.164-72). 13 refs. GERMANY
JAPAN Copyquest order no.4I58I2
Copyquest order no.4I6176

Item 297
Item 294
Antec '89.Conference Proceedings New York, 1st-4th
136th Meeting,Fall1989,Conference Proceedings
May 1989,p.l870-3. 012 SPE
Detroit,Mi., 17th-20th Oct.1989,Paper 63. 012
HYDRODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF A BANBURY
ACS,Rubber Div.
MIXER- TWO DIMENSIONAL FLOW
CONTINUOUS COMPOUNDING OF RUBBER
SIMULATIONS FOR THE ENTIRE MIXING
EllwoodH
CHAMBER
FARREL LTD.
Cheng J J;Manas-Zioczower I
A continuous production unit for the manufacture of CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY
rubber compounds for the cable industry is outlined. This
incorporates the Farrel Bridge Mixing and Venting A two-dimensional, isothermal flow analysis of a
Extruder whose operation is briefly indicated. non-Newtonian fluid in a Banbury B mixer with two
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE counter-rototating rotors was carried out. The acutal
geometry ofthe mixer was preserved and the different flow
Copyquest order no.4I6I2I
regions were analysed simultaneously. A fluid dynamics
analysis package based on the fmite element method was
Item 295 used for the flow simulations. 18 refs.
136th Meeting,Fali1989,Conference Proceedings
Detroit,Mi., 17th-20th Oct.1989,Paper 45. 012 USA
ACS,Rubber Div. Copyquest order no.409565
NEW METHODS IN EVALUATING THE
PERFORMANCE OF INTERNAL MIXERS
Valsamis L N;Canedo E L;Donoian G S Item 298
FARREL CORP. Antec '89.Conference Proceedings New York, 1st-4th
May 1989,p.1631-6. 012 SPE
The application of the concept of Number of Passage DRAG-INDUCED PRESSURE DEVELOPMENT
Distribution (NPD) functions as a means of characterising BARRIER BATCH INTERNAL MIXERS
dispersive mixing in commercial batch mixers is Abbaoui M;Gotsis A D;Gogos C G
considered. The effects of rotor tip clearances on the NPD ALGERIAN INSTITUTE OF PETROLEUM;
and dispersive mixing are discussed in detail. A new rotor STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (Corp.
design for Banbury mixers is presented and discussed, and Ed.: SPE)
its performance is compared against standard two-wing
and four-wing rotor designs. 34 refs. The design, operation and analysis of a dynamic viscous
USA pressurisation batch internal mixing apparatus are
Copyquest order no.4I6109 described. Results are presented of studies ofdrag-induced
wall pressure distributions for a polydimethylsiloxane
fluid, carried out using different clearances and clearance
Item 296
profile configurations and at different shaft rotational
TyreTech '90.Seminar Proceedings Brighton,Sth-6th
speeds, with the mixing chamber being completely or
Nov.l990,Paper 4. 6Tl Rapra Technology
partially filled. 9 refs.
Ltd.;European Rubber Journal
SYSTEMS APPROACH TO IDGH QUALITY ALGERIA; USA
RUBBER MIXING Copyquest order no.409564
Limper A
WERNER & PFLEIDERER GMBH
Item 299
Tyre producers are experiencing decreasing profits due to Rubb. World 202,No.6,Sept.1990,p.42
the stringent demands of the market place for low price OIL-WEIGH SYSTEM
and high quality. Processing techniques offer a number of
possibilities for economy and in these areas reduced The Series MWS oil-weigh system automatically meters
man-power, coupled with increased productivity and process oils to rubber batch mixers with high speed and
improved quality consistency, can be achieved. This paper accuracy to ensure uniform batch characteristics and thus
discusses the mixing line and states that tolerances must reduce scrap, according to Budzar Industries. The system

77
 References and Abstracts

is totally enclosed to withstand demanding mixing room MONTEDISON COORDINATION CENTRE

atmospheres and prevent contamination.
Part II of this report on compounding with internal mixers
BUDZAR INDUSTRIES
discusses the effectiveness of a microprocessor based
USA
system in controlling and analysing internal mixer
Copyquest order no.408973 operations and reproducibility in mixing compound when
either time or energy are used as control parameters.
Item 300 Results obtained show that an energy controlled procedure
Rubb. World 202,No.4,July 1990,p.96 tends to give a better reproducibility, in terms of batch
ADVANCED MIXER CONTROL weight, dump temp. and compound viscosity. Curing
Soberay's advanced mixer control allows simultaneous properties reproducibility is affected more by existing
mixing via time, temperature and energy. The company has conditions after dump than by the mixing control
recently outfitted an overseas tyre plant with five mixer parameters. 6 refs.
control systems. These systems automatically control the BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; WESTERN EUROPE
addition of base polymer, carbon blacks and oil. Copyquest order no.399547
SOBERAY MAClllNE & EQUIPMENT CO.
USA Item 304
Copyquest order no.404584 Kaut.u.Gummi Kunst. 42,No.7,July 1989,p.604-9
German
Item 301 THERMODYNAMIC AND RHEOLOGICAL
Plast.Rubb. Wkly. No.1350,25th Aug.1990,p.8 PROCESSES IN AN INTERNAL MIXER
IDGH ACCURACY RUBBER WEIGIDNG Grajewski F;Sunder J
INSTITUT FUER KUNSTSTOFFVERARBEITUNG
Neu Engineering is reported to have installed at Pirelli's
Burton-on-Trent tyre plant three fully-automated rubber This article reports on theoretical studies carried out by the
cube conveying systems combining storage and high IKV relating to the internal mixing process. Particular
accuracy weighing of the product prior to compounding. attention is paid to studies concerning the minimisation of
Details of the three systems are presented. number of charges required to reach a quasi-stationary
NEU ENGINEERING LTD.; PIRELLI LTD. stage in the machine and to the calculation of dissipated
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE power with increasing temp. in the material. 19 refs.
Copyquest order no.402596 EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; WEST GERMANY; WESTERN
EUROPE
Item 302 Copyquest order no.399521
Kaut.u. Gummi Kunst. 42,No.10,0ct.1989,p.882-4
COMPOUNDING RUBBER WITH. INTERNAL
Item 305
MIXERS. I. DEVELOPMENT OF ADVANCED
Kaut.u.Gummi Kunst. 42,No.ll,Nov.1989,p.992-8
CONTROLEQUWMENTFORLABORATORY
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF
MIXERS
Leblanc J L;Chrominiatycz M
CHARACTERISATION METHODS OF CARBON
MONTEDISON COORDINATION CENTRE
BLACK DISPERSION IN SOLUTION AND
EMULSION SBR COMPOUNDS PREPARED AT
An advanced control system for laboratory mixers, which VARIOUS MIXING LEVELS
measures and records all relevant mixing parameters, is LeeS D;White J L;Nakajima N;Brzoskowski R
described. The system consists of a microprocessor and a AKRON, UNIVERSITY
personal computer and the appropriate probes. It
continuously measures and records power, mixing energy, An experimental study was made of the development of
batch temp., rotor speed, ram pressure, ram position and carbon black dispersion in an internal mixer. Using four
motion during the mixing process and displays results on different experimental techniques, i.e. optical microscopy,
a computer screen. Its design and mode of operation are scanning electron microscopy, surface roughness and
explained in detail. 11 refs. electrical conductivity,carbon black agglomerate size and
BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; WESTERN EUROPE
related characteristics were measured. The results from
these experiments are compared using the same carbon
Copyquest order no.399548
black for a series of six different SBRs. 20 refs.
KOREA; USA
Item 303
Kaut.u.Gummi Kunst. 42,No.1l,Nov.1989,p.1036/43 Copyquest order no.399040
COMPOUNDING RUBBER WITH INTERNAL
MIXERS. II. COMPARING TIME AND ENERGY Item 306
CONTROLLEDPRECEDURESINPREPARING lnt.Polym.ScLTechnol. 16,No.11,1989,p.T/44-51
FLUOROELASTOMER COMPOUNDS MIXING TECHNOLOGY
Leblanc J L;Douillet B Shiga S

78
 References and Abstracts

Mixing technology is discussed with particular reference turbo-swirl rotors are described and their benefits listed.
to the mixing of rubber and carbon black in an internal Typical installations and optional equipment are also
mixer. Aspects covered include mixing and rheological included.
conditions, dispersion theory, dispersion and electrical UK; WESTERN EUROPE
volume resistivity, and mixing quality and other factors. Copyquest order no.397660
56 refs. (Full translation ofNippon Gomu Kyokaishi,
62,No.3, 1989,p.123) Item 310
JAPAN China Rubb.Ind. 36,No.ll ,Nov.1989,p.686-91
Copyquest order no.398480 Chinese
EXPERIENCES IN DESIGN AND APPLICATION
Item 307 OF BANBURY MIXER AND VIEWPOINTS ON
China Rubb.Ind. 37,No.3,March 1990,p.141-5 ITS DEVELOPMENT
Chinese MengRenze
SELECTION OF METHOD OF PROCESS GUILIN,DESIGN & RESEARCH INST.OF RUBBER
CONTROL FOR AN INTERNAL MIXER IND.
XuYunrong
A summary of China's thirty six years of experience with
DONGFENG TIRE FACTORY
the design and application of the Banbury mixer is
The first and second stage mixing was performed on presented, emphasis being placed on the advantages and
internal mixers of type GK 300N and XHM-140/20 limitations of the mixer. Pressure distribution in the
respectively. Tests and comparisons were made mixing room is analysed and some views on the
controlling the time, temperature and energy separately development of new types of Banbury mixers are
(single factor method) and controlling energy and expressed. 8 refs.
temperature together and time and temperature together CHINA
(two factor combination). The results suggest that under Copyquest order no.396838
the present factory production conditions it is better to
control the temperature alone, as this gives better Item 31I
mechanical properties. Control of energy and temperature Rubb. World 201,No.5,Feb.1990,p.21-4
saves both time and energy, but the mixing time is then INTERNAL MIXER AUTOMATED
variable; this deserves further attention. 4 refs. MONITORING, CONTROL
CHINA Donahue K M;Lee W B
Copyquest order no.397745 QUABOEUG CORP.
Definitive papers illustrating that temperature and work
Item 308
input are two of the important variables for controlling the
Nottingham, c.1989, pp.2. 12ins. 30/11/89. 28(21)-813
mix consistency of rubber compounds are fust reviewed.
RMC 450 ADVANCED RUBBER MIXER
Other important aspects reviewed over chamber loading
CONTROLLER. TECHNICAL BULLETIN
of fillers and plasticisers and motorspeed. The Werner &
CHRONOS RICHARDSON LTD.;
Pfliederer PKS-21 mixing control system which is said to
LOUGHBOROUGH,UNNERSITY; SHAW F.,&
be able to monitor and control these variables is lastly
CO.LTD.
described. 17 refs.
The RMC 450 advanced rubber mixer controller has been USA
designed in conjunction with Francis Shaw and Copyquest order no.393583
Loughborough University. It provides stand-alone control
of the mixing sequence to a predetermined operator Item 312
defmed programme. Within each cycle of the mixing Integration of Fundamental Polymer Science &
formulation, the RMC 450 is capable of conventional Technology Barking,Elsevier Applied Science
control using time, temperature and energy parameters, or Publishers Ltd.,1986,p.367-80. 012
Batch Condition Control. Further details and features of DSM;Eindhoven,University of Technology
the control system are given. MIXING PROCESSES IN POLYMER
UK; WESTERN EUROPE PROCESSING
Copyquest order no.397669 Tadmor Z (Edited by: Kleintjens L A;Lemstra P J)
STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Item 309
Mixing technology and mixing machinery are briefly
Rochdale, c.1989, pp.8. 12ins. 21/12/89.28132
reviewed, recent views on mixing mechanisms are
CARTER INTERNAL MIXERS
discussed and a theoretical formulation of mixing
CARTER BROS.(ROCHDALE) LTD. processes is presented. 36 refs.
The design and construction of internal mixing machines USA
from Carter Bros. is described and illustrated. The Carter Copyquest order no.393575

79
 References and Abstracts

Item 313 A fluid dynamics analysis package (FIDAP) using a fmite

Making the most of the Cavity Transfer element method was employed to simulate the flow
Mixer. Symposium proceedings Shawbury,20th patterns in a Banbury mixer. The flow simulations were
Sept.1985,p.4.1-4.22. 821 Rapra Technology Ltd. carried out only for the intensive mixing region and they
DISTRIBUTIVE MIXING PERFORMANCE OF were limited to a two-dimensional analysis. An Eulerian
TWO DYNAMIC MIXERS point of view was adopted and 18 different geometries
MumfordWW were selected to represent one revolution of the rotor. A
MONSANTO POLYMER PRODUCTS CO. power-law model with time and temp. dependent
parameters was used to characterise the rheological
The cavity transfer mixer is evaluated together with a behaviour of the mixture. Steady-state, isothermal flow
Dynetica mixer prototype. Independently driven dynamic simulations as well as a transient, non-isothermal flow
mixers are shown to accomplish difficult distributive analysis were performed for a Banbury B mixer. 20 refs.
mixing tasks with moderate pressure drops, low power
USA
requirements and low (or no) melt temperature increases.
Copyquest order no.386848
USA
Copyquest order no.392757
Item 317
Item 314 Spring Meeting (133rd),1988 Dallas,Tx.,19-22nd April
Plast.Rubb.Int. 14,No.6,Dec.1989,p.17-21 1988,Paper 83,pp.14. 012 ACS,Rubber Div.
PROCESS OPTIMISATION FOR INTERAL COMPUTER INTEGRATED MANUFACTURING
MIXERS APPLIED TO INTERNAL MIXER
Michaeli W;Sunder J WolfCA
INSTITUT FUR KUNSTSTOFFVERARBEITUNG MEASUREX CORP.

Automatic measuring equipment has been employed by The development of an effective computer integrated
the IKV to determine and analyse the process parameters manufacturing system for internal mixing of rubbers is
occurring in internal mixers. These are ram movement, discussed. Particular attention is paid to the objectives of
power curve, material temperature and wall temperature. improving process visibility, process consistency and
Thermal boundary conditions and shear and deformation process control.
rate of the material are estimated by development ofmodel
equations. 14 refs. USA
Copyquest order no.386833
WEST GERMANY
Copyquest order no.391860
Item 318
Item 315 Spring Meeting (133rd),l988 Dallas,Tx.,19-22nd April
Polym.Engng.Sci. 29,No.15,Mid-Aug.1989,p.1 059-65 1988,Paper 80,pp.30. 012 ACS,Rubber Div.
HYDRODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF A BANBURY ACQUISITION AND APPLICATION OF DATA
MIXER- 2-D FLOW SIMULATIONS FOR THE OBTAINED DURING THE MIXING CYCLE OF
ENTIRE MIXING CHAMBER AN INTERNAL BATCH MIXER
Cheng J-J;Manas-Zloczower I FlahertyWF
CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY FARREL CORP.

Details are given of a two-dimensional isothermal flow The above topic is discussed, with particular reference to
analysis of a non-Newtonian fluid in a Banbury B mixer data on total mix cycle time, ram down cycle time, rotor
with two counter-rotating rotors. A fluid dynamics analysis speed, rotor revolutions, power/work input, peak power,
package based on the finite element method was used for motor torque, batch temp., mixer metal temp., ram
the flow simulations. Comparisons between theoretical pressure and ram position.
predictions and experimental observations are discussed,
using SBR with carbon black. 18 refs. USA
Copyquest order no. 386832
USA
Copyquest order no.391064
Item 319
Item 316 China Rubb.Ind. 36,No.5,May 1989,p.276-83
Spring Meeting(133rd), 1988 Dallas, Tx., 19-22nd April Chinese
1988,Paper 75,pp.36. 012 ACS,Rubber Div. DESIGN OF MIXER ROTOR FOR BLENDING
HYDRODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF A BANBURY RUBBER AND PLASTICS
MIXER Cheng Y; Wan C
Cheng J J;Manas-Zloczower I BEIJING,INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL
CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY TECHNOLOGY

80
 References and Abstracts

Details are given of the design of a mixing rotor for fast examined and the extent of fluid motion over rotor tips is
blending rubber and plastics. 24 refs. analysed. 45 refs.
CHINA USA
Copyquest order no.383405 Copyquest order no.382455

Item 323
Item 320 lnLPolym.Processing 4,No.1,March 1989,p.23-31
Macplas 13,No.1 OO,July/Aug.1988,p.1 09-11 FLOW VISUALISATION OF THE RUBBER
Italian COMPOUNDING CYCLE IN AN INTERNAL
DEVELOPMENT OF MACHINERY FOR
MIXER BASED ON ELASTOMER BLENDS
RUBBER PROCESSING Morikaw A;Min K; White J L
RapetskiWA AKRON,UNIVERSITY
FARREL CORP.
The results are reported of a flow visualisation study of the
Developments in internal and continuous mixers and blending of elastomers and the subsequent mixing of
control systems for rubber processing are reviewed. carbon black and oil in an internal mixer. Elastomers
USA investigated were NR, cis-1, 4-polybutadiene and SBR.
Copyquest order no.383374 Mini bales ofeach rubber pigmented with different colours
were added to the mixer and their homogenisation
examined. The results obtained were compared with those
Item 321 of earlier studies and correlated with the rheological
KauLu.Gummi Kunst. 41,No.12,Dec.1988,p.1226-44 properties of the elastomers. 20 refs.
FLOW VISUALISATION OF THE RUBBER
USA
COMPOUNDING PROCESS IN AN INTERNAL
MIXER FOR POLYBUTADIENES OF VARYING Copyquest order no.382I73
MICROSTRUCTURE AND
STYRENE-BUTADIENE COPOLYMERS OF Item 324
VARYING STYRENE CONTENT Int.Polym.Processing 3,No.2,June 1988,p. 74-8
Morikawa A; White J L;Min K PROCESS ANALYSIS OF A LABORATORY
AKRON,UNIVERSITY INTERNAL MIXER
Menges G;Grajewski F
Flow visualisation studies of the motions, deformations AACHEN,UNIVERSITY; INSTITUT FUER
and mixing character of various polybutadienes and SBRs KUNSTSTOFFVERARBEITUNG
were carried out in a laboratory internal mixer with glass
windows; all experiments were done at a temp. of SOC. A study was made of the flow processes in an internal
Particular attention was paid to the breakdown and mixer using carbon black filled rubber mixtures. It was
homogenisation of rubber bales, dispersion of carbon found that by using coloured mixtures, the randomness
black in rubber and absorption of oil into rubber. Results with which the distribution of the flow properties in the
are discussed in terms of flow mechanisms and mixing chamber occurred could be shown. Thermal
correlations with rheological properties and polymer boundary conditions exhibited a strong effect on the flow
microstructure. 11 refs. processes in several regions of the chamber. Feeding
behaviour of the mixture between the rotors and the time
USA required for the incorporation both depended on wall temp.
Copyquest order no.382481 A model was derived with which the variation of the
internal wall temps. could be calculated. 13 refs.
Item 322 WEST GERMANY
lnLPolym.Processing 4,No.1 ,March 1989,p.9-15 Copyquest order no.381638
SIMULATION OF FLOW AND MIXING IN AN
INTERNAL MIXER Item 325
Kim J K;White J L;Min K;Szydlowski W Rubb. World 199,No.5,Feb.l989,p.34-8
AKRON,UNIVERSITY INTERNAL BATCH MIXER: RECENT
DEVELOPMENTS IN DESIGNS AND CONTROLS
A mathematical model for the simulation of flow in an MelottoMA
internal mixer with two counter-rotating FARREL CORP.
non-intermeshing rotors is proposed. The model presumes
rotors with a screw flight, which is separated into two Several developments have been introduced to improve
sections. The mixing chamber is considered to be fully the internal batch mixer (tangential rotor design). Among
filled and rotor curvature neglected in analogy to screw these developments are a new rotor design specifically for
extruder analyses. The conditions under which rotor operating at synchronous rotor speeds, an infrared
designs lead to global circulation patterns within the temperature measuring device to measure product
mixing chamber and good distributive mixing are temperature during the mixing cycle, and a ram position

81
 References and Abstracts

monitoring device. The rotor is designed to address twelve materials and can be supplied with pumps of
improved extensive mixing, and the other devices to different capacities and pressures.
address improved control of the mixing process. These SHORE T.A.,& CO.LTD.
developments are discussed with reference to the UK
significance of mixer wear upon quality and productivity, Copyquest order no.378467
as well as mixer adaptation to new developments.
USA Item 330
Copyquest order no.379262 J.Elastomers Plast. 20,No.4,0ct.1988,p.318-26
DESIGN OF INTERNAL MIXERS
ChohanRK
Item 326 LONDON,UNNERSITY,QUEEN MARY COLLEGE
Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi 62,No.3,1989,p.132-9
Japanese An attempt .is made to integrate and discuss recent
RUBBER FLOW BEHAVIOUR IN AN INTERNAL findings, including those of the present author, in relation
MIXER to the design of internal mixers. Based on these results, a
TokiS scale-up rule is suggested. 13 refs.
UK
12 refs.
Copyquest order no.378463
JAPAN
Copyquest order no.379244 Item 331
China Rubb.Ind. 35,No.ll,l988,p.681-6
Item 327 Chinese
Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi62,No.3,1989,p.113-81
INTRODUCTION TO FRANCIS SHAW'S
INTERNAL MIXER MODELS ISK AND
Japanese
FLOW VISUALISATION OF THE RUBBER EXTRUSION LINE FOR TREADS
COMPOUNDING PROCESS IN AN INTERNAL Zhang X
BEIJING,RESEARCH & DESIGN INST.OF RUBBER
MIXER
Morikawa A IND.
Details are given of an internal mixer with mention being
9 refs. made of volume, power consumption, productivity,
JAPAN quality and mixing. The flow of the extrusion line for car
Copyquest order no.379242 and light truck tyre treads is described.
CHINA
Copyquest order no.374311
Item 328
China Rubb.Ind. 36,No.4,April 1989,p.233-8
Chinese Item 332
INFLUENCE OF CARBON BLACK ON RUBBER Adv.Polym.Technol. 8,No.4,Wmter 1988,p.383-405
MIXING FLOW VISUALISATION OF INTERNAL MIXER
Junkui G FACTORY CYCLES FOR RUBBER
CHINA,MINISTRY OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY COMPOUNDING
Morikawa A;Min K; White J L
The curves of Banbury mixing torque are used to provide AKRON,UNNERSITY
useful information on the mixing process of rubber with
The flow visualisation of a scaled down rubber
carbon black. Using regression analysis on the swallow,
compounding process in an internal mixer is described.
incorporation and dispersion steps, it is shown that the
The mastication of scaled down rubber bales and the
carbon black with the lower specific surface area and
addition of carbon black and oil were examined. The times
higher structure gives a shorter total mixing time. 21 refs.
required for rubber bale 'pickup' by the rotors as well as
CHINA bale homogenisation time were determined for various
Copyquest order no.378485 elastomers (NR, SBR, and cis-1 ,4-polybutadiene). The
times required to incorporate black and oil were also
measured. 14 refs.
Item 329
USA
PlasLRubb.Wkly. No.1289,10th June 1989,p.12
HEATED OIL WEIGHER FOR INTERNAL Copyquest order no.373784
MIXERS
Item 333
T.A.Shore's heated oil weigher for internal mixers is China Rubb.Jnd. 35,No.8, 1988,p.470-6
briefly described. The scale is suitable for weighing up to Chinese

82
 References and Abstracts

CALCULATION OF POWER IN INTERNAL pumps the melt through a die plate and in so doing, a small
MIXER WITH TWO-DIMENSIONAL FLOW amount ofhomogenising is accomplished.
PATTERN USA
Zhigang L; Yuan C Copyquest order no.366024
BEIJING,INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL
TECHNOLOGY Item 337
Rubb.World 198,No.4,July 1988,p.14-8
In the sickle-shaped gap between the rotor and the wall of
ACQUISITION AND APPLICATION OF DATA
the mixing chamber in an internal mixer, the flow pattern
OBTAINED DURING THE MIXING CYCLE OF
of the rubber was found to be two-dimensional and
AN INTERNAL BATCH MIXER
non-isothermal. The 'dividing unit method' was used to
Flaherty WF
solve the pattern and an equation was derived for
FARREL CORP.
calculation of the power consumption in an internal mixer.
The effects of variations in temp. and viscosity were This detailed article describes the importance of the
considered in the equation. The equation was used to operating parameters of an internal batch mixer in order to
calculate the power in a 1.7 litre mixer and the value achieve a higher quality finished product. Data from the
obtained was compared with the measured value. 8 refs. batch mixer is reviewed to enable the recognition,
CHINA recording and control of operating conditions.
Copyquest order no.368079 USA
Copyquest order no.365982
Item 334
Item 338
Polym.Rubb.Asia 3,No.17,Aug.l988,p.41
Polymer Engineering Directorate,Major Review
CARTER TURBO-SWIRL INTERNAL MIXERS
Meeting Loughborough,l5-17 April1985,Paper
The range of Carter Turbo-Swirl Internal Mixers is 40,pp.4. 012
reported to comprise ten machines of 17.5 litres to 272 INTERNAL MIXING OF RUBBER; A PROCESS
litres and to employ computer-designed turbo-swirl rotors CONTROL STUDY
for the mixing of a wide variety of rubber plastics and Freakley P K;Matthews B R
thermoplastic elastomer compounds. Details are given. LOUGHBOROUGH,UNIVERSITY
CARTER Details are given of the control of internal mixing of rubber
ASIA; AUSTRALASIA; UK with the objective of providing methods for improving the
Copyquest order no.366547 in-batch and batch-to-batch uniformity of internal mixer
production, whilst maintaining a high level of
productivity. 3 refs.
Item 335 UK
lnLPolym.Sci. Techno/. 12,No.6, 1985,p.Tl-2
Copyquest order no.365974
INTERNAL MIXER
GriffinHD
SHAW F.,& CO.LTD. Item 339
Polymer Engineering Directorate,Major Review
(Full translation ofMuanyag es Gumi,No.7,1984,p.216) Meeting Loughborough,15-17 April1985,Paper
UK
39,pp.4. 012
INTERNAL MIXING OF RUBBER: A PROCESS
Copyquest order no.366045
CAPABILITY STUDY
FreakleyPK
Item 336 LOUGHBOROUGH,UNIVERSITY
Ansonia, Conn., c.1987, pp.6. 11 ins. 3113/87.
Details are given of a rubber mixing programme to identify
Bull.No.238. 821
areas where commercially beneficial improvements could
FARREL CP-SERIES•••THE COMPACT
be achieved and to initiate the development of methods for
PROCESSOR
achieving them. 6 refs.
FARREL CORP.
UK
A description and major features are presented of the Copyquest order no.365973
CP-series of compact processors from Farrel.
Cross-section diagrams, specifications and elevation Item 340
drawings, capsule specifications, principles of operation, Rubb. World 198,No.4,July 1988,p.23-6
and typical application data are included. It consists of a USE OF FLUIDISING TECHNIQUES IN
redesigned Farrel continuous mixer mounted above a hot PNEUMATIC HANDLING OF PROCESS
feed extruder on a common frame. Dispersive and MATERIALS
distributive mixing takes place in the mixer, the extruder HardyH

83
 References and Abstracts

CHRONOS RICHARDSON LTD. the viewpoint of rubber domains, and molecular structure
and the mechanism of mixing. 39 refs.
Features of a pneumatic handling system (incorporating a
fluidised bath) for handling of fme powders, i.e. carbon (Full translation of Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi,
blacks, are described in some detail. Advantages of using 60,No.3, 1987,p.126).
such a system are discussed and methods for dealing with JAPAN
problems that occur are outlined.
Copyquest order no.361528
UK
Copyquest order no.365471
Item 345
International Rubber Conference IRC 86;Proceedings
Item 341
Goteborg,1986,Supplementary Volume,p.28-30. 012
lnLPolym.Sci. Techno/. 12,No.l 0, 1985,p.T29-31
Swedish Institution of Rubber Technology
COMPARISON OF TRANSFERMIX-TYPE
EFFICIENCY OF MIXING RUBBER WITH
MIXERS IN PREPARING RUBBER MIXES
CARBON BLACK
Smirnova N M;Semenov I A;Vostroknutov E G;Grishin
den Otter J L
BS
TNO PLASTICS & RUBBER RESEARCH
9 refs. (Full translation of Kauch.i Rezina,No.4, 1985,p. 7) INSTITUTE
USSR
The behaviour of large industrial mixers is simulated on a
Copyquest order no.363351 laboratory scale by the use of an 1800 ml Banbury mixer
with special rotors and extensive instrumentation. The
Item 342 effect on mixing of rotor shapes, surface roughness of the
lnLPolym.Sci. Techno/. 12,No.1 0, 1985,p.T26-8 mixing chamber, and rotor speed, was investigated. The
EXPERIENCE OF THE USE OF IDGH clearance between rotor and wall was 0.85mm. SMR 10
CAPACITY MIXERS WITH REGULATION OF rubber and N 375 black was used throughout.
THE ROTOR SPEED NETHERLANDS; SWEDEN
Vostroknutov E G;Prokorova L N;Grishin B S;Vol'nov
Copyquest order no.359566
AA

4 refs. (Full translation ofKauch.i Rezina,No.4,1985,p.4)

Item 346
USSR Plaste u.Kaut. 34,No.IO,Oct.1987,p.363-5
Copyquest order no.363350 German
DEVELOPMENT OF A MODEL FOR AN
Item 343 INTERNAL MIXER
Developments in Rubber Technology-4 Meissner K;Wagenknecht U;PoltersdorfB;Reher E 0
Barking,Elsevier Applied Science Publishers MERSEBURG,TECHNISCHE HOCHSCHULE
Ltd.,p.221-51. 012
QUALITY REQUIREMENTS AND RUBBER This is a literature review on models for internal mixing.
MIXING Particular emphasis is placed on flow processes in internal
Johnson P S (Edited by: Whelan A;Lee K S) mixers. 38 refs.
POLYSAR LTD. EAST GERMANY
Copyquest order no.359170
A detailed review examines developments in rubber
mixing over the last decade, including developments in
microprocessor control, and the need for increased Item 347
consistency, or quality, of the product of mixing. 88 refs. Rubb.World 198,No.3,June 1988,p.49
CANADA INTERNAL MIXER
Copyquest order no.361571
Meccaniche Moderne's BT 8/REC automatic internal
mixer for rubber is equipped with intermeshing rotors and
Item 344 a computerised drive. The machine has a 70 litre capacity
lnLPolym.Sci. Techno/. 14,No.9, 1987,p. T52-6 and is driven by a 600HP DC motor. The mixer is equipped
MICROSCOPIC MECHANISM OF RUBBER with a patented system for dust seal rings, type IR/3 SP, and
MIXING has already been tested in several examples to process
Shiga S rubber, plastics and barium ferrite. This abstract includes
all the information contained in the original article.
The microscopic mechanism of mixing of carbon black
and rubber in an internal mixer is discussed with reference MECCANICHE MODERNE SPA
to morphological changes in carbon black, interpretation ITALY
of specific electrical resistance, blending mechanism from Copyquest order no.358359

84
 References and Abstracts

Item 348 cover both the rotors and chamber walls. Very brief details
Polymer Processing: Program and Abstract. Summaries are noted.
of papers presented at the 4th International Polymer POMINI FARREL SPA
Processing Group Meeting, held Tokyo,26-27 Sept.1986 USA
Tokyo, 1986,p.4-5. 8 Kogakuin,University Copyquest order no.357571
RECENT ADVANCES IN PLASTICS AND
RUBBER MIXING MACHINERY
Inoue K
Item 353
KOBE STEEL LTD.
Gummi Fas.Kunst. 4l,No.2,Feb.l988,p.55-60
JAPAN
German
Copyquest order no.358346
HEAT TRANSMISSION IN INTERNAL MIXERS
Menges G;Grajewski F;Sunder J
Item 349 INSTITUT FUER KUNSTSTOFFVERARBEITUNG
International Rubber Conference IRC 86;Proceedings
Goteborg, 1986, Vol.l ,p.65-70. 012 Swedish Institution Mixing in internal mixers, being a batch process, results
of Rubber Technology in fluctuations in the energy requirements of the machine,
NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN THE BATCH coinciding with changes in the mixing conditions and in
MIXING OF RUBBER COMPOUNDS the internal wall temperatures. This means that the feeding
Ellwood H behaviour of the machine is irreproducible, causing
FARREL BRIDGE LTD. changes in the viscoelastic properties of the material and
UK hence in the quality of the product. The present paper
Copyquest order no.358339 describes a model which permits the internal wall
temperatures of the mixing chamber to be calculated. The
Item 350 model requires a knowledge of the heat transfer
International Rubber Conference IRC 86;Proceedings coefficients between the material and the chamber wall
Goteborg,l986,Vol.l,p.83-88. 012 Swedish Institution and between the external surface of the wall and the
of Rubber Technology cooling medium. A further model was developed for this
CLOSED LOOP COMPUTER CONTROL which takes into account the scroll geometry and the rotor
SYSTEM FOR INTERNAL MIXING speed. 9 refs.
Freakley P K;Matthews B R WEST GERMANY
LOUGHBOROUGH,UNIVERSITY; UNIROYAL LTD. Copyquest order no.357565
4 refs.
UK
Copyquest order no.358332
Item 354
BritPlastRubb. June 1988,p.39
Item 351 RUBBER FIRMS EXPAND WITH CARTER
International Rubber Conference IRC 86;Proceedings
Goteborg, 1986,Vol.l ,p.252-7. 0 12 Swedish Institution Carter internal mixers are reported to have been purchased
of Rubber Technology by two companies in the midst of expanding their rubber
QUALITY CONTROL COMPUTER SYSTEMS IN compounding operations. Footwear compound producer
RUBBER MIXING Perrite is seeking to expand its non-black compound
WarwickP S business, while R.E.Rubber has doubled its masterbatch
MONSANTO PLC and custom compounding capacity with the completion of
2 refs. a 0.5 million pounds sterling project. Details of the Carter
MK3 Plus Turbo-Swirl mixer, which is intended for
UK
compounding all types of rubber, plastics and
Copyquest order no.357700 thermoplastic elastomers, are presented.
CARTER BROS.; PERRITE LTD.; R.E.TYRE & RUBBER LTD.
Item 352 UK
Elastomerics 120,No.6,June 1988,p.43
Copyquest order no.356728
MIXER
Pomini's LCM continuous mixer is used to mix a large
range of thermoplastic materials, and mix elastomers Item 355
without altering their mechanical components or Macplas 12,No.91,Sept.1987,p.143-4
geometric configuration. The mixer has two Italian
counter-rotating rotors. The mixing chamber has five CORRECT FILLING OF INTERNAL MIXERS
independent temperature regulation circuits and two Paganini G
processing zones. High abrasion, corrosion resistant alloys POMINI FARREL SPA

85
 References and Abstracts

Consideration is given to the filling of internal mixers as Item 359

influenced by the type of rubber, pressure, type and Inf.Chim. No.286,Aug/Sept.l987,p.213-5
velocity of the rotors, and the temperature of the mix. French
ITALY TWIN-SCREW CONTINUOUS MIXER
Copyquest order no.355908 Callet M
AOUSTIN F.,ET CIE

Item 356 Details are given of the Readco co-rotating twin-screw

Eur.Rubb.J. 170,No.2,Feb.l988,p.34 continuous mixer, in which both mixing and
ADJUSTING THE MIX homogenisation are achieved by two blade assemblies
arranged on two parallel shafts rotating in the same
Meccaniche Moderne has developed a self-adjusting seal direction. A single- or twin-screw extruder is used to
for use in internal mixers. The seal ring remains in contact produce profiles from the compounds obtained.
with, and adheres to the sides of the rotors, following any FRANCE
possible oscillations. This prevents the buildup of carbon Copyquest order no.351045
black residues which may be formed in the clearances of
the seal rings. The seal will also fmd use where different
coloured compounds are processed. The push rods evenly Item 360
distribute the pressure that is exerted by the seal rings on Hule Mex.Plast. 42,No.488,March 1987,p.S/10
the rotor surface, so ensuring a constant seal at all times. Spanish
This abstract includes all the information contained in the MIXING EQUIPMENT FOR ELASTOMERS
original article. GuixE
MECCANICHE MODERNE SPA A survey is made of methods and machinery for the
ITALY continuous and discontinuous mixing of rubbers.
Copyquest order no.354104 SPAIN
Copyquest order no.349439
Item 357
Rubb. World 197,No.I ,Oct.l987,p.85 Item 361
VARIABLE SPEED ROTOR/STATOR Polym.Engng.Sci. 27,No.l8,Mid-Oct.l987,p.l358-70
A unique blade design, from Sebold Machine, for INTERNAL MIXING: PRACTICAL
high-speed dispersing, mixing, size reduction and INVESTIGATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF
deagglomerating, the variable-speed rotor/stator, is said to INTERMESHING ROTOR CONFIGURATION
offer significant cost savings advantages compared with AND OPERATING VARIABLES ON MIXING
conventional high-speed dispersers with saw-tooth blades. CHARACTERISTICS AND FLOW DYNAMICS
Features and benefits include: faster dispersion times, Freakley P K;Patel S R
higher shear action, variable speed, less maintenance LOUGHBOROUGH,UNIVERSI1Y
required, multiple tank operation, post mounted with The results are reported of a study of the influence of mixer
operator controlled movement up, down and 360 degrees geometry, mixture rheology and mixing conditions on the
rotation, improved dispersion, improved flow pattern, and mixing performance of a carbon black-filled SBR
lower noise level. This abstract includes all the masterbatch-type compound. Mixing was carried out in an
information contained in the original article. internal mixer equipped with interlocking rotors and with
SCHOLD MACHINE CO. pressure transducers and infrared/fibre optic temperature
USA sensors sited flush with the inner surface of the mixing
Copyquest order no.351765 chamber. Variation of pressure with transducer position in
the chamber-wall and with rotor position was measured
for selected fill factors and rotor speeds at 'equilibrium'
Item 358
conditions and at intervals during a complete mixing cycle.
Rubb.World 197,No.l,Oct.l987,p.84
26 refs.
DOUBLE ARM MIXER
UK
Rated at 750 gallons working capacity (1,325 full or Copyquest order no.349437
let-down capacity), this double arm mixer from J.H.Day
incorporates a new tilt mechanism, new positive vacuum
Item 362
design, new automatic lubrication system and new
Plaste u.Kaut. 34,No.6,June 1987,p.238-41
variable frequency drive arrangement. Advantages of the
German
mixer are briefly outlined.
MODELLING OF FLOW PROCESSES IN
DAY J.H.,CO. INTERNAL MIXERS TAKING
USA NON-NEWTONIAN MATERIAL PROPERTIES
Copyquest order no.351761 INTO ACCOUNT

86
 References and Abstracts

Wagenknecht U;Meissner K;Bothmer D;Reher E combination of tip clearance and rotor speed reduced
O;Polersdorf B mixing time along with low energy consumption and
MERSEBURG,TECHNISCHE HOCHSCHULE preferable temperature rise. A new, practical, high-speed
mixer with the optimum tip clearance was designed and its
A model for flow processes in the gap between rotor and
high productivity and energy efficiency were confirmed
chamber wall of an internal mixer is presented which takes
for NR and SBR recipes. 5 refs.
into account the non-linear viscous rheological properties
JAPAN
of the mix. Results obtained with this model are used to
estimate the influence of non-linear viscous properties on Copyquest order no.345964
the dynamic-kinematic parameters of the kneading
process. 8 refs. Item 366
EAST GERMANY Macplas 12,No.89,June 1987,p.90-2
Copyquest order no.348492 Italian
SAFETY DEVICES FOR SMALL MIXING MILLS
Item 363 UNI
Rev.G.CaouLPlast. 64,No.667,March 1987,p.79-81
French A shortened version of UNI draft standard No.9152 is
MIXINGNACUUM EXTRUSION LINE presented. It is applicable to open mills for rubber and
CallaitM plastics, having 2 horizontal rolls of diameter less than
AOUSTIN F.,ET CIE 400mm.
The mixing and vacuum extrusion line described is based UNI
on the Readco co-rotating twin-screw continuous mixer. ITALY
Mixing and homogenisation are assured by twin blade Copyquest order no.345536
arrangements on parallel shafts turning in the same
direction.
Item 367
FRANCE
132nd Meeting,Fall1987.Preprints
Copyquest order no.347635 Cleveland,Ohio,Oct.6-9, 1987,Paper 18 ACS,Rubber Div.
SIMULATION OF FLOW AND MIXING IN AN
Item 364 INTERNAL MIXER
J.NaLRubb.Research 2,No.l,March 1987,p.55-65 Jin-Kuk Kim; White J L;Min K;Szydlowski W
FLOW OF RUBBER IN AN INTERNAL MIXER AKRON,UNNERSITY
HamzahMB
RUBBER RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF MALAYSIA A mathematical model for simulating flow in an internal
mixer with two counter rotating non-intermeshing rotors
A visualisation study was made of the flow pattern of
is proposed. The model presumes rotors with a screw flight
rubber in a Banbury mixer equipped with a transparent
which is separated into two sections and the mixing
chamber. Trials were conducted on small cubes of
chamber is considered to be fully filled. Flow patterns
coloured vulcanised rubber incorporated into silicone
within the mixing chamber are computed and conditions
rubber to act as markers. The flow pattern between the
under which rotor designs lead to global circulation
rotor and chamber wall and between the two rotors was
patterns within the mixing chamber and good distributive
examined together with pressure variation in the mixing
mixing are considered. Finally, the extent of fluid
chamber. Stress distribution inside the mixing chamber
(Newtonian) motion over rotor tips, which should lead to
was analysed and factors affecting stress distribution at
dispersive mixing, is examined. 45 refs.
different fill factors and rotor speeds examined. 9 refs.
MALAYSIA USA

Copyquest order no.346838 Copyquest order no.345317

Item 365 Item 368

IRC '85 Kyoto;Intemational Rubber Conference Adhesives Age 30,No.l O,Sept.1987 ,p.l4
Proceedings Kyoto,Japan,l5-18 Oct.l985,Paper DOUBLE ARM MIXER
16J04,p.715-20. 012 Japan Society of Rubber Industry
HIGH SPEED MIXING FOR HIGH A very brief description of a self-contained double arm
PRODUCTIVITY/QUALITY mixer is given. It can accommodate interchangeable
AsaiT sigma, double-nobben and/or spiral agitator blades and is
KOBE STEEL LTD. suitable for ·a wide range of applications, including
A two-dimensional model mixer was used to study the laboratory use. Other characteristics are outlined.
high-speed mixing of SBR formulations. Tip clearance DAYJ.H.,CO.
was important for energy efficiency and temperature rise USA
in a carbon black dispersive mixing. An optimum Copyquest order no.344395

87
 References and Abstracts

Item 369 mixer, monitoring instrument consistency, evaluating new

Macplas 12,No.87,April1987,p.,97-101 technology and optimising processing parameters. I ref.
Italian CANADA; USA
MIXING AND CALENDERING EQUIPMENT Copyquest order no.341074
This review of the essential features and functions of
internal mixers (including the use of extruders under Item 372
Banburys), mills, cooling systems and calenders briefly Adv.Polym.Technol. 7,No.3,Falll987,p.243-57
discusses the roller-die system, and gives basic FLOW VISUALISATION OF BLENDING OF
information on the activities of Italian machinery ELASTOMERS AND THERMOPLASTICS IN AN
manufacturers in this field. The machinery market is INTERNAL MIXER
reported to be stagnant with little sign of recovery, largely MinK
due to the failure of potential outlets to appear in emerging AKRON,UNIVERSITY
countries, e.g. China. The future therefore lies in new Flow visualisation ofthe above was carried out on the basis
developments, e.g. by using electronics and computers and of observations from front and transverse glass windows
by exploiting novel systems such as granular rubber mixes placed on the mixer. This enabled the flow behaviour of
which can be handled pneumatically. pure polymers during the blending operation to be
ITALY investigated. The flow behaviour was categorised into four
Copyquest order no.343607 regimes which were dependent on temp. and the polymer.
The flow regimes dominated the phase morphology of
blends ofEPDM and PS. Various robot designs used in the
Item 370 study created different two-phase morphologies due to
Rubb.S.Africa 3,No.l,July 1987,p.8 various flow fields. 4 refs.
REPEATABLE ACCURACY IS THE KEY COPOLYMER CORP.; DOW CHEMICAL CO.
USA
Farrel Bridge's low cost Infrared Temperature Detector
(!RID) unit, which is said to feature greater accuracy and Copyquest order no.340728
good repeatability, is briefly described. The !RID is
designed for standard Banbury mixers and is flush Item 373
mounted in the mixer door top. South African agent is Mod.Plast.Int. 17,No.8,Aug.1987,p.62
Carst & Walker (Pty) Ltd. METERING UNIT PROVIDES ACCURATE
CARST & WALKER (PTY) LTD.; FARREL BRIDGE LTD. FORMULATIONS
SOUTH AFRICA; UK
Azo-Maschinenfabrik provide devices to allow
Copyquest order no.342800
gravimetric metering of components into a mixing unit,
ensuring high accuracy and reproducibility of
Item 371 formulations. Brief details are given on metering units for
I 31st Meeting-Spring,Montreal,26-29 May 1987 preparation of dryblends, including pigmented
Akron,Oh., 1987,Paper 40,pp.20. 012 ACS,Rubber Div. masterbatches, and for letdown of masterbatches. The two
RHEOLOGICAL SOFTWARE- TOOL TO ASSIST units have capacities of 1 and 2 litres and weighing ranges
IN THE STATISTICAL PROCESS CONTROL OF of 0-1 and l-2kg respectively. Both work at a claimed
RUBBER MIXING accuracy of plus or minus I-2g. Two models of mixer have
Russo S;Dimauro P J;Brawer J I gross capacities of 80-150 litres.
MONSANTO CO.,INSTRUMENTS & EQUIPMENT AZO MASCHINENFABRIK ADOLF ZIMMERMANN
DIV.; VERNAY LABORATORIES INC. (Corp. Ed.: WEST GERMANY
ACS,Rubber Div.) Copyquest order no.340383
The role of oscillating disc rheometers to date in quality
control was outlined before considering the future with Item 374
rheometric data used to monitor when the process is in Muanyag es Gumi 24,No.7,July 1987,p.l98-201
statistical control. Integration of the rheometer with Hungarian
statistical process control data bases was discussed with CONTROL OF MIXING MACIDNES
comment on some advantages of computerised data Parrag L
acquisition over manual data collection. The Rheologic TAURUSABRONESGYAR
software program (Rheometer Interface plus RheoLogic A system based on a personal computer is described which
program) for gathering, analysing and storing rheometer is suitable for use in the control of mixers in the rubber
test data was described. Development of the improvement industry. The system is of particular use in developmental
tool from the test instrument was related with note of its and experimental work. Successful in-plant experiments
use in identifying raw material variations, reducing have also been performed with the system. 5 refs.
variations in mill fmishing, assessing wear in the intensive Articles from this journal can be requested for translation

88
 References and Abstracts

by subscribers to the RAPRA produced International machine with feed, mixing and extrusion sections which
Polymer Science and Technology. has to compete in price with single-screw extruders.
HUNGARY UK
Copyquest order no.34031 1 Copyquest order no.331818

Item 378
Item 375 Eur.Rubb.J. 169,No.3,March 1987,p.33/5
lnLPolym.Processing l,No.4,June 1987,p.l79-87
JOINT ROUTE TO UNIFORMITY
FLOW VISUALISATION PARALLEL AND
WardB
PERPENDICULAR TO THE ROTOR AXES FOR
SHAW F.,& CO.(MANCHESTER) LTD.
ELASTOMERS AND MOLTEN PLASTICS IN AN
INTERNAL MIXER. INFLUENCE OF ROTOR Recent developments in mixing machinery are discussed,
DESIGN with emphasis on Francis Shaw's Mark IV Intermix, which
MinK incorporates two very successful design features: new
AKRON,UNIVERSITY rotor shapes, and a simplification of mechanical design;
and the Batch Condition Control system which, when used
Basic studies of flow visualisation for elastomers and with an interlocking rotor Intermix and variable speed
plastics in an internal mixer are described. A modified drive, provides the ultimate in uniformity of compound.
laboratory mixer with transparent front and transverse CONTINENTAL GUMMI-WERKE AG
windows was used to observe parallel and perpendicular UK
motions. Shearing, stretching and tearing motions were
Copyquest order no.331805
observed, especially for elastomers. Various rotor designs
were used. These indicated different flow fields along the
rotor axes and the interchange of materials between rotors. item 379
The different flow fields observed for elastomers and Eur.PlasLNews 14,No.1,Jan.l987,p.39
plastics created by various rotor designs are described. 15 ADVANCED BATCH MIXER CONTROLLER
refs.
Designed in conjunction with both Francis Shaw and
USA Loughborough University, the RMC 450 advanced rubber
Copyquest order no.338735 mixer control system from Chronos Richardson is
reported to provide stand-alone control of the mixing
sequence to a predetermined operator defined programme.
Item 376 Very brief details are noted.
MaLPlast. 23,No.4,0ct/Dec.l986,p.236-9 CHRONOS RICHARDSON LID.;
Rumanian LOUGHBOROUGH,UNIVERSITY; SHAW F.,& CO.LID.
STUDY OF THE INTERNAL MIXING CYCLE
Copyquest order no.328039
FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF PRIMARY
RUBBER COMPOSITIONS BASED ON THE
ADSORBED POWER DIAGRAM Item 380
Dragus C;Nicolescu D;Duta-Cornescu I;Pop-Simil A Mixing in the Process Industries London,Butterworths
INSTITUTUL DE CERCET.PRELUC.CAUC.SI & Co.,l985,p.251-84. 813
MASE PLASTICE MECHANICAL ASPECTS OF MIXING
King R (Edited by: Hamby N;Edwards M F;Nienow A
The use of a power diagram to achieve reductions in power W)
consumption and optimum rubber mixes is discussed. I 0 BHRA FLUID ENGINEERING
refs.
A discussion is presented of the mechanical considerations
RUMANIA of mixing processes undertaken in circular cylindrical
Copyquest order no.333488 vessels typically one diameter deep, having an agitator
mounted centrally and driven from above through a
motor-gearbox arrangement. Section headings include
Item 377 production of forces, transmission of power, fluctuating
Eur.Rubb.J. 169,No.3,March 1987,p.26/32 forces, vibrations and fatigue, designing to accommodate
TALE OF CONTINUOUS DEVELOPMENTS fluctuating loads, and economic considerations. 13 refs.
EllwoodH
UK
FARREL BRIDGE LTD.
Copyquest order no.321828
The adoption of continuous compounding in the rubber
industry is reported to have been slow. A step-by-step Item 381
guide outlining the benefits of a suitable system is Mixing in the Process Industries London,Butterworths
presented; emphasis is placed on Farrel Bridge's patented & Co.,l985,p.202-25. 813
Mixing and Venting Extruder (MVX), a three-part LAMINAR FLOW AND DISTRIBUTIVE MIXING

89
 References and Abstracts

Edwards M F (Edited by: Hamby N ;Edwards M of addition of ingredients on a mixing mill is detailed. 6
F;Nienow A W) refs.
BRADFORD,UNIVERSITY INDIA
Copyquest order no. 316653
A detailed analysis oflaminar flow and distributive mixing
is presented under the following headings: laminar shear;
elongational (or extensional) laminar flow; distributive Item 385
mixing; dispersive mixing in laminar flows; applications Am.Ind.Hyg.Assn.J. 47,No.6,June 1986,p.312-21
to blending and dispersing equipment; and assessment of CONTROL OF AIR CONTAMINANTS AT
mixture quality. 27 refs. MIXERS AND MILLS USED INTYRE
UK
MANUFACTURING
Heitbrink W A;McKinnery W N
Copyquest order no.321824
US,NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR OCCUPA.SAFETY
&HEALTH
Item 382
Mixing in the Process Industries London,Butterworths A study was made of control techniques for airborne
& Co.,l985,p.226-50. 813 vapours and particulates in tyre manufacturing. Emphasis
STATIC MIXERS was given to local exhaust ventilation of Banbury mixers
Godfrey J C (Edited by: Hamby N;Edwards M and the processor's ability to prevent and contain
F;Nienow A W) particulate emissions. 12 refs.
BRADFORD,UNIVERSITY USA
Copyquest order no.316036
Static mixer types are described. Laminar mixing is
discussed with reference to mixing indices, mixing rate,
and energy and efficiency. Turbulent mixing is then Item 386
considered in terms of mixing rate, energy requirements Basic Compounding and Processing of Rubber
and applications. 40 refs. Akron,Oh.,l985,p.40-67. 8 ACS,Rubber Div.
UK MIXING EQUIPMENT AND THE MIXING
PROCESS
Copyquest order no.321823
Johnson P S
POLYSAR LTD.
Item 383
Rubb. World l94,No.5,Aug.l986,p.25-8 Internal batch mixers (Banbury, Bolling, Shaw), mixing
AUTOMATIC CARBON BLACK SYSTEMS FOR mills, continuous internal mixers and mixing extruders,
MECHANICAL GOODS RUBBER and equipment for processing particulate rubber, were
COMPOUNDING described. The process was considered under material
DeLuca VA flow to the mixer (storage and handling for elastomers,
JONES & ROSS INC. carbon black, other fillers, oils/plasticisers and small
ingredients, scheduling), mixing (internal mixing,
The rationale for selecting a dense phase carbon black conventional and rapid oil and upside-down methods,
conveying system when automating a rubber mastication of NR, two-pass mixing, dump criteria and
compounding facility is discussed in detail. Emphasis is process variables, mill mixing, major problems of poor
placed on available delivery systems, advantages of dense dispersion, scorchiness, contamination, poor
phase conveying, basic dense phase configuration and processability at sheeter mill, and batch-to-batch variation
control systems. with possible causes) and flow from the mixer. Continuous
USA mixing of powdered rubber was discussed. Work
Copyquest order no.317476 assignment questions were appended. I 0 refs.
CANADA; USA
Copyquest order no.315378
Item 384
Rubb.lndia 38,No.6,June 1986,p.31-41
PRINCIPLES OF MIXING Item 387
Pandit R R;Chatterjee P K Rubb.S.Africa 3 ,No.4, 1986,p.l6/9
BAYER (INDIA) LTD. DOSING OF SMALL AMOUNTS OF BULK
PRODUCTS FOR RATIONALISATION DURING
The mixing of general purpose polymers is reviewed with FORMULATION WEIGHING
references to phases in the mixing of rubber showing Hoppe H;Ebehardt N
incorporation, dispersion and distribution, and describing WAESCHLE MASCHINENFABRIK GMBH
mixing of rubber on a two roll mill. Conditions for good
dispersion of carbon black in an internal mixer with The first part of a paper recently presented at a seminar on
particular reference to NR tread compounds, are described. bulk handling in South Africa. Emphasis is placed on the
The blending of polymers is also discussed and the order use of automatic dosing systems for rubber compound

90
 References and Abstracts

fonnulation; possibilities by volumetric and gravimetric Item 391

dosing and dosing accuracy are briefly discussed. Adv.Polym. Techno/. 4,No.3/4,FalVWinter 1984,p.281-9
SOUTII AFRICA CONTINUOUS MIXER WITH
Copyquest order no.314959 COUNTER-ROTATING NON-INTERMESHING
ROTORS
HoldP
Item 388
Kauch.i Rezina No.4,1985,p.7-10 POLYMER PROCESSING INSTITUTE
Russian
The history and operation of the above type of mixer are
COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF
discussed, with particular reference to machines
TRANSFERMIX-TYPE SCREW MIXERS FOR
developed by Farrel Co. 4 refs.
RUBBER MIX PREPARATION
Smimova N M;Semenov I A;Vostroknutov E G;Grishin FARREL CO.
BS USA
Copyquest order no.31 1328
A comparative analysis of the technical and economic
efficiency of rubber mixing plant consisting of 650 litre
batch mixers combined with extruders and Transfennix Item 392
screw mixing machines, with due allowance made for mix Rubb.S.Africa 1,No.4,Jan.1986,p.29
preparation costs and the quality of product produced, has INTERNAL MIXER WITH FRONT DOOR
shown the advantages of using Transfennix lines rather
than extruder lines. 9 refs. Articles from this journal can A brief description is given of Werner & Pfleiderer's
be requested for translation by subscribers to the RAPRA internal mixer with front door discharge. It incmporates an
produced International Polymer Science and Technology. air-operated compression ram, hydraulic operation of the
USSR discharge door, higher mixing rotor speeds and
Copyquest order no. 312212 straightforward power transmission by uni-drive or
semi-uni-drive. The arrangement and shape of the rotors
Item 389 is shown. The development of this machine is outlined.
Kauch.i Rezina No.4, 1985,p.4-7 WERNER & PFLEIDERER KG
Russian WEST GERMANY
EXPERIENCE OF THE USE OF IDGH UNIT Copyquest order no.310579
CAPACITY MIXERS WITH REGULATION OF
THE ROTOR SPEED
Vostroknutov E G;Prokhorova L N;Grishin B S;Vol'nov Item 393
AA Rubb. World 193,No.5,Feb.1986,p.33/6
A detailed analysis has been made of the technical and MIXING PRACTICE
economic efficiency of the new, sophisticated, NevettRE
high-capacity rubber mixing plant unique to the Soviet SKINNER ENGINE CO.
rubber industry. This modem equipment, offering highly
automated control systems for processing, storage and A look is taken at what can be done to an existing intensive
transportation of the raw material and semi-finished mixer to correct problems when tests carried out have
products, is considered to be a very successful and efficient indicated an unacceptable product, or that productivity
system. 4 refs. Articles from this journal can be must increase without loss of quality.
requested for translation by subscribers to the RAPRA USA
produced International Polymer Science and Technology. Copyquest order no.309812
USSR
Copyquest order no. 311699
Item 394
Rubb.World 193,No.5,Feb.1986,p.37-9
Item 390
ROTOR DESIGN AND MIXING EFFICIENCY
Adv.Polym.Technol. 2,No.3,1982,p.197-228
MelottoMA
MIXING OF POLYMERS- AN OVERVIEW. II.
FARREL CO.
HoldP
STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
The internal batch mixer possessing the tangential rotor
Topics discussed include temp. differences within the configuration is considered, and the elements that must be
material, the macroscopic energy balance, viscoelastic taken into account in achieving a new rotor design that will
behaviour of the material, investigation of mixer be suitable over a full range of elastomers are discussed in
perfonnance by mathematical modelling, and the most detail.
important types of commercial mixers. 15 refs. USA
Copyquest order no.311335 Copyquest order no.309811

91
 References and Abstracts

Item 395 Item 399

Macplas IO,No.72,0ct.l985,p.48/52 128th Meeting-Fall Cleveland,Ohio,October 1985,Paper
Italian 8,pp.6. 012 ACS,Rubber Div.
NEW UNI DRAFT STANDARD: SAFETY ROTOR DESIGN AND MIXING EFFICIENCY
DEVICES FOR SMALL MIXERS MelottoMA
ENTE NAZIONALE ITALIANO DI UNIFICAZIONE FARREL CO.

This draft standard relates to safety guards and emergency Factors to be considered in the design of rotors for mixing
cut-out systems for open mixers having cylinders of less machinery are outlined and the stages involved in the
than 400mm diameter. development of a rotor with a tangential configuration
ITALY described.
Copyquest order no.309104 USA
Copyquest order no.304304
Item 396
Elastomerics 118,No.2,Feb.l986,p.25-6
COMPUTERISED HATCHING SYSTEM AIDS Item 400
EXACT FORMULATION MIXING Rubb.Chem. Techno/. 58,No.4,Sept/Oct.1985,p.751-73
GageT INTERNAL MIXING: PRACTICAL
AUTOMATED CONTROL SYSTEMS INC. INVESTIGATION OF THE FLOW AND
TEMPERATURE PROFILES DURING A MIXING
Automated Control Systems has developed a new CYCLE
computer-controlled, semi-automatic minor ingredient Freakley P K;Patel S R
hatching system designed for the rubber and plastics LOUGHBOROUGH,UNNERSITY
industries. This system, which is said to address some of
the problems inherent in these industries, such as the great Mixing trials were carried out on a simple masterbatch
number of short-run formulae, inaccurate weighing, based on SBR 1502 and NSSO carbon black using a highly
ingredient mix-up, the large numbers of ingredients, instrumented BR Banbury having two-wing rotors and a
inadequate dust control, and poor record keeping in areas detailed analysis made of the flow and mixing
of accountability and traceability, is described. characteristics in the region of the rotor swing. An 'angled
USA spreader blade' analogy of the rotor wing is proposed as
Copyquest order no.307534 being a viable basis for mathematical modelling and a
one-dimensional flow analysis is employed, in which
Item 397 power-law flow behaviour and isothermal conditions are
Ind.d.Gomma 29,Nos.8/9,Aug/Sept.l985,p.l7-8 assumed. 17 refs.
Italian UK
PRODUCTIVITY AND QUALITY CONTROL IN Copyquest order no.301032
THE MIXING PROCESS
An account is given of topics covered by a course on Item 401
rubber mixing organised by Assogomma, Airiel, Cerisie Polym.Engng.Sci. 25,No.l2,Aug.l985,p. 729-40
and Politechnico di Milano. These include the PROGRESS IN MULTIPHASE RUBBER
characterisation of mixes, transport phenomena, mixing PROCESSING:
processes, equipment for the quality control of raw CONTROLLED-INGREDIENT-DISTRIBUTION
materials and unvulcanised mixes, computer control MIXING
systems and automation, mixers, and the control of LeeBL
continuous and discontinuous mixing processes. GOODRICH B.F.,CO.
AIRIEL; ASSOGOMMA; CERISIE; MILANO,POLITECNICO
ITALY A review and update are presented on technology
Copyquest order no.306229 specifically for processing of multiphase rubber blend
compounds to give desirable properties for practical
applications. T~e basic concept is centred on the
Item 398
controlled-ingredient-distribution mixing process.
Macplas Int. No.S,July 1985,p.58-9
Improvements obtained in various properties of rubber
CONTINUOUS MIXING
blend compounds are discussed, including crack growth
Consideration is given to the use ofPomini Farrel's LCM resistance, heat build-up, oil swelling, co-vulcanisation,
long continuous mixer for the continuous processing of green strength and permeability. 119 refs. (15th Akron
rubber and plastics in powder and pellet form. Polymer Conference on 'Advances in Polymer
POMINI FARREL SPA Processing' ,University of Akron,USA,May 1984)
ITALY USA
Copyquest order no. 305128 Copyquest order no.300263

92
 References and Abstracts

Item 402 Item 404

124th Meeting- Fall Houston,Tex.,October Ind.d.Gomma 23,N0.1,JAN.l979,P.32-3
25-28,1983,Paper 35,pp.76. 012 ACS,Rubber Div. ITALIAN
DISPERSIVE MIXING IN RUBBER AND FORMULATION OF RUBBER MIXES. IT.
PLASTICS- A REVIEW CANONICIO
Manas-Zloczower I;Nir A;Tadmor Z
ISRAEL,INSTITIJTE OF TECHNOLOGY A literature review is presented of factors involved in
rubber mixing and compounding, including rubber/filler
A review is presented on the mechanism of dispersive interaction and behaviour of compounding ingredients.
mixing and mixing equipment. Aspects covered include 19 refs.
mixing equipment (batch, internal and intensive mixers,
roll mills and single-screw, corotating disk and twin-screw Copyquest order no./34137
extruders), chemical and physical characteristics of
various solid additives, specifically carbon black, and
some postulated dispersive mixing mechanisms. Attention Item 405
is also paid to the fundamental behaviour of particles in PLASTICS & RUBBER INSTITIJTE. PROGRESS OF
homogeneous deformation fields, scale-up techniques and RUBBER TECHNOLOGY. VOL.41
quantitative characterisation of the mixtures. 232 refs. LONDON,l978,P.97-ll9. R.ROOM. 012
ISRAEL
MIXING OF RUBBER COMPOUNDS
MORRELLSH
Copyquest order no.249059
The fundamentals of mixing, its nature, how it may be
Item 403 expressed as a mathematical model and the uses to which
UK, Warren Spring Laboratory. Powder Mixing such a model may be put are described. Also included are
Systems: Seminar A. Inter.Powder... Conf. the means of measurement of the dispersion achieved.
Wiesbaden,Jan.1978,Lecture 2,pp.15. CONFER. New techniques in mixing are considered together with
622-813 developments in compounding ingredients. modifications
MIXING FUNDAMENTALS to existing machinery and new machinery are discussed.
Sutton H M; Schofield C 166 refs.
Fundamental aspects of the assessment of mixture quality Copyquest order no./32352
and mixing mechanisms are considered. Mixture quality
is discussed with reference to:- the requirements of
methods used for assessing mixture quality, commonly Item 406
used mixing indices, the sensitivity and dependence on RUBB.J. 154,NO.ll,NOV.I972,P.20/34
composition of indices of mixidness, multi-component FUTURE PROCESSING IN THE RUBBER
mixtures, the number of samples taken, the precision of INDUSTRY. A REPORT ON THE DUPONT
the measurement method, boundary values of mixedness, EUROPEAN DELPID PROBE
mixture quality and sample size, mixture structure, other E.I.DU PONT DE NEMOURS & CO.INC.
measures of mixture quality, and the problem of sampling
mixtures. The diffusion and convection mechanisms of A panel of 49 international rubber experts cooperated in
mixing are described and the mechanism of segregation is the compilation of this report.
also considered. 18 refs. E.I.DU PONT DE NEMOURS & CO.INC.
Copyquest order no./60806 Copyquest order no.22255

93
 References and Abstracts

94
 Subject Index

Subject Index
BARREL TEMPERATURE, 70 CATALYST,6
A 245 CAVITY TRANSFER MIXER, 22
ABRASION RESISTANCE, 184 BARRIER, 298 102 133 144 270 313
325 371 BATCH CONTROL, 70 77 137 CERTIFICATION, 31 32
ABRASNE, 105 202 265 350 386 396 CHAMBER, 353
ABSORPTION, 96 327 BATCH DUMP, 303 CHANNEL FLOW, 10
ACCELERATOR, 100 165 189 BATCH PROCESSING, 18 36 210 CHAOTIC MIXING, 194
ACCIDENT PREVENTION, 395 284 353 CHARACTERISATION, 83 84 92
ACCURACY, 45 69142189 BEARING, 204 139 197 295 305 397 402
ADDITNE, 2 59 15 16 17 18 20 BLACK INCORPORATION CLEANING, 29 32 44 117
22 26 30 32 40 42 43 45 57 66 TIME, 30 CLEARANCE, 42 82 129 143 149
68 73 82 92 96 100 107 121 BLADE, 46 170 357 363 368 CLOSED LOOP, 135 148 182 186
127 128 129 137 140 141 142 BLEND, 15 19 20 35 41 42 45 47 202 284 350
143 144 154 160 173 174 175 81104 106 137 143 153 155 CLOSED LOOP CONTROL, 45
183 189 190 200 205 213 220 161175 184 195 199 200 208 69 263 265
233 238 241 250 254 281 306 253 257 270 276 287 319 323 CO-KNEADER, 22 92 144 175
341 344 360 383 384 402 327 332 349 360 363 372 381 CO-ROTATING, 92
AGITATION, 7 384 401402 CO-ROTATING DISK
AGITATOR, 46 54 114 280 BLENDING, 32 49 52 90 114 120 PROCESSOR, 359 363
ANALYSIS, 22 30 45 70 76 82 128 144 216 270 287 CO-ROTATING EXTRUDER, 22
131 141 145 148 151 154 161 BOUND RUBBER, 96 128 160 36 43 165 175 363
169 175 180 186 200 213 227 175 CO-WIPING, 34
233 278 279 289 290 292 297 BOUNDARY CONDITION, 28 45 CODE OF PRACTICE, 283
316 322 324 367 376 388 397 64103 COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION, 33
400 402 BREAKER PLATE, 32 69
ANCILLARY EQUIPMENT, 22 32 BULK HANDLING, 260 387 COHESNE ENERGY, 200
33 174 189 234 336 392 393 COLD-FEED, 68
APPARATUS, 11 12 21 38 74
AROMATIC OIL, 82 129
c COLD-FEED EXTRUDER, 100
175
AUTOMATION, 9 19 3132 35 37 CALCULATION, 5 16 23 26 72 96 COLD-FEED EXTRUSION, 32
70 80 81 85 127 137 138 140 108151162168170186198 COMPATIBILISER, 195
142 143 152 154 166 174 175 206 242 243 278 279 285 289 COMPATIBILITY, 20
176 189 217 234 238 251 254 290 292 304 322 324 333 353 COMPOSITION, 91
255 259 284 296 299 300 302 362 367 376 400 COMPOUND, 22 32 42 43 45 70
303 308 311 320 338 342 347 CALENDER, 10 98 166 234 276 125 127 140 142 143 149 169
349 350 351 374 378 383 387 283 369 180 189 193 196 197 200 240
389 395 396 397 CALENDERING, 32 82 175 241 405
AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATION, CALIBRATION, 45 189 COMPOUNDING, 4 5 15 18 19 20
39 43 51 80 81 85 86 144 CAPACITY, 75 80 81 86 104 117 22 28 30 31 32 37 42 43 44 45
AXIAL,23 118 150 164 266 267 268 389 47 51 59 60 70 79 81 82 86 92
CAPILLARYRHEOMETR~45 99 100 102 104 105 109 117
118120127128129130137
B CARBON BLACK, 2 3 4 59 16 17
140 141 142 143 144 152 154
18 30 40 42 43 61 62 64 66 67
BANBURY MIXER, 28 32 40 43 72 73 79 82 92 96 100 106 107 157 160 163 164 165 175 180
47 92 120 129 131136 144 161 119 121 127 128 129 137 140 184 189 190 191 192 199 200
173 185 190 199 200 220 223 141143 144 155 167 169 173 201 205 209 215 218 219 221
235 237 239 262 266 267 268 175186189190197200205 226 231 234 236 240 241 244
269 278 292 293 295 297 301 213 214 215 217 233 238 241 245 251 252 272 276 282 287
310 316 328 335 345 349 364 244 245 250 254 255 277 292 294 296 302 303 312 332 334
370 386 397 399 400 296 305 306 315 321 323 324 360 363 377 383 384 387 404
BAR CODE, 187 327 332 340 344 345 350 360 COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN, 81
BARREL, 10 14 36 68 165 216 361 365 383 386 400 402 106 156 163 253 334
222 270 CARRIER SYSTEM, 20 COMPUTER AIDED

95
 Subject Index

FORMULATION, 19 140 142 135137141143166174175 213 225 228 233 238 245 250
COMPUTER AIDED 183 191 192 196 209 231 234 272 277 284 305 306 321 328
MANUFACTURE, 86 176 264 239 240 252 335 360 369 343345357381384386394
265 COUNTER-ROTATING, 40 55 63 400 402
COMPUTER AIDED PROCESS 79 92 129 199 297 322 367 DISPERSIVE MIXING, 2 22 30 42
CONTROL, 44 70 127 140 142 COUNTER-ROTATING 43 45 92 125 143 144 165 173
COMPUTER AIDED EXTRUDER, 22 175 198 201 199 200 201 295 312
PRODUCTION 391 DISPERSIVITY, 18 171 188 213
MANAGEMENT, 70 COUNTERFLOW MIXING, 55 225 324 349 367 405
COMPUTER AIDED QUALITY COVULCANISATION, 401 DISSIPATION, 285 304
CONTROL, 140 CURING, 5 20 42 68 102 303 406 DISTRIBUTION, 20 170 197
COMPUTER CONTROL, 9 19 44 CURING AGENT, 15 45 73 91 100 DISTRIBUTIVE MIXING, 22 23
4573112127140163169174 129143174220238 349 30354243454856768392
176 186 187 189 193 234 238 CUSTOM COMPOUNDING, 35 125 131 134 141 143 144 173
251 255 259 284 300 302 303 80 81 157 186 201 220 273
308 311 320 338 347 349 350 CUSTOM MIXING, 54 DOOR, 77
351 374 396 397 CUTTING, 36 174 359 DOSING, 85 144 189 387
COMPUTERISED ANALYSIS, 67 CYCLE TIME, 30 32 35 42 44 45 DOUBLE PLANETARY MIXER,
214 289 292 322 351 378 48 69 73 75 86 100 140 141 52 53 230 253
CONICAL SCREW, 44 48 143318 DOUBLE SCREW MIXER, 216
CONSISTENCY, 19 51 CYLINDER, 65 174 232 395 DOUBLE-ARM, 212 358
CONTAMINATION, 386 DOWNTIME, 32 44 185 239 272
CONTINUOUS, 2 101 102 104 DRAG FLOW, 200 298
207 251 336 352 354 377 391
D DRIVE, 255 393
398 DATA MANAGEMENT, 81 DRY BLEND, 22 114 144 215 373
CONTINUOUS MIXER, 2132 68 DATA PROCESSING, 318 351 371 DRYING, 36 183 280
73 74 92 100 109 123 144 198 DATABASE, 37 70 140 142 148 DUMP EXTRUSION, 35 68 75 85
199 201 216 242 320 348 359 DEAGGLOMERATION, 96 100 276
360 363 386 391 397 398 DEGREE OF DISPERSION, 171 DUST CONTROL, 32 33 44 155
CONTINUOUS MIXING, 21 32 213 225 189
43 59 85 91 98 99 100 102 123 DEGREE OF MIXING, 16 22 76 DUST EXTRACTION, 87 189 209
144 165 199 209 210 232 248 131
289 294 320 359 360 363 386
397 398
DESIGN, 13 30 53 54 68 69 73 79
114 115 116 125 151 156 179
E
CONTINUOUS PRODUCTION, 182 187 195 206 216 218 228 EFFICIENCY, 14 35
36 81 232 233 235 237 238 241 247 ELECTRIC HEATING, 43
CONTROL EQUIPMENT, 7 8 9 24 248 256 262 266 267 268 272 ELECTRICAL MOTOR, 217 270
32 37 44 45 70 75 80 81 86 88 293 298 302 310 325 330 334 357
89 112 115 116 117 127 136 375 377 378 380 394 399 ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES, 16
137 140 141148 164166 172 DEVELOPMENT, 9 28 49 55 56 17 178 306 344
174 175 182 189 191 202 204 102 125 148 152 163 187 215 EMISSION CONTROL, 32 155
205 218 219 231 232 234 238 218 224 258 306 310 349 EMULSIFICATION, 52 104
247 254 259 265 296 300 302 DIAMETER, 395 ENERGY CONSERVATION, 42
303 307 308 311 320 336 343 DIE, 43 44 175 192 234 359 363 89 126 130 163 203 231 234
350 370 371 373 374 383 389 DIFFUSION, 22 240 365 376
396 397 DIMENSION, 248 276 288 ENERGY CONSUMPTION, 10 22
CONTROL SYSTEM, 7 8 9 24 32 DIMENSIONAL CONTROL, 86 24 30 35 42 44 48 69 91 101
44 45 70 112 116 127 140 141 DIMENSIONLESS, 18 200 201 121124141143159163165
148 172 174 175 189 191 202 DIRECT INJECTION, 135 166 171 199 209 231 237 240
204 218 219 234 238 254 259 DISCHARGE, 44 52 104 199 272 281 303 331 253 365 382
302 303 307 308 320 350 374 DISCONTINUOUS, 144 196 360 ENVIRONMENT, 32189
383 397 397 EQUIPMENT, 9 13 21 46 54 58 59
CONVEYOR, 50 383 DISPERSING, 93 243 287 357 73 74 92 102 109 126 153 160
CONVEYOR BELT, 36 DISPERSION, 2 6 18 20 22 30 35 162 173 176184190192196
COOLANT, 70183 353 40 42 43 45 62 64 66 67 68 72 200 207 218 219 253 262 329
COOLING, 17 26 32 35 36 42 43 73 76 86 99 100 106 117 127 365 375 380 381 386 391 397
44 45 48 49 57 68 69 70 73 75 132 141 143 144 148 153 160 EXTRUDER, 20 22 31 32 37 43 44
85 100 101 113 114 116 130 167 174175 190 193 197 200 45 52 68 70 76 81 98 99 100

96
 Subject Index

107 109 120 137 141 144 156 FUME, 155

163 165 166 175 192 198 199 FUME REMOVAL EQUIPMENT,
I
201 207 210 211 215 222 234 87 IMPELLER, 114
253 270 282 294 320 331 336 IN-LINE, 141
359 360 363 377 386 388 402 INDUSTRIAL HAZARDS, 283
EXTRUSION MIXING, 14 22 23 G 366 385 395
32 43 44 73 76 91 99 107 133 GAP WIDTH, 35 42 48 97 143 INDUSTRIAL ROBOT, 175 179
144 175 192 201 207 210 211 GEARBOX, 35 397
215 242 248 312 313 336 341 GEAR PUMP, 36 42 43 109 199 INFORMATION MANAGEMENT
342 360 363 377 386 388 391 GEOMETRY, 14 83 101145 170 SYSTEM, 140 142
402 184 278 292 353 361 INFRARED, 325 334 370
GLAND,33 INFRARED SENSOR, 141
INJECTION, 29
F GRADIENT, 188
INJECTION UNIT, 1
GRANULATING, 85 137 144 216
FACTORY LAYOUT, 32 254 248 359 363 398 INSPECTION, 185
FEED RATE, 43 45 199 353 GRANULATOR, 144 280 INSTALLATION, 270
FEED ZONE, 10 175 199 201 GRANULE, 32 144 189 270 360 INSTRUMENTATION, 244
FEEDBACK CONTROL, 44 GRAVIMETRIC FEEDER, 36 INTEGRATED
FEEDER, 1 32 44 90 189 276 GRINDER, 104 280 MANUFACTURING
FEEDING, 10 22 29 30 32 35 42 SYSTEM, 54
43 44 45 65 100 132 143 144 INTENSIVE MIXING, 10 30 33
165 176
H 36 44 88 98 100 135 199 316
FILL FACTOR, 284 345 HANDLING, 20 31 32 50 189 209 INTERACTION, 175 225 404
FILLER, 2 3 4 5 16 17 18 19 22 26 INTERFACE, 84 160
301 340 383 386 387 389
30 32 35 36 40 42 43 45 48 61 INTERFACIAL PROPERTIES,
HARDWARE, 265 351
62 66 68 69 72 73 80 81 82 85 161
HEALTH HAZARD, 20 32 137
86 96 100 105 106 107 121 127 INTERLOCK, 105 159 163 240
155 189 385
128 129 137 140 141 143 144 361
HEAT BUILD-UP, 42 401
154 155 160 167 169 171 173 INTERMESH, 22 34 42 44 63 79
HEAT EXCHANGE, 42 44 72 86
175 184 186 189 190 193 200 83 Ill 126 127 129 132 143
143 149 174 280
205 213 214 215 217 221 225 149 165 186 192 210 236 241
HEAT GENERATION, 365
233 238 241 244 245 250 254 INTERMESHING ROTOR, 40 42
HEAT LOSS, 45
255 277 287 305 306 311 315 44 82 85 86 125 129 132 143
HEAT TRANSFER, 15 36 46 69 75
321 323 324 327 328 332 341 149 220 232 236 241 335
100 113 135 136 141158 174
344 350 360 361 365 386 400 INTERNAL MIXER, 8 9 13 17 20
272 353 359 363 400 22 24 25 26 28 30 32 35 40 42
402 404
HEAT-SEALING, 6 44 45 47 48 58 64 65 66 67 68
FLOW, 13 22 23 28 29 30 42 43 45
HEAT-SENSITIVE, 20 69 72 73 75 79 82 83 85 86 90
46 72 79 82 92 102 103 125
HEATING, 43 49 69 85 113 114 92 94 98 100 101 103 104 105
128 129 131133 141145 151
135 209 231 240 329 106 107 115 116 118 122 124
152 161162 170 175 194 195
HEAVY-DUTY, 181 126 127 128 129 132 134 140
198 200 201 206 222 223 233
HIGH INTENSITY MIXING, 32 141 143 144 148 149 152 154
235 242 250 257 270 278 279
200 162 166 167 170 175 176 178
289 290 292 293 297 315 321
322 323 324 326 327 331 332 HIGH PRESSURE, 29 181 190 191 192 195 197 199
333 339 346 348 349 361 362 HIGH SPEED, 93 238 365 200 204 206 207 209 213 217
364 367 372 375 381 386 400 HIGH SPEED MIXING, 22 113 218 219 220 224 226 227 228
FLOW ANALYSIS, 48 83 167 223 HIGH-VISCOSITY, 10 42 60 233 234 235 236 238 239 241
273 284 297 HISTORY, 49 144 207 218 221 391 243 245 247 248 249 255 256
FLOW FIELD, 48 HOPPER, 35 44 65 141 166 189 259 261 271 272 273 285 288
FLOW METER, 1 43 199 234 301 334 393 291 295 298 302 303 304 307
FLOW PATTERN, 45 83 198 273 HOT AIR HEATING, 43 309 317 318 320 321 324 325
316 HOT FEED, 3245 99141175 329 330 333 334 337 346 347
FLOW RATE, 29 69 200 201 400 HOUSING, 88 353 354 355 356 360 361 362
FORMULATION, 36 37 48 75 81 HYDRAULIC, 29 33 44141174 369 372 375 384 386 392 394
142 167 214 249 308 365 378 175 185 191 397 402
396 404 HYDRAULIC MOTOR, 118 INTERNAL MIXING, 22 30 32 42
FRICTION, 217 HYDRODYNAMIC, 168 200 206 44 45 65 82 94 100 127 128
FRICTIONAL PROPERTIES, 33 235 242 279 297 315 316 129 138 139 140 141 143 144

97
 Subject Index

154 159 162 170 173 175 186 165 175 217 257 263 284 296
188 191 192 199 200 202 208 332 345 349 386
N
214 215 219 233 235 236 238 MATERIALS HANDLING, 31 32 NOISE REDUCTION, 44
241 244 248 255 256 257 263 51 80 81 87 119 126 137 163
264 265 266 279 284 285 290 166 176 386
292 293 302 303 304 305 306 MEASUREMENT, 19 32 45 69 70 0
314 320 321 322 323 324 326 142 148 154 262 301 314 387 OFF LINE, 32 45
327 332 335 338 339 344 346 396 OIL, 9 33 43 79 82 129 137 140
350 354 355 360 361 362 364 MECHANICAL DEGRADATION, 241 254 296 299 323 327 329
367 372 376 386 397 400 197 332 401
IR TIIERMOMETER, 69 MECHANICAL PART, 33 43 127 OILADDITIVE, 69
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES, 3 OIL CONTENT, 241
17 20 22 30 33 42 43 45 48 51
K 69 75 76 80 82 83 86 96 99 106
ON-LINE INSPECTION
SYSTEM, 37 85
KINETIC, 2 29 213 382 118 127 128 129 133 143 149 ON-LINE MEASUREMENT, 45
KNEADER, 43 52 74 89 97 109 151162 167 170 171173 175 70 105 154 180
110 175 183 190 253 197 208 213 217 225 241 345 ONE-STEP, 42
KNEADING, 43 58 74 89 97 110 MECHANISM, 8 15 17 101 124 OPEN-LOOP, 45
144170 194 216 161 256 312 321 344 402 OPTIMISATION, 8 55 56 64 126
MELT, 14153 160 176 191219 248 288 341
MELT FLOW, 14 22 29 201 273 ORIENTATION, 200
L 274 375 400 OSCILLATION, 60 65 110
MELT PRESSURE, 22 OUTPUT, 10 32 48 141 271 276
LABORATORY EQUIPMENT,
MELT TEMPERATURE, 22 313
136 230 275 288 302 303 365
METERING, 32 36 68 100 165
368
280 299 373
p
LAMINAR FLOW, 29 381 382
MICROMIXING, 228
LAMINAR MIXING, 92 144 PACKAGING, 153 280
MICROPROCESSOR, 189 214
LASER, 39 141 152 154 PADDLE MIXER, 34
244 302 303 343
LASER SCANNING ANALYSIS, PARALLEL PLATE, 200
MILL, 32 35 37 48 52 70 85 90 98
85 PARTICLE SIZE, 15 20 22 30 42
107 118 120 163 166 174 193
LASER SPECTROSCOPY, 154 128 143 144 155 167 189 200
218 253 280 283 366 386 402
180 233 244 277 328 386
MILLING, 9 22 32 45 47 128 152
LEAKAGE, 1133 155 192 208 209 342 366 369 PATENT, 13 35 129 144 183 203
LEGISLATION, 189 371 385 402 224 235 347
LOCK, 77 MIX, 153 355 397 PELLET, 20 22 32 43 68 100 144
LOW SMOKE, 105 MIXES,404 189 215 277 398
LOW SPEED, 43 MIXING ENERGY, 29 30 42 43 45 PELLETISER, 68 175 199 218
LOW TEMPERATURE, 100 86 127 214 244 284 PELLETISING, 32 36 73 99 100
LOW TEMPERATURE MIXING HEAD, 29 189 352 398
RESISTANCE, 217 MIXING TIME, 16 22 30 42 43 44 PLANETARY MIXER, 53 93 230
LOW VISCOSITY, 42 71 45 47 82 106 127 128 140 141 PLANT, 31 300 388 389
LUBRICATION,19 33 168 235 143 167 195 217 PLASTICATION, 216
239 242 259 279 MODEL, 2 13 15 18 22 23 28 30 PLASTICISATION, 100
42 45 67 92 101 103 116 124 PLOUGH MIXER, 32 49
127 128 131 145 161162 170 PNEUMATIC,44141340
M 175 200 206 222 223 233 235 PNEUMATIC CONVEYANCE,
MACHINE GUARD, 395 242 243 250 285 316 346 353 119 189
MAINTENANCE, 32 35 44174 390 405 POLLUTION, 189
185 239 MODULAR, 43 44 55 165 198 POSIDONING, 174
MANAGEMENT, 3132140 351 MONITORING, 37 39 70 81 86 89 POWDER, 9 20 22 30 31 51100
MANUFACTURE, 104 254 231 234 311 350 371 101 114 137 189 215 280 340
MASTERBATCH,2030354356 MOONEY SCORCH TIME, 43 360 398
68 85 100 183 215 238 240 266 MOONEYVISCOMETER, 19 POWER CONSUMPTION, 8 18
270 276 292 320 341 342 349 MOONEY VISCOSITY, 30 42 45 24 47 67 106 178 227 313 333
354 355 361 373 397 400 86 102 127 141 143 195 197 341 376
MASTICATION, 32 42 43 45 82 237 244 247 249 262 POWER LOSS, 304
95 96 127 128 129 143 144 160 MULTIPLE-SCREW, 210 POWER TRANSMISSION, 380

98
 Subject Index

PRE-MIX, 22 43 85 144 377 234 259 311 343 349 351 371 199 206 218 220 223 226 227
PREDISPERSED, 68 100 378 387 388 393 394 397 403 232 233 235 236 237 238 241
PREPROCESSING, 76 QUICK MATERIALS 247 249 256 262 270 272 288
PRESSURE, 10 23 29 33 42 44 45 CHANGING, 10 293 295 319 334 343 349 355
47 70 83 103 126 140 141170 357 372 375 391 394 399
175 188 189 198 199 200 201 ROTOR BLADE, 21 58 146
206 223 235 242 298 302 313
R ROTOR SHAFT, 21
318 355 361 364 400 RAM, 58 85 126 141 191196 255 ROTOR SPEED, 30 32 33 42 45
PRESSURE CONTROL, 77 140 281 286 318 325 56 70 82 86 127 129 143 170
175 189 284 RAM FORCE, 140 141 302 345 175 178 188 199 220 227 237
PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION, 83 RAW MATERIAL, 36 39 69 80 238 272 284 302 325 342 353
310 132 137 153 254 343 371 389 361 364 365 389 400
PROBLEM PREVENTION, 70 397 RUBBER INDUSTRY, 37 48 104
185 386 393 REACTION MIXTURE, 11 12 198
PROCESS CONTROL, 19 32 44 REACTIVE MIXING, 29
45 51 68 69 70 81 85 100 105
123 127 140 146 163 169 175
REACTIVE PROCESSING, 36
REAL TIME, 31 45 70 140
s
176 191 219 285 317 337 REBUILDING, 150 159 SAFETY, 32 153 163 174 283 395
PROCESSING, 2 3 8 9 13 14 16 17 RECIPROCATING SCREW, 92 SAFETY DEVICE, 366 395
18 19 21 23 24 31 34 40 46 55 RECYCLING, 49 109 SAFETY GUARD, 395
58 59 73 74 79 84 92 96 102 RELATIVE VISCOSITY, 96 SCALE-DOWN, 332
104 107 111 112 121122 124 REMOTE CONTROL, 152 174 SCALE-UP, 92 249 288 330
126 132 133 134 139 160 162 189 SCALES, 280
170 173 176 178 184 190 192 REPRODUCIBILITY, 70 86 88 SCREENCHANGER, 199
206 207 208 209 210 216 218 127 213 303 SCREW, 14 35 43 45 68 173 198
219 220 222 223 224 227 239 RESPONSE TIME, 45 216 229 270
243 254 255 258 287 296 297 RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES, 3 SCREW DESIGN, 10 19 43 163
298 299 306 312 317 320 330 8 13 20 22 24 28 29 30 37 42 165 166
333 341 342 344 365 368 370 43 45 64 66 69 70 72 76 79 82 SCREW DIAMETER, 10
371 372 375 380 381 382 386 83 84 86 96 102 103 105 106 SCREW EXTRUDER, 175 201
389 398 401 406 127 128 129 131133 139 141 SCREW FLIGHT, 76 201 322 367
PROCESSING AID, 19 20 91 106 143 145 149 151 154 161 162 SCREW GEOMETRY, 76 345
217 221 245 360 386 167 170 172 175 197 198 199 SCREW SPEED, 10 14 43 45 68
PRODUCTION, 104 200 201 202 206 208 217 220 100 127 175 201
PRODUCTION CAPACITY, 80 81 223 233 235 237 242 243 250 SCRUBBER, 155
86 257 265 274 278 279 284 289 SEAL, 33 48 51 80 86 127 334 335
PRODUCTION CONTROL, 60 290 291 292 293 304 306 315 356
142 316 321 322 323 324 326 327 SEALING RING, 33
PRODUCTION LINE, 296 332 333 339 341 345 346 355 SEQUENTIAL MIXING, 91
PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT, 361 362 364 367 372 375 400 SHAPE, 125 191
70 RHEOMETER, 19 37 70 80 167 SHEAR DEFORMATION, 314
PRODUCTION ORGANISATION, 200 326 351 354 371 400 SHEAR FLOW, 18 200 277
20137 RIBBON, 49 52 253 SHEAR FORCE, 30
PRODUCTION RATE, 32 RING, 356 SHEAR PROPERTIES, 223 233
PRODUCTIVITY, 30 35 42 48 60 ROBOT,49 238 314
75 80 132 141 142 143 204 232 ROLL MILL, 30 47 126 141 144 SHEAR RATE, 22 42 99 128 143
237 238 272 331 341 351 365 174 177 192 200 218 253 384 167 200 233 292
397 ROLLER DIE, 35 44 85 175 234 SHEET, 16 32 35 82 90 120 141
PUMPING, 29 198 199 280 ROLLER HEAD, 98 166 234 159 166175 178 192 215 234
ROTARY MACHINE, 27 44 276
ROTATION, 7 34 63 110 SIDEWALL, 42 100
Q ROTATIONAL SPEED, 23 68 SIEVING, 280
QUALITY, 19 49 51 102 105 141 ROTOR, 13 21 26 30 35 42 44 48 SIMULATION, 13 15 28 42 83 92
143 153 163 169 170 184 353 56 58 69 79 82 83 85 90 99 105 101 103 124 129 131 133 161
QUALITY CONTROL, 20 31 32 116 125 126 129 131 132 134 163 170 198 206 222 223 235
37 39 44 69 70 80 85 116 132 141 143 149 150 159 162 163 242 273 297 316
137 140 141 142 147 148 152 167 170 173 175 177 178 179 SINGLE-SCREW, 104 210 341
154 165 175 176 180 205 217 181182 186 187 188 191 192 SINGLE-SCREW EXTRUDER, 22

99
 Subject Index

43 44 55 75 92 123 141175
201 359 402
35 36 44 48 56 69 70 86 115
116 126 127 135 140 141 143
u
SLAB, 20 32 192 252 146 149 159 199 204 281 336 UNIFORMITY, 89 135 137 148
SLABSTOCK, 32 338 352 370 379 270 378
SLIDING, 65 TEMPERATURE CONTROL
SLIP, 84
SLITTING, 32
EQUIPMENT, 152
TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE, v
SOFIWARE, 35 37 70 81137 140 128 200 VALVE, 280 299
142 292 351 371 TEMPERATURE VARIABLE INTERMESHING
SPEED, 88 118 143 174 318 345 DISTRffiUTION, 56 143 CLEARANCE MIXER, 35 48
STATIC MIXER, 152 158 382 TEMPERATURE PROBE, 175
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS, 24 70 83
TEMPERATURE PROFILE, 106 VARIABLE SPEED DRIVE, 85
241 284 217
STATOR, 270 357 126 174
. TEST, 3 22 30 43 45 56 61 62 70 VENTED BARREL, 294
STEADY-STATE, 32 316 72 102 104 128 139 143 145
STEARIC ACID, 61 72 VENTILATION, 32 385
151 154 161 213 214 225 240
STIRRER, 53 VENTING, 10 43 199 201
244 245 274 278 279 289 290
STORAGE, 31 32 189 254 386 389 VERTICAL MACHINE, 52
292 293 315 323 324 326 327
STORAGE TANK, 280 VISCOSITY, 8 20 22 35 36 42 45
332 343 348 349 351 361 364
STRAINER, 32 48 66 67 76 85 96 104 106 127
385 400
STRAND, 36 57 131 137 141 143 149 154 161
TEST EQUIPMENT, 19 70 145
STREAK PHOTOGRAPHY, 46 167 354 163 165 167 172 175 184 199
STRESS, 128 400 TESTING, 19 20 37 70 145 167 200 217 232 233 265 270 272
STRESS DISTRIBUTION, 361 225 240 244 245 274 278 279 303333338339341345355
364 289 290 292 293 296 315 323 362
STRESS INTENSITY, 170 324 326 327 332 343 348 349 VISCOSITY RATIO, 76
STRESS RELAXATION, 17 343 351 354 361 364 371 385 400 VOID, 58
STRIP, 30 32 43 252 THERMOMETER, 45 334 VOLUME,266
SULPHUR, 100 220 238 247 349 THREE-ROLL, 52 VOLUME FRACTION, 15 47 76
SULPHUR VULCANISATION, THROTTLE, 10 68 100 96106
349 THROUGHPUT, 32 36 44 68 100 VOLUME RESISTIVITY, 197
141 341 VORTEX, 88
TIME, 18 24 70 128 129 195 197
T 213 234 257 303 307 345
TACKINESS, 128 TIME DEPENDENCE, 83 223 332 w
TACTICITY, 41 TOLERANCE, 296
WALL, 353
TAKE-OFF SYSTEM, 217 360 TOOLS, 113
WALL PRESSURE, 298
TALC, 189 TOOTHED,63
TORQUE, 15 18 25 45 47 118 128 WALL TEMPERATURE, 324 353
TANDEM, 169 258 281 286 WASTE COLLECTION, 155
TANDEM MIXER, 68105 107 186 265 293 296 318
TOTAL QUALITY WATER, 17
120 126 130 169 175 191196
MANAGEMENT, 51 154 WATER RING, 36
203 232 240
TANGENTIAL, 30 35 42 44 48 85 TOUGHNESS, 184 WATER SUPPLY, 69
125 126 132 141 143 149 159 TRANSFER, 14 68 WATER-COOLED, 45 70
163 170 175 179 181186 191 TRANSFER CONSTANT, 263 WEAR, 33 141 174 184 325 371
192 220 241 394 TROUBLE SHOOTING, 393 WEIGHING, 9 3132 39 43 44 45
TURBULENT FLOW, 382 50 51 80 81 86 87 137 140 142
TANK,54280
TWIN-SCREW, 34 48 111156 199 153 187 189 231 254 299 301
TAPERED, 162
210 251 359
TEAR, 375 329 387 396
TWIN-SCREW EXTRUDER, 22
TEAR STRENGTH, 307 WEIGHING MACHINE, 301
32 36 43 44 55 56 76 92 98 144
TEMPERATURE,210173042 165 166175 194 198 201 234 WET SCRUBBING, 155
43 44 45 64 67 68 70 82 85 91 282 359 363 402 WETTING,20
100 101 102 103 105 107 125 TWO SPEED, 94 WHITE FILLER, 217 254
127 128 132 140 141 143 149 TWO-DIMENSIONAL, 25 58 103 WIDTH, 76
175183191199200201234 131 134 145 194 247 278 297
255 285 288 296 302 303 304
307 318 321 325 333 355 361
316 333
TWO-PHASE, 161 z
365 370 372 390 400 TWO-ROLL MILL, 20 22 32 90
ZINC OXIDE, 4 17 6162 72 129
TEMPERATURE CONTROL, 30 TWO-STAGE, 42 120 307

100