9.2 + (a) As seen by inertial observers outside the station, the (square) astronaut has a centripetal acceleration A =. which is supplied by the normal force N. (b) As seen by the crew inside the station, the astronaut is at rest under the action of two forces, the normal force N and the inertial force mA. To simulate normal gravity, we must have A = wR = or w = \/g/R = 0.5 rad/s = 4.8 rpm. (c) The apparent gravity gy) = wR is proportional to R. Thus if we decrease R from 40 m to 38 m, the fractional change in Gapp 8 8japp/Jayy = 6R/R = —5% 9.6 «+ Just as in (9.14), the requirement that the ocean's surface be an equipotential implies that Uog(T) — Veg) sa(Q) — Usa(T), (iv) and the left. hand side is just mgh(0). The term Uwa(T) on the right is given by (9.13) Jea(T) = 2% Uga(T) = —GMgm. (j +a) i) where we must find the values of 2 and d for the point T. Obviously x = R, cos, but d requires more eare. By the law of cosines, d? = d? + 2d,R.cosd + R2 Thus yoo E (14 2fcaos BE) dd? +2d,R.cos8 +R? de dy az Since R, < d,, we can approximate the term in parenthesis using the binomial series, (146)? =1-Se4 $2 4-.-, Although we need to keep the term €?, we ean drop from it anything higher than (R./d.)?, so we find z =} (2Rcows RE) «2 (2B es) ] 2a a2)" 8 \"a, Re LR3 5 9 : Feeaos 325 Geo — 0] (vi)When this is substituted into (v) the term which is linear in cos exactly cancels the second term on the right of (v) leaving 2 UsalT) = Mant fy RE a [ta ‘The value of Uja(@) is found by putting 6 = 7/2 (and hence cos @ = 0), and the difference on the right of (iv) is (3cos’ —1)]. Ueia(Q) — Uwa(T) = ads Since the left side of (iv) is mgh(#), we conclude that h() = h cos?@, where since g = GM,/R2 ‘The height (8) = h, cos*# is zero at the point Q where @ = x/2 — as it had to be, since it was defined as the height measured up from sea level at Q. It is positive for all other values of @ and symmetrical about @ = 7/2, rising to a maximum at @ = 0 and x. This produces the oval shape shown in the picture. 9.9% Bar Fre _ 2v,Qe080 _ 2x (1000 m/s) x (7.8 x 10-8 rad/s) x (cos-40°) mg 9 9.8 m/s? nv x O = Imv,Qcos6 due east, and = 0.0114, 9.10 «+ From Eq.(9.31) to (9.32) the derivation is exactly the same whether 2 varies or not. If @ varies, then the first time derivative on the right of (0.32) picks up an extra term involving 92. Specifically, in place of (9.33) we now have (’r/dt?)s, = # + 2 x #F+ Mx (xr) +O xr. IF we multiply both sides by m, the left side becomes F, the net “real” force, and we get the equation of motion mi =F + 2mé x @ 4 m(Qxr) x 2+ mr x 2.9.12* (a) All the rules of statics (including those concerned with total torques being zero) are derivable from the requirement that the net force F on every particle of the system must be zero, F = 0. If we wish a structure to remain static in a rotating frame, then we must use the equation of motion (9.34) for each particle in the rotating frame. Since all of the particles are to be stationary (in the rotating frame), this reduces to 0 = F-+ Fes. This leads to all of the usual conditions except that where we usually use the net force F we must include the centrifugal force and use F + Fe. (b) For the puck on the rotating horizontal turntable, there are four forees, its weight ‘mg, the normal force N of the table, the force of friction f, and the centrifugal force. If the puck is not to move on the table these must sum to zero, mg +N+f£+F., =0. The two vertical forces must balance, so N = mg, and the two horizontal forces must. also balance, so Fp = mOPr = f < pN = pg. Therefore r < jug/O. 9.14 + In the rotating frame of the bucket, the water is in equil- z ibrium and its surface is an equipotential surface for the 0 combined gravitational force (PE = mgz) and centrifugal force (force = mp and hence PE = —m?y?/2). Therefore, the surface is given by mgz — m$"p?/2= const, or Ly 5 + const, 29 which is a parabola, as claimed 9.16 + With axes fixed on the rotating rod as shown, the bead stays on the a axis and its velocity is v =. The three forces on the bead are the normal force N= N§, the centrifugal force F,¢ = mx, and the Coriolis force F... = —2m4¥. The two components of the equation of motion are mi = Py = mx and N = Foo. The solution is a(t) = Ae™ + Bew™*, The centrifugal force drives the bead out, along, the rod. The normal and Coriolis forces just balance out.9.18 ++ Assen in a frame rotating with the system, there are four forces on the mass: its weight —mg9, the centrifugal force mO2z8, the normal force N of the confining plane, and the Coriolis force F.... The last two both act in the z direction (normal to the confining plane) and must cancel each other, because there is no motion in this direetion. The equations of motion in the remaining two directions are j = —g with solution y = y, + tyot — 4gt?, and # = Or with solution 2 = Ae + Be-®. The vertical motion is the same as that of a body in free fall. Except in the special case that A = 0, the x motion may be inward or outward initially, but eventually the particle moves outward at an exponentially increasing rate, caused by the centrifugal force. In the case that A = 0, the particle moves inward, slowing down because of the centrifugal force, and approaches the y axis as t — 20. 9.19 «x (a) As seen by a ground-based observer, the puck has initial velocity QR in the tangential direction. Since it is subject to zero net force, it travels in a straight line at constant speed (left picture). As seen from the merry-go- round, the puck is subject to the two inertial forces (centrifugal and Coriolis) It is initially at rest, so the Coriolis force is initially zero, and the puck is accelerated outward by the centrifugal force. As it speeds up, the Coriolis force becomes increasingly important and the puck . curves to the right, spiralling outward. ‘View from ground from merry-go-round (b) As seen from the ground, the puck is initially at rest. Since it is subject to zero net force, it remains at rest indefinitely. This means that, as seen from the merry-go-round, the puck describes a clockwise circle with angular velocity 0 and speed 22. This is quite a subtle result in the rotating frame. The centrifugal force is mO?R outward, Stationery and the Coriolis force is 2m? R inward; (+ thus the net force is mO*R inward (as a seen by observers on the merry-go-round), and this is just the required centripetal force to hold it in the circular orbit! ‘View fem ground fom menty-go-round9.22 x« Let S, be the inertial frame in which field B. In this frame the equation of motion is @r\ _ iQ, (de m (Sa), = -MSe—a a) (viii) where the first term on the right is the Coulomb attraction of Q and the second is the magnetic force —gv x B. Let us now move to a frame S rotating with angular velocity @ relative to S,. We can rewrite the two derivatives of Eq,(vii) in terms of the corresponding derivatives in S, as in Section 9.5, (T'l call these latter derivatives # and # as before.) In S Eq.(viii) becomes e charge —q orbits Q in a weak magnetic ky mit — 2mé x D = m(Qx r) «9-88 = qt+ 2X4) xB. If we choose the angular velocity so that ¢ = gB/(2m), then the terms involving # on either side cancel exaetly. The terms involving double cross products don’t quite cancel, and we're left with If the B field is sufficiently weak, we can drop the second term on the right, and we're left with the equation for a body orbiting in an inverse square force (the Kepler problem), ‘Therefore, in the rotating frame S the charge q moves in an ellipse (or hyperbola), and in the original frame S, (relative to which $ is rotating slowly), the elliptical orbit. precesses slowly. 9.26 «+ ‘The equations of motion are given by (9.53). To zeroth order in © these reduce to §=0, and with the familiar solutions T= Vet, Y=Uyot, and i = dit — dg@? If you substitute these into those terms of (9.53) that already contain a factor of Q (and hence are only small corrections), you will find the equations = 2M(vy, c0s0 — v., sin 9) + gt sind j= 200, cos | = gt Qe sind. ‘These three equations can be integrated twice to give precisely the requested equations (9.73)9.28 x+ (a) If we ignore © entirely and set ry = 0, Eqs.(9.73) become x and vo — $gf?. Thus the time of flight (time un 0 again) is t range R (value of x at landing) is R = 2vs9-o/g = 2v2 cos(a) sin(a)/g. Tf = 20°, these become t = 34.95 and R = 16.4 km, (b) According to the second of Eqs. (9.73) (with ty. = 0), y = —Qv,cos(a) cos(@)t2. At latitde 50° north, @ = 40° and y = —(7.3 x 10° 5) x (500 m/s) x c0s(20°) x cos(40°) x (34.9 s)? = —32m; that is, the shell lands 32m to the south of the target. At latitude 50° south, the factor cos has the opposite sign, and the shell lands 32 m to the north. 9.30 xe Til choose axes as usual, with x east, y north, and = ggnthyy vertically up. The picture shows the hoop as seen from yrer above. Consider first a small segment of hoop subtending an angle da with polar angle a. ‘The mass of this segment x is dm = mda/2n, and the Coriolis force on it is t east AP pg, = 2dm(v x 2) where [fw v=ur(—sina,cosa,0) and 92 =(0,siné, cos). The segment’s position vector is r = r(cosa, sina, 0) and the torque on it is Woe =F X AB aoe = 2dr x (v x M) = 2dm|v(r-M) — Ar-v)] = 2dmwr*A(—sin®a, sina.cosa,0) sind. To find the total torque, we must replace din by mda/2x and integrate over a from 0 to 2z. The integral of sin’a gives x, while that of sinacosa is zero. Thus, the total torque on the hoop is Teor = —(mwr?Qsin *K, which points west with magnitude mur2sin 8.9.32 xx The enemy ship is due east of the gun, which is aimed in that direction. That is, rye = 0, and Eqs.(9.73) simplify to trot — (Qe sin )t? + 3(Og req C08 8)? (ix) gt? + (Qu, sin Ot (a) If we ignore © entirely, we get the same answers as in part (a) of Problem 9.28. In particular, the range is R, = 2vz0U./g. (I've called it R, to emphasize that it’s the range ignoring 2.) (b) We now wish to work to first order in ®, and we must first use the third of Eqs.(ix) to find the time at which the shell lands. Solving that equation for t when 2 = 0, we find ") tb whence ta 22 ( 4 ne) 9 9 to first order in @. (1 used the binomial approximation in solving for f.) This gives ¢ as the sum of two terms. The first is the answer of part (a) (ignoring @ entirely) and the second is the first order correction to t. ‘To find by how much the shell misses the target, we must, substitute this corrected time into the expressions for «r and y in Eqs.(ix). The expression for y already contains a factor of ®, so, to first order, we can just use the zeroth order time, to give Qu 2 ) =-32m 9 (at latitude 50° north). ‘This is the same answer as in Problem 9.28. The east-west position x requires more care. The first term in the expression for x in Eqs.(ix) does not involve © at all Thus to get « correct to first order in © we must include the first order correction to t in this term. (In the other two terms we don’t need to do this, because they already contain one factor of ©.) Thus from (ix) we get . 2 (+ a) — (vo sind) (2) + }(Qgsin?) G 9 = ~(igg e080) ( Because R, is the actual distance of the target, the second term is the distance (east-west) by which the shell misses. Putting in the given numbers this gives +70 m. That is, the shell overshoots by 70 m to the east (in addition to being 32 m to the south)9.34 44 As suggested, I'll write the puck’s position as R +r, where R points from the carth’s center to P and r from P to the puck. Notice that Rand r are almost exactly perpendicular and it is certainly true that r< R. The equation of motion is # = ga(r) +2 x M4 [Mx (r+ R)] xQ4EN/m (x) where g, (x) is the “truc” acceleration of gravity at the position of the puck, Rir aires cae E™ r g(t) =-GMR a ome (14 /R)8? = GME = gal0) — g(0) whore in the approximation I dropped terms of order (r/)?. Returning to the equation of motion, Eq.(x), we note that the centrifugal term consists of two terms. The one involving r can be ignored (I'll justify this later) and the one involving R. combines with g,(0) to give 48(0), the observed free-fall acceleration at P. Therefore # = g(0) — gr/R +2 x QLN/m [Im the second term on the right, I have replaced g,(0) by g = g(0), becanse we can ignore their tiny difference in this term, which is already small.) Bearing in mind that r lies in the ry plane and that g(0) is perpendicular to that plane, we can write down the x and y components of this equation as [the components of # x 9 are given in Eq.(9.52) if you don’t want to work them out] =-gx/R+ 2% Qeos0 and jj = —agy/R— #088 These two equations have exactly the form of the Foucault equation (9.61) except that the length of the pendulum L has been replaced by the radius of the earth. ‘The frequency of the puck's oscillations is w, = y/g/R = 1.21 x 10-% s+, giving a period of = 2 /y ~ 5000 5 or an hour and a bit. This frequency is at least an order of magnitude greater than the frequency of precession, Q. = 7.3 x 10-5 s~, so it makes sense to say that the puck oscillates with frequency w, and processes with frequency 2: If the amplitude of oscillations is A, then the puck’s speed v is of order v ~ Aw. The three forces to be compared are gravitational restoring force = mgr/R ~ mgA/R = mAw2 Coriolis force = 2m|v x Q| ~ 2mAw, |m(& xr) xB) ~ mae. Since 4 > ®, this confirms that the gravitational restoring force is much bigger than the Coriolis force and that the term m(@ x r) x Q in the centrifugal force can, indeed, be neglected.