DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL

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JSS 3 BASIC 9)
BASIC TECHNOLOGY

DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL FIRST TERM BASIC TECHNOLOGY

SCHEME OF WORK

WEEK TOPIC

1. Revision of last year work

2. Isometric Drawing: (a) Examples of Isometric Drawings, Isometric drawing of simple
shape blocks without curves. (b) Examples of Oblique Drawings, Simple Oblique
Drawings.
3. Orthographic Projection (i) Principal planes- vertical and horizontal. (ii) Angles of
projection- First angle and Third angle. (iii) Principal views- front, side, plan (iv) Placing
principal views in the quadrants. (v) Dimensioning techniques
4. PERSPECTIVE DRAWING: (A) One- point Perspective drawing (i) definition (ii) principles
(iii) practice (iv) examples and principles (B) Scales and Scales Drawing (a) Measuring
and comparing given sizes. (b) Scale Drawing: full size, 1:1, scale reduction e.g. 1:5, 1:10,
1:20. 1:100. etc. (c) scale enlargement e.g. 2:1, 3:1 etc.
5. Drawing of plans and Blue-print (a) Common symbols used in plans and blue-prints and
their interpretation (b) Identification of building components (fittings; building plans) (c)
Blue prints drawing techniques

SUB-THEME: TOOLS AND MACHINES

6. Woodwork Projects: (a) Production of various objects using simple woodwork machines
and tools e.g. wooden tables, stools, boxes, photo frames, tee square, pot stand, book
rack, book stand, shelf, etc. Metalwork Projects: (a) Production of bottle openers. (b)
Production of trash bin/ cans, coal pots, etc. Metalwork Projects: (c) Production of metal
stools, chair and benches.
7. MID TERM BREAK
8. (A) Soldering and Brazing (a) Meaning of soldering and brazing. (b) Soldering and
brazing tools and materials. (c) Operations types and uses. (B) Machine Motions (a) Line
motion. (b) Lever arrangement to produce linear motion (c) Uses of slides and slots in
mechanical systems (C) Rotary Motion (a) one-way rotary motion; e.g shaft of running
car; reversible rotary motion; e.g. load drum of cranes, brakes, ditches and ratchets. (b)
Principles of application (c) Conversion of rotary motion to linear motion: rack and
pinion, screw, crank and slider; connecting rod and piston.
9. Simple electrical wiring (a) electrical circuit: series and parallel circuits (b) wiring tools
and materials; pliers, hammer, screw driver, clips, wooden blocks, cables, etc. (c)
accessories: switches, lamp holders, etc
SUB-THEME: BUILDING
10. Building (a) foundation (i) definition and function of foundation: support and weight of
walls, roofs and inhabitants (ii) foundation types: strip, stepped, raft etc. (iii) types and
properties of soil (iv) hand tools and plant for excavation: diggers, shovels, excavator,
etc. (b) walls (i) materials for making walls: grass, zinc, curtain, bricks, etc. (ii) types of
walls: walls grass, zinc, curtain bricks etc. (iii) materials for bonding
(c) floors (i) floor: basement, ground floor, first floor, etc. (ii) DPC (d) doors, windows
and openings (i) Doors: flush door, glazed, sliding, revolving, etc. (ii) windows: louver,
sliding, casement, etc (iii) lintel (e) Roofs (i) types of roof: flat roof, double pitched, lean-
to Gable, etc (ii) roofing materials: grass, zinc, aluminium, etc. (f) Simple blue print
reading (i) sanitary wares: sink, bath, showers, etc. soak-away, septic tank, socket,
windows, doors, room, etc.

11. Revision

12. Examination
WEEK: 1

TOPIC: Revision of last year’s work.

WEEK: TWO

TOPIC: Isometric Drawing: (a) Examples of isometric Drawings, Isometric drawing of simple
shaped blocks without curves. (b) Examples of Oblique Drawings,

SUB-TOPIC:

1. ISOMETRIC DRAWING
2. OBLIQUE DRAWING

Content Development (NOTES FOR FIRST LESSON/PERIOD ONE)

The method of drawing solid objects which shows the three dimensions length, width and
depth in one view is called pictorial drawing. The pictorial drawing can be divided into three
groups:
(a) The isometric drawing
(b) The oblique drawing
(c) The perspective drawing
DEFINITION OF ISOMETRIC DRAWING
The isometric drawing is the pictorial method of drawing an object in which all the isometric
axes are projected to an angle 30 0 to the horizontal. The isometric drawing shows three
axes of an object i.e.
(a) The length
(b) The width
(c) The height
The isometric axes are inclined at an angle 120 0 to one another. There are (3) three isometric
axis one of them is vertical, the other two receding axes are appositely inclined at an angle of
300 to the horizontal. The angle between any two isometric axes is 1200
NOTE: Dear colleagues, the slides drawing shown just above is an animation to teach students
on techniques in drawing isometric
Just click on it and sit back to watch the show.
OBLIQUE DRAWING
The oblique drawing is the method of drawing the shape of an object in which the projection
angles are drawn at the angle 45˚ to the horizontal plane. It recognizes a solid object in three
dimensions (length, width and depth), with the front face upright on the plane of the paper.
Two of the three oblique axes are drawn perpendicular to each other, while the third
receding axis may be at angle 45˚ to the horizontal.

450
OBLIQUE DRAWING
 450

EVALUATION
(i) What is oblique drawing
(ii) To what angle do you draw oblique drawing\
WEEK THREE (3)
 TOPIC: Orthographic Projection
Sub- Topic:
(a) Meaning, Components (principal planes, principal views)
(b) Angles of projection
(b) Placing view in the quadrants
(c) Dimensioning techniques.

Pls, the 2 Pdf materials in the notes are to be consulted for teaching Orthographic drawing.
SUB-TOPIC 2 ANGLES OF PROJECTION
The angle of projection depends on which of the four quadrants the object is placed on. The
two principal orthographic projections are
(i) The first angle projection (English projection)
(ii) The third angle projection (American projection)
The difference between these two is the method of the arrangement of the views.
THE FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION
The first angle projection is the projection in which the plan is located directly below the
front elevation (view). What is seen from the left –hand side is drawn on the right hand
side. What is seen from the right-hand side is drawn on the left hand-side. Hence, the plan
is located directly below the front elevation (views)
FRONT SIDE
PLAN
FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION
PROPERTIES OF FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION
The following are the properties of the first angle projection.
(i) The plan is always projected below the front view (elevation)
 (ii) The right-hand side view is shown on left hand side of the front view
(iii) The left-hand side is shown on the right hand side of the front views.

FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION

EVALUATION
(a) What is orthographic drawing?
(b) State the two angles of orthographic projection.
(c) State properties of first angle projection.
(d) What are the three views in orthographic projection
Content Development (NOTES FOR SECOND LESSON/PERIOD TWO)
THE THIRD ANGLE PROJECTION
This is the projection in which the plan is located directly above the front view (elevation). What
is seen on the left–hand side is drawn on the left –hand side. What is seen on the right-hand
side is drawn on the right side. Hence; the plan is located directly above the front elevation
(views).
PLAN
FRONT SIDE

PROPERTIES OF THIRD ANGLE PROJECTION

The following are the properties of third angle projection.
(i) The plan is always projected above the front views
(ii) The right hand side view is shown on the right hand side view of the elevation
(view)
(iii) The left hand side view is shown on the left hand side of the front viewing the
direction of the arrow

THIRD ANGLE PROJECTION

DIMENSION TECNIQUES
(a) All dimensions on the working drawing must be in the same unit(millimeter).
(b) A working drawing must contain all essential dimensions.
(c) Same dimension should not be repeated in different views to avoid overcrowding of
dimension lines.
(d) Projection and dimension lines must be thin; continuous lines and projection lines
should extend beyond the dimension lines.
(e) Dimension lines should be at least 10mm away from the outlines, while the
projection lines should start at least 1mm away from the outlines.
(f) Projection and dimension lines must not go across other lines in avoidable cases.
(g) Overall dimension should be placed outside smaller dimension.
(h) Arrow head must be sharp and slim. It must touch the projection line. Etc
EVALUATION
(a) List five dimension techniques
(b) Explain third angle projection with the aid of line diagram
WEEK: FOUR

Sub-topic 1: PERSPECTIVE DRAWING

Perspective drawings are the pictorial drawing which shows the three (3) of an object at once.
In a perspective drawing, all the lines on an object converge to a point called vanishing point (P

CONTENT: (a) Uses and types of perspective drawings

(i) One point perspective
(ii) Two points perspective.

Uses and types of perspective drawings

Naturally, distant objects appear smaller than their real sizes e.g. the stars, the sun, the moon
etc. For instance, the farther we look down a long corridor in a building, the closer it appears to
come. Perspective drawing therefore shows the pictorial representation of the apparent
reduction in size of a distant object. Since architecture deals with large objects like buildings,
perspective drawing becomes more useful in making architectural drawings realistic than either
isometric or oblique drawing. Distant parts of a building are shown in perspective as tapering to
a point, just as they appear to an observer of the actual building. Perspective projection can be
in one point or two point perspective.
One point perspective: In this type of projection, the object is draws such that the edges are
made to converge to a point called varnishing point.

Two-point perspective: in this case, there are two vanishing points. The object tends to tape in two
directions, one to each vanishing point.

SUB-TOPIC TWO: SCALES AND SCALES DRAWING.

CONTENT:
i) Reading graduation on the meter rule
ii) Measuring and comparing given sizes
Content Development (NOTES FOR FIRST LESSON/PERIOD ONE)
Reading graduation on the meter rule
Meter Rule is a flat measuring device used to measure the length, height or width of an object.
It is normally made of wood, plastic or metal. The meter rule is graduated in millimeters (mm)
or centimeters (cm).
10mm = 1cm
Many kinds of meter rule are graduated between 0cm and 100cm. The straight parallel bars on
the meter rule show the readings.
The teacher should DEMONSTRATE how to read the graduation on the meter rule to the
students.
EVALUATION
The student should read the following points on the meter rule
(i) 54.5cm
(ii) 72.3cm
(iii) 38.7cm
(iv) 84.2cm

Content Development (NOTES FOR SECOND LESSON/PERIOD TWO)

Measuring and comparing given sizes
Measuring dimensions on the meter rule requires the following principles:
1) Do not take measurement directly with compass or dividers. Use the meter rule
2) Always place the meter rule along the line to be measured.
3) Always make a short dash at right angles to the meter rule during measurement
4) After setting off a dimension, always double-check your dimension to make sure that
the distance is accurate
5) Small letters are used for the various units of measurement
6) For dimensions less than one, the decimal point comes after zero e.g. 0.25, 0.45, 0.85
etc
 7) The units cm and mm are not written besides dimensions after measurement but a note
is made on the drawing stating the unit of all the dimensions.
The teacher should DEMONSTRATE how to measure various sizes and dimensions to the
students
EVALUATION
Construct a plain scale of 100m to 1m to read 3m. Indicate the following dimensions on the
scale:
a) 1.15m
b) 2.45m
READING ASSIGNMENT: Students should read about: Scales And Scale Drawing
TEXT: NERDC Basic Technology for Junior Secondary Schools 1 Chapter 8 Pages 58 – 63
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1) Draw a line 68mm and an equivalent of it in cm indicating the dimension in cm
2) Construct a plain scale that can be read up to 15cm and on it indicate
i) 8.4cm ii) 7.4cm iii) 0.8cm

SUB-TOPIC THREE: SCALES AND SCALE DRAWING (CONTD.)

SUB-TOPICS:
(i) Scales and Scale Drawing
(ii) Materials for Scale Drawing
iii) Types of Scales used in Drawing
Content Development (NOTES FOR FIRST LESSON/PERIOD ONE)
Scales and Scale Drawing
Scales drawing is different from ordinary drawing or sketching because it provides an accurate
representation of the objects under consideration.
There are scales for reduction and for enlargement of the size of the object.
Materials for Scale Drawing
(i) Metric Rule: This has two flat straight edges. It is usually 30cm long.
 (ii) Scale Rules: These have three straight edges and are triangular in shape. Each
edge of the scale rule is graduated and each scale designation is marked on the
rule.

EVALUATION
What is Scale Drawing?
Name two materials for Scale Drawing

Scale Drawing (Types of Scales Used in Drawing)

Some objects are too big for the actual size to be contained on our drawing paper while some
are too small for the parts to be clearly seen. We need to draw both of them to scale. Scale
drawing is the drawing of a reduced size or an enlarged size of an object. Scale is usually given
as a ratio and they are stated in the title block.
Types of Scales Used in Drawing
A scale is used to draw or to read the sale on a drawing.
(1) The full Scale/Size: In this case, an object is drawn to its size in all dimensions. Full
size scale is 1:1
(2) Reduction Scales Drawing: The actual size of the object is reduced in proportion to
the drawing. Reduced size is used when the object is too big. Reduced scale is used
when the object is too big and it could be written as 1:n or 1/n. Reduced scale ratios
are 1:2; 1:5; 1:10; 1:100; 1:1000 etc.
 (3) Enlargement Scale Drawing: This is used when the object to be drawn is too small to
be clearly seen. Here, the normal size of the object is enlarged in proportion to the
drawing and they are written as n:1 or n/1. Enlarged scale ratios are 2:1; 10:1;
100:1; 500:1; 1000:1 etc. For example, 1000m: 1mm means every 1000m on the
drawing represents 1mm in actual size.
EVALUATION
(1) Define Scale Drawing
(2) What is the function of scale rule?
(3) Mention two types of scales used in drawing.

SUB-TOPIC FOUR
(a) Scale and its uses
(b) Construction of scale: (i) Plain scale (ii) diagonal scale.

SCALE AND ITS USES

Scales are used for enlargement and reduction. A scale is used when an object is too large or
too small to be recognized on paper.
Scales are represented in various ways such as:
(a) Percentages: 50%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 2%, 1% etc.
(b) Ratio: 1:2, 1:10, 1:100, 1:1000, 4:1, 3:1, 2:1 etc.
(c) Description: Full size, Half size, twice full size, etc.
(d) Representative fraction: ½, 1/10, 1/100, 1/1000 etc.

distance drawn onthe paper

This representative fraction implies:
distance represented

There are two types of Scales:

(i) The plain scale and
(ii) The diagonal scale

EVALUATION:
(i) What is scale used for?
(ii) Mention two types of scale
 (iii) How are scales represented

Sub-Topic 2: Construction of scale

Construction of plain scale
Activity 1: To construct a plain scale of 1:40mm to read up to 4meters

Procedure:
(i) Construct a rectangle whose length is 40mm * 4mm = 160mm.
(ii) Divide the rectangle into 4 equal parts.
(iii) Use the numbering as shown.
(iv) Divide OA into 10 equal parts.
(v) This is a plain scale.

Activity 1: To construct a plain scale of 1:50mm to read up to 3meters and to indicate the
distance 2.6m.

Procedure:
(i) Construct a rectangle whose length is 50mm * 3mm = 160mm.
(ii) Divide the rectangle into 3 equal parts.
(iii) Number the division as shown.
 (iv) Divide OA into 10 equal parts.
(v) Indicate the given distance 2.6m as shown.

Construction of diagonal scale:

When more accurate, more exact and finer limits of scales are needed, the diagonal scale is the
answer. But it takes longer time to construct.
Activity 1: To construct a diagonal scale to read up to 50mm.

Procedure:
(i) Draw a rectangle whose length is 50mm.
(ii) Divide it into 5 equal parts and number as shown.
(iii) Divide the width AO into 10 equal parts and join OD.
(iv) Locate 24mm or 2.4cm.
(v) Take whole numbers from AO and fractions from AD.

Activity 2: To construct a diagonal scale of1:50 to read up to 3meters. Indicate the lengths
0.65m and 1.87m.

Procedure:
(i) Draw a rectangle whose length is 50*3=150
 (ii) Divide it into 3 equal parts and number as shown.
(iii) Divide the first division OA into 10 equal parts.
(iv) Divide the width AD into 10 equal parts.
(v) Join the diagonals 0-1, 1-2, 2-3, etc as shown
(vi) Indicate the lengths given.

WEEK 5

TOPIC: DRAWING OF PLANS AND BLUE- PRINT.

CONTENT: 1. Definition of Blue Print

2. Drawing as a language

3. Reading a building plan

Sub-Topic 1: Definition of Blue Print

A blue print is a set of approved building drawings necessary to be put in place before
construction commences. It is drawn by a draftsman or an architect on transparent paper and
later printed on paper. Blue print is the means of communication between the builders and the
architects. Blue prints are the complete drawings builders use at their building sites to build.
Blue prints are also called working drawings. While the blue print is made by the architect, it is
the duty of the builder to interpret it correctly. Mistakes or errors could be too costly;
therefore, blue reading requires high-level knowledge of architectural and engineering
drawings. It also requires ability to understand measurements and to measure accurately. An
example of blueprint is the building plan, shown below:
Drawing As a Language

Technical drawing is a universal language used for communication among technical

people. Building design is done by written language in codes and symbols. The language
of lines must be under stood first before the understanding of codes and symbols.

Types and Uses of Lines in Technical Drawing:

EVALUATION
1. Define the term ‘blue print’
2. Give a brief explanation on the role of an architect in building industry.
3. Thin continuous line is used for ------------- , -------------------- and ---------------------
4. -------------------- is a means of communication among the engineers and technical people
5. Arrow heads are used for --------------------------

Sub-Topic 2: Reading a Building Plan

The drawings prepared for building construction are many. They include:
(i) The Plan: A plan is a section viewed from the top. It is a common method of
depicting the internal arrangement of a building in two dimensions.
(ii) Elevations: The front elevation shows how the building looks like when viewed from
the front. It reveals the beauty of the building, as well as the back elevation which
 shows how the structure looks like when viewed from the back. Side views show the
appearance of the building from the sides
(iii) Sectional view: This is the projection of a cut when viewed from the plan. This shows
some hidden details within the building.

EVALUATION
(a) Why are building drawings necessary?
(b) Mention different types of drawings required for a building and why they are
necessary.
READING ASSIGNMENT
Students are to read about ‘Simple blue print reading-Identification of building components’
against the next lesson.

SUB TOPIC 3: SIMPLE BLUEPRINT READING: IDENTIFICATION OF BUILDING COMPONENTS

CONTENT: 1. Building Symbols and their meanings

2. Building Symbols and their meanings (cont’d)

Sub-Topic I: Building Symbols and their meanings

EVALUATION:

List any 5 building components

Sub-Topic 2: Building Symbols and their meanings (cont’d)

EVALUATION

Draw the symbols of any five building components that you know.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
Draw the following architectural symbols:
(i) Door
(ii) Window
(iii) Wall
(iv) Water closet

WEEK 6

TOPIC: Production of various objects using simple:

(a) WOODWORK MACHINES AND

(b) METAL WORK MACHINES

SUB-TOPIC ONE:

PRODUCTION OF VARIOUS OBJECTS USING SIMPLE WOODWORK MACHINES AND TOOLS

For example: wooden tables, stools, boxes, photo frames, tee square, pot stand, book rack,
book stand, shelf, etc.

These are simple woodwork projects students can choose from.

Working Procedures:

I. Prepare timber to length, width and thickness.

II. Make the template for the project. This can be made of paper or cardboard. Here your
drawing skill is required.
III. Transfer template shape to wood.
IV. Remove waste with coping-saw
V. Accurately shape with spokeshave
VI. Smoothly with glass paper, medium, then fine.
VII. Drill hole for hook.

Tools Needed.

I. Straight peen hammer

II. Pincer
III. Saws
IV. Jack plane
V. Spokeshave
VI. Try square
VII. Small bradawl
VIII. Twist drill, etc
SUB-TOPIC TWO:

PRODUCTION OF VARIOUS OBJECTS USING SIMPLE METALWORK MACHINES AND TOOLS

METALWORK PROJECT

Production of metal articles such as shown below:

Sheet metal work and forging are two aspect of metal work leading to the production of various
article. The work is to be carried out in various stages. First stage is shape development.

Shape development involves drawing out a pattern from which the article is produced. To mark
out the required lengths, widths, angles and curves on metals certain tools are needed e.g.
steel rule, caliper protractor centre punch etc.

The outline of the article is transferred by measurement on the flat metal sheet using the
marking out tool; e.g. scriber, try square odd leg caliper etc.

TOOLS AND CUTTING

Different kinds of cutting tools can be used to cut out different shapes. These include:

(a) Chisel
(b) Set snips
(c) Bench shear
(d) Hacksaw

Each tool is selected on the basis of two factors the thickness of the metal to be cut and the
shape to be cut.
 TIN SNIP BENT SNIP

FILES AND FILLING

Filling operation on metal is the process of removing excess metal on a metal. There are
different types of files used in metal work. When using files, it is necessary to know how to
safely handle them.

(i) Never use a file without handle

(ii) Never use a file on a welded joint
(iii) Never use a file on steel, but slightly on the bench vice before filling
(iv) Clean always the files.

TYPES OF FILES

(a) Flat file

(b) Hand file
(c) Warding file
(d) Square file
(e) Triangular file
(f) Round file etc
 EVALUATION
(a) List five types of file.
(b) What is filling
(c) List three safety precaution to be observed when using file

Content Development (NOTES FOR SECOND LESSON/PERIOD TWO)

DRILL AND DRILLING

Hole in metal are usually made in different ways either by drilling, punching and boring. The
most common method is the use of drill/drilling bit and drilling machine. Drills are usually fitted
through chucks key to the chucks of the machines. Drilling machines to which these drill are
attached could be either of:

(i) Manual hand-drilling machine

(ii) Portable electrical hand-drilling machine

(iii) Sensitive drilling machine

Drill used in metal work includes:

(a) Counter sink

(b) Flat
(c) Straight fluted
(d) Twist
(e) Combination.

BENDING AND FOLDING

Bending operation in metal work applies to flat sheet of metal and thick sizes. Bending is the
making the sheet of metal or thick sizes metal to have curves and angles required to make
certain metal products. Folding and wiring apply mainly to flat sheets. It is the act of preparing
and making edges of products to have round smooth finish, thus protecting the product from
tear and likewise the user of the product. Some of the tools used in bending and folding
include:

(a) Bench vice

(b) Hatchet stakes
(c) Round bars
(d) Anvil
(e) Raising mallet
(f) Grover
(g) Boxwood bossing
(h) Folding bars
(i) Funnel stake creasing iron
(j) Round bottom stake
(k) Bick iron etc

Hatchet stakes Anvil

List to Tools.

 Dead centre
 Snips
 Facing tool
 Drills
 Hacksaw
 Boring tool
 Finishing tool
 Chamfering tool
 Electric welding machines, etc.
 Assignment: Group work
Construct:
I. Candle stand
II. Cabinet
III. Tool rack
IV. Spanner
V. Key-holder, etc.

WEEK SEVEN (7) MID TERM BREAK

WEEK EIGHT (8): TOPICS

(A) SOLDERING AND BRAZING

(B) MACHINE MOTIONS
(C) MACHINE MOTIONS

SUB-TOPIC ONE: SOLDERING AND BRAZING:

(a) Meaning of soldering and brazing

(b) Soldering and Brazing tools and materials

(c) Operations types and uses.

DEFINITION OF SOLDERING:
Soldering is a method of joining metals by melting and flowing as a soft or hard solder (both
being referred to as filler material/metal). Soldering can also be defined as the process of
joining two or more metals together by the use of heat. There are two types of soldering

1. HARD SOLDERING: It is a form of soldering which requires a high temperature. Hard soldering
may involve brazing and silver soldering. It is used for hard/tough materials and where great
strength is needed. This method is used in joining pipes in refrigeration, jewellery making and
for joining metals such as copper, silver and gold.

2. SOFT SOLDERING: It is a form of soldering which requires a low temperature. It uses soft
solder, an alloy of lead, tin, antimony and bismuth. It is used for light material that does not
need excess heat and also where great strength is not necessary. This may include plumbing
work, electrical wiring and electronic.

FLUX- Flux is needed in both hard and soft soldering. The reasons for this include:
(a) To keep metal clean when heating
(b) To break down surface tension of the solder and allow easy flow of flux.
Tools required for soldering
(i) The solder (hard and soft)
(ii) The soldering iron or bit. These are of two types:
(a) Straight bit
 (b) Hatchet bit

(iii) Source of heat/ Gas heater

(iv) The flux material

BRAZING- It is a process of joining two or more metals together using a solder called spelter.
An alloy of copper, zinc strip and wire where strengthened and high level of heat is
required. The following are required for the brazing process:

(a) Heat source (oxy-acetylene)

(b) Filler metal

(c) Flux (mainly Borax)

There are three types of brazing

(i) Copper brazing

(ii) Silver brazing

(iii) Silver brazing
 (iv) Aluminium brazing
(v) Aluminium brazing

EVALUATION

(a) Draw a bit and label it

(b) Mention three methods of joining metal
(c) List three types of brazing

SUB-TOPIC TWO MACHINE MOTIONS

(a) Linear motion

(b) Lever arrangement to produce linear motion

(c) Uses of slides and slots in mechanical systems.

MOTION

This can be defined as the change in position of objects. This is a common phenomenon in
nature. The moon moves, we human move from one place to another. It is also a common
practice for various component of a mechanical system to move relatively to one another;
examples include: the needle of a sewing machine at work, the tyre of a moving car etc

Mechanical systems are commonly engaged in different types of motion of which the first two
will be discussed:

1. Linear motion
2. Rotary motion
3. Oscillatory motion
4. Reciprocating motion
5. Intermittent motion
6. Irregular motion

Linear motion:

This can be defined as change in position in a straight line. Like the motion of the needle of the
sewing machine or motion of a crane being hauled up using a pulley. There are different
types/parts of a mechanical system that exhibit this type of motion. They include;

1. Lever: It helps us to do work easily. Examples are the crowbar, the door knob. etc. It
often has a pivot (or a point of support) about which the lever turns. This point is called
fulcrum. An example is a crowbar.
2. Linkages this is an assembly of metallic bars in which each bar is connected to at least
two other bars in an elbow/sliding joint. They are often used for converting linear
motion to rotary motion and vice versa or for converting a linear motion to another
linear motion but in the opposite direction. Application of linkage include, bicycle brake,
crank, motor bike and slide.
 LINKAGES

Rotary motion:

Introduction:

(a) Rotary Motion: one-way; e.g. shaft of running car; reversible rotary motion, e.g. load drum
of cranes, brakes, ditches, and ratchets

(b) Principles of application

(c) Conversion of rotary motion to linear motion: rack and pinion, screw and nuts, crank and
slider; connecting rod and piston.

This can be defined as change in position around fixed axis. Like the motion of the blade of a
ceiling fan or the tyre of a moving car. There are two types of rotary motion:

i. One way rotary motion: This allows continuous rotation and can only be brought to
rest by the application of a brake. When rotary motion is constrained to only one
direction (i.e. either clockwise or anti clockwise only), it is described as a ‘one-way’
rotary motion.
It may be intermittent as in the seconds’ arm of a mechanical clock or continuous as
it is with the rotary motion of a crankshaft or armature of a generator. Electric fans,
grinding machines, milling and many other industrial machines, operates on one-
way rotary motion.
A change in the direction of a one-way rotary motion of the moving part usually
leads to a big problem or even disaster. For example, changing the direction of
motion of a radiator fan leads to over-heating of the engine; reversing the rotation
of the circular saw blade will not only produce a cut but will also damage the blade.
Some of the motions that can be controlled may include the ratchet wheel.

ii. Reversible rotary motion: Rotary motion whose direction can be changed from
clockwise to anticlockwise is said to be reversible. Mechanical parts with such type
of motion includes: gear boxes and shafts of a moving car, trains or crane, drums of
cranes, radio cassette player, DVD and CD.
iii. Oscillations: this is a periodic and constant change in the direction of rotary motion.
The object moves back and forth in clockwise and anti-clockwise directions.
 Mechanical watches and clocks use this motion of the balance wheel to turn
periodically the gear that controls the minute and hour hands.

EVALUATION

I. State one difference between the one-way rotary motion and the non-return rotary
motion.
II. Mention three mechanical systems in linear motion.
III. List some applications of the linkage system.

SUB-TOPIC THREE: ROTARY MOTIONS

- Control of rotary motion

- Conversion of rotary to linear motion

Control of rotary motion

This involves the use of devices for initiating and arresting the flow of motion. These devices
include;

1. Brakes
2. Clutch
3. Ratchet

Brakes: These are devices used to slow down or bring to a complete stop a moving body.
Brakes are used for removing kinetic energy form moving bodies. There are different types of
brakes:

i. Disc brake; used for light vehicles

ii. Drum brakes; used for heavy vehicles
iii. External block brakes; used for cranes and winches
 iv. Internal shoe brake; used for motorcycles and other small automobiles

BRAKE OF A CAR BICYCLE BRAKE

Clutches: These are devices used for connecting and disconnecting two moving parts. Types of
clutches include;

i. Friction clutch
ii. Dog clutch
E
Conversion of rotary to linear motion

The following devices are used in the conversion of rotary motion to linear motion and vice
versa;

1. Rack and pinion

2. Crank and slider(Connecting rod and piston (motorcycles)
3. Screw and nuts
Ratchet

These are devices that transmit motion intermittently or allow motion only in one direction.
 Evaluation

1. Which of these devices is used for removing the kinetic energy in moving bodies? (a)
clutch (b) brake (c) linkage (d) ratchet
2. --- is a type of motion along a straight line. (a) linear motion (b) rotary motion (c)
random motion (d) relative motion
3. Which of these brakes is suitable for heavy vehicles? (a) internal shoe brake (b) disc
brakes (c) drum brake system (d) external shoe brake.
4. --- is applied in raising the oil wick of kerosene stove. (a) rack and pinion (b) cranks and
piston (c) cranks and connecting rods (d) screw

ASSIGNMENT

1. Making a list of three mechanism that applies the following

i. Rack and pinion
ii. Crank and connecting rod (piston)

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

(a) What is brazing

(b) State the purpose of flux in soldering
(c) List and explain the two types of soldering

WEEK NINE (9)

TOPIC: SIMPLE ELECTRICAL WIRING

SUB-TOPICS:

ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT

• Meaning of electrical circuit and types

• Wiring tools and materials

Content Development (NOTES FOR FIRST LESSON/PERIOD ONE)

Sub-Topic 1: Meaning of electrical circuit and types.

An electric circuit is a system that consists of the load, source of electricity, the key or switch
and the connecting wires.
There are two types of electrical circuits (i) Series circuit (ii) parallel circuit.
Series circuit: In this arrangement, the load (resistors) is connected end to end. The same
current flows through all appliances. If one stops functioning, the others stop.

Series circuit
Parallel circuit: In this arrangement, the load(resistors) are connected side by side in parallel
order. The same voltage is used. A fault which may occur in one electrical path will not affect
the others.
 Parallel circuit
Evaluation
• What is Electrical circuit?
• Differentiate between series circuit and parallel circuit.
Content Development (NOTES FOR SECOND LESSON/PERIOD TWO)
Wiring tools and materials

Electrical wiring is an arrangement whereby electrical loads are connected to the mains supply.
A good wiring protects the user from electric shock and prevents fire outbreak.

Wiring tools are tools used for wiring and installation of circuits in homes, offices and other
building structures and equipment.

Wiring tool Uses

Pliers Used for cutting cables and twisting together wire ends
Screw driver Used for tightening screws to wooden blocks and fixing electrical
accessories in position
Clips They are used to fasten electrical cables to the wall or ceiling.
Hammer It is used to drive nails through clips into the wall.

Mallet It is used to straighten out hunches in wires during surface wiring.

Drilling It is an electrically power machine used for making holes in walls or wooden
machine blocks.
Screws and They are used to hold the cable and electrical accessories in position.
nails
Tester It is used to check where live current flows in the circuit.
Cable It is the insulated wire that provides electrical connection between the
electrical load and the supply point.
Electrical accessories are devices other than lighting fittings associated with the wiring and
current utilizing appliances of an installation. Accessories are rated for the maximum voltage or
current they are designed to withstand without undue over-heating or failure. These include
switches, lamp holders, ceiling roses, joint boxes, fuse boxes, socket plugs, connectors,
adaptors etc.

Switches: These are used to control the flow of current through a particular point.

Lamp holders: They are used to hold light bulbs when fixed to the ceiling or wall.

Wall socket and plugs: They are located on the walls for the drawing of current by appliances
SUB-TOPIC TWO: BUILDING
SUB-TOPICS:

• Definition and function of foundation

• Types and materials for making walls
Content Development (NOTES FOR FIRST LESSON/PERIOD ONE)
Definition and function of foundation
Foundation.

The term foundation is the expanded base of a column in addition to the ground or sub-soil
which supports the base. The ground or sub soil on which the building stands is the natural
foundation, while the expanded base which is constructed of concrete or mansory materials
like rocks, stones, bricks is called artificial foundation. The choice of foundation depends on the
type of building to be constructed, the load imposed on the building and the type and nature of
the soil.

Functions of foundation:

1. To receive the weight of the building.

2. To distribute the weight of the building to the ground effectively.

3. To hold the building firmly to the ground against external forces like wind, storms.

4. To transmit the weight of the building to the sub-soil or ground.

5. To sustain the dead load of the building.

Types of foundation:

1. Strip foundation: This consists of a continuous strip of concrete laid on the trench after
excavation. It is usually 225mm thick and used for bungalows, fences etc and on a moderately
hard soil.
2. Pad foundation: This type of foundation is an isolated foundation used to support columns.
The size of the pad foundation could be reduced by providing steel reinforcement towards the
bottom of the foundation running in both directions. It is used for storey building.
3. Raft foundation: This is used where the load bearing capacity of the soil is weak. It is used
on sandy, swampy or marshy ground. It consists of reinforcement slab up to 300mm thick. It
covers the whole area of the building and usually extends beyond it.
4. Piled foundation: This is used for multistory buildings, for supports in bridges and water
logged areas to support the structures. The imposed load is transmitted to suitable materials in
a lower stratum by the use of piles.
TYPES OF SOIL AND THEIR PROPERTIES
S/ TYPE OF SOIL PROPERTIES
N
1 Sand The particles are gritly to finger, loose, easily break when dry
2 Clay Easily moulded, brittle and tough when dry, sticky when wet.
3 Gravel It is loose, easily removed by shovel and homogenous
4 Silt Dries quickly, moderately plastic, soft and firm, homogenous

Excavation for foundation: This is the process of digging the ground to the required depth not
less than 750mm. There are two basic methods of excavation.

1. Manual method: This involves the use of digger, shovel, wheelbarrow

2. Mechanical method: This involves the use of mechanically operated machine e.g
excavation tractor, mechanical shovel, ditcher etc
EVALUATION

1. What is foundation?

2. Mention three reasons why it is necessary to construct foundation.

3. Under what conditions are the different types of foundation used?

Content Development (NOTES FOR SECOND LESSON/PERIOD TWO)

WEEK 10

TOPIC: BUILDING Cont’d

 Sub-Topic II: Types and materials for making walls.

Wall: It is a structural member in building (450mm) used mainly for the enclosure or division of
a space within a building. It can be external wall or load bearing wall built right from the
foundation to the roof level, it carries the weight of itself and some other elements e.g roof.

It can be internal cross walls, they are the non-load bearing wall (150mm), it carries only the
weight of itself.

Function of a wall:

i. To carry the load and other elements in the building structure.

ii. To divide a space as partition and as a compartment wall.

iii. To protect the structure against weather.

iv. For privacy

v. For security purpose

Walling Materials: They include stone, clay and mud, Timber, Bricks, sand creates blocks etc.

Types of walls: There are many types of walls, depending on the materials used and the method
of construction.

i. Block wall
ii. Partition wall
iii. Sleeper wall
iv. Timber wall
v. Foundation wall
vi. Glass wall
vii. Retaining wall
viii. Cavity wall
ix. Reinforced concrete walls
x. Stone wall
xi. Bamboo wall
xii. Clay or mud wall
xiii. Masonry wall
xiv.

FINISHES: They are materials used to protect the surface of a wall from weather element. The
common wall finishing are Plastering, rendering and painting.

Plastering: This is the type of finishing that is given to the internal wall of a building. Cement
and sand are mixed with water in ratio 1:3 with the help of hand Trowel. Two or three layers of
plastering are recommended on the surface of a masonry wall.

Rendering: This is the type of finishing that is given to the external wall of a building. This can
be done using

i. Mixture of cement, sand and water and applied to the surface of the wall with hand
trowel.

ii. Pebble dash: This is done by throwing about 10mm size of gravel on the surface of the
external wall.
iii. Spattered dash finish: This is done by spraying about ratio 1:6 (cement and sand ratio)
mixture containing coloured pigment on the surface of the wall.

Painting: This is a liquid coating applied on the surface of a building wall for the purpose of
decoration and protection from the elements of weather.

BONDING: This refers to the arrangement of bricks or blocks in a way that a brick or block rests
on at least 2 others so that continuous vertical joint which reduces strength and stability in
walls is eliminated.

EVALUATION:

• Mention three functions of a wall.

• Mention four materials for walling

• List five types of wall.

Evaluation

1. Mention four tools used in electrical wiring and their uses.

2. Mention three electrical accessories and their uses.

Weekend Assignment
Draw four wiring tools and three electrical accessories

Content Development
Sub-Topic 1: FLOOR

Floors

Floors are the horizontal components of buildings that support all imposed load. Floors
normally satisfy a number of requirements depending on their location.

Types of Floors.

a. Solid Floors: Solid floors usually consist of concrete, which may simply be finished with a
smooth surface or laid with tiles (plastic and linoleum floor tiles), which are not normally
laid down in the specifications.

b. Suspended Floors: These consist of wood, which are nailed over solid lengths of timber,
the ends of which are supported by the many walls of the building. These solid timbers are
known as joists, and they vary according to the type of house.
Suspended timber ground floors are susceptible to dry rot, because of lack of ventilation.
This situation of fungus attack could be overcome by providing air bricks in the external
walls at suitable distances around the perimeter of the building.

Types of floor based on method of construction:

1. The Basement floor: This is the floor below ground level and is used mostly for car parks.

2. The Ground floor: This is floor on ground level.

3. The Upper floor: This is the floor above the ground level.

Damp proof course (D.P.C): It is a layer of material capable of preventing the penetration of
moisture which is embedded in the walls just below the exposed surface through which
water can percolate. A properly placed D.P.C will prevent blistering of paint, rotting of
timber and bulging of plaster.

General floor finishes.

a. Cement screed: this is a mixture of cement and sand and is common for most ordinary
dwelling houses. Carpet or linoleum is usually used on such floors. They can also be painted.

b. Floor tiles: A variety of tiles made of wood, ceramics and thermoplastics are available
for floor finishes.

c. Terrazzo : This is a very good but costly finish and is used for high class jobs.

d. Timber: Timber is also used and requires to be polished.

Evaluation

• Name the various types of floors

• What is D.P.C?
• Of what importance is D.P.C in building?
Content Development (NOTES FOR SECOND LESSON/PERIOD TWO)
Sub-Topic 2: Doors, Windows and Openings.

A door is a solid flat barrier that closes the opening entrance to a building or a room. The
principal function of a door to a building is to prevent unrestricted access to an enclosed
space. In other words, entrances and exits into and from buildings, rooms, etc are possible
only through doors.

Functions of doors

 They provide inlets and out-lets to the building and its various compartments or
rooms.
 They provide security to the building. Unwanted elements (e.g mosquitoes, wild
animals, thieves etc) can be shut off.
 Doors contribute to the beauty of the building.
Types of doors: Interior doors and exterior doors.

Interior doors: there are four types of doors generally used as interior doors, they are:

Panel door ii. Flush door iii. French door iv. Louvre door

Exterior doors: Usually exterior doors are of solid core construction. They may be wooden
or glass doors, they may be panel or flush doors.

Sliding door: these are space saving doors which are used for closets in bedrooms, etc their
installation usually requires the making of special panels by the craftsman, with the
manufacturers providing the tracks and other necessary hardwares.

Revolving doors: these are usually traffic control doors within a building. The door
normalizes inward and outward movements with its four leaves revolving on a pivot,
thereby allowing a person in and out in turns.

Folding door or Roller shutter door: these are doors which are easily installed, as they take
little space. These types of doors are mostly made of metals.

Diagram

ROLLER SHUTTER DOOR

SEMI CIRCULAR DOOR
RELVOLVING DOOR

PANELLED DOOR
MATCH BOARDED DOOR

Door sizes

Door can be made to any specified size depending on the use and choice of the designer or
owner. Some standard sizes include:

826 x 2049mm. Usually used as external doors.

726 x 2040mm. Suitable for most internal doors.

626 x 2040mm. Usually used for cupboards and cloakrooms.

526 x 2040mm.Usually used for small cupboards.

The normal thickness of the above door size is usually 40mm.

Door frames
A door-set consists of a door plus the frame. It is the frame which holds the door in position
so that it can open or close. The frame is normally fixed in position either during the
construction of the wall or thereafter. A frame consists of three members, these are two
posts which are secured at the top to a cross-piece called the head. The head usually has
horns which are some 50 to 100 mm projections of the head beyond the posts. The horns
assist in making the frame secure when it is built into the wall. In order that the door may
be well received by the frame, a 13 to 16mm deep recess or rebate is formed round the
frame.
Mounting of doors.

Doors are mounted on frames which are already positioned on the walls by the use of
hardwares such as hinges and fittings such as bolts and locks. It also includes door handles
or knobs.

Window: A window is an opening in wall, designed for the purpose of admitting light and air
into an enclosed space. Occupants of a building can also have an outside view through the
window. Majority of today’s designs emphasize windows as decorative structures, as
portrayed by their shapes and sizes, which are better installed into frames.

Types of windows:

i. Casement window ii. Louvered window iii. Double hung window iv. French window v.
Hopper window vi. Sliding window
Lintel: A lintel is a horizontal beam supporting a wall over an opening of relatively short
span. The lintel spans an opening to carry the load above the opening and to transmit the
same load to the wall on either side of the opening. A lintel could be of concrete, wood or
metal.

Functions of Lintel

(i) Lintel is used to support wall block/bricks set above the openings. Such as doors and
windows.
(ii) Lintel is also used to support the roof.
(iii) Lintel such as arch and vaults are designed to beautify the building structure.
 EVALUATION

• What are the main functions of doors?

• What are the main functions of windows?
• What is a lintel?
• List 3 functions of a lintel?
• Why is a door frame necessary?

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

1. Visit a construction site and identify the lintel.

2. Move round the school building and identify the various types of

TOPIC: BUILDING
SUB-TOPICS:

• Roofing
Content Development (NOTES FOR FIRST LESSON/PERIOD ONE)
Sub-Topic I: Roof

Roof is the top feature in a building structure which provides covering for the entire building
and protect any internal decoration or fittings from the weather thereby rendering the house
habitable. The roof of a building is supported by frame work of Ridges, Trusses, purling, Rafters,
Eaves.
Roofs perform specific functions which include:
 Weather Resistance: The roof must be water proof and shield the house from the direct
rays of the sun.
 Strength: The roof must be strong enough to be able to carry its own weight and the
superimposed weight of wind, and foot traffic for a considerable length of time without
failing.
Types of common roof
a. Hipped roof: the hip roof has four slanting surfaces from a peak known as ridge. The
construction has a shortening effect on the length of the building visually. The hip roof is
widely used for most houses in Nigeria.
b. Pitched roof: This is often called gable roof. This type of roof is very common because it
can be constructed easily. A typical characteristic of pitched roof is a cavity wall at the
gable end, and vent between the fascia and soffit which prevents the rafter timbers
from disintegration.
c. Shed roof: this is the simplest form of roof construction, having only one slope usually to
the rear of the building. The overhang of the roof is usually greater at the front and the
design has added simplicity and attractiveness to modern building construction.
d. Butterfly roof: this is double shed roof which slopes inwards with the low points to the
centre of the building. It has a wide overhanging at the front and at the back which
protects the walls from rains. It is mostly used where a large span is to be covered.
e. Monitor roof: the roof has two surfaces on either side of the house, with the lower one
and vents or lightning spaces fixed vertically between them. It is commonly used for
large factory buildings or warehouses.
f. Half Monitor roof: this roof has two surfaces only. One surface is lowered on one side
while the other is raised a little above the lower one in the centre. The gap between the
upper and lower central edges of the roof along the length is usually fitted with
ventilation devices for roof members.
g. Combination roof: this roof has two surfaces sloping away more on one side than on the
other. The greater slope is usually on top of the rooms while the smaller slope usually
covers the veranda portion of the house. It is mostly used in school building
construction.
h. Arched roof: this type of roof is usually used for large span construction work. The top is
rounded and most economical in timber consumption. It could be made in the workshop
and ready for fixing on the site.
i. Mansard roof: Mansard roof has double slopes on each side. Although not common
nowadays, mansard roof allows the use of the space in the roof area. The lower part of
the roof which is fitted with dormer windows has a steep pitch, while the upper part has
a slope of about 30˚.
Roofing materials: grass, zinc, corrugated aluminium sheets, wood, steel, concrete or clay,
slates, plain tiles, corrugated iron sheets, corrugated asbestos cement sheets
Evaluation:
i. What is a roof?
ii. Mention five types of roof.
iii. Mention six roofing materials.

READING ASSIGNMENT:

The students should read about Simple blue print in NERDC Basic Technology for Junior
Secondary School 2.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

• Move round the school premises and identify the type of roof used and the roofing
materials.

Week 12. Revision

13. Examination.