INFORMATION SHEET 1.

2-1

Operating System

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, YOU MUST be able to:
1. Know the meaning of OS.
2. Explain different types of operating system and its function.

INTRODUCTION
Operating system is a system software commonly simplified as “OS”.
An operating system is the most important software that runs on a computer. It
manages the computer's memory, processes, and all its software and hardware.
It also allows you to communicate with the computer without knowing how to
speak the computer's "language." Without an operating system, a computer
is useless.

The Operating System's Job

Computer's operating system (OS) manages all of the software and hardware on
the computer. Most of the time, there are several different computer programs
running at the same time, and they all need to access your computer's central
processing unit (CPU), memory, and storage. The operating system coordinates
all of this to make sure each program gets what it needs.

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How OS Works

The figure shows below describe the sequential arrangement

Figure 1.1 OS Diagram

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TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS
Operating systems usually come preloaded on any computer that you buy. Most
people use the operating system that comes with their computer, but it is
possible to upgrade or even change operating systems.

The three most common operating systems for personal computers are
Microsoft Windows, Apple Mac OS X, and Linux.

From left, Windows Logo, Mac OS X logo, and Linux Logo

Modern operating systems use a Graphical User Interface, or GUI. A GUI lets
you use your mouse to click on icons, buttons, and menus, and everything is
clearly displayed on the screen using a combination of graphics and text.
Each operating system's GUI has a different look and feel, so if you switch to a
different operating system it may seem unfamiliar at first. However, modern
operating systems are designed to be easy to use, and most of the basic
principles are the same.

Figure1.3 The Windows 8.1 GUI Figure1.4 Mac OS X Yosemite GUI

Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/17/OS_X_Yosemite_
Desktop.png

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Before GUIs, computers had a command-line interface, which meant the user
had to type every single command to the computer, and the computer would
only display text.

Microsoft Windows

Windows 10 version 21H1

Microsoft created the Windows operating system in the mid-1980s. Over the
years, there have been many different versions of Windows, but the most recent
ones are Windows 10 (released in 2015), Windows 8 (2012), Windows 7 (2009),
and Windows Vista (2007). Windows comes pre-loaded on most new PCs, which
helps to make it the most popular operating system in the world.

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History of Windows OS

Windows 1.0 The first independent version of Microsoft Windows,

version 1.0, released on November 20, 1985, achieved
little popularity.
Windows 2.0 Microsoft Windows version 2 came out on December
9, 1987, and proved slightly more popular than its
predecessor.
Windows 3.0 Windows 3.0, released in May 1990, improved
capabilities given to native applications. It also
allowed users to better multitask older MS-DOS
based software compared to Windows/386, thanks to
the introduction of virtual memory.
OS/2 During the mid to late 1980s, Microsoft and IBM had
cooperatively been developing OS/2 as a successor to
DOS. OS/2 1.0, released in 1987, supported
swapping and multitasking and allowed running of
DOS executables.
WIndows 3.1 In response to the impending release of OS/2 2.0,
Microsoft developed Windows 3.1 (first released in
April 1992), which included several improvements to
Windows 3.0, such as display of TrueType scalable
fonts (developed jointly with Apple), improved disk
performance in 386 Enhanced Mode, multimedia
support, and bugfixes.
Windows NT Windows NT is a family of operating systems
produced by Microsoft, the first version of which was
released in July 1993. It is a processor-independent,
multiprocessing, multi-user operating system. The
first version of Windows NT was Windows NT 3.1 and
was produced for workstations and server computers.
I
Windows 95 Windows 95 (codenamed Chicago) is a consumer-
oriented operating system developed by Microsoft. It
was released on August 24, 1995, and was a
significant improvement over the company's previous
DOS-based Windows products.
Windows NT 4.0 Windows NT 4.0 was the successor of 3.51 (1995) and
3.5 (1994). Microsoft released Windows NT 4.0 to
manufacturing in July 1996, one year after the
release of Windows 95
Windows 98 On June 25, 1998, Microsoft released Windows 98
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 (codenamed Memphis). It included new hardware
drivers and the FAT32 file system which supports
disk partitions that are larger than 2 GB (first
introduced in Windows 95 OSR2)
Microsoft Microsoft released Windows 2000 in February 2000.
Windows 2000 It has the version number Windows NT 5.0. Windows
2000 has had four official service packs
Windows 2000 was available in four editions:
• Windows 2000 Professional
• Windows 2000 Server
• Windows 2000 Advanced Server
• Windows 2000 Datacenter Server
Windows ME In September 2000, Microsoft released a successor to
Windows 98 called Windows ME, short for
"Millennium Edition". It was the last DOS-based
operating system from Microsoft.
Windows XP On October 25, 2001, Microsoft released Windows XP
(codenamed "Whistler"). The merging of the Windows
NT/2000 and Windows 95/98/Me lines was finally
achieved with Windows XP. Windows XP uses the
Windows NT 5.1 kernel, marking the entrance of the
Windows NT core to the consumer market, to replace
the aging 16/32-bit branch.
Windows Server On April 25, 2003 Microsoft launched Windows
2003 Server 2003, a notable update to Windows 2000
Server encompassing many new security features, a
new "Manage Your Server" wizard that simplifies
configuring a machine for specific roles, and improved
performance.
Windows XP On April 25, 2005, Microsoft released Windows XP
x64 and Server Professional x64 Edition and Windows Server 2003,
2003 x64 x64 Editions in Standard, Enterprise and Datacenter
Editions SKUs. Windows XP Professional x64 Edition is an
edition of Windows XP for x86-64 personal
computers. It is designed to use the expanded 64-bit
memory address space provided by the x86-64
architecture.
Windows Server Windows Server 2003 R2, an update of Windows
2003 R2 Server 2003, was released to manufacturing on
December 6, 2005. It is distributed on two CDs, with
one CD being the Windows Server 2003 SP1 CD. The
other CD adds many optionally installable features
for Windows Server 2003.
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Windows In July 2006, Microsoft released a thin-client version
Fundamentals of Windows XP Service Pack 2, called Windows
for Legacy PC Fundamentals for Legacy PCs (WinFLP). It is only
available to Software Assurance customers. The aim
of WinFLP is to give companies a viable upgrade
option for older PCs that are running Windows 95,
98, and Me that will be supported with patches and
updates for the next several years.
Windows Home Windows Home Server (codenamed Q, Quattro) is a
Server server product based on Windows Server 2003,
designed for consumer use. The system was
announced on January 7, 2007 by Russel Adolfo.
Windows Home Server can be configured and
monitored using a console program that can be
installed on a client PC.
Windows Vista Windows Vista was released on November 8, 2006 to
business customers - consumer versions followed on
January 30, 2007. Windows Vista intended to have
enhanced security by introducing a new restricted
user mode called User Account Control, replacing the
"administrator-by-default" philosophy of Windows XP.
Windows Server Windows Server 2008, released on February 27,
2008 2008, was originally known as Windows Server
Codename "Longhorn". Windows Server 2008 builds
on the technological and security advances first
introduced with Windows Vista, and is significantly
more modular than its predecessor, Windows Server
2003.
Windows 7 Windows 7 (codenamed Vienna, formerly Blackcomb
is a personal computer operating system developed by
Microsoft. It is a part of the Windows NT family of
operating systems. Windows 7 was released to
manufacturing on July 22, 2009, and became
generally available on October 22, 2009, less than
three years after the release of its predecessor,
Windows Vista. Windows 7's server counterpart,
Windows Server 2008 R2, was released at the same
time.
Windows Server Windows Server 2008 R2 is a server operating system
2008 R2 produced by Microsoft. It was released to
manufacturing (RTM) on July 22, 2009 and launched
on October 22, 2009
Windows Home Windows Home Server 2011 code named 'Vail'[25]
Server was released on April 6, 2011. Windows Home Server
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 2011 is built on the Windows Server 2008 R2 code
base and removed the Drive Extender drive pooling
technology in the original Windows Home Server
release.
Microsoft decided to kill WHS 2011 on July 5, 2012
while including its features into Windows Server 2012
Essentials. Windows Home Server 2011 is supported
until April 12, 2016
Windows Thin In 2011, Microsoft introduced Windows Thin PC or
PC WinTPC, which is a feature- and size-reduced locked-
down version of Windows 7 expressly designed to
turn older PCs into thin clients. WinTPC is available
for software assurance customers and relies on cloud
computing in a business network.
Windows 8 and On October 26, 2012, Microsoft released Windows 8
Windows Server to the public. One edition, Windows RT, runs on some
2012 system-on-a-chip devices with mobile 32-bit ARM
(ARMv7) processors. Windows 8 features a redesigned
user interface, designed to make it easier for
touchscreen users to use Windows. Windows 8
Release Preview and Windows Server 2012 Release
Candidate were both released on May 31, 2012.
Product development on Windows 8 was completed
on August 1, 2012, and it was released to
manufacturing the same day. Windows Server 2012
went on sale to the public on September 4, 2012.
Windows 8 went on sale October 26, 2012.
Windows 8.1 Windows 8.1 and Windows Server 2012 R2 were
and Windows released on October 17, 2013.
Server 2012 R2
Windows 10 Windows 10 is the current release of the Microsoft
Windows operating system. Unveiled on August 30,
2014, it was released on July 29, 2015. It was
distributed without charge to Windows 7 and 8.1
users for one year after release.
Windows Server Windows Server 2016 is a server operating system
2016 developed by Microsoft as part of the Windows NT
family of operating systems, developed concurrently
with Windows 10. The first early preview version
(Technical Preview) became available on October 1,
2014 together with the first technical preview of
System Center. Windows Server 2016 was released on
September 6, 2016 at Microsoft's Ignite conference
and became generally available on October 12, 2016.
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Windows Server Windows Server 2019 was announced on March 20,
2019 2018, and the first Windows Insider preview version
was released on the same day. It was released for
general availability on October 2, 2018
Windows 10 The Windows 10 October 2018 Update (also known as
Redstone 5 version 1809 and codenamed "Redstone 5") is the
sixth major update to Windows 10 and the fifth in a
series of updates under the Redstone codenames. It
carries the build number 10.0.17763.
The first preview was released to Insiders on February
14, 2018. The update was made available to public
consumers on October 2, 2018. On October 6, 2018,
Microsoft halted the public rollout of the update due
to a serious bug that deletes user's files after
updating. On October 9, 2018, Microsoft re-released
the update to Insiders, stating that all known issues
in the update (including file deletion bug) were
identified and fixed
Windows 10 Windows 10 version 1903 (codenamed "19H1") is the
(19h2) seventh major update to Windows 10 and the first to
use a more descriptive codename (including the year
and the order released) instead of the "Redstone" or
"Threshold" codename. The first preview was released
to Insiders who opted in to the exclusive Skip Ahead
ring on July 25, 2018.
Windows 10 The next feature release of Windows 10, codenamed
Codename "19H2", is the eighth major update to Windows 10
19H2 and the second to use a more descriptive codename.
No builds from this version have been released to
Insiders as Microsoft needs a longer lead time for the
development of a further feature release, which is
codenamed "20H1". Microsoft stated that builds from
19H2 will be released later in spring 2019 when
Version 1903 is ready.
Windows 10 The next feature release of Windows 10, codenamed
Codename "20H1", is the ninth major update to Windows 10 and
20H1 the third to use a more descriptive codename. The
first preview was released to Insiders who opted in to
the exclusive Skip Ahead ring on February 14, 2019
Windows 10 The latest Windows 10 1903 (10.0.18362.116)
(1903) released on (May 19, 2019)
Support Status
All editions except LTSB and LTSC:
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 Versions 1507, 1511, 1607, 1703 & 1709 are
unsupported.
Versions 1803, 1809, & 1903 are supported

Apple macOS

Figure1.6 MacBook Pro running macOS Big Sur

macOS previously Mac OS X and later OS is a line of operating systems created

by Apple. It comes preloaded on all new Macintosh computers, or Macs.

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Brief history of macOS

Kodiak On September 13, 2000 Apple released a $29.95 “preview”

version of Mac OS X (internally codenamed Kodiak) in
order to gain feedback from users.
Cheetah On March 24, 2001, Apple released Mac OS X 10.0
(internally codenamed Cheetah)
Puma Later that year on September 25, 2001, Mac OS X 10.1
(internally codenamed Puma) was released
Jaguar On August 23, 2002, Apple followed up with Mac OS X
10.2 Jaguar, the first release to use its code name as part
of the branding.
Panther Mac OS X 10.3 Panther was released on October 24, 2003
Tiger Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger was released on April 29, 2005.
Apple stated that Tiger contained more than 200 new
features.
Leopard Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard was released on October 26,
2007. It was called by Apple “the largest update of Mac
OS X”.
Snow Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard was released on August 28,
Leopard 2009, the last version to be available on disc.
Lion Mac OS X 10.7 Lion was released on July 20, 2011. It
brought developments made in Apple’s iOS, such as an
easily navigable display of installed applications
(Launchpad) and (a greater use of) multi-touch gestures,
to the Mac.
Moutain OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion was released on July 25, 2012.
Lion It incorporates some features seen in iOS 5, which
include Game Center, support for iMessage in the new
Messages messaging application, and Reminders as a to-
do list app separate from iCal (which is renamed as
Calendar, like the iOS app).
Mavericks OS X 10.9 Mavericks was released on October 22, 2013,
as a free update through the Mac App Store worldwide.
Yosemite OS X Yosemite was released to the general public on
October 16, 2014, as a free update through the Mac App
Store worldwide. It featured a major overhaul of user
interface, replaced skeuomorphism with flat graphic
design and blurred translucency effects, following the
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 aesthetic introduced with iOS 7.
El Capitan OS X El Capitan was revealed on June 8, 2015, during
the WWDC keynote speech. It was made available as a
public beta in July and was made available publicly on
September 30, 2015. Apple described this release as
containing “Refinements to the Mac Experience” and
“Improvements to System Performance” rather than new
features.
macOS macOS Sierra was revealed on June 13, 2016, during the
10.12 Sierra WWDC keynote speech. It was released publicly on
September 20, 2016.
macOS It was released to the public on September 25, 2017. Like
10.13 High OS X El Capitan and OS X Mountain Lion, High Sierra is
Sierra a refinement-based update having very few new features
visible to a user, including updates to Safari, Photos, and
Mail, among other changes.
The major change under the hood is the switch to the
Apple File System, which is optimized for solid-state
storage used in most new Mac computers.
macOS It was released on September 24, 2018. The update
10.14 introduced a system-wide dark mode and several new
Mojave apps lifted from iOS, such as Apple News.
macOS It is the sixteenth major release of macOS, Apple’s
Catalina desktop operating system for Macintosh computers. It is
the successor to macOS Mojave and was announced
10.15
at WWDC 2019 on June 3, 2019. Catalina is the first
version of macOS to exclusively support 64-
bit applications.
macOS 11 It is the 17th and current macOS version, it was
Big Sur announced at Apple's Worldwide Developers Conference
(WWDC) on June 22, 2020, and was released to the
public on November 12, 2020.

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Linux

Figure1.7 Linux Ubuntu 20.04 Desktop Interface

It is a family of open source operating systems, which means that they can be
modified and distributed by anyone around the world. This is very different
from proprietary software like Windows, which can only be modified by the
company that owns it (Microsoft). The advantages of Linux are that it is free,
and there are many different distributions (or versions) that you can choose
from. Each distribution has a different look and feel, and the most popular ones
include Ubuntu, Mint, and Fedora.
Linux is named after Linus Torvalds, who created the Linux kernel in 1991.
The kernel is the computer code that is the central part of an operating system.

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OPERATING SYSTEMS FOR MOBILE AND OTHER DEVICES
The operating systems that we've been talking about were designed to run on
desktop or laptop computers. Mobile devices such as phones and tablet devices
are very different from desktop and laptop computers, so they run operating
systems that are designed specifically for mobile devices. Examples of mobile
operating systems include Apple iOS, Windows Phone, and Google Android.

Smartphone running Android 11

Android OS
• An operating system developed by Andy Rubin in October 2003 and later
acquired by Google on August 17, 2005.
• It is a Linux based mobile operating system.

Versions

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Android version 1.0 released on September 23, 2008.
Android version 1.5 (Cupcake) released on April 27, 2009.
Android version 1.6 (Donut) released on September 15, 2009.
Android version 2.0 released (Eclair) on October 29, 2009.
Android version 2.1 released on January 12, 2010.
Android version 2.2 (Froyo) released on May 20, 2010.
Android version 2.3 (Gingerbread) released on December 6, 2010.
Android version 3.0 (Honeycomb) released on February 22, 2011.
Android version 3.1 released on May 10, 2011.
Android version 3.2 released on July 15, 2011.
Android version 4.0 (Ice Cream Sandwich) released on October 8, 2011.
Android version 4.1 (Jelly Bean) released on July 9, 2012.
Android version 4.2 released on November 13, 2012.
Android version 4.3 released on July 24, 2013.
Android version 4.4 (KitKat) released on October 31, 2013.
Android version 5.0 (Lollipop) released on November 3, 2014.
Android version 6.0 (Marshmallow) released on October 5, 2015.
Android version 7.0 (Nougat) released on August 22, 2016.
Android version 8.0 (Oreo) released on August 21, 2017.
Android version 8.1 released on February 27, 2019.
Android version 9.0 (Pie) released on February 27, 2019.
Android version 10 released on September 3, 2019.
Android version 11 released on September 8, 2020.

iOS
it is an operating system developed by Apple originally known as iPhone OS.
It runs on the Apple iPhone, Apple iPad and Apple iPad touch devices.

WearOS

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It an operating system made by Google designed for smartwatches and other
wearable devices.

A smartwatch running on WearOS

Image Srouce: https://wearos.google.com/#stay-healthy

watchOS
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An operating system developed by Apple for their smartwatch devices.

Image Source: https://www.apple.com/ph/watch/

Operating Systems for mobile devices generally aren't as fully featured as those
made for desktop or laptop computers, and they aren't able to run all the same
software. However, you can still do a lot of things with them, such as watching
movies, browsing the internet, managing your calendar, playing games, and
more.

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TERMS AND DEFINITIONS

Graphical User Interface, or GUI (pronounced "gooey"). A GUI lets you use
your mouse to click on icons, buttons, and menus, and everything is clearly
displayed on the screen using a combination of graphics and text.
Microsoft created the Windows operating system in the mid-1980s.
Mac OS is a line of operating systems created by Apple. It comes preloaded on
all new Macintosh computers, or Macs.
Linux is named after Linus Torvalds, who created the Linux kernel in 1991.
The kernel is the computer code that is the central part of an operating system.
Windows 10 Mobile is a mobile operating system developed by Microsoft.
Android "Q" is the upcoming tenth major release and the 17th version of the
Android mobile operating system.
iOS 12 is the twelfth and current major release of the iOS mobile operating
system developed by Apple Inc., being the successor to iOS 11.

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