MOTOSPORTS

Name : Aman kumar sharma

Year of study : 1st
Branch : ELECTRICAL
Technical department : POWERTRAIN- E.V.

aman sharma
 Question no. 1
What is an Electric Motor? Explain BLDC motor and PMSM motor, also
differentiate between them.

Electric motor :-
An electric motor converts electrical power into mechanical power. An electric
motor works on the principle that a force is created by the interaction of a
magnetic field with an electric current. This force causes the motor to rotate.
Electrical motors are used in a variety of applications, including household
appliances, industrial machinery, transportation systems, and robotics. Electric
motors come in various types, such as DC motor, AC motor, synchronous
motor, and asynchronous motor, each of which is suitable for a particular
application based on factors like efficiency, control, and power.

BLDC Motor (Brushless DC Motor) :-

BLDC stands for “brushless direct current motors”. BLDC motors are
synchronous electric motors that do not use brushes or commutators. They use
electronic commutation via a controller to change the current flow in stator
windings instead. BLDC motors are simpler in design than brushed DC motors
and are more efficient, reliable and long-lasting. They are commonly used in
electric vehicles, unmanned aerial vehicles (drones), HVAC systems and
industrial machinery.
Advantages of BLDC motors include:
• Higher efficiency:- BLDC motors typically operate more efficiently than
brushed DC motors due to the absence of brushes, which reduces friction
and wear.
• Longer lifespan:- Since BLDC motors do not have brushes and
commutators, they tend to have longer lifespans and require less
maintenance.
• Smooth operation:- BLDC motors offer smooth and precise control of
speed and torque, making them suitable for applications requiring high
performance and reliability.
 • Compact size and high power density:- BLDC motors can deliver high
power output in a compact and lightweight design, making them suitable
for applications where space is limited.

PMSM Motor (Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor) :-

A Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) is a type of synchronous
electric motor that uses permanent magnets embedded in the rotor to create a
magnetic field. The stator windings of the motor are energized with alternating
current (AC), which generates a rotating magnetic field. The interaction
between this rotating magnetic field and the permanent magnets in the rotor
produces motion.
Advantages of PMSM motors :-
• High efficiency:- PMSM motors can achieve high levels of efficiency,
especially at high speeds and loads, making them suitable for applications
where energy efficiency is critical.
• High power density:- PMSM motors can deliver high power output in a
compact and lightweight design, making them suitable for applications
where space and weight are limited.
• Smooth and precise control:- PMSM motors offer smooth and precise
control of speed, torque, and position, making them suitable for
applications requiring high performance and accuracy.
• Low maintenance:- Since PMSM motors do not have brushes and
commutators, they tend to have longer lifespans and require less
maintenance compared to brushed motors.

Common difference between BLDC & PMSM :-

1. Control Method: BLDC motors use trapezoidal commutation, while
PMSM motors use sinusoidal commutation.
2. Performance: PMSM motors generally offer smoother operation, lower
torque ripple, and higher efficiency compared to BLDC motors.
3. Applications: BLDC motors are suitable for applications where cost-
effectiveness and simplicity are priorities, such as consumer electronics
and automotive applications. PMSM motors are preferred for high-
performance applications requiring precise control, such as robotics,
servo systems, and high-precision machinery.
4. Complexity: PMSM motors may be slightly more complex to control due
to the sinusoidal commutation method compared to BLDC motors, which
use simpler trapezoidal commutation.
5. Efficiency: While both motor types are efficient, PMSM motors may
achieve slightly higher efficiency due to smoother operation and reduced
torque ripple.
 Question no. 2
a) What is a motor controller and what is the use of it.
A motor controller is a device or group of devices that can coordinate in a
predetermined manner the performance of an electric motor. A motor controller
might include a manual or automatic means for starting and stopping the motor,
selecting forward or reverse rotation, selecting and regulating the speed,
regulating or limiting the torque, and protecting against overloads and electrical
faults. Motor controllers may use electromechanical switching, or may use
power electronics devices to regulate the speed and direction of a motor.
Motor controllers are used with both direct current and
alternating current motors. A controller includes means to connect the motor to
the electrical power supply, and may also include overload protection for the
motor, and over-current protection for the motor and wiring. A motor controller
may also supervise the motor's field circuit, or detect conditions such as low
supply voltage, incorrect polarity or incorrect phase sequence, or high motor
temperature.
Common functioning of motor controller:-
1. Speed Control: Motor controllers can adjust the speed of the motor by
regulating the frequency or amplitude of the electrical signals supplied to
the motor windings.
2. Torque Control: Motor controllers can also regulate the torque output of
the motor by adjusting the current supplied to the motor windings.
3. Direction Control: Motor controllers can change the direction of rotation
of the motor by reversing the polarity of the electrical signals applied to
the motor windings.
4. Position Control: In some applications, motor controllers are used to
control the position of a motor shaft or actuator. This is achieved by
combining the motor with position feedback sensors, such as encoders or
resolvers, and using closed-loop control algorithms to maintain the
desired position accurately.
5. Protection and Monitoring: Motor controllers often include built-in
protection features to safeguard the motor and the surrounding equipment
from damage.
b) How you will calculate the tractive effort of an EV car? Explain in brief
and also mention required things.
The tractive effort of an electric vehicle (EV) is a measure of the force exerted
by the vehicle's drive system to propel it forward. It is essential for
understanding the vehicle's performance, especially in terms of acceleration and
climbing ability. Tractive effort can be calculated using several factors,
including motor characteristics, gear ratio, tire size, and vehicle weight
distribution. Here's a brief overview of how you can calculate tractive effort for
an EV:
1. Motor Characteristics: Determine the torque-speed characteristics of the
electric motor used in the EV. This includes the motor's torque curve,
which shows how much torque it can produce at various speeds. You'll
need this information to calculate the torque output of the motor at
different operating conditions.
2. Gear Ratio: Determine the gear ratio of the transmission or gearbox used
in the EV. The gear ratio affects the torque and speed output of the motor,
and therefore, it influences the tractive effort delivered to the wheels.
3. Tire Size: Determine the diameter of the tires mounted on the EV. The tire
size affects the effective leverage between the motor and the road surface,
which influences the tractive effort.
4. Vehicle Weight: Determine the weight of the EV, including the vehicle
itself and any additional payload or passengers. The vehicle's weight
affects the amount of force required to accelerate and overcome
resistance.
Once you have gathered the necessary information, you can calculate the
tractive effort using the following formula:
Te=Tm×Gear Ratio×Overall Gear Ratio
Where:
• Te is the tractive effort (in Newtons or pounds-force).
• Tm is the torque output of the motor (in Newton-meters or pound-feet).
• "Gear Ratio" is the gear ratio of the transmission or gearbox.
• "Overall Gear Ratio" is the overall gear ratio, including any additional
gearing between the motor and the wheels.
The calculated tractive effort represents the force exerted by the motor and
transmitted through the drivetrain to the wheels. This force is what propels the
vehicle forward and allows it to overcome friction, inertia, and other resistive
forces.
 Question no. 3
Write an Arduino program to blink a led continuously for 5 seconds.

Arduino code to blink LED continuously for 5 seconds

// Define the pin for the LED
const int ledp = 8;
void setup()
{
// Set the LED pin as an output
pinMode(ledp, OUTPUT);
}
void loop()
{
// To turn on the LED
digitalWrite(ledp, HIGH);
delay(5000);
// The LED is oned for 5000 miliseconds(5 seconds)
// To turn off the LED
digitalWrite(ledp, LOW)
delay(5000);
// The LED is one again after 5000 miliseconds(5 seconds)
}
 Question no. 4
What is a relay? Explain its working. How relay and contactor are
different.
A relay is a type of electromechanical switch. It uses an electrical current to
control a moving armature. A relay is made up of a coil, and one or more pairs
of contacts. As the current passes through the coil, a magnetic field is generated
that either attracts or repeels the moving armature. This causes the contacts to
either close or open. Relays are used in a variety of applications to control a
high-voltage or high-power circuit with a low-power control signal.

Relay diagram

Relay operates on simple principles : when current passes through it, its magnet
coil gets energized generating magnetic fields which moves armature within the
enclosed space that can be operated manually or automatically by applying
voltage across two contacts points normally closed & normally open.
The switching operation on the other side of device is controlled by the signal
received from one side of the device. A relay is a switch that electromechanically
controls circuit. This device’s primary function is to establish or break contact
with the help of a signal without the need for human intervention to turn it on or
off. Typically , a DC signal is utilised to operate a circuit that is powered by high
voltage , such as when using microcontrollers (Like Arduino UNO etc. ) to
operate AC home appliances.
# Working :-

It works on the principle of an electromagnetic attraction. When the circuit of

the relay senses the fault current, it energises the electromagnetic field which
produces the temporary magnetic field. This magnetic field moves the relay
armature for opening or closing the connections. The small power relay has
only one contacts, and the high power relay has two contacts for opening the
switch.The inner section of the relay is shown in the figure below. It has an iron
core which is wound by a control coil. The power supply is given to the coil
through the contacts of the load and the control switch. The current flows
through the coil produces the magnetic field around it.Due to this magnetic
field, the upper arm of the magnet attracts the lower arm. Hence close the
circuit, which makes the current flow through the load. If the contact is already
closed, then it moves oppositely and hence open the contacts.

Difference b/w relay & contactor :-

Relay:
• Relays are typically used to control low-power or low-voltage circuits.
• They are compact in size and suitable for applications where space is
limited.
• Relays are often used in control panels, automotive electronics, and home
appliances.
• They usually have one or more sets of contacts and are designed for
relatively lower current and voltage ratings.
Contactor:
• Contactors are specifically designed to control high-power or high-voltage
circuits.
• They are larger in size and capable of handling higher currents and voltages
than relays.
• Contactors are commonly used in industrial applications such as motor
control, lighting control, and power distribution.
• They often have multiple sets of contacts and are built to withstand heavy-
duty operation in harsh environments.
 Question no. 5(6)
Provide Suitable fuse rating and size of conductor (in sqmm) for -
a. 12V battery 2200mah
b. 12v battery 7200mah
c. 48v battery 120Ah
d. A buck converter connected to a 48v 120ah battery.

# Fuse rating :- Fuse rating is the maximum value of current that can flow
through without melting the fuse.
# Size of conductor :- An increase in gauge number results in a decrease
of the diameter of a wire.

a. 12V battery 2200mAh

1. Fuse Rating: Since the battery voltage is 12V, and we want to protect
against excessive current draw, a fuse rating slightly higher than the
maximum expected current would be suitable. Let's assume a maximum
expected current draw of 10A.
• Suitable Fuse Rating: 15A (to provide a safety margin)
2. Size of Conductor: To determine the size of the conductor (wire gauge),
we can use a wire gauge chart. For a 12V system with a maximum
expected current draw of 10A, a wire gauge around AWG 14 to AWG 12
would be suitable.
b. 12V battery 7200mAh
1. Fuse Rating: Similar to the previous one, let's assume a maximum
expected current draw of 20A.
• Suitable Fuse Rating: 25A (to provide a safety margin)
2. Size of Conductor: With a maximum current draw of 20A, a wire gauge
around AWG 10 to AWG 8 would be appropriate.
c. 48V battery 120Ah
1. Fuse Rating: Assuming a maximum expected current draw of 50A.
• Suitable Fuse Rating: 60A (to provide a safety margin)
2. Size of Conductor: For a 48V system with a maximum current draw of
50A, a wire gauge around AWG 6 to AWG 4 would be suitable.
d. Buck converter connected to a 48V 120Ah battery
1. Fuse Rating: The fuse rating for the buck converter should be
determined by its maximum input current rating. Let's assume a
maximum input current rating of 10A.
• Suitable Fuse Rating: 15A (to provide a safety margin)
2. Size of Conductor: For a maximum input current of 10A, a wire gauge
around AWG 14 to AWG 12 would be appropriate.

Source pages :-
• https://chat.openai.com/
• https://robocraze.com/blogs/post/what-is-relay-working-applications-
types
• https://www.wikipedia.org/