Pre-Feasibility Study

DAIRY FARM
(25 Animals)

Small and Medium Enterprise Development Authority

Government of Pakistan
www.smeda.org.pk
HEAD OFFICE
6th Floor LDA Plaza Egerton Road, Lahore
Tel 111 111 456, Fax 6304926-7 Websitewww.smeda.org.pk
[email protected]
REGIONAL OFFICE REGIONAL OFFICE REGIONAL OFFICE REGIONAL OFFICE
PUNJAB SINDH NWFP BALOCHISTAN

5TH Floor, Bahria Ground Floor Bungalow No. 15-A

8 th Floor, LDA Plaza, Complex II, M.T. Khan Road, State Life Building Chaman Housing Scheme
Lahore, Karachi. The Mall, Peshawar. Airport Road, Quetta.
Tel: (042) 111-111-456 Tel: (021) 111-111-456 Tel: (091) 9213046-47 Tel: (081) 831623, 831702
Fax: (042)6304926-7 Fax: (021) 5610572 Fax: (091) 286908 Fax: (081) 831922
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

June, 2005
Pre-Feasibility Study Dairy Farm (25 Animals)

1 INTRODUCTION TO SMEDA.......................................................................................................... 3

2 PURPOSE OF THE DOCUMENT..................................................................................................... 4

3 CRUCIAL FACTORS & STEPS IN DECISION MAKING FOR INVESTMENT.......................... 5

3.1 STRENGTHS..................................................................................................................................... 5
3.2 WEAKNESSES.................................................................................................................................. 5
3.3 OPPORTUNITIES............................................................................................................................... 5
3.4 THREATS......................................................................................................................................... 6
4.1. PROJECT PROFILE .................................................................................................................. 6
4.2. OPPORTUNITYRATIONALE.......................................................................................................... 6
4.3. MARKET ENTRY TIMING............................................................................................................. 7
4.4. PROPOSEDBUSINESS LEGAL STATUS........................................................................................... 7
4.5. PROPOSEDCAPACITY.................................................................................................................. 7
4.6. PROJECTINVESTMENT................................................................................................................. 8
4.7. PROPOSEDLOCATION.................................................................................................................. 8
4.8. KEY SUCCESS FACTORS/PRACTICALTIPS FORSUCCESS................................................................ 9
4 SECTOR & INDUSTRY ANALYSIS ................................................................................................ 9
4.1 MAJORPLAYERS............................................................................................................................. 9
4.2 HUBS OF DAIRY FARMING.............................................................................................................. 10
5 MARKET INFORMATION............................................................................................................. 10
5.1 SECTORCHARACTERISTICS............................................................................................................ 10
5.2 MARKET POTENTIAL...................................................................................................................... 11
5.3 TARGET CUSTOMERS..................................................................................................................... 12
6 FARM INPUTS................................................................................................................................. 12
6.1 LAND ............................................................................................................................................ 12
7.1.1. Land Requirement................................................................................................................ 12
7.1.2. Land Lease .......................................................................................................................... 13
7.1.3. Suitable Locations ............................................................................................................... 13
7.1.4. Herd Mix ............................................................................................................................. 13
7.1.5. Buffalo Breed (Bubalus bubalis)........................................................................................... 13
7.1.6. Breeds of Cows Local (Bos indicus), Cross bred and Exotic (Bos taurus)............................. 14
7.1.7. Bull ..................................................................................................................................... 15
7.3. ANIMAL BREEDING ANDMATING SYSTEM................................................................................. 15
7.4. ANIMAL MARKETS.................................................................................................................... 15
7.5. ANIMAL HOUSING..................................................................................................................... 16
7.6. FARM MACHINERY................................................................................................................... 17
7.7. FEED ........................................................................................................................................ 18
7.7.1. Ration for Dairy Animals ..................................................................................................... 18
7.7.3. Mineral Mixture................................................................................................................... 18
7.7.4. Fodder Crop........................................................................................................................ 18
7.7.5. Fodder Production Economics............................................................................................. 19
7.7.5. Daily Fodder Requirement................................................................................................... 20
7.7.6. Wheat Straw (Bhusa or Turi)................................................................................................ 20
7.8. MEDICATION............................................................................................................................ 21
7.8.1. Vaccination & Medicine ...................................................................................................... 21
7.8.2. Artificial Insemination (AI) Charges..................................................................................... 21
7.8.3. Labor Requirement .............................................................................................................. 21
7 FARM OUTPUT............................................................................................................................... 22
8.1. LACTATIONPERIOD.................................................................................................................. 22
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8.2. MILK COMPOSITION.................................................................................................................. 22

8.3. BREEDING STOCK DEVELOPMENT.............................................................................................. 22
8.4. INCREASE INMILK YIELD.......................................................................................................... 22
8.5. SALE PRICE............................................................................................................................... 23
8.6. EVENING MILK......................................................................................................................... 23
8.7. FARM REVENUES...................................................................................................................... 23
8.8. MALE CALVES.......................................................................................................................... 23
8 USEFUL TERMINOLOGY ............................................................................................................. 23

9 FINANCIAL ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................. 24

9.1 INCOME STATEMENT..................................................................................................................... 24
9.2 BALANCE SHEET STATEMENT........................................................................................................ 25
9.3 CASHFLOWSTATEMENT................................................................................................................ 26
9.4 REVENUE ASSUMPTIONS................................................................................................................ 27
10ANNEXURE 1................................................................................................................................... 29

11ANNEXURE 2................................................................................................................................... 31

12ANNEXURE 3................................................................................................................................... 33

13ANNEXURE 4................................................................................................................................... 37

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DISCLAIMER
The purpose and scope of this information memorandum is to introduce the subject
matter and provide a general idea and information on the said area. All the material
included in this document is based on data/information gathered from various sources
and is based on certain assumptions. Although, due care and diligence has been taken
to compile this document, the contained information may vary due to any change in any
of the concerned factors, and the actual results may differ substantially from the
presented information. SMEDA does not assume any liability for any financial or other
loss resulting from this memorandum in consequence of undertaking this activity. The
prospective user of this memorandum is encouraged to carry out additional diligence
and gather any information he/she feels necessary for making an informed decision.

For more information on services offered by SMEDA, please contact our website:
www.smeda.org.pk

DOCUMENT CONTROL
Document No. PREF-16
Revision 2
Prepared by SMEDA-Punjab
Issue Date Mar, 2002
Revised in June, 2005
Issued By Library Officer

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1 INTRODUCTION TO SMEDA
The Small and Medium Enterprise Development Authority (SMEDA) was established
with the objective to provide fresh impetus to the economy through the launch of an
aggressive SME support program.
Since its inception in October 1998, SMEDA had adopted a sectoral SME development
approach. A few priority sectors were selected on the criterion of SME presence. In depth
research was conducted and comprehensive development plans were formulated after
identification of impediments and retardants. The all-encompassing sectoral development
strategy involved recommending changes in the regulatory environment by taking into
consideration other important aspects including finance, marketing, technology and
human resource development.
SMEDA has so far successfully formulated strategies for sectors including, fruits and
vegetables, marble and granite, gems and jewelry, marine fisheries, leather and footwear,
textiles, surgical instruments, transport and dairy. Whereas the task of SME development
at a broader scale still requires more coverage and enhanced reach in terms of SMEDA’s
areas of operation.
Along with the sectoral focus a broad spectrum of business development services is also
offered to the SMEs by SMEDA. These services include identification of viable business
opportunities for potential SME investors. In order to facilitate these investors, SMEDA
provides business guidance through its help desk services as well as development of
project specific documents. These documents consist of information required to make
well-researched investment decisions. Pre-feasibility studies and business plan
development are some of the services provided to enhance the capacity of individual
SMEs to exploit viable business opportunities in a better way.
This document is in the continuation of this effort to enable potential investors to make
well-informed investment decisions.

2 PURPOSE OF THE DOCUMENT

The objective of the pre-feasibility study is primarily to facilitate potential entrepreneurs
to facilitate investment and provide an overview about dairy and livestock farming. The
project pre-feasibility may form the basis of an important investment decision and in
order to serve this objective, the document covers various aspects of dairy and livestock
concept development, start-up, production, finance and business management. The
document also provides sectoral information, brief on government policies and
international scenario, which have some bearing on the project itself.
This particular pre-feasibility is regarding “Dairy Farm” which comes under “Livestock
and Agriculture” sector. Before studying the whole document one must consider following
critical aspects, which form the basis of any investment decision.

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3 CRUCIAL FACTORS & STEPS IN DECISION MAKING

FOR INVESTMENT
Dairy production is all-inclusive activity, related to animal care, reproduction, feeding,
and management. It is defined as all those aspects and activities relating to rising of
dairy animals during their various phases of life to get wholesome milk. Before making
the decision, whether to invest in the dairy and livestock farming or not, one should
carefully analyze the associated risk factors. A SWOT analysis can help in analyzing
these factors, which can play important role in making the decision.

3.1 Strengths
x Back bone and main stay of economy. Provides raw material for food &
Leather industry.
x Major source of food, i.e. Milk& Meat
x Source of FarmYard Manure (FYM).
x Sizeable foreign exchanges earning through exports.
x Wide scope of Milk Production, ranking 5th in the world.
x Ample human resource employment sector.
x Stationed, Permanently located secured loaning sector.
x Contended nature. Low cost living standard.
x Full family involvement, Devoted & Hardworking Sector.

3.2 Weaknesses
x Low or lack of interaction with farmers. Poor information about each other.
Lack of extension services.
x Lack of education and initiative in farmer, traditional approach due to lack
of skills and management.
x Unorganized sector, unaware of basic farm management practices.
x Remote area, lack of farm to market approach & transportation.
x Non-availability of communication services.
x Lack of farm/ market infra structures & marketing information.
x Lack of record keeping on farm.
x No or low application of research work and pedigree record keeping.
x Management of dairy farm is a challenging job.
x Nutrition is still a problem hampering the livestock productivity in general
and milk production in particular
x Enormous production losses due to endemic diseases every year.

3.3 Opportunities
x Govt. of Pakistan & Sate Bank of Pakistan priority sector.
x Dairy products needs are much higher than supply.
x Ample opportunities are available in the Banking Sector.
x Commercially viable sector with great credit potential and absorption capacity.
x Vast range of area of operation, more needs and scope of development.

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x Value added dairy products are in demand.

x Massive migration of labour to cities can be checked / stopped.
x Corporate financing will become a niche in lending market.
x Cooperatives can play a big role for development in dairy sector like India.

3.4 Threats
x Implementation of WTO will result in open & competitive commodity pricing.
x Due to fear of default, banker community has reluctance for lending loans.
x High risks of diseases in live stock.
x Defective and unorganized markets.
x Imbalance between prices of inputs & outputs.
x Rising trend of cost of production with higher rate of interest as compared to profit
ratio.
x Lack of media projection, non-recognition of problems and monopoly of
multinationals.
x Lack of community organizations and out dated farm practices.
x Lack of coordination towards common causes & goals.
x Lack of awareness about economics, demand & supply in market.
x Low saving, low holding capacity. Increasing level of poverty.
x Non-availability of subsidy, tax holidays.

4 PROJECT PROFILE

4.1. Opportunity Rationale

Livestock production is an integral part of Pakistan's agriculture sector and
plays a vital role in national economy. At present, livestock is contributing about
49.1% to the agricultural sector and 11.4 per cent to the GDP. Its net foreign
exchange earnings in 2003-04 were 53 billion, which is about 11 percent of the
overall export earnings of the country. The role of livestock in rural economy
may be assessed by the fact that 30 to 35 million of the total rural population is
engaged in livestock farming, having 2 to 3 cattle/buffalo and 5 to 6 sheep/goats
per family deriving 30 to 40 per cent of income from it.
Table 4-1 Population of livestock (million)1
2
Species 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04(E )
Cattle 22.0 22.4 22.8 23.3 23.8
Buffalo 22.7 23.3 24.0 24.8 25.5
Sheep 24.1 24.2 24.4 24.6 24.7
Goats 47.4 49.2 50.9 52.8 54.7

1
Source =Economic Survey of Pakistan, 2003-04
2E = Estimated

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Table 4-2 Production of Livestock Products

Product 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03
Milk (million tones) 24.877 25.566 26.284 27.031 27.811
Beef (000,tones) 963 986 1010 1034 1060
Mutton(000,tones) 633 649 666 683 702
Dairy farming is an agro-based project, which comprises of two aspects: dairy
production and dairy technology. Dairy production is an all-inclusive activity,
related to dairy animal care, reproduction, feeding, management and is defined
as all those aspects and activities relating to raising of dairy animals during
their various phases of life to get wholesome milk. Dairy technology relates to
all aspects of processing milk to convert it into various products. This
conversion of milk into product is practicable only if it is economically viable.
Dairy animals, mainly buffaloes and cows are purchased from the animal markets or
breeders located in peri urban areas of cities like Karachi, Islamabad, Lahore,
Okara, Sahiwal, Sheikhupura, Bahawalpur, Multan, Sargodha and Faisalabad. Dairy
animals are fed on protein sources (concentrate) along with plenty of green fodder.
Animals are milked twice a day i.e. morning and evening. The milk is sold at the
farm or may be directly sold in the urban market. The milk price varies according
to its quality and the season. Buffalo milk is sold at Rs 14-16 per liter at the farm
gate and Rs 20-22 in the urban market. Cow milk is sold at Rs 11-13 per liter at
the farm and Rs. 18-20 in the urban markets.

4.2. Market Entry Timing

The demand of milk in summer is high as compared to winter. That’s why the
animals in summer are sold at a bit higher prices as compared to winter. So the
proposed business can be started before the onset of summer season. At the
commencement of the proposed business, it is important that the entrepreneur
must have good knowledge of the production and have contacts with the livestock
breeders and farmers. The ability to work with people and animals, and efficient
use of resources are important aspects in modern and commercial dairy farming.

4.3. Proposed Business Legal Status

The proposed legal structure of the business entity is either sole proprietorship
or partnership. Although selection totally depends upon the choice of the
entrepreneur but this financial feasibility is based on Sole Proprietorship.

4.4. Proposed Capacity

The feasibility study suggests an initial herd size of 25 animals, which is
economical to justify the overhead cost. The farm size will increase to 100
animals within 10 years. Herds mix of 70% cows and 30% buffaloes are
recommended to get the maximum milk production round the year.

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Buffaloes (NiliRavi, Kundi) with second lactation (calving) 8 heads

Cows (Crossbred/ Local)) with second lactation (calving) 17 heads
A cow, on average, yields 12-14 liters of milk a day over a lactation period of 285 days
whereas a buffalo, on average, yields 10 liters a day over a lactation period of 305 days.

4.5. Project Investment

The total cost of the project is Rs.2, 822,502, out of which capital cost of the
project is Rs. 2,384,491 for purchasing the animals and constructing the
building and the rest is used to meet the working capital requirement.

Table 4-3 Project Costs (Rs)

Account Head Total Cost (Rs)
Building/Infrastructure 478,191
Machinery & equipment 137,300
Animal Cost3 1,697,000
4
Pre-operating costs 72,000
Total Capital Cost 2,384,491
Raw material inventory 38,011
Upfront land lease rental 320,000
Working Capital Requirement (Rs) 438,011
Total Investment (Rs) 2,822,502
The proposed pre-feasibility is based on the assumption of 50% debt and 50%
equity. However this composition of debt and equity can be changed as per the
requirement of the investor.

Table 4-4 Project Financing

Debt 50% 1, 411, 251
Equity 50% 1, 411, 251
Total project Investment 2,822,502
Table 4-5 Project Economics
Viability Equity Project
IRR (%) 29 25
NPV @20% (Rs) 919,771 2,569,983
Pay Back Period (year) 8.39 8.23

4.6. Proposed Location

The main agricultural, and dairying lands are in the great plains of the valley of the Indus
and its tributaries (see Figure 14-1 in annexure 4) in the Punjab, Sindh and to a lesser

3 Includes cost of supporting animals i.e. a donkey and a bull costing Rs. 7,000 and Rs. 25,000
respectively.
4 Includes 5 months salary of Farm Manager and 1 month salary of workers.

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extent the North West Frontier Province (NWFP). Irrigated land, about 16,000,000
hectares is by far the most important from the point of view of dairy production; there are
also about 5,000,000 hectares of rainfedbarani)( land.

4.7. Key Success Factors/Practical Tips for Success

Commercial dairy farmers depend on land, labor and animals as the major resources. The
thrust in modern dairy farming is on the increased use of capital and management.
Successful dairy farming harnesses all available resources into productive and profitable
unit. Dairy farming is highly complex as it includes breeding, management, feeding,
housing, disease control and hygienic production of milk on farm. The judicial use of
means and resources to achieve clearly defined goals is the key success factor in modern
dairy farming i.e. the art of maximization and optimal utilization of resources and means
for maximizing productivity and profits.
The low yielder animals are uneconomical to keep, hence these should be culled. The
over all genetic improvement of all the dairy animals is necessary for improved milk
production. It involves milking records at equal intervals, selection of bull from high
producing mothers, progeny testing of breeding bull and then making extensive use of
these bulls by well-organized Artificial Insemination (AI) program.
Feeding dairy animals on nutritious and high yielding hybrid varieties of forages can be
adopted. The surplus forage should be preserved as silage or hay.
Other farm management practices include feeding for growth, lactation, pregnancy or
maintenance, hygienic milk production, comfortable and ventilated barns, spraying/
wallowing of animals in summer, timely detection of heated, mating, with selected bull or
AI service. If animals are bred within the 60-90 days of calving provided with clean
surroundings, drinking water and feed according to the requirements, the over all
performance of herd can be improved.
Timely vaccination against Rinderpest, Black Quarter, Foot and Mouth Disease,
Brucellosis along with the prevention of mastitis and parasitic control will also improve
the over all performance of dairy herd.
Hygienic milk production depends upon healthy animals, clean surroundings, clean hands
of milkman and clean utensils.

5 SECTOR & INDUSTRY ANALYSIS

5.1 Major Players

Dairy farming is not an organized sector in Pakistan. More than 90% of farming is done
on subsistence level. There are very few progressive farmers, which are running the
business of dairy farming in a professional manner. Milk processing was started in late
1970s, which is still facing challenges due to competition with the unprocessed milk. The
processed milk has captured only 2% of the total milk market. Processed milk is not the
consumer's preference due to high price differential. There are 28 milk-processing plants
in the country, which were installed in mid 1980s to promote usage of processed milk.
Most of these milk plants are closed due to lack of professional management, inadequate
milk supply and poor marketing campaign of the processed milk.

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Table.5.1 Land Holdings

Size of the Farm in No. of Farms % Farm Area % Avg. size of
hectares (ha) (Hectare) Farm Area (ha)
Private Farms 5,070,963 - 19,149,673 - 3.8
Government Farms 149 - 103,035 - -
All Farms 5,071,112 100 19,252,672 - 100
Under 0.5 678,538 13 193,126 1 0.3
0.5 -< 1.0 689,233 14 510,397 3 0.7
1-<2 1,036,286 20 1,446,796 8 1.4
2-<3 841,295 17 1,973,800 10 2.3
3-<5 857,387 17 3,309,432 17 3.9
5-<10 623,110 12 4,134,346 22 6.6
10- < 20 237,929 5 3,032,872 16 12.7
20- < 60 91,831 2 2,613,767 14 28.5
More than 60 15,354 - 1,935,101 10 126.0
(Source: Agricultural Statistics, 1999-2000).
Table 5-2 Milk Processing Plants currently in operation
Project Products Location
Noon Pakistan. Milk powder/ butter Bhalwal-Sarghodha
Nestle Milkpak. UHT milk /Ghee Sheikupura &Kabir Wal a
Prime Dairies. Pasteurized milk/yogurt Manga-Lahore
Idara-e-Kisan (Halla). Pasteurization milk/UHT Pattoki/ Lahore
Chaudhry Dairy. UHT milk, milk powder Bhai Pheru
Am-Pak Dairy. Pasteurization milk Raiwind-Lahore
Royal Dairy. UHT milk Karachi

5.2 Hubs of Dairy Farming

The development of urban or pert-urban commercial dairy farms is something
new in livestock production. Metropolitan cities like Lahore, Karachi, Multan,
Rawalpindi, etc are the major markets of milk. Hence, dairy farms established in
peri urban areas of these cities fulfill the daily need of these cities.

6 MARKET INFORMATION

6.1 Sector Characteristics

The size of this sector is still growing. Commercial Dairy farms have been
set up in peri urban areas. Few of the commercial dairy farms are:
1. Sar Sabz Dairy Farm, Okara
2. Green Sands Livestock Farm, Jhang
3. Muzafarabad Livestock & Dairy Farms, Chishtian, Bahawalnagar.

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4. Imam Dairy Farms, Khanewal

5. Arshad Dairy Farm, Fateh Jang, Attock

6.2 Market Potential

Pakistan is the fifth largest milk producer in the world. Milk production in year 2003-
04 was about 27.81 million tons. Raw milk is used for drinking and tea making
purpose. In rural areas, milk is used to make desi ghee, yogurt, wheylasi)( and butter.
Rural as well as the urban households are the major consumers of milk.
Figure 6-1 Market Value of Dairy & Livestock in Pakistan
Market Value of Dairy & Livestock in Pakistan
(year 2003-04) : Rs 362 Billion

Other
Livestock Meat
Products 28%
14%

Milk
58%

(Source: Agricultural Statistics of Pakistan, 2003-04)

The daily milk intake of major cities of Lahore & Karachi is 2-3 million liters and 4 million
liters respectively. The demand for milk increases during summers as the consumption of
whey lassi)( rises due to hot weather. Ghee is obtained by heating the milk to evaporate
water and removing the curd. Liquid butter oil with 93% fat content and a much smaller
volume results. It is easy to store and resists spoilage even at tropical temperatures. The
ghee from buffalo milk is white and that from cow milk yellow. Dahi or curd (similar to
yogurt) is another popular product. If not refrigerated it must be consumed within 24 hours.
Khoya is a popular sweet. It is prepared by condensing the milk to about 20% fat. Sugar and
some spices are added in order to obtain desirable flavors. It is a high value product
however it also has a relatively short shelf life.
Milk processing companies use milk as a raw material to formulate different types of milk
i.e. pasteurized milk, UHT treated milk, condensed milk, skim milk & milk powder, etc.
Different value added products like yogurt, ice cream, butter and cheese are also prepared
from the raw milk. The processed milk market has increased its share in quality conscious
consumers. The processed milk has achieved 4% share in Lahore milk market during the
last two decades. The milk market is growing at a growth rate of 4.5% annually with
increase in milk consumption. Metropolitan cities are the major markets for the sale of milk.
Milk can be sold at farms or directly to milk centers in the urban market. Gawallas 5 collect
milk from farmers in villages and deliver it at the consumer’s doorstep.
Milk collection networks of different processing companies also collect milk
directly from the farm and transport it to the processing facilities.

5 Local term used for milkman.

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6.3 Target Customers

This pre feasibility study suggests that milk will be sold on farm door through
3
contractors,gawalas or people around that area or may be pasteurized at farm
by the farmer and then deliver it to the near by city. Following are some of the
target clients for a dairy farmer.
1. Local people
2. Gawalas
3. Milk collection companies
4. Contractors
The cost of production per liter of raw milk should be lower than its sale price
so that farmer could feel it economical.

7 FARM
INPUTS 7.1 Land

7.1.1. Land Requirement

About 63.9 acres of land is required for a dairy farm project of animals starting from
25 animals to a target herd size of 100 animals in a period of 10 years. The area of
fodder production can be minimized if farmer distributes the land in different fodder
plots according to different growing seasons i.e. in a rotation annually. Majority of this
land would be used for growing green fodder for the animals. The other part would be
used for building sheds for the animals to protect them from severity of the weather.
Table 7-1 Land Requirements
Description Area (Acres)
Shed for Cows 0.06
Open Paddock for Cows 0.12
Shed for Buffaloes 0.03
Open Paddock for Buffaloes 0.06
Shed for Calves 0.04
Open Paddock for Calves 0.07
Shed for Calves (older than one year) 0.04
Open Paddock for Calves (older than one year) 0.06
Stores for fodder, concentrate & machine room 0.04
Utensils & milk storage 0.01
Servant Room, Wash room 0.03
Water Pond 0.07
Land for fodder 63.27
Total Land Requirement 63.90

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7.1.2. Land Lease

Lease is a better option for a new investor. Land on lease is available in rural areas
for a period of 5-15 years. Advance rent for a few years will be charged initially.
Good agriculture land is available with an annual rent of Rs 10,000 per acre.

7.1.3. Suitable Locations

Peri urban and rural areas where water is available to irrigate the crops are
suitable locations for establishing a dairy farm.

7.1.4. Herd Mix

The ideal mixed herd should consist of 70% cows and 30% buffaloes for the
viability of a farm. The cows are comparatively high yielders as compared to
buffaloes. This means that there will be 17 cows and 8 buffaloes in a mixed herd.
Table 7-2 Important Cattle & Buffalo Breeds in Pakistan
Species Milch Purpose Dual purpose Draught purpose

Nili Ravi
Buffaloes
Kundi
Sahiwal (Swl) Tharparkar (Heavy) Bhagnari &
Dajal
Cattle
Red Sindhi Kankrej (Medium) Dhanni
(Light) Rojhan & Lohan i
Swl x Holstein
Cross bred Friesian (HF)
Cattle
Swl x Jersey

7.1.5. Buffalo Breed (Bubalus bubalis)

Only in Pakistan and India, there are well-defined breeds with standard qualities.
There are 18 River buffalo breeds in South Asia, which are further classified into
5 major groups designated as the Murrah, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Central Indian
and South Indian breeds. The best known breeds are Nili Ravi, Jafarabadi, Surti,
Mehsana,Kundi, Murrah, and Nagpuri. Most of the buffaloes of the Indian
subcontinent belong to a nondescript group known as the Desi buffalo.
Nili Ravi and Kundi are the best dairy breeds of buffaloes in Pakistan. The Nili-Ravi is
found mainly in Lahore, Sheikhupura, Faisalabad, Sahiwal, Multan and Bahawalnagar
districts in Punjab Province. Their color is black and their average weight at maturity is 800
kg for the male and 525 kg for the female.They have a wedge shape, massive frame, small
curly horns, and wall eyes. They often have white markings on the forehead, face, muzzle
and legs and white switch of tail (buffaloes with such markings highly desired and popularly
called "Panj Kalian"). They have a large, strong udder and are generally docile. The Kundi
breed is found in Dadu, Hyderabad, Karachi, Larkana, Nawabshah,

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Sanghar and Thatta districts in Sind Province. The color is solid black. The average
weight at maturity for the male is 600 kg and 375 kg for the female.
The purchase price of a buffalo in second lactation on average is Rs 70,000. The price of
an animal depends upon its body configuration (condition), previous production and the
production of its ancestors especially dam. The price of buffalo is higher in the summer
and the monsoon season while lower in winter. Milch animals in second or third lactation
are preferred, as the probability of increase in milk production is higher.

7.1.6. Breeds of Cows Local (Bos indicus), Cross bred and Exotic (Bos taurus)
In crossbred cattle, 1For F2 of crosses of Sahiwal x Jersey & Sahiwal x Holstein Fresien are
preferred whereas in local breeds, Sahiwal cattle are suitable to start a dairy farm. The
Sahiwal is one of the best dairy breeds in Pakistan. It is tick-resistant, heat-tolerant and
noted for its high resistance to parasites, both internal and external. Cows much higher
milk yields have been recorded. Due to their heat tolerance and high milk production they
have been exported to other Asian countries as well as Africa and the Caribbean.
The Red Sindhi originated in the Sindh but due to its hardiness, heat resistance and high
milk yields they have spread into many parts of India and at least 33 countries in Asia,
Africa, Oceania and the Americas. They are normally a deep, rich red color but this can
vary from a yellowish brown to dark brown. Males are darker than females and when
mature may be almost black on the extremities, such as the head, feet and tail.
The Tharparkar breed is used for milk production and as draft animals. Tharparkar cattle
are found in the areas in the vicinity of Umarkot, Naukot, Dhoro Naro, Chhor, Mithi,
Islamkot, Khari Ghulam Shah and Kach. The cows have an average weight of 408 kg.
The Holstein cow originated in Europe. The major historical development of this breed
occured in Netherland and more specifically in the two northern provinces of North
Holland and Friesland. Holsteins are most quickly recognized by their distinctive color
markings and outstanding milk production. Holsteins are large, stylish animals with color
patterns of black and white or red and white. Holstein heifers can be bred at 15 months of
age, when they weigh about 325 kgs body weight between 24 and 27 months of age.
Holstein gestation is approximately nine months. The normal productive life of a
Holstein is six years.
The Jersey breed originated on the Island of Jersey, a small British island in the English
Channel off the coast of France. The breed was known in England as early as 1771 and
was regarded very favorably because of its milk and butterfat production. Adaptable to a
wide range of climatic and geographical conditions, outstanding Jersey herds are found
from Denmark to Australia and New Zealand, from Canada to South America and from
South Africa to Japan. They are excellent grazers and perform well in intensive grazing
programs. They are more tolerant of heat than the larger breeds. With an average weight
of 350kgs, the Jersey produces more milk. per kg of body weight than any other breed.
The color in Jerseys may vary from a very light gray or mouse color to a very dark fawn
or a shade that is almost black. Both the bulls and females are commonly darker about the
hips and about the head and shoulders than on the body.
Australian Friesian Sahiwal breed is being developed in Australia by the Queensland
Government for use in the tropical areas. The breed was evolved using the Sahiwal from
Pakistan, and the Australian Holstein-Friesian. Since the 1960’s when research work
began on this breed, notable progress has been achieved towards the objective of

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combining tick resistance and heat tolerance with reliable milk production and fertility. It
has now been extensively tested in the tropical and sub-tropical areas of Australia. Milk
quality is good - protein level is 3.4 percent and butterfat is approximately four percent.
These animals are available at an average price of Rs 60,000-65,000 per animal. The
photos of different breeds are given in annexure 4.

7.1.7. Bull
The elite bull (the bull selected on the basis of the milk production performance of its
ancestors, this is called pedigree selection) is kept at the farm for natural mating in the
herd separately for cows and buffaloes. Buffaloes are seasonal breeders and usually do
not show the signs of heat. Hence, to avoid the prolonged calving intervals, timely natural
or Artificial Insemination is necessary. One bull of good health and adult body weight can
serve a herd of 50 buffaloes. Same is the case in cattle herd. A bull of 2 years age and 300-
350 kgs weight is available at Rs 25,000.

7.3.Animal Breeding and Mating System

A desirable mating system determines which male will be allowed to mate with which
female or group of females among the available breeding stock. The mating systems
which may be used on a dairy farm are:
1. Inbreeding
2. Out breeding (Cross breeding & Grading)
Inbreeding is the mating of animals that are closely related to each other. This system can
be utilized with some advantages if practiced with heavy culling and selection. Although
inbreeding lowers milk production, but a small amount of inbreeding is involved in pure
breeding for keeping the foundation livestock herd uncontaminated from crossing with
ordinary or less useful livestock.
When non-relative animals of the same breed are mated together, the system is termed
outbreeding. When animals belonging to two different breeds are involved, the mating is
called crossbreeding. Outbreeding combined with selection is an important tool for
improvement in total production of herd. This system brings about immediate
improvement in milk production in next generation.
Grading is another practice of breeding native farm animals with purebred bulls of a
specific breed e.g. Sahiwal or Red Sindhi. The offspring thus produced will have at least
50% inheritance of male. The females off springs of the cross are again mated with
purebred bull. In the second-generation females, the inheritance of the male will be 75%.
The process is repeated generation after generation so that the inheritance of the purebred
male reaches approximately 99% by the sixth or seventh generation in the up graded
females. This method of improvement can be fully exploited by using the frozen semen of
exotic dairy cattle breeds e.g. Holstein Friesien, Jersy etc. on the native cattle of Pakistan
to increase milk production. Very encouraging results have been obtained through
artificial insemination (AI).

7.4.Animal Markets
Animal markets (mandies), Government and private livestock farms are the main sources
for purchasing milk animals. Animal markets are situated in different places in Punjab,

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which includes Sheikupura, Okara, Sahiwal, Arifwala, Muridke and Jhelum.

These markets operate on rotational basis in a week, or once a month.
There are different contractors available in the markets who help locating the
proper animals. These contractors work on commission basis and the
commission rate charged may vary from 1-2% of the animal price.

7.5.Animal Housing
Sheds of the animals should be airy with protection of the animals from extreme
temperatures and strong winds. The animal housing should be facilitated with
drinking water for animals. There should be proper drainage system to keep
hygiene at the farm. It consists of a built up animal shed, a brick soling paddock
for animals, calving pens in which pregnant animals are kept separated from
other animals before calving, one room for milk storage, one room for storing
farm equipment and one for compound feed storage.
The animals can be dehorned, as they are easier to handle in barns and cause
less accidental injury to neighboring animals, handlers, walls and trees.
Table 7-3 Space Requirement
Description Sq ft
Shed space for a cow/buffalo 40
Open Paddock for a cow/buffalo 80
Shed for a calf 40
Open paddock for a calf 80
Shed for a calf (older than one year) 26
Open Paddock for a calf (older than one year) 40
Stores for fodder & concentrate plus machine room 36
Utensils & milk storage 60
Servant room, wash room 12
Water pond 4
Table 7-4 Total Infrastructure Cost
Description Sq.ft Rate/Sq.ft Total Cost
Shed for Cows 840 150 126,000
Open Paddock for Cows 1680 5 8,400
Shed for Buffaloes 320 150 48,000
Open Paddock for Buffaloes 640 5 3,200
Shed for Calves 460 150 69,030
Open Paddock for Calves 708 5 3,540
Shed for Calves (older than one year) 275 150 41,278
Open Paddock for Calves (older then one year ) 459 5 2,293
Stores for fodder, concentrate & machine roo m 440 150 65,959
Utensils & milk storage 147 150 21,986

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Servant Room, Wash room 366 200 73,288

Water Pond 761 20 15,216
6
Total Infrastructure Cost 7096 478,191

7.6.Farm Machinery
The pre-feasibility suggests, hiring tractor for land preparation to grow
fodder crops. Only few farm equipment like fodder chopper, water pumps,
milk utensils will be purchased.
Table 7-5 Farm Equipment
Capacity
Farm supplies Rate (No. of Rs.
Animal)
Calf feeder 1,200 5 7,200
Teat Dip Cup 350 10 1,050
Toka machine (chef cutter) 12,000 100 12,000
Water pump 5,000 1 5,000
Generator (Peter engine–20HP) 200,000 300 20,000
Tube Well 20,000 1 18,000
Capacity
Miscellaneous Supplies Rate (No. of Rs.
Animal)
Freezer 20,000 25 40,000
Mule Cart 5,000 50 5,000
Ceiling Fans 2,000 10 6,000
Exhaust Fans 1,800 10 5,400
Miscellaneous farm utensils 3,900
Electrical fixtures(lighting, etc) 7,800
Total Cost (Rs) 131,350
Additional investment during
7 5,950
required years
Total Machinery Cost 137,300

6 Total space requirement has been rounded off.

7As the capital cost will be budgeted for 4 years, therefore the initial machinery and equipment cost has
been calculated on the basis of th4 year machinery requirement.

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7.7. Feed

7.7.1. Ration for Dairy Animals

The ration is allowance of nutritionally balanced feed in 24 hours. It includes green
8

fodder and concentrate to increase animal productivity. Wheat strawisalso used

as dry roughage along with green fodder. About 1 kg of concentrate is required
for the production of 2.5-3 liters of milk. These feed ingredients when mixed
according to feed formula will provide adequate energy according to energy
and protein requirements of animal in production.
Table 7-6 Details of Raw Material (Concentrate Feed)
Material Percentage Cost (Rs./Kg) Total Cost (Rs.)
Input
Cottonseed cake/ Maize grain 15% 9 135.0
Corn gluten 20% 6 120.0
Rice Polish 20% 7 140.0
Wheat straw/ Rice bran 22% 6 132.0
Molasses 15% 3 45.0
Urea 2% 10 20.0
Salt 2% 2 4.0
DCP 2% 14 28.0
Vegetable Oil 2% 49 98.0
Total 100% 722.0
The concentrate feed price is Rs 10 per kg if purchased from market. The cost
of concentrate will be lowered if feed ingredients are mixed on farm it would
be approximately be Rs. 7.22 per kg.

7.7.3. Mineral Mixture

This is used as a feed supplement. It includes a mix of minerals (magnesium,
iron, sodium and salts). Mineral mixtures are good source of energy and
increase the animal productivity to give milk.

7.7.4. Fodder Crop

Fodder is grown at the land, which is acquired on lease or owned by the entrepreneur.
Due to increased demand, improved forage crops such as multi-cut oats, berseem,
lucerne, Sorghum- Sudan grass hybrids, mott grass, sorghum, maize and millet have
been developed. These have become very popular in irrigated areas such as Kasur,
Sheikhupura, Gujranwala, Faisalabad, Sargodha, and Renala Khurd (Punjab), Nowshera,
Charsada, Mardan, and Peshawar (North West Frontier Province), and Hyderabad,
Sukkur, Larkana and Nawabshah in Sindh for peri-urban dairies. Details of fodder

8 A byproduct of wheat harvesting used

as dry roughage for livestock and

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cultivars released by Research Institutions in Pakistan are given in Annex 3

(Table 13-4). Average forage yields in Pakistan are extremely low compared
to yields obtained on research institutes and from well-managed farms and
fields. These are very low as compared to their potential, with 22.8 tons per
hectare a recent estimateReference:.( FAO Statistical Databases)
Although improved varieties and technology are available, they have been slow to
reach the dairy farms. Recent medium scale on-farm work has indicated that yields can
be enhanced two to three fold by using available improved varieties and appropriate
agronomic techniques. In an area where land and irrigation are the major limiting
factors to enhancing fodder production, intensification is the only way to meet the
needs for forage. Intensive and economical forage production per unit area per season
would be the best choice. Also efforts should be made to produce and provide sufficient
quantities of seed of multicut forage varieties and hybrids like mott grass to
commercial dairy farms. The fodder yield (except multi cut Mott Grass which yield
100-150 tones/ acre in 4 to 6 cuttings per year) varies between 10 tons to 40 tons per
acre depending upon the fertility of land, quality of seed and application of fertilizer.
Table 7-7 Types of Dry & Green roughage
Dry Roughage Green Roughage
Summer Fodder Winter Fodder
Wheat Straw Maize Barseem
Rice Straw Sorghum Alfalfa (Lucerne)
Oat Straw Millet Oats
Maize/Sorghum Stubble Mott Grass Rye Grass
Sugarcane Baggass Sadabahar Sugarcane tops
Cotton Seed Hulls Guar
Corn Cobs
(Reference: Livestock & Dairy Development Department, Lahore)
(Reference: FAO Statistical Databases)

7.7.5. Fodder Production Economics

The comparative economic feasibility of various forage crops produced
under various farming systems is shown in Table 7-8.
Table 7-8 Economics of forage production under improved production
system per hectare in Pakistan
Item Forage Crop
Maize Sorghum S. S hybrid Berseem Lucerne Oats
Land preparatio n 938 974 974 875 875 750
Seed & Sowing 1,200 688 2,000 1,250 1,250 1,250
Fertilizer 1,750 1,750 5,000 2,500 2,500 2,250
Irrigation 750 750 1000 1,100 750 500
Land 1,750 1,750 4,500 6,250 6,250 1,875
Revenue/rent
Harvesting/Trans 1,875 1,750 3,500 3,000 3,750 3,000

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port
Total 8,263 7,662 13,774 14,825 15,635 9,625
expenditure
Yield (Kilos) 80,000 79,750 160,000 102,500 103,750 115,000
Price/kg (Rs) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.50 1.50 1.25
Variable Costs:Seeds, fertilizers, land preparation, irrigation, harvesting, Transport etc
Source: FAO Statistical Databases (2002)

7.7.5. Daily Fodder Requirement

There is no fixed fodder requirement for the animals but a rule of thumb says
that an animal needs daily fodder equal to 9%-10% of its body weight (3% of
live body weight on Dry Matter Basis). According to estimates, buffalo
consumes 50-55 kg fodder daily while cow consumes about 40-45 kg.

7.7.6. Wheat Straw (Bhusa or Turi)

Wheat straw is major, typical, and very popular dry roughage. It is always chaffed, and is
the main or even only major dry roughage used on almost all the dairies. Traditional
threshing methods break the straw into short pieces,bhoosa, and modern mechanical
threshers have been designed to break the straw. Often sources of wheat straw are far
from urban dairies of rainfed areas, sometimes in other provinces. In all urban dairies
visited wheat straw was bought at Rs. 2 per kilo (80 Rs per mond) or even more; in the
harvest season, however, in places where it is produced, it is available at Rs. 0.40-1.0 per
kilogram. In recent years baling units have been installed in central Punjab; bales are
transported to major cities, and even to Gilgit, Skardu, and Chitral.

Cost (Rs)
1,500
1,000
1,000
1,500
5,000
Table 7-9 Cost for Green Fodder per Acre9
Practice
Fertilizer
Cultivator cost
Seed
Irrigation
Total Cost (Rs.)
Table 7-10 Daily Feed Requirements
Animal Daily Requirement (kg) Cost/kg Amount
Cow
Green Fodder 40.00 0.10 4.00
Dry Roughage 5.00 2.00 10.00
Concentrate 3.18 10.00 31.78
Total 45.78
Buffalo
Green Fodder 50 0.10 5.00
9 The fodder cost does not include the land

cost it is given in a separate head of land

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Dry 5 2.00 10.00

Concentrate 3 10.00 31.78
Total 46.78

7.8.Medication

7.8.1. Vaccination & Medicine

Vaccination & medicine is required to prevent any disease outbreak in the animal herd.
Each new animal will be vaccinated before entering into the farm. It will cost Rs. 500 for
both cow and buffalo per year. Vaccines are produced at Veterinary Research Institute,
Ghazi Road, Lahore. The vaccines are provided to the Government Farms and Hospitals on
payment. Farmers can also obtain these vaccines on payment according to prescribed
schedule from the Institute. Technical guidance is also provided to the farmers. Farmers
can have their animals vaccinated from the field Veterinary Hospitals and Centers.

7.8.2. Artificial Insemination (AI) Charges

Artificial Insemination (AI) charges will be Rs 300 per animal for both cow and
buffalo. There are Four Semen Production Units (SPU) in Punjab, which works
under Directorate of Breed Improvement, Livestock & Dairy Development
Department, 16-Cooper Road, Lahore.
i) SPU, Qadirabad District Sahiwal
ii) SPU, Karaniwala District Bahawalpur
iii) SPU, Kallur Kot District Bhakkar
iv) SPU, Kherimurat District Attock.
For A.I. Services, the farmers are charged @ Rs.30/per insemination for local
cattle and Buffalo and Rs.60/ for imported breed. Besides use of semen at the
Provincial level, it is also supplied to the sister provinces and abroad. Semen
of various breeds is also sold to the Private practitioners.

7.8.3. Labor Requirement

For a dairy enterprise, manpower is required for performing different animal husbandry
practices at the farm e.g. feeding, watering, milking and care of animals etc. One mature
person can handle eight milk animals easily. Six farm workers are recommended for
handling 50-animals. A supervisor cum farm manager can be hired to supervise all the
farm activities. The supervisor with B.Sc. (Honors) degree in Animal Husbandry (AH)
may be hired as a farm manager so that he can handle the farm practices, administration
& account matters at the dairy farm.
Table 7-11 Labor Requirements
Description No. Salary/month/Person Annual Salary (Rs)
Farm Manager 1 10,000 120,000
Workers 4 3,000 144,000
Total Labor Cost 5 264,000

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8 FARM OUTPUT

8.1. Lactation Period

The lactation period is the period during which the animals yield milk. These animals are
called wet animals. Generally the lactation period of cows is 280 days and that of
buffaloes is 305 days. For calculation, the feasibility has taken 80% of the total number of
cows as wet cows and 70% of the total number of buffaloes as wet buffaloes. The calving
interval (The interval between two calvings) in a buffalo is about 18-20 months, while cow
has15-16 months. The average milk yield of buffaloes is estimated at 1500 to 2300 liters
per lactation

8.2.Milk Composition
Buffalo milk contains less water, more total solids, more fat, slightly more lactose, and
more protein than cow's milk. It seems thicker than cow's milk because it generally
contains more than 16% total solids compared with 12-14% for cow's milk. The butterfat
content is usually 6-8%. Cow's milk butterfat content is usually between 3% and 5%.
Because of its high butterfat content, buffalo milk has considerably higher energy value
than cow's milk. Phospholipids are lower but cholesterol and saturated fatty acids are
higher in buffalo milk. Studies have shown that this does not adversely affect the
digestibility. Because of the high fat content, the buffalo's total fat yield per lactation
compares favorably with that of improved breeds of dairy cattle.
Normally the protein in buffalo's milk contains more casein and slightly more albumin
and globulin than cow's milk. The mineral content of buffalo milk is nearly the same as
that of cow's milk except for phosphorus, which occurs in roughly twice the amount in
buffalo milk. Buffalo milk tends to be lower in salt.
Buffalo milk lacks the yellow pigment carotene, precursor for vitamin A, and its
whiteness is frequently used to differentiate it from cow's milk in the market. Despite the
absence of carotene, the vitamin A content in buffalo milk is almost as high as that of
cow's milk. Apparently the buffalo converts the carotene in it's diet directly to vitamin A.
The two milks are similar in B complex vitamins and vitamin C, but buffalo milk tends to
be lower in riboflavin.

8.3.Breeding Stock Development

The proposed farmer will raise breeding stock, both future breeding bull and future dairy
animals at his own farm by selecting good off springs of high producers. The first
generation (F1) will be capable of giving milk after 3 years in case of cows and 4 years in
case of buffaloes.

8.4. Increase in Milk Yield

The milk yield will be improved as a result of appropriate breeding systems discussed
earlier. Low yielding animals are sold in the market. On an average, cows are productive
for 7 to 8 years while buffaloes are productive for 8 to 9 years.

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8.5.Sale Price
Near the urban market, the selling price of buffalo’s milk will be Rs 20-22 while cow’s
milk will be Rs 18-20 per liter.

8.6.Evening Milk
Milk can be stored in a freezer with a capacity of 250 liters at the farm if milk collection
is not possible in the evening.

8.7.Farm Revenues
Farm revenue will increase with the passage of time, as the milk production will increase
with the growth in herd size as well as its quality.

8.8.Male Calves
Male calves will be sold at the farm sooner after birth for Rs 3,000-4,000 per animal.
They can also be reared in separately for beef production.

9 USEFUL TERMINOLOGY

Breed
Animals that, through selection and breeding, have come to resemble one another
and pass those traits uniformly to their offspring.
Compound feed
Any ground mixture of ingredients intended for feeding the animals. It includes a
concentrate mixture accordingly to formula.
Dehorning
The process of removal of horns (in adult animal) or horn buds (in young calves).
The process may be done by mechanical or chemical means.
Feedstuffs
Any substance of nutritive and biological value used in production of compound feed.
Heifer
The term refers to young female bovine that reaches puberty age and is ready to breed.
Home Mixed Feed
Feed prepared on farm.
Oil seed Cake
Mass resulting from the processing of seeds, which is rich in protein and is used as a
source of feed for livestock, e.g. cottonseed cake, maize oil cake etc.
Ration
Amount of balance feed in 24 hours

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10 FINANCIAL ANALYSIS

10.1 Income Statement

C a lc u l a t i o n s SMEDA
Income Statement

Y ea r 1 Y ea r 2 Y ea r 3 Y ear 4 Y ear 5 Y e ar 6 Y e ar 7 Y e ar 8 Y e ar 9 Y e ar 1 0
Revenue from sale of milk 1,471,680 1,545,264 1,690,133 1,916,610 2,291,946 2 ,7 97,852 3 ,5 33,511 4 ,7 24,016 6 ,2 73,882 8 ,5 85,252
Other income 32,500 33,550 154,275 243,896 247,722 363,002 395,141 619,166 1,048,460 3,437,281
Total 1,504,180 1,578,814 1,844,408 2,160,506 2,539,668 3,160,854 3,928,651 5,343,183 7,322,342 12,022,533
Cost of sales
Cost of goods sold 1 (Feed Cost) 456,136 478,073 505,859 562,686 646,217 809,857 961,806 1,282,647 1,724,683 2,329,939
Medicine , Vaccination & Insemination Charge 1 6 ,900 1 7 ,745 1 9 ,349 2 1 ,821 2 6 ,073 3 1 ,524 4 0 ,069 5 3 ,962 7 2 ,026 9 8 ,820
Operating costs 3 (direct electricity & fuel charge 1 8 ,250 2 1 ,111 2 4 ,010 2 7 ,687 3 3 ,750 4 0 ,902 5 0 ,451 6 5 ,928 8 4 ,769 1 1 2 ,359
Total cost of sales 4 9 1 ,287 5 1 6 ,929 5 4 9 ,218 6 1 2 ,194 7 0 6 ,040 8 8 2 ,283 1 ,0 52,326 1 ,4 02,537 1 ,8 81,477 2 ,5 41,118
Gross Profit 1,012,893 1,061,885 1,295,189 1,548,312 1,833,628 2 ,2 78,571 2 ,8 76,325 3 ,9 40,645 5 ,4 40,864 9 ,4 81,415

General administration & selling expenses

Administration expense 264 ,000 289 ,703 317 ,909 348 ,861 435 ,031 4 7 7 ,386 5 8 6 ,729 7 8 1 ,822 1 ,0 09,343 1 ,3 56,827
Land lease rental expense 320 ,000 320 ,000 320 ,000 320 ,000 320 ,000 3 5 2 ,000 3 5 2 ,000 3 5 2 ,000 3 5 2 ,000 3 5 2 ,000
Office expenses (stationary, entertainment, ja 5 ,280 5 ,794 6 ,358 6 ,977 8 ,701 9 ,548 1 1 ,735 1 5 ,636 2 0 ,187 2 7 ,137
Professional fees (legal, audit, consultants, et 7 ,358 7 ,726 8 ,451 9 ,583 11 ,460 1 3 ,989 1 7 ,668 2 3 ,620 3 1 ,369 4 2 ,926
Depreciation expense 37 ,640 37 ,640 37 ,640 37 ,640 95 ,639 9 5 ,639 9 5 ,639 9 5 ,639 2 3 2 ,532 2 3 2 ,532
Amortization o f pre -operating costs 7 ,200 7 ,200 7 ,200 7 ,200 7 ,200 7 ,200 7 ,200 7 ,200 7 ,200 7 ,200
Sub total 641 ,478 668 ,063 697 ,558 730 ,261 878 ,030 9 5 5 ,762 1 ,0 70,970 1 ,2 75,918 1 ,6 52,631 2 ,0 18,622
Operating Income 371 ,415 393 ,822 597 ,632 818 ,050 955 ,598 1 ,3 22,809 1 ,8 05,356 2 ,6 64,727 3 ,7 88,233 7 ,4 62,794

Other income (interest on cash ) - - - - - - - - - -

Earnings Before Interest & Taxes 371,415 393,822 597,632 818,050 955,598 1,322,809 1,805,356 2,664,727 3,788,233 7,462,794

Interest on short term debt - 4 ,523 7 ,670 3 ,147 - - - - - -

Interest expense on long term debt (Debt facilit 186 ,849 155 ,819 120 ,211 79 ,351 32 ,462 - - - - -
Interest expense on long term debt (Debt facilit - - - - - - - - - -
Sub total 1 8 6 ,849 1 6 0 ,342 1 2 7 ,881 8 2 ,498 3 2 ,462 - - - - -
Earnings Before T ax 184,567 233,480 469,750 735,552 923,136 1,322,809 1,805,356 2,664,727 3,788,233 7,462,794

Taxable earnings for the year 184 ,567 2 3 3 ,480 4 6 9 ,750 7 3 5 ,552 9 2 3 ,136 1 ,3 22,809 1 ,8 05,356 2 ,6 64,727 3 ,7 88,233 7 ,4 62,794
Tax 83,055 105,066 211,388 330,999 415,411 595,264 812,410 1,199,127 1,704,705 3,358,257
NET PROFIT/(LOSS) AFTER TAX 1 0 1 ,512 1 2 8 ,414 2 5 8 ,363 4 0 4 ,554 5 0 7 ,725 7 2 7 ,545 9 9 2 ,946 1 ,4 65,600 2 ,0 83,528 4 ,1 04,537

Balance brought forward 101 ,512 229 ,926 488 ,288 8 9 2 ,842 1 ,4 00,567 1 ,0 64,056 1 ,0 28,501 1 ,2 47,050 1 ,6 65,289
Total profit available for appropriation 101 ,512 229 ,926 488 ,288 892 ,842 1,400,567 2 ,1 28,112 2 ,0 57,001 2 ,4 94,101 3 ,3 30,579 5 ,7 69,826
Dividend 50% - - - - - 1,064,056 1,028,501 1,247,050 1,665,289 2,884,913
Balance carried forward 101 ,512 229 ,926 488 ,288 892 ,842 1,400,567 1 ,0 64,056 1 ,0 28,501 1 ,2 47,050 1 ,6 65,289 2 ,8 84,913

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10.2 Balance Sheet Statement

Statement Summaries SMEDA

Balance Sheet

Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10
Assets
Current assets
Cash & Bank 80,000 12,191 - - 78,230 271,390 16,443 40,735 300,179 869,287 2,981,851
Raw material inventory 38,011 41,831 46,476 54,282 65,457 86,134 107,409 150,401 212,345 301,208 -
Pre-paid annual land lease 320,000 320,000 320,000 320,000 320,000 352,000 352,000 352,000 352,000 352,000 -
Total Current Assets 438,011 374,023 366,476 374,282 463,687 709,524 475,852 543,136 864,525 1,522,495 2,981,851
Fixed assets
Land - - - - - - - - - - -
Building/Infrastructure 478,191 454,281 430,372 406,462 1,270,071 1,201,786 1,133,500 1,065,215 2,400,191 2,261,743 2,123,294
Animals 1,697,000 1,697,000 1,697,000 1,697,000 1,697,000 1,697,000 1,697,000 1,697,000 1,697,000 1,697,000 1,697,000
Revaluation Surplus/ (loss) - 129,200 209,560 387,336 841,041 1,182,030 1,952,142 3,052,473 4,413,453 5,232,762 -
Net value of animals 1,697,000 1,826,200 1,906,560 2,084,336 2,538,041 2,879,030 3,649,142 4,749,473 6,110,453 6,929,762 1,697,000
Machinery & equipment 137,300 123,570 109,840 96,110 218,615 191,261 163,908 136,554 776,500 682,417 588,333
Total Fixed Assets 2,312,491 2,404,051 2,446,772 2,586,908 4,026,727 4,272,077 4,946,550 5,951,242 9,287,144 9,873,921 4,408,627

Intangible assets
Pre-operation costs 72,000 64,800 57,600 50,400 43,200 36,000 28,800 21,600 14,400 7,200 -
Training costs - - - - - - - - - - -
Total Intangible Assets 72,000 64,800 57,600 50,400 43,200 36,000 28,800 21,600 14,400 7,200 -
TOTAL ASSETS 2,822,502 2,842,874 2,870,847 3,011,590 4,533,614 5,017,601 5,451,202 6,515,978 10,166,069 11,403,617 7,390,478

Liabilities & Shareholders' Equity

Current liabilities
Accounts payable - - - - - - - - - - -
Total Current Liabilities - - 60,569 42,150 - - - - - - -

Other liabilities
Long term debt 1,411,251 1,200,911 959,541 682,564 364,726 - - - - - -
Total Long Term Liabilities 1,411,251 1,200,911 959,541 682,564 364,726 (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0)

Shareholders' equity
Paid-up capital 1,411,251 1,411,251 1,411,251 1,411,251 2,435,004 2,435,004 2,435,004 2,435,004 4,505,565 4,505,565 4,505,565
Gain/ (Loss) on revaluation of ani - 129,200 209,560 387,336 841,041 1,182,030 1,952,142 3,052,473 4,413,453 5,232,762 -
Retained earnings - 101,512 229,926 488,288 892,842 1,400,567 1,064,056 1,028,501 1,247,050 1,665,289 2,884,913
Total Equity 1,411,251 1,641,963 1,850,737 2,286,875 4,168,887 5,017,601 5,451,202 6,515,978 10,166,069 11,403,617 7,390,478
TOTAL CAPITAL AND LIABILITI 2,822,502 2,842,874 2,870,847 3,011,590 4,533,614 5,017,601 5,451,202 6,515,978 10,166,069 11,403,617 7,390,478

- - (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0)

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10.3 Cashflow Statement

- - (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0)
Statement Summaries SMEDA
Cash Flow Statement

Rs. in actuals
Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10

Operating activities
Net profit - 101,512 128,414 258,363 404,554 507,725 727,545 992,946 1,465,600 2,083,528 4,104,537
Add: depreciation expense - 37,640 37,640 37,640 37,640 95,639 95,639 95,639 95,639 232,532 232,532
amortization expense - 7,200 7,200 7,200 7,200 7,200 7,200 7,200 7,200 7,200 7,200
Raw material inventory (38,011) (3,820) (4,644) (7,806) (11,175) (20,677) (21,276) (42,992) (61,944) (88,863) 301,208
Cash provided by operations (38,011) 142,531 168,609 295,396 438,218 589,886 809,108 1,052,793 1,506,495 2,234,397 4,645,477

Financing activities
Change in long term debt 1,411,251 (210,340) (241,370) (276,977) (317,838) (364,726) - - - - -
Change in short term debt - - 60,569 (18,419) (42,150) - - - - - -
Add: land lease expense - 320,000 320,000 320,000 320,000 320,000 352,000 352,000 352,000 352,000 352,000
Land lease payment (320,000) (320,000) (320,000) (320,000) (320,000) (352,000) (352,000) (352,000) (352,000) (352,000) -
Issuance of shares 1,411,251 - - - 1,023,753 - - - 2,070,561 - -
Cash provided by / (used for) financi 2,502,502 (210,340) (180,801) (295,396) 663,765 (396,726) - - 2,070,561 - 352,000

Investing activities
Capital expenditure (2,384,491) - - - (1,023,753) - - - (2,070,561) - -
Cash (used for) / provided by investi (2,384,491) - - - (1,023,753) - - - (2,070,561) - -

NET CASH 80,000 (67,809) (12,191) - 78,230 193,160 809,108 1,052,793 1,506,495 2,234,397 4,997,477

Cash balance brought forward 80,000 12,191 - - 78,230 271,390 16,443 40,735 300,179 869,287
Cash available for appropriation 80,000 12,191 0 - 78,230 271,390 1,080,499 1,069,236 1,547,230 2,534,576 5,866,764
Dividend - - - - - - 1,064,056 1,028,501 1,247,050 1,665,289 2,884,913
Cash carried forward 80,000 12,191 - - 78,230 271,390 16,443 40,735 300,179 869,287 2,981,851

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10.4 Revenue Assumptions

Sales
Selling Assumptions
Unit
M ilk/Cow/Day 14 Ltrs.
M ilk/Buffalo/Day 10 Ltrs.
Wet Cows as % Total no. 80% %
Wet Buffalos as % Total n 70% %
No. of Days in Year 365 Days
Sale Price of developed progeny
Cow 60,000 Rs.
Buffalo 70,000 Rs.
Female calf(cow) older the 20,000
Female calf(buffalo) older 20,000
Sale Price/Culled cow 30,000 Rs.
Sale Price/Culled Buffalo 30,000
Sale Price/Low yeilder cow 16,000 Rs.
Sale Price/Low yeilder buf 20,000
Sale Price/Male calf 5,000 Rs.

Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Animals
Average # of cows 18 18 19 21 24 29 34 42 52 67
# of lactating cows 14 14 15 17 19 23 27 34 42 54
Average# of buffalos 8 8 8 8 9 9 12 17 23 31
# of lactating buffalos 6 6 6 6 6 6 8 12 16 22
# of calve 13 12 16 18 23 28 35 46 56 74
Calve older than one yea 0 5 4 6 7 10 12 16 21 26
Calve older than one yea 0 2 2 2 5 6 7 12 16 18
Total animals older the 26 32 33 37 45 54 65 87 111 142
Total Animals 39 45 49 54 68 82 101 133 167 216

Animals Sold During the Year

# of Cow Progeny sold 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
# of Buffalo Progeny sold 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 9
# of culled cows sold - - 2 3 3 3 3 4 5 4
# of culled buffalos sold - - 1 2 1 2 1 3 4 5
# of low yielders (cows) - - - - - - - - - -
# of low yielders (buffalos) - - - - - - - - - -
# of Male Calve sold 7 6 8 9 11 14 18 23 28 37
Total Animals Sold 7 6 11 13 15 19 22 30 38 61

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Production of milk (ltrs) Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10
Cows 202 202 213 235 269 325 381 470 582 750
Buffalos 56 56 56 56 63 63 84 119 161 217
Milk for calve 4 4 5 5 7 8 11 14 17 22

Net Annual milk prod 92,601 92,688 96,404 104,350 118,624 138,467 165,787 210,135 265,216 345,005

Revenue from Sale of Milk (Rs.)

Daily 4,032 4,032 4,200 4,536 5,166 6,006 7,224 9,198 11,634 15,162
Annual 1,471,680 1,471,680 1,533,000 1,655,640 1,885,590 2,192,190 2,636,760 3,357,270 4,246,410 5,534,130

Other Revenue (Rs.)

Sale of Developed Progen - - - - - - - - 72,571 1,017,838
Sale of Culled Cows - - 64,500 85,230 78,375 87,390 90,825 107,145 157,238 117,315
Sale of Culled Buffalos - - 24,000 53,762 34,135 67,693 43,972 96,523 119,462 137,746
Sale of Low Yielder Cow - - - - - - - - - -
Sale of Low Yielder Buffa - - - - - - - - - -
Sale of Calves 32,500 30,500 39,000 44,250 56,688 70,313 88,250 114,063 139,844 184,844
32,500 30,500 127,500 183,242 169,197 225,396 223,047 317,730 489,114 1,457,743

Total Annual Revenue 1,504,180 1,502,180 1,660,500 1,838,882 2,054,787 2,417,586 2,859,807 3,675,000 4,735,524 6,991,873

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11 ANNEXURE 1

Table 11-1:Vital Statistics of Cattle & Buffaloes

Parameters
Rectal Temperature 101.5 degrees F (38.5 degree C)
Heart Rate 60-70 beats/minute
Respiratory Rate 30 breaths/minute
Table 11-2:Traits of Farm Animals
Parameters Buffalo Cattle
Age at puberty 40 months or 3 yr,4 months 24-28 months
Estrous duration 25 hrs 17 hrs
Estrous cycle 21 days 21 days
length
Gestation length 315+_5 days 282+_5 days
Dry period 5-6 months 8-9 months
Service period 4-5 months 2-3 months
Age at first calving 3 to 3.5 yr. 2.5 to 3 yr.
Calving interval 1.5 yrs 1 yr. 3 months
Table 11-3:Common Diseases of Livestock
Infectious Diseases
Disease Symptoms Preventive measures Medication

Anthrax Fever, grinding of teeth, release Vaccination in February. Antibiotic therapy

of blackish blood from natural Dead animal should be
openings, which doesn’t clot. buried in 6 feet deep pit
without any postmortem.
Foot and mouth Excessive salivation, Pustules on FMD vaccine after every 4 FMD Serum, cleaning
Disease lips, tongue and between the clef t months especially before th e of pustules by
of hooves, staggering gait onset of rainy season. potassium
weakness due to inability of permanganate solution ,
ingestion. cleaning of hooves by
phenyl solution
Non Contagious Diseases
Indigestion Loss of appetite, watering fro m 5 grams Stomach
mouth, stiffening of rume n, powder (mixed in fee d
bloating, severe pain in stomach or dissolved in water )
twice a day
Bloating Difficult breathing due to air Avoid grazing early i n Mustard (Sarson) oil &
(air trapped in trapped in stomach, animal m ay morning especially on fodd er turpentine oil mixe d
stomach) die due to suffocation with dewdrops. with chloral hydrate
mixed in drinking
water.
Dysentery Diarrhea, smelling feces, Avoid excessive intake o f Calcium carbonate ,
weakness milk especially in newbor n magnesium carbonate
kids. and bismuth carbona te
Avoid wheat straw or sti ff dissolved in water O R
feed during dysentery entox tablets OR

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nimkol with
sulfademadine (4-5 cc) .
Offer rice groule t o
affected animals
Internal Parasites
Liver flukes Weakness, off feed, jaundice in No grazing around stagna nt Zanil or Carbon tetra
severe cases, swelling on joints water chloride OR nilzan plu s,
oral administration
Round Worms Weakness, diarrhea, anemia, h air Fecal samples should b e Systamax or rental, or al
fall from body coat examined for roundworms. administration

Ectoparasites

Flies/ ticks/ Irritation on body coat, sometim es Cleanliness in sheds, Apply sulfur oil,
maggots holes in skin, loss of hair fro m Spray of DDT in shed tetmasol or ecoflax on
body coat wounds and dipping of
whole herd with a 0.15
% solution of negavan.

Table 11-4: Vaccination Schedule

Name of Name of Qty Time for Duration of Preventive
Disease Vaccine administered Vaccination Immunity Measures
(ml)
Foot & Mouth Foot & Mouth 5 ml Start of spring 4 months Should be given
Disease Vaccine 4 months prior
(FMD) to the expected
symptoms of
disease.
Anthrax Anthrax spore 0.5 ml March-April or One year Every year
vaccine monsoon season vaccination
should be done
every year.
Rabies Anti rabies 10 ml According to need One year Vaccine should
(Bowla Pun) vaccine be used right
after
preparation.
Hemorrhagic HS vaccine 5-10 ml Start of Spring 4 months Should be given
Septicemia (HS) 4 months prior
to the expected
symptoms of
disease.

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12 ANNEXURE 2

Table 12-1: Calving Register

Sr. Dam No. Sire No. Date of calving Sex of calf Wt. of calf Remarks
no
1.
2.

Table 12-2: Disposal of Death

Sr. no Animal/Dam No. Date of birth Sex Mode Cost Remarks
1.
2.

Table 12-3: Reproduction/Insemination/Pregnancy

Diagnosis/Follow up/Treatment
Sr. no Animal No. Date of last calving No. of services Last date of Sire No. Result Rema
service rks
1.
2.

Table 12-4: Daily Milk Production

Sr. no No. of Milk Milk sold Income from Day's wet Herd Rema
animals prod. sale average average rks
a. Morning
b. Evening

Table 12-5: Details of Purchase / Sale of product/byproduct (Feed and

fodder's, medicines, ingredients, animal, etc.)
Sr. no Particulars Quantity Per unit rate Total cost Remarks
1.
2.

Table 12-6: Calving & Calf Disposal

Sr. no Date of birth Dam No. Sire No. Sex of calf Wt. of calf at birth Disposal Date Remarks

Table 12-7: Reproduction Performa

Brand No....................... Date of birth................. Dam No............... Date of 1st heat...........................

History sheet--------------------

Sr. no Particulars 1st calving 2nd calving 3rd calving 4th calving 5th calving
1. Service
(Date/Sire No.)

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Table 12-8: Conception Record

Date of Pregnancy Diagnosis------------------ Result------------------ Date of conception---

-------------------
Excepted date of calving------------------ Actual date of calving------------------ Sex of
calf------------------

Table 12-9: Reproductive Health

Disorder------------------- Treatment------------------ Follow-up-------------------

Table 12-10: Individual Milking Record

Sr. no Order of Cow Date of Weekly recording Date when Days in milk Total
calving No. calving Morning dried milk yield
Evening

Table 12-11: Herd Health Register

Date Animal History Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Detail of vaccination Cost of treatment
or hygiene

Table 12-12: Monthly Expenses & Income Report

Sr. no Particulars Quantity Rate (per unit) Total cost

Table 12-13: Periodical Weighing Register

Sr. no Tattoo No. Brand No. Date of Wt. at weeks Wt. at months Wt. at Remarks
(Dam's) (Animal) birth 0,1,2…11,12 3,6,9,12,18,24 Service/
Calving

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13 ANNEXURE 3

Table 13-1: Contacts of Different Livestock Breeders

S. Name Contacts Farm Postal Address
No
1 Malik Abdul Sattar Dogar Mob.03004108537 Sheikhupura Malik Sardar Ali
Res. 04931-406561 Dogar & Sons, Grain
Off. 04931-50185 Market, Sheikhupur a
2 Naeem Ullah Malik Res. 042-5838993 Bhawalnaga 128-B, Garden Block ,
0632 002710 r New Garden Town,
Mob. 0300-4858290 Lahore.
3 Syed Faisal Imam Res. 06512-440121 Kabirwala 18-Off, Zafar Ali
06512-440123 (Khanewal) Road, Gulberg V
Lahore.
4 Hafiz Wasi Muhammad Mob. 0320-5572643 Jhang 169-Block B, Awais
Khan 0300-6500223 Chowk, Satellite
Res. 0471-621697 Town, Jhang Saddar.
5 Amir Gill Mob. 0320-5573577 Jhang Gill Livestock Farm,
Res. 0471-671313 Post Office Khewa,
0471-671260 Chiniot Road, Tehsil
(Ext. 202) & District Jhang.
6 Safdar Saleem Sial Mob. 0320-5572572 Jhang F-Block, Near MCB,
Res. 0471-622660 Satellite Town,
Jhang.
7 Mumtaz Khan Manaise Mob 0320-5600231 Tibba Sultan Tibba Sultan Pur
0673-692000 Pur, Vehari Vehari

8 Mr. Fazal Ghaffar Raja 051-2653141-3 0300- Tehsil Fteh H#40, St# 20, Sector
8541903 Jang, F-7/2, Islamabad.
District
Attock
9 Ch. Omar Nazir 042-5757136 Sarsabz 7-Aziz Avenue,
Dairy Canal Bank Road,
Farms, Gulberg v,
Renala Lhr
Khurd,
District
Okara
Table 13-2: Livestock Experimentation Stations, Livestock & Dairy
Development Department, Punjab
Sr. Name of LES / Total Area Designation of Farm Address
No. GLF (acre) farm Incharge
1. Khushab 968 Superintendent Livestock Experiment Station, Khushab Tehsil &
District Khushab
2. Khizerabad 7669 Superintendent Livestock Experiment Station, Khizarabad Chak
No. 60-NB, via Bhalwal, Tehsil & District
Sarghoda.
3. Jahangirabad 3373 Superintendent Livestock Experiment Station, Jahangirabad via
Kacha Khuh, Tehsil & District Khanewal.
4. Shah Jewena 597 Manager Livestock Experiment Station, Shah Jewena Teh
& District Jhang.

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5. Rakh Mahni 9171 Superintendent Government Livestock Farm, Rakh Mahni Cam p
Office, Hyderabad Thall, Tehsil Mankara, Distr ict
Bhakkar
6. Rakh 14472 Officer Incharge Livestock Experiment Station, Khairewala,
Khairewala (Angora Goat) P.O. Khairewala, Tehsil Chouba ra,
District Layyah
7. TDA / 205 926 Manager Fine Wool Sheep Farm, 205 / TDA
Chak No. 205/TDA, Sarai Mahajar, Tehsil
Mankara, District Bhakkar
8. Kallurkot 3592 Superintendent Government Livestock Farm, Kallurkot Tehsil
Kallurkot, District Bhakkar
9. Rakh Ghulaman 10273 Superintendent Government Livestock Farm, Rakh Ghulaman
Tehsil Kallurkot, District Bhakkar
10. Allahdad 2117 Manager Livestock Experiment Station, Allahdad via
Jahanian, Tehsil & District Khanewal
11. Sher Garh 1451 Manager Livestock Experiment Station, Sher Garh via
Renala Khurd, Tehsil & District Okara
12. Darkhana 2810 Manager Livestock Experiment Station, Darkhana Tehsil
Kabirwala, District Khanewal
13. Fazilpur 3501 Officer Incharge Livestock Experiment Station, Fazilpur Tehsil
Fazilpur, District Rajanpur
14. Chak Katora 1304 Officer Incharge Livestock Experiment Station, Chak Katora
via Hasilpur, Tehsil Hasilpur, District Bahawal
15. Jogaitpeer 5200 Superintendent Government Livestock Farm, Jogaitpeer
Tehsil & District Bahawalpur
16. Haroonabad 627 Manager Livestock Experiment Station, Haroonabad
Tehsil Haroonabad, District Bahawalnagar
17. Kot Amir Shah 198 Manager Livestock Experiment Station, Kot Amir Shah
Tehsil Chiniot, District Jhang
18. Rakh Dera 705 Manager Livestock Experiment Station, Rakh Dera Chal
Chahl Bedian Road, Tehsil & District Lahore
Table 13-3: List of vaccines and their prices at Veterinary Research
Institute, Ghazi Road, Lahore.
Vaccines/Sera/Antigens Packing With Bottles Price

Haemorrhagic Septicaemia Bottle of 300 ml (60 doses) Rs.90.00

Black Quarter Vaccine Bottle of 300 ml (60 doses) Rs.80.00
Enterotoxaemia Bottle of 300 ml (100 doses) Rs.67.00
Foot and Mouth Vaccine Bottle of 320 ml (64 doses) Rs.484.00
Foot and Mouth Vaccine Bottle of 300 ml (60 doses) Rs.454.00
Foot and Mouth Serum Bottle of 300 ml (6 doses) Rs.380.00
Foot and Mouth Vaccine Bottle of 100 ml (20 doses) Rs.165.00
Anti Rinderpest Serum Bottle of 300 ml (20 doses) Rs.374.00
Anthrax Spore Vaccine Bottle of 50 ml (100 doses) Rs.70.00
Rinderpest Vaccine (TCRV/CTV) Ampoule of 100 doses Rs.21.00
Brucella Abortus Antigen Ampoule of 25 ml Rs.571.00
Anti Rabies Vaccine 440 cc bottle for Cow/Horse Rs.840.00
For further inquiry contact:
Director General (Research), Veterinary Research Institute, Ghazi Road, Lahore.

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(Ph) 042-9220143
Details of forage crops varieties, seed production, and availability for
purchase in various parts of the country are presented in following Table.
Table 13-4: Location of seed production and multiplication
Crop Main areas for seed production
Berseem (Trifolium Sheikhupura district, parts of Gujranwala and Faisalabad districts,
alexandrinum) Bahawalnagar, Mirpurkhas, and Peshawar and Mardan.
Oats(Avena sativa) Islamabad (NARC), Sargodha, Faisalabad, Chakwal, Sheikhupura, and
Kasur Districts.
Lucerne (Medicago sativa) Rahim Yar Khan, Bahawalpur, Sheikhupura, Gilgit, Ghizer, and Quett a
districts.
Maize (Zea mays) Sahiwal, Okara, Lahore, Mardan, Swabi, Peshawar, Swat, Manshera,
Rawalpindi, Muzafarabad, Rawalakot, Hyderabad, Larkana, Diamer, Gilgit,
and Ghizer districts.
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) D. I. Khan. D. G. Khan, Bukkar, Sahiwal, Dadu, Islamabad, and Sibi
districts
Sorghum-Sudan Grass Hybri dOkara, Sahiwal, Chichiwatni, Faisalabad, Lahore districts
x Sorghum sudanense
Bulrush millet (Pennisetum Layyah, Bhakkar, Mianwali, Khushab, Bahawalpur, and Rahim Yar K han
americanum) Districts
Table 13-5: Forage Cultivars Released by Various Institutes
Crop Cultivar Institution Year
Oats (Avena sativa)
Avon FRI, Sargodha, Punjab 1983
PD2-LV65 FRI, Sargodha, Punjab 1983
Sargodha-81 FRI, Sargodha, Punjab 1983
Barley (Hordeum sativum)
Frontier-87 CCRI, Pirsabak, NWFP 1988
Jau-83 AARI, Faisalabad, Punjab 1985
Jau-87 AARI, Faisalabad, Punjab 1985
Berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum)
Agaiti FRI, Sargodha, Punjab 1986
Pachaiti FRI, Sargodha, Punjab 1986
Maize (Zea mays)
Akbar MMRI, Sahiwal, Punjab 1972
Azam CCRI, Pirsabak, NWFP 1973
Kisan-90 CCRI, Pirsabak, NWFP 1990
Sultan MMRI, Sahiwal, Punjab 1986
Mazenta Maize x Teosinte FRI, Sargodha, Punjab 1991
Millet (Pennisetum americanum)
Barani bajra RARI, Bahawalpur, Punjab 1986
Hairy dwarf RARI, Bahawalpur, Punjab 1986
Composite-75 RARI, Bahawalpur, Punjab 1986
MB-87 FRI, Sargodha, Punjab 1991
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)
Jowar-86 RARI, Bahawalpur, Punjab 1986
BR-307 RARI, Bahawalpur, Punjab 1986

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BR-319 RARI, Bahawalpur, Punjab 1986

Sorghum Sudan grass Hybrid
Pak-sudax FRI, Sargodha, Punjab 1986
SSG-988 Pioneer Seed Pvt. Ltd. 1992
RasBheri Cargill Seeds Pvt. Ltd 1993
FRI: Fodder Research Institute
AARI: Ayub Agriculture Research Institute
MMRI: Maize & MilletResearch Institute
CCRI: Cereal Crop Research Institute

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14 ANNEXURE 4
Different Breeds of Buffaloes and Cows

Kundi Nili Ravi

Sahiwal Cows Red Sindhi Bull Sahiwal Cow

Rojhan Dajal Tharparker

Australian Friesian Sahiwal Holstein Jersey

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