0% found this document useful (0 votes)
21 views14 pages

حاسب2

The document summarizes key concepts about computer networks and communications. It defines communication systems and channels, describes different connection devices like modems and protocols, and outlines different network types, architectures, strategies, and security measures.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
21 views14 pages

حاسب2

The document summarizes key concepts about computer networks and communications. It defines communication systems and channels, describes different connection devices like modems and protocols, and outlines different network types, architectures, strategies, and security measures.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 14

LECTURE 9

REVISION ON CHAPTER 2

By: Dr. Marwa Gamal


COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKS
 Computer communications : is the process of sharing
data, programs, and information between two or more
computers.
Communication Systems
 Communication systems transmit data from one location to
another.
 There are four basic elements:

 Sending and receiving devices originate or accept


messages.
 Connection devices act as an interface between sending
and receiving devices and the communication channel.
 Data transmission specifications are rules and
procedures for sending and receiving data.
 Communication channel is the actual connecting or
transmission medium for messages.
COMMUNICATION CHANNELS
 Communication channels carry data from one computer to
another.
1. Physical Connections : use a solid medium to connect
sending and receiving devices. Connections include twisted
pair cable (telephone lines and Ethernet cables), coaxial
cable, and fiber-optic cable.
2. Wireless Connections : do not use a solid substance to
connect devices. Most use radio waves.
Bluetooth—transmits data over short distances; widely
used for a variety of wireless devices.
Wi-Fi (wireless fidelity)—uses high-frequency radio signals;
most home and business wireless networks use Wi-Fi.
Microwave—line-of-sight communication; used to send
data between buildings; longer distances require microwave
stations.
WIRELESS CONNECTIONS
WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave
Access)—extends the range of Wi-Fi networks using
microwave connections.
Cellular—uses cell towers to send and receive data
within relatively small geographic regions or cells.
Satellite—uses microwave relay stations; GPS (global
positioning system) tracks geographic locations.
 Infrared—uses light waves over a short distance; line of-
sight communication.
CONNECTION DEVICES
 Modems
The word modem is short for modulator demodulator.
Modulation is the name of the process
 Modulation is the name of the process of converting from
digital to analog.
 Demodulation is the process of converting from analog to
digital.
 The modem enables digital personal computers to
communicate across different media, including telephone
wires, cable lines, and radio waves.
 The speed with which modems transmit data varies. This
speed, called transfer rate, is typically measured in
millions of bits (megabits) per second (Mbps).
 Three types are DSL, cable, and wireless (wireless wide
area network, WWAN).
 DATA TRANSMISSION
 Bandwidth measures a communication channel’s width
or capacity.
 Four bandwidths are
1. voice-band (low bandwidth),
2. medium band,
3. broadband (highcapacity transmissions),
4. and baseband.
 Protocols are rules for exchanging data. Widely used
Internet protocols include https and TCP/IP.
 IP addresses (Internet protocol addresses) are unique
numeric Internet addresses.
 DNS (domain name server) converts text-based
addresses to and from numeric IP addresses.
 Packets are small parts of messages.
 NETWORKS
 Computer networks is a communication system that
connects two or more computers so that they can exchange
information and share resources.
 Networks can be set up in different arrangements to suit
users’ needs.
 Some specialized network terms include
 • Node—any device connected to a network.
 • Client—node requesting resources.
 • Server—node providing resources.
 • Directory server—specialized node that manages
resources.
 • Host—any computer system that provides access to its
resources over a network.
 Some specialized network terms include
 • Router—a node that forwards data packets from one
network to another network.
 • Switch—node that coordinates direct flow of data
between other nodes. Hub is an older device that directed
flow to all nodes.
 • NIC (network interface card)—LAN adapter card for
connecting to a network.
 • NOS (network operating system)—controls and
coordinates network operations.
 • Network administrator—network specialist responsible
for network operations
NETWORK TYPES
 Local area networks (LANs) connect nearby devices.
Network gateways connect networks to one another.
Ethernet is a LAN standard. These LANs are called
Ethernet LANs.
 Home networks are LANs used in homes.
 Wireless LANs (WLANs) use a wireless access point
(base station) as a hub. Hotspots provide Internet access
in public places.
 Personal area networks (PANs) are wireless networks for
PDAs, cell phones, and other wireless devices.
 Metropolitan area networks (MANs) link office buildings
within a city, spanning up to 100 miles.
 Wide area networks (WANs) are the largest type. They
span states and countries or form worldwide networks.
 The Internet is the largest wide area network in the
world.
NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
Network architecture describes how networks are arranged
and resources are shared.
• TOPOLOGIES
A network’s topology describes the physical arrangement of a
network.
• Bus network—each device is connected to a common cable
called a bus or backbone.
• Ring network—each device is connected to two other
devices, forming a ring.
• Star network—each device is connected directly to a
central network switch most common type today.
• Tree (hierarchical) network—a central node is connected
to subordinate nodes forming a treelike structure.
• Mesh network—newest; each node has two or more
connecting nodes.
Strategies
 Every network has a strategy, or way of sharing information
and resources. Common network strategies include
Client/server and peer-to-peer.
 Client/server (hierarchical) network—central computer
coordinate and supply services to other nodes; based on
specialization of nodes; widely used on the Internet; able to
handle very large networks efficiently; powerful network
management software available.
 Peer-to-peer network—nodes have equal authority and
act as both clients and servers; widely used to share games,
movies, and music over the Internet; easy toset up and use;
lacks security controls.
Organizational Networks
 Internet Technologies
Internet technologies support effective
communication using intranets and extranets.
 Intranet—private network within an
organization; uses browsers, websites, and web
pages. Typical applications include electronic
telephone directories, e-mailaddresses, employee
benefit information, internal job openings, and
much more.
 • Extranet—like intranet except connects more
than one organization; typically allows suppliers
and others limited access to their networks.
Network Security
1. Firewall—controls access; all communications
pass-through proxy server.
2. Intrusion detection systems (IDS)—work with
firewalls; use sophisticated statistical techniques
to recognize and disable network attacks.
3. Virtual private network (VPN)—creates secure
private connection between remote user and
organization’s internal network.
Revision on
chapter 2
FINISH

You might also like