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Week 7 Notes

The document discusses viscous flow in pipes including key assumptions, velocity profiles, average velocity, volumetric flowrate, head losses due to friction and minor losses, determining friction factor using the Moody chart, and other relevant equations and symbols. Head losses include frictional losses due to pipe walls and minor losses from components like bends and valves. The friction factor can be found using laminar flow equations or the Moody chart and Colebrook equation for turbulent flow.

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Bowei Zhang
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29 views

Week 7 Notes

The document discusses viscous flow in pipes including key assumptions, velocity profiles, average velocity, volumetric flowrate, head losses due to friction and minor losses, determining friction factor using the Moody chart, and other relevant equations and symbols. Head losses include frictional losses due to pipe walls and minor losses from components like bends and valves. The friction factor can be found using laminar flow equations or the Moody chart and Colebrook equation for turbulent flow.

Uploaded by

Bowei Zhang
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHEE2003 Week 7 Tutorial

Viscous Flow, Frictional Losses and Pumping

1. Viscous flow
1.1. Key assumptions

 Fully developed laminar flow


 Incompressible and Newtonian fluid
 Steady state, flow inside a circular pipe

1.2. Velocity profile

[ ( )]
2
r
v ( r ) =v max 1−
R

( ) ( )
2 2
R ∆P D ∆P
v max= =
4μ L 16 μ L

1.3. Average velocity

( ) ( )
2 2
1 R ∆P D ∆P
v= v max = =
2 8μ L 32 μ L

1.4. Volumetric flowrate

( ) ( )
4 4
πR ∆P πD ∆P
Q= =
8μ L 128 μ L

*For inclined pipes, replace ∆ P with ∆ ( P+ ρgz )

2. Head losses

h L =hf + h ML

2.1. Frictional loss due to pipe walls

Laminar flow Turbulent flow

( )
2
L v
h f =f
D 2g

64 64 μ 1. Use the Moody chart to find f ; or the


f= =
ℜ ρv D 2. Colebrook correlation

( )
ϵ
32 μL 128 μL 1 D 2.51
⇒ hf = 2
v= 4
Q =−2 log +
ρg D πρg D √f 3.7 ℜ √ f

**Note that for laminar flow, f becomes independent of the wall roughness
2.2. Minor losses (bends, valves, expansions, contractions etc.)
2
v
h ML =∑ K
2g

***The value of K is usually provided in the questions or found in the textbooks.

3. Steps to determine f using the Moody chart


1. Find the roughness ϵ (mm) of the pipe material
2. Calculate the relative roughness ϵ / D (dimensionless) of the pipe
3. Determine the average velocity v if needed
Q Q
v= =
A π D2
4
4. Find the Reynolds number
ρvD
ℜ=
μ
5. From the chart, choose the curve to use based on the relative roughness values
6. Use the calculated value for Re which is located on the x-axis
7. Find the frictional factor f using the chosen curve at the given Re

4. Other equations which might be useful

For incompressible fluids


dV
=Q¿ −Qout
dt

5. List of symbols used


Symbol Description Unit
v max Velocity at centre of the pipe ms
−1

r Radius measured from centre of the pipe m


R Inner radius of the pipe m
D Inner diameter of the pipe m
∆P Pressure drop across the pipe Pa or N m−2
L Pipe length m
hf Head loss due to frictions m
h ML Head loss due to minor losses m
f Darcy–Weisbach friction factor Dimensionless
ϵ Absolute roughness of the pipe m
ϵ/D Relative rough of the pipe Dimensionless
K Loss coefficient Dimensionless

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