EET 3251: ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS AND

NETWORKS

TASK: LAB WORK

Table of Contents
EXPERIMENT 1: RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT........................................................... 2
PART A: Resistance measurement. ................................................................................... 2
PART B: Measuring the Resistance of Your Body............................................................. 2
EXPERIMENT 2: OHM’S LAW .......................................................................................... 3
EXPERIMENT 3: KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS - 1 ...................................................................... 4
PART A: Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL) ......................................................................... 5
PART B: Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) ........................................................................ 6
EXPERIMENT 4: KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS - 2 ...................................................................... 7
EXPERIMENT 5: ANALYSIS OF NETWORKS ................................................................ 8
PART A: Verification of the Nodal Equations. .................................................................. 8
PART B. Verification of the Mesh Equations. ................................................................. 10
EXPERIMENT 6: NETWORK THEOREMS ..................................................................... 12
PART A: Experimental Determination of the Thévenin Equivalent.................................. 12
PART B: Maximum Power Transfer. ............................................................................... 13
PART C: Source Superposition........................................................................................ 14
EXPERIMENT 7: CAPACITORS ...................................................................................... 17
EXPERIMENT 8: INDUCTORS ........................................................................................ 17

Page 1 of 17
EXPERIMENT 1: RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT

PART A: Resistance measurement.

1) Pick up 2.2KΩ and 75Ω (or any appropriate ones).

2) Read the value of each resistance using the colour code method; show your steps in
details.
3) Measure the value of each resistance using the digital multimeter.
4) Find the percentage of error for each resistance alone.

Required Report:

Resistor 1 Resistor 2
Read Value
Measured
Value

a). Explain the steps of reading the resistance.

b). Find the percentage of error for each resistance alone.

PART B: Measuring the Resistance of Your Body

Page 2 of 17
 1. Holding one probe between the thumb and forefinger of each hand, measure the
resistance of your body between your hands. Squeeze the probes tightly so that good
contact is established. Record the value of your body's resistance.
2. Considering that a current of 100-200 mA through your heart will almost certainly kill
you, how much voltage across your hands would be lethal?

Required Report:

a). Record the value of your body's resistance.

b). How much voltage across your hands would be lethal as per step 2 above?

EXPERIMENT 2: OHM’S LAW

(https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zt9xy4j/revision/3)

Requirements:
1. Fixed resistors of any values.
2. Variable resistors.
3. Digital multimeters / Ammeters / Voltmeters.
Method

Page 3 of 17
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the above diagram
2. Ensure that the power supply is set to zero at the start
3. Record the reading on the voltmeter and ammeter
4. Use the variable resistor to alter the potential difference
5. Record the new readings
6. Repeat steps 3 to 5, increasing the potential difference slightly each time
7. Repeat steps 1 to 6, but with the power supply reversed

Results
Record the results in a suitable table as below.

Potential Difference (Voltmeter reading), V Current (ammeter reading), A

EXPERIMENT 3: KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS - 1

(https://www.studocu.com/row/document/cosmats-university-sahiwal/fundamental-of-
electriccircuits/lab-2-eca1-lab-manual/7452631)

Requirements:

1. 4 Resistors, all of different values

2. Multi-meter
3. Jumper Wires
4. Breadboard
5. DC Supply
Page 4 of 17
PART A: Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL)

1. Measure the value of the resistors through digital multimeter and ensure that all the
resistors are of different resistances.
2. Connect three resistors in series on the project board as below.

1. Connect the circuit.

2. Adjust the voltage of the supply to be zero volts.
3. Increase the voltage.
4. Adjust the voltage supply at different points and note down the readings in a table.
5. Find the voltage across each resistor with help of Multimeter and verify the equation
as under and record the readings in Table below.

Page 5 of 17
Use your obtained results from the above table to verify the voltage divider rule in the space
provided below.

PART B: Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)

1. Make the circuit given below on bread board according to the figure above.
2. Connect DC source to the circuit.
3. Measure the voltages across each resistor.
4. Measure the total current I of circuit.
5. Measure the current through each resistor as I1 and I2 and fill the table below.
6. Vary the source voltage 3 times and in each case, repeat steps 3, 4 and 5.
7. Verify that I = I1+ I2

Page 6 of 17
Use your obtained results from the above table to verify the current divider rule in the space
provided below.

EXPERIMENT 4: KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS - 2

Use the Electricity Lab 6000 and do:

Experiment 5 in that manual:

Study of the Kirchhoff‟s Laws for electrical circuits

Page 7 of 17
EXPERIMENT 5: ANALYSIS OF NETWORKS

PART A: Verification of the Nodal Equations.

1. Construct the circuit of Figure 1. Use the following resistors (or other appropriate
ones). Ro = 510 Ω, R1 = 1k, R2 = 6.8k, R3 = 3.3k, R4 = 5.1k, R5 = 2.k, R6 = 10k.

2. Activate the source and measure the nodal voltages (with respect to grounded /
reference node).

Required Report:

1. Record the measured nodal voltages as below:

Node Node Voltage
I
II
III

2. Write the nodal equations of the experiment circuit and solve them appropriately to
obtain nodal voltages.

Page 8 of 17
3. Compare the measured and calculated nodal voltages in 1 and 2 above. Explain
probable causes of discrepancies between the two (if any).

4. What is the calculated Thevenin’s resistance between Node II and ground?

Page 9 of 17
 5. What is the measured Thevenin’s resistance between Node II and ground (remember
to short the voltage source and remove R3 before you measure this resistance)?

PART B. Verification of the Mesh Equations.

1. Measure the mesh currents, as shown in Figure 2.

Required Report:

1. Record the measured mesh currents as below:

Mesh Mesh Current
I
II
III
IV

2. Write the mesh equations of the experiment circuit and solve them appropriately to
obtain mesh currents.

Page 10 of 17
3. Redraw the circuit and indicate on it the net current directions and their values (using
the results of 2 above).

4. Compare the measured and calculated mesh currents in 1 and 2 above. Explain
probable causes of discrepancies between the two (if any).

Page 11 of 17
EXPERIMENT 6: NETWORK THEOREMS

PART A: Experimental Determination of the Thévenin Equivalent.

Construct the circuit shown in Figure 1, where R1 = 1.2 kΩ, R2 = 2.4 kΩ, and R3 = 4.7 kΩ. Set
the supply at 8 V. Perform the following measurements:

1. Measure the voltage across the open terminals a-b.

2. Short the terminals a-b through an ammeter. Measure the current.
3. Disconnect the supply from the circuit and replace it by a short circuit. Measure the
resistance of Terminals a-b using an ohmmeter.

Required Report:

1. Record the measured values as below:

Item Value
Voltage at a-b
Current through a-b
Resistance between a-b

2. Calculate Thevinin’s resistance for the circuit.

3. Calculate Thevinin’s voltage for the circuit.

Page 12 of 17
 4. Draw the Thevinin’s equivalent circuit using results of 2 and 3 above.

PART B: Maximum Power Transfer.

1. Connect a variable resistor between the terminals a-b of the previous circuit (PART
A: Experimental Determination of the Thévenin Equivalent). Vary its value in the
range from 1.0 to 10 kΩ by increments of 1000 Ω. For each value of the resistance,
measure the voltage, V, across it.

Required Report:
Fill the table below:
Value
R
V
V2
P
R

2. Plot the power dissipated on the variable resistor vs the resistance.

3. At what value of the resistor does maximum power occur?

4. How much is the maximum power?

Page 13 of 17
 5. How close do these values correspond with the theoretical ones from the maximum
power transfer theorem?

PART C: Source Superposition.

1. Construct the circuit of Figure 2 by connecting a second source across the terminals a-b
of the previous circuit (PART A: Experimental Determination of the Thévenin
Equivalent). Use R4 = 5.1 kΩ. Use the two outputs of the power supply for each of the
sources.

2. Set V1 to 8 V and V2 to 6 V. Measure V and I.

3. Replace V2 by a short - circuit. Measure V and I.
4. Reconnect V2 and set its value to 6 V. Replace V1 by a short - circuit. Measure V and I.

Required Report:

1. Fill the table below:

Step Value of Sources Value of V Value of I
2 V1 = 8V; V2 = 6V
3 V1 = 8V; V2 = 0V
4 V1 = 0V; V2 = 6V

2. Use the results in the table above to prove the superposition theorem.

Page 14 of 17
3. Find the theoretical values of V and I when both sources are connected. How do they
compare with the measured values?

4. Calculate the Thévenin equivalent circuit of the circuit of this experiment and determine
the load current if the load resistance is 5kΩ. Ignore the measured values and do the
calculations from scratch.

5. Calculate the Norton equivalent circuit of the circuit of this experiment and determine the
load current if the load resistance is 5kΩ. Ignore the measured values and do the
calculations from scratch.

Page 15 of 17
6. Calculate the Thévenin equivalent of the circuit from the measured values. Compare it
with the theoretical Thévenin equivalent obtained in 3 above.

Page 16 of 17
EXPERIMENT 7: CAPACITORS

Use the Electricity Lab 6000 manual and do:

Experiment 6 in that manual:

Study of the R-C circuit and find out the behaviour of capacitor in an R-C network and
study the phase shift due to capacitor.

EXPERIMENT 8: INDUCTORS

Use the Electricity Lab 6000 and do:

Experiment 7 in that manual:

Study of the L-C circuit and its oscillations

Page 17 of 17