Receivables

Trade and other receivables

Use the following information for the next two questions:
Information from the records of ABC Co. is shown below:
· Accounts receivable - net of P8,000 credit
balance in customers' accounts 100,000
· Notes receivable (trade) 15,000
· N otes receivable (non-trade), P15,000
collectible within one year 30,000
· Dividends receivable 2,000
· Subscriptions receivable 2,000
· Advances to officers and employees (due in 10
months) 4,000
· Accounts payable - net of P10,000 debit
balance in
suppliers' accounts 3,000

1. How much is the total trade receivables?

a. 108,000 b. 118,000 c. 123,000 d. 133,000

2. How much is the total current receivables?

a. 156,000 b. 144,000 c. 150,000 d. 154,000

Goods in-transit
3. On December 27, 20x1, ABC Co. received a sale order for a credit sale of goods
with selling price of ₱3,000. The goods were shipped by ABC on December 31,
20x1 and were received by the buyer on January 2, 20x2. The related shipping
costs amounted to ₱20. ABC Co. collected the receivable on January 5, 20x2. If
the term of the sale is FOB destination, freight collect, how much net cash is
collected on January 5, 20x2?
a. 3,020 b. 3,000 c. 2,980 d. 0

Gross method and Net method

Use the following information for the next two questions:
STALWART STRONG Co. sells inventory with a list price of ₱200,000 on account
under credit terms of 20%, 10%, 2/10, n/30.

4. If STALWART uses the gross method, how much is the debit to account
receivable on initial recognition?
a. 114,120 b. 144,000 c. 200,000 d. 141,120

5. If STALWART uses the net method, how much is the debit to account
receivable on initial recognition?
a. 114,120 b. 144,000 c. 200,000 d. 141,120
Allowance for sales return
The next two questions are based on the following information:
On December 31, 20x1, ABC Co. sold goods for ₱20,000 to XYZ, Inc. on account. To
induce sale, ABC Co. provides its buyers the right to return goods within 30 days
upon purchase if the buyers are not satisfied with the goods.

Case #1: Reliable estimate

6. ABC Co. can reliably estimate that 20% of the goods sold will be returned within
the agreed period of time. However, 25% of the goods are actually returned on
January 5, 20x2. How much is the net accounts receivable recognized on the
date of sale?
a. 20,000 b. 16,000 c. 15,000 d. 0

Case #2: No reliable estimate

7. ABC Co. cannot reliably estimate future returns. much is the net accounts
receivable recognized on the date of sale?
a. 20,000 b. 16,000 c. 15,000 d. 0

Percentage of credit sales method

8. ABC Co. has the following information on December 31, 20x1 before any year-
end adjustments.
Allowance for doubtful accounts, Jan. 1 30,400
Write-offs 19,000
Recoveries 3,800
Sales (including cash sales of ₱380,000) 2,280,000
Sales returns and discounts (including ₱3,800 sales returns on
22,800
cash sales)
Accounts receivable, Dec. 31 570,000
Percentage of credit sales 3%

How much is the recoverable historical cost of accounts receivable?

a. 498,370 b. 502,630 c. 486,780 d. 478,970

Percentage of receivable method

Use the following information for the next two questions:
ABC Co. has the following information on December 31, 20x1 before any year-end
adjustments.
Accounts receivable, Jan. 1 80,000
Net credit sales 270,000
Collections from customers (including recoveries) 140,000
Allowance for doubtful accounts, Jan. 1 10,000
Write-offs 5,000
Recoveries 1,000
Percentage of receivables 5%

9. How much is the bad debt expense?

a. 4,250 b. 4,300 c. 4,550 d. 10,300

10. How much is the recoverable historical cost of accounts receivable?

a. 194,750 b. 200,450 c. 196,250 d. 195,700

Computation of percentage
11. ABC Co. has been recognizing bad debt expenses based on the direct write-off
method. In 20x4, ABC Co. decided to change to the allowance method and that
doubtful accounts shall be estimated using the percentage of receivables
method. The percentage is to be computed based on all available historical
 data up to a maximum of four years. Information for five years is shown
below:
Year Write-offs Recoveries Net credit sales
20x0 10,000 600 80,000
20x1 7,000 1,000 100,000
20x2 10,000 3,000 160,000
20x3 15,000 5,000 200,000
20x4 28,000 2,000 240,000
70,000 11,600 780,000

The balances of accounts receivables on January 1, 20x4 and December 31, 20x4
are P100,000 and P200,000, respectively.

How much is the doubtful accounts expense to be recognized in 20x4?

a. 19,900 b. 34,000 c. 35,000 d. 24,600

Aging based on days outstanding

12. ABC Co. has the following information:
Days outstanding Receivable balances % uncollectible
0 – 60 180,000 1%
61 – 120 135,000 2%
Over 120 150,000 6%
Total accounts receivables 465,000

During the year, ABC Co. wrote off P10,500 receivables and recovered P6,000
that had been written-off in prior years. The allowance for doubtful accounts has
a beginning balance of P3,000.

How much is the doubtful accounts expense for the year?

a. 20,000 b. 25,000 c. 15,000 d. 30,000

Aging based on days past due

13. ABC Co. sells to wholesalers on terms of 2/15, net 30. An analysis of ABC
Co.’s trade receivable balances at December 31, 20x1, revealed the following:

Age in days Receivable balances

0 – 15 180,000
16 – 30 108,000
31 – 60 90,000
61 – 90 72,000
91 – 120 54,000
121 – 150 36,000
Total accounts receivables 540,000

ABC Co. uses the aging of receivables method. The estimated percentages of
collectibility based on past experience are shown below.
Accounts which are overdue for less than 31 days 97%
Accounts which are overdue 31 – 60 days 90%
Accounts which are overdue 61 – 90 days 85%
Accounts which are overdue 91 – 120 days 65%
Accounts which are overdue for over 120 days 40%

The allowance for doubtful accounts has a balance of P18,000 as of January 1,

20x1. Write-offs and recoveries during the year amounted to P6,000 and
P3,000, respectively.
How much is the doubtful accounts expense for the year?
a. 15,600 b. 9,000 c. 22,600 d. 28,200

Combination of methods
Use the following information for the next two questions:
ABC Co. has the following information on December 31, 20x1 before any year-end
adjustments.
Net credit sales 6,300,000
Accounts receivable, December 976,500
Allowance for doubtful accounts, Dec. 31 (before
53,550
any necessary year-end adjustments)
Percentage of credit sales 2%

The aging of receivables is shown below:

Days outstanding Receivable balances % uncollectible
0 – 60 378,000 1%
61 – 120 283,500 2%
Over 120 315,000 6%
Total accounts receivables 976,500

Additional information:
· ABC Co. uses the percentage of credit sales in determining bad debts in
monthly financial reports and the aging of receivables for its annual financial
statements.
· Accounts written-off during the year amounted to P119,700 and accounts
recovered amounted to P28,350.
· As of December 31, ABC Co. determined that P63,000 accounts receivable from
a certain customer included in the “61 -120 days outstanding” group is 95%
collectible and a P31,500 account included in the “Over 120 days outstanding”
group is worthless and needs to be written-off.

14. How much is the balance of the allowance for doubtful accounts on January 1,
20x1?
a. 12,600 b. 18,900 c. 19,200 d. 23,400

15. How much is the adjusted bad debt expense to be reported in the year-end
financial statements?
a. 123,300 b. 128,700 c. 143,300 d. 132,300

Debit balance in allowance for doubtful accounts

16. ABC Co. has the following information before any year-end adjustment.
Accounts receivable, Dec. 31 200,000
Allowance for doubtful accounts, Jan. 1 6,000 (Dr.)
Percentage of receivables 2%

Recoveries and write-offs during the year amounted to P1,000 and P7,600,
respectively.

How much is the bad debts expense for the year?

a. 3,400 b. 4,600 c. 16,600 d. 10,600
Chapter 5: Theory of Accounts Reviewer
1. Receivables arising from sales to customers are best described as
a. accounts receivables c. trade receivables
b. note receivables d. non-trade receivables

2. If a receivable account has a credit balance

a. the credit balance is offset with other receivable accounts with debit
balances
b. an adjusting entry is needed to eliminate the credit balance
c. the credit balance is classified as a liability
d. b and c

3. Which of the following increases the reported receivables in the financial

statements?
a. offsetting a credit balance in an account receivable
b. a credit balance in an account payable
c. adjustment to eliminate a debit balance in account payable
d. a credit balance in an allowance account

4.The category "trade receivables" includes

a. advances to officers and employees.
b. income tax refunds receivable.
c. claims against insurance companies for casualties sustained.
d. none of these.
(Adapted)

5.Which of the following should be recorded in Accounts Receivable?

a. Receivables from officers c. Dividends receivable
b. Receivables from subsidiaries d. None of these
(Adapted)

6.Which of the following is not a characteristic of receivables?

a. They have fixed or determinable payments.
b. The holder can recover substantially all of its investment (unless there has
been credit deterioration).
c. They are not quoted in an active market.
d. The holder has a demonstrated positive intention and ability to hold them
to maturity.
(Adapted)

7.Which of the following is not an acceptable balance sheet presentation of

receivables?
a. the allowance for bad debts is not offset against the related receivables
but rather shown in a parenthetical notation as deduction to receivables
b. trade notes receivable are combined with trade accounts receivable
c. cash advances to officers which are due after one year but within the
entity’s 18-month operating cycle, are reported as current assets
d. unearned finance charges included in the face amount of receivables are
presented as deduction from the related receivables
(Adapted)

8. These receivables are classified as current or noncurrent based on the length of

the entity’s normal operating cycle
a. accounts receivables c. trade receivables
b. notes receivables d. nontrade receivables

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9. Trade receivables are preferably presented on the face of the statement of
financial position
a. as a separate line item distinguished from other receivables
b. as part of one line item, included and undistinguished from other
receivables
c. as part of current assets, included and undistinguished from other assets
d. as part of one line item but distinguished from other receivables

10. Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding recognition of

receivables?
a. An entity shall recognize a receivable when the entity becomes party to
the contractual provisions of the instrument
b. Trade receivables are recognized simultaneously with the recognition of
related revenue when the criteria for revenue recognition are met.
c. Non-trade receivables are recognized when contractual rights over the
future cash flows of the receivables have been established and future
economic benefits are both probable and measurable.
d. Receivables are initially recognized at fair value

11. Receivables are initially recognized at

a. fair value c. net realizable value
b. amortized cost d. fair value plus direct costs

12. For trade receivables, the fair value is deemed equal to the
a. exchange price between a seller and a buyer after taking into account the
amount of any trade discounts and volume rebates allowed by the entity.
b. the amount due from the buyer without adjustment for any trade
discounts allowed
c. the quoted price of the receivable in an active market
d. the price in a binding sale agreement

13. The entry to be made by the seller for a P10,000 freight on a sale transaction
with terms of FOB Shipping Point, Freight Collect is
a. Freight-in 10,000 c. Freight-in 10,000
Cash 10,000 Receivable 10,000
b. Freight-out 10,000 d. No entry
Cash 10,000

14. The entry to be made by the seller for a P10,000 freight on a sale transaction
with terms of FOB Shipping Point, Freight Prepaid is
a. Payable 10,000 c. Freight-out 10,000
Cash 10,000 Cash 10,000
b. Receivable 10,000 d. Cash 10,000
Cash 10,000 Receivable 10,000

15. The entry to be made by the seller for a P10,000 freight on a sale transaction
with terms of FOB Destination, Freight Prepaid is
a. Freight-in 10,000 c. Freight-in 10,000
Cash 10,000 Receivable 10,000
b. Freight-out 10,000 d. Accounts receivable10,000
Cash 10,000 Cash 10,000

16. What is the effect upon the total assets of a business when an account
receivable has been collected?
a. increase total assets c. no change in total assets
b. decrease total assets d. decrease of receivable only
 17. The value at which advances to subsidiaries and affiliates should be carried is
a. face amount
b. fair value
c. face amount less allowance for uncollectible accounts and impairment
losses recognized
d. fair value with changes in fair values recognized in profit or loss

18. If it is known that sales are often recorded for merchandise that is shipped on
approval and available data suggests that a material proportion of such sales
are returned by the customers,
a. loss should be recognized under the immediate recognition principle
b. loss should be recognized under the matching concept
c. these estimated future returns must be accrued
d. future returns are ignored

19. Material amounts of anticipated discounts and allowances should be recorded

a. in the period of sale c. when the boss says so
b. when discounts are availed of d. they are not recorded

20. The “Allowance for sales discounts” account may be used under
a. Gross method c. Allowance method
b. Net method d. a or b

21. The “Allowance for sales returns” account may be used under
a. Gross method c. Allowance method
b. Net method d. a or b

22. If a company employs the gross method of recording accounts receivable from
customers, then sales discounts taken by customers should be
a. reported as a deduction from sales in the income statement.
b. reported as an item of "other expense" in the income statement.
c. reported as a deduction from accounts receivable in determining the net
realizable value of accounts receivable.
d. reported as sales discounts forfeited in the cost of goods sold section of
the income statement.

23. An allowance for cash discounts that is presented in the financial statements
as deduction from accounts receivable and is based on an estimate of future
cash discounts expected to be taken is an effect of
a. consistency principle c. materiality principle
b. revenue principle d. conservatism principle

24. Poison Company sold merchandise on credit with a list price of P70,000.
Terms were 2/10, n/30. Given the indicated sales discounts methods in the
responses, which entry is correct?
a. Gross price method
Accounts receivable 63,000
Sales 63,000
b. Net price method
Accounts receivable 68,600
Sales 68,600
c. Net price method
Accounts receivable 40,000
Sales 40,000
d. Gross price method
 Accounts receivable 68,600
Sales 68,600
(RPCPA)

25. The “Sales returns and allowances” account is reported as a:

a. contra-revenue account in the income statement
b. current liability on the balance sheet
c. deduction from accounts receivable on the balance sheet
d. selling expense on the income statement

26. Theoretically, the amount of estimated future returns and allowances on

credit sales should be recorded during the period of the sale so as not to
overstate sales and ending accounts receivable. In practice, these estimates
are rarely recorded because:
a. the amount of such returns and allowances tends to fluctuate too greatly
from period to period.
b. there is too much uncertainty surrounding such estimates.
c. such estimates are not allowed according to generally accepted
accounting principles
d. the amount of such returns and allowances is usually not material
(RPCPA)

27. The most theoretically sound method of accounting for cash discounts on
credit sales is the:
a. net method c. gross method
b. discounted price method d. net present
value (RPCPA)

28. Which of the following is an advantage of using the net price method for
recording cash discounts on credit sales?
a. It eases communication with customers about their balances
b. It properly reflects current period sales revenue
c. It simplifies recording of sales returns and allowances
d. It requires less record keeping than the gross method
(RPCPA)

29. Which of the following affects most the valuation of an entity's receivables?
a. The rate of sales growth
b. The type of business that a firm is engaged in
c. The allowance for uncollectible accounts
d. The seasonality of a company's products

30. A credit entry to the Allowance for uncollectible account

a. increases the balance c. neither of these answers is correct
b. increases net receivables d. both of these answers are correct

31. Which of the following is used to calculate the actual adjustment for bad debt
expense for the period?
a. percentage of accounts receivable c. aging
b. percentage of net credit sales d. all of these

32. The allowance for uncollectible accounts is based on all of the following
except:
a. Experience c. Customer fortunes
b. Profitability expectancy d. Industry expectations
33. Which of the following is a valuable investigation tool for analysis of the
collectibility of a firm's receivables?
a. Determining patterns of receivables for peers as a percentage of net credit
sales.
b. An examination of any customer concentrations.
c. An analysis of the adequacy of allowances for trade discounts, and returns
and allowances.
d. An aging schedule.
e. All of these

34. In practice, the deductions that would be made for estimated returns,
allowances, and discounts are rarely made because
a. they are usually deemed to be immaterial
b. GAAP does not require such allowances
c. it is always difficult to make estimates
d. such estimates are a matter of company policy

35. Under the direct method,

a. doubtful accounts are charged as an expense
b. estimates for uncollectible accounts are made periodically and an
allowance is set up to recognize such uncollectible accounts
c. an expense is recognized when it is estimated that the collection from a
receivable is deemed doubtful
d. a receivable is charged off only when it is clear that it cannot be collected

36. Doubtful accounts expense should be presented in the income statement

under
a. selling expense c. administrative expense
b. other expense d. cost of goods sold

37. When the allowance method of recognizing uncollectible accounts is used,

how would the collection of an account previously written off affect accounts
receivable and the allowance for uncollectible accounts?
Item #1: Accounts receivable; Item #2: Allowance for uncollectible accounts
a. Increase , Decrease c. No effect, Decrease
b. Increase, No effect d. No effect, Increase
(AICPA)

38. Which of the following methods of determining bad debt expense does not
conform with the accrual basis of accounting nor the matching principle?
a. Charging bad debts with a percentage of net credit sales under the
allowance method.
b. Charging bad debts with an amount derived from a percentage of accounts
receivable under the allowance method.
c. Charging bad debts with an amount derived from aging accounts
receivable under the allowance method.
d. Charging bad debts as accounts are written off as uncollectible.

39. Which of the following methods of determining bad debt expense best
achieves the matching concept?
a. Percentage of net credit sales
b. Percentage of ending accounts receivable
c. Aging of accounts receivable
d. Direct write-off
40. Which of the following is a generally accepted method of determining the
amount of the adjustment to bad debt expense?
a. A percentage of net credit sales adjusted for the balance in the allowance
b. A percentage of net credit sales not adjusted for the balance in the
allowance
c. A percentage of accounts receivable not adjusted for the balance in the
allowance
d. An amount derived from aging accounts receivable and not adjusted for
the balance in the allowance

41. The advantage of relating a company's bad debt expense to its credit sale is
that this approach
a. gives a reasonably correct statement of receivables in the balance sheet.
b. best relates bad debt expense to the period of sale.
c. is the only generally accepted method for valuing accounts receivable.
d. makes estimates of uncollectible accounts unnecessary.
(AICPA)

42. Chris Co. prepares an accounts receivable aging schedule with a series of
computation as follows: 2% of the total peso balance of accounts from 1 —60
days past due, plus 5% of the total peso balance of accounts from 61 —120
days past due and so on. How would you describe the total of the, amounts
determined in this series of computations?
a. it is the amount of bad debts expense for the year
b. it is the amount that should be added to the allowance for doubtful
accounts at year end
c. it is the amount of the desired credit balance of the allowance for doubtful
accounts to be reported in the year-end financial statements
d. when added to the total of accounts written off during the year, this new
sum is the desired credit balance of the allowance account
(RPCPA)

43. Ismael Co. recorded a bad debt recovery using the allowance method of
accounting for bad debts. Compare (X) the working capital before the
recovery with (Y), the working capital after the recovery.
a. X equals Y c. X is less than Y
b. X is greater than Y d. X is equal to or less than Y
(RPCPA)

44. Mr. Golf Champ maintains the accounts receivable records, authorizes the
write-off of uncollectible accounts, issues credit memoranda to customers,
and handles cash receipts from customers. When customers are late in paying
their accounts, Mr. Golf Champ often writes off the account as uncollectible
and abstracts the cash received from the customer. This fraud should come to
light if an employee other than Mr. Golf Champ.
a. reconciles the bank statement to the accounting records
b. reconciles the accounts receivable subsidiary ledger to the controlling
account
c. reconciles credit memoranda for sales returns to the returned
merchandise accepted by the receiving department
d. none of the above
(RPCPA)

45. Which of the following statements is correct?

 a. The net realizable value of the total amount of accounts receivable is
defined as the gross amount billed to customers less any cash and trade
discounts.
b. When a specified bad debt which has already been written off is later
collected, sales revenue is increased by the amount of the recovery.
c. The primary accounting principle supporting use of the allowance for
doubtful accounts is the cost principle.
d. An estimate of bad debt expense based upon credit sales rather than total
sales will likely be more in conformity with the matching principle.

46. Which of the following methods may not be appropriate for estimating bad
debt expense?
a. Individual or collective assessment of outstanding receivables
b. Percentage of outstanding accounts receivable
c. Aging of accounts receivable
d. Percentage of sales
(Adapted)

47. Which of the following statements is incorrect?

a. If the estimate of bad debt expense is made on the basis of net credit sales,
an entry is made each period to the account, "Allowance for Doubtful
Accounts," without regard to the prior balance in that account.
b. If the allowance for doubtful accounts has been underestimated, a sale of
the related receivables to a factor is more likely to result in a gain than in
loss.
c. If credit terms to customers were 2/10, n/30, a two percent discount will
be granted if payment is made within 10 days of the date of sale.
d. If the estimate of the bad debt expense is made on the basis of net
realizable value of the accounts receivable the balance of the account,
"Allowance for Doubtful Accounts," is adjusted so that the adjusted
balance reflects the computed amount needed to properly value the
receivables.
(RPCPA)

48. Which of the following accounting principle primarily supports the use of
allowance for doubtful accounts?
a. continuity principle c. matching
b. full-disclosure d. cost principle
(RPCPA)

49. The allowance method of recognizing bad debt expense can be applied in
more than one way. What two conditions must be met before the allowance
method can be used?
a. bad debts must be expected and material
b. bad debts must be relevant and reliable
c. bad debts must be probable and estimable
d. bad debts must be consistent over time and the method used to estimate
them must be consistently applied
(RPCPA)

50. A company uses the allowance method to account for bad debts. Early 20x1,
one of the company's best customers went bankrupt. The customer owed for
P6,570 of goods purchased on credit. At the end of 20x1, this amount was
considered uncollectible. What entry should be made to reflect this
information?
a. Loss of bad debts 6,570
 Accounts receivable 6,570
b. Bad debt expense 6,570
Accounts receivable 6,570
c. Allowance for doubtful accounts 6,570
Accounts receivable 6,570
d. Loss on bad debts 6,570
Accounts receivable 6,570
(RPCPA)

51. If a company uses a percentage of receivables in computing the amount of

uncollectible accounts expense:
a. no valuation allowance will be required
b. the relationship between revenue and expenses is being stressed more
than the valuation of receivables at the balance sheet date.
c. the existing balance in the Allowance for Doubtful Accounts will be
increased sufficiently to equal the probable loss indicated by the
percentage of receivables computation
d. any past-due accounts will be listed as a separate item in the balance sheet
(RPCPA)

52. Eureka Co. sells goods to Ancing, a customer who uses Swipe Credit Card.
Eureka should record this sale as:
a. an account receivable from Ancing.
b. cash receipt.
c. an account receivable from Swipe.
d. an increase in the allowance for doubtful accounts.

53. When a company decides to sell its goods on credit, it should evaluate the
effect on profit of:
Item #1: Additional Revenues; Item #2: Additional Expenses
a. Yes, Yes b. Yes, No c. No, Yes d. No, No
(RPCPA)

54. An advantage of relating a company's bad debt expense to its accounts

receivable is that this approach:
a. is the only way generally accepted method for "valuing" accounts
receivable.
b. gives a reasonable valuation of accounts receivable in the statement of
financial position.
c. does not require estimates of uncollectible accounts.
d. does not require knowledge of the balance in the allowance for doubtful
accounts before adjustment for bad debt expense.
(AICPA)

55. At December 31, before adjusting and closing the accounts had occurred, the
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts of Wise Corporation showed a debit balance
of P5,300. An aging of the accounts receivable indicated the amount probably
uncollectible to be P3,900. Under these circumstances, a year-end adjusting
entry for uncollectible accounts expense would include a:
a. debit to the Allowance for Doubtful Accounts for P1,400
b. credit to the Allowance for Doubtful Accounts for P1,400
c. debit to Uncollectible Accounts Expense, P3,900
d. debit to Uncollectible Accounts Expense, P9,200
(AICPA)
56. When the allowance method of recognizing bad debt expense is used, the entry to
record the specific write-off of a specific customers’ account
a. decreases current assets c. has no effect on profit
b. decreases profit d. decreases working capital

57. When the allowance method of recognizing bad debt expense is used, the entry to
record the specific write-off of an uncollectible account would decrease
a. net accounts receivable c. profit
b. allowance for doubtful accounts d. working capital

58. When the percentage of credit sales method is used in determining doubtful
accounts, the amount computed represents the
a. required balance
b. bad debt expense
c. bad debt expense after adjustments for write-offs, recoveries and changes in the
balance of the allowance for doubtful accounts
d. required balance after adjustments for write-offs, recoveries and changes in the
balance of the allowance for doubtful accounts

59. In its December 31 balance sheet, Devin Co. reported trade accounts receivable of
P250,000 and related allowance for uncollectible accounts of P20,000. What is the
total amount of risk of accounting loss related to Devin's trade accounts receivable,
and what amount of that risk is off balance-sheet risk? (Item #1) Risk of accounting
loss; (Item #2) Off-balance-sheet risk
a. 0, 0 c. 230,000, 20,000
b. 230,000, 0 d. 250,000, 20,000
(AICPA)