https://t.me/csetopper SCIENCE & TECH Mains Notes 1. Gen Applications - DM Security/Defense Agriculture Healthcare Education Finance/Insurance Governance Transportation Mfg Energy 2. Blockchain @. National Informatics Center => set up Center for Excellence (CoE) in Blockchain Tech in Bengaluru b. Crucial part of Industrial Revolution 4.0 ‘About Blockchain ——eEEE— ii. Ownership rights are recorded cryptographically stored and linked blocks ili, Open distributed ledger => can chronologically record transactions btw 2 parties efficiently in near real time iv. Decentralisation, Persistency, Anonymity, Auditability => saves cost and improve efficiency d. Applications i. Banking - efficiently using KYC procedures - SBI 1. Cross border remittances can be made faster and less costly ji, Capital markets 1. Trade settlements - faster transfer of securities 2. Commercial Papers issuance and trading iii ~ minimizing risk of hackers and leaks - Block iv. Healthcare and Pharma 1. Sensitive clinical data v. Agriculture - Food supply chain - characterized by asymmetry of info. 1. Improving data sharinghttps://t.me/esetopper 2. Coffee Blockchain Initiative => India's first blockchain- based marketplace app for trading in Indian coffee - removing middlemen vi and financial fraud by unregistered telecom marketers vil. Governance 1. Andhra Pradesh - managing land records, streamlining vehicle reg 2. West Bengal - issuance of Birth certi a a. Transform public administration => streamlined governance b. Precent fraudulent degrees and certifications in education and pharma sector viii, Insurance ix, Real Estate - property deals transparent, traceable and efficient, (than on-paper deals) e. Challenges i, Lack of scalability it iii. Data Portability - transferring data problematic iv. Regulation -bypass regulation and reduces oversight v. Lack of limited vi. => can recreate blockchain, alter transactions etc f Govt Steps i. MeitY => Distributed Center of Excellence in Blockchain Tech 3. Cryptocurrency a. Intro, Easy access and globally recognized Quick and easy payments - anonymity in transactions - unlike NEFT/RTGS, don't need to wait for payment processinghttps://t.me/csetopper iv. Private and Secured Difficult to understand ii, Uncertainty and volatility ili, Still not accepted by all iv, v >envt consequences vi ee :: terrorist financing vii RBI pecan lose control over monetary policy d. Way Forward i. Need detailed regulatory framework i. Contain flow of black money and demolish paalel economy ili. Cleanse political related funding iv. Tackle inflation and for better transmis: v. Reduce cost of transaction vi. Improve tax collection by maintaining proper records n of policy rates, 1 Global Space Industry=> $350 bn (550 by 2025) India's share=> $7 bn (just 2%) Achievements i. Most cost-effective in the world=> Mangalyan success ji, Telecommunication => INSAT & GSAT=> Telemedicine, TV, broadband, radio, disaster management and security Earth observatory=> RISAT, Cartosat and Resourcesat=> mul spectral high resolution data for land, ocean and atmospheric observations 1. EMISAT=> by DRDO electronic intelligence sat. => armed forces 2. RISAT-2BR1 3. Applications like weather forecasting, OM, agriculture, land resource management and forestry management iv. Space observatory=> Astrosat v. _ Navigation=> GAGAN , NaviC (IRNSS) vi, Small satellites=> SSLV + UNNATI program on nanosatellite development vii, Space exploration => Chandrayan + Mangalyan + Shukrayan + Gaganyan vili. Launch vehicles=> SSLV + PSLV + GSLV d. Obstacles facedhttps://t.me/esetopper long pending demand for Inia lacks training facilities indigenous training centers Lack of large investments needed ISRO needs to gain expertise in biosciences with collaboration and support Upgrading GSLV Mk3 to earry heavy load for longer space Precision in Lack of e. Outreach programmes Village resource centers to work with panchayats and NGOs Young Scientist programme Samvad with students 5. Private Sector in Space a. Under Aatma Nirbhar Bharat, govt. announced role for private sector in India's space programme b. Anni jouncements Level playing field for private sector providing remote sensing data to ntrepreneurs iv, . Benefits i, Increasing demand for satellites => private sector can fill the vacuum as ISRO overburdened i and latest innovations it iv. Revenue generation for ISRO by sharing tech v. Creation of new high skilled jobs vi. Securing our space capabilities=> new innovation vii d. Concerns i, Security and strategic concerns=> key sensitive information may fall in wrong hands ii, High risk business + high initial investment e. Way Forward i. Creating a separate Space commerce body independent of ISRO. Eg: In-Space i. Promoting start-upsf. private agen https://t.me/esetopper Enactment of space legislation |-> talked about participation of s in space activities vi, Establishing think tanks =>experts in space field vii, Setting up industry - academia linkups IN-SPACe 6. Gaganyaan Indigenous mission by ISRO that would take 3 astronauts to space by 2022 as part of Human Spaceflight programme India will become 4th country in world to launch a Human Spaceflight a. b. mission Related News Indian National Space Promotion and Authorization Centre (IN-SPAC2) * Government of india has created IN-SPACe to boost private sector participation in entire range of space activities. * Itis the new entity of the Department of Space which will have its own chairperson and board. © It will regulate and promote building of routine satellites, rockets and commercial launch services through indian industry and startups. + Itwll have its own directorates for technical, legal, safety and security, monitoring and activities promotion. © twill act ac an interface hetween ISRO and private parties, and access how best to utlise Indias space resources and increase space-based activities. * twill function autonomously and parallel to ISRO. © It is the second space organisation created by the government in the last ‘two years. Ine first one Was New Space Inala Limited (NSIL) after it was announced in 2019 Budget. © NSIL Ls the commercial atin of ISRO With the prtvicry reeponalbilly of enabling Indian industries to take up high technology space related activities. * Key Benefits of IN-SPACe: © twill provide a level playing field for private companies to use Indian space infrastructure. © Ie will also hand-nold, promote and guide the private industnes in space activities through encouraging policies and a friendly regulatory environment. © Itaims to empower private companies in creation of launch vehicles and launch pads with technological input and consultation from ISRO. © It will allow ISRO to allocate more time and resources for R&D endeavours. © It will also enhance the socio-economic use of space assets and activities, Including through Improved access to space assets, data and facil Significancehttps://t.me/esetopper i | Would create around 15,000 new employment opportunities Contribution to innovation and technology development Spur research and development 1 2 3. v. Boost to academic organisations => aeronautics and astro-physics vi. Motivation to youth vii. National prestige d. Challenges i. For astronauts to adapt to the gravitational field i leading to depression, fatigue iv. Threat from v. Cost => Financial implications on ISRO vi vii. space suit and crew support system still in developmental phase 7. Vikram Sarabhai a. Father of India's Space program b. Instrumental in establishing PhyBiel RESEB?EH LaBEPatORY (PRL in ‘Ahemdabad in 1947 Founded Set up Thumba Equitorial Rocket Launching station in Trivandrum=> later renamed Vikram Sarabhai Space Center (VSSC) Major role in creation of IIMA Worked on first satellite & fh. After death of Homi Bhabha in 1966=> Padma Vibushan in 1972 8. Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator a. India recently successfully tested at Wheeler island by DRDO b. Only three countries till now=> USA, RUS, CHN c. Features iL Tis an SRI demonstration airraft used for BHIBRIE flight testhttps://t.me/esetopper ‘ pes d. Hypersonic flight poses 2 major challenges i, Air being rammed into engine at high speeds=> difficult to 1. Overcome by hypersonic air intake system and supersonic combustor Material which can withstand high temperatures to ensure skin of vehicle remains cool e. Significance Reduigee thé GVEFAIIUEIREEA for satelite mission atmospheric oxygen ii. Potential for reusing launch vehicles=> air breathing propulsion systems enable a powered return cruise flight=> cost reduction by using iii, Contribution to development of other important technology iv. Faster v Russia attained Mach > 20 by Avangrad vi. Quick reaction missile to intercept incoming missiles vii. Change the nature of warfare a. NITIAAYOG => working for HAlforAll b. Features i, Simulation of human intelligence processes by machines especially computers ili, Executing tasks in real time situations iv. Enases machine learning v. May incorporate Big Data, Data analytics, automation, !OT, Industry 4.0 Significance i, Potential to overcome physical limitations of capital and labour open up new sources of value and growth ii, Potential to drive growth v. Role in social development and inclusive growth 1 > Data repository, telemedicine 2 > Al enabled learning experience 3. Real time advisory to 4. Building smart and!https://t.me/esetopper vi. Immense applications in Healthcare, Education, Environment, Rural Development, Smart Cities, Environment, DM, Agriculture vii, Case Study 1 to create awareness about FasTag, Rupay, UPI etc d. Need for regulation i. Ethical concerns=> ji, Lack of clarity on data management=> might result in > privacy and surveillance e, Implementational Challenges i, Lack of awareness ii, Data related issues=> poor transparency and data ownership iii, Lack of funding iv. Lack of enabling infrastructure v. Regulating challenges=> lack of consensus vi. Absence of expertise in Al technologies f. Various steps for Al i i. India=> NITI AAYOG has identified 5 key areas for implementation ii, 8. Way Forward i. Need for a responsible Al=> Following ethical principles like 1. Minimized biasedness 2. Arresting inequalities and discrimination 3. Ensuring equitable benefits for all ii, Trained workforce, fine-tuned algo, and technology suited to local needs 10. Big Data a, Features ji, Use of advanced data analytic techniques against very large, diverse data, sets that include structured, semi-structured and unstructured data ili, 6Vs of Big Data=> velocity, volume, value, variety, veracity & variabilityhttps://t.me/csetopper iv. Global Big Data market=> to reach $118bn by 2022 b. Benefits Protects company and client information Enables effective MBEREHRE iv. Facilitates cost and time reduction v. Better product designing c. Applications i. Banking=> advanced analytics + info sorting ii, Educatio iii, Government=> dealing with traffic congestion, crime, policy making & overcoming other technicalities iv. Health care=> improve patient care=> use in Vaccine developing vy. Manufacturing=> minimize input maximize output Vi. Agriculture=> test crops and running simulations d. Challenges i. Lack of data scientists=> poor expertise ii, Privacy issue 7. indi steps i, _NITI=> planning to develop|NBESRalIDatalane Abal alee PSOE ii, Govt. working towards|open data policy iii, Project Insight => to catch tax evaders=> uses data mining techniques f. Way Forward i. Wider acceptance of big data ji, Increased funding in R&D ili, Ensuring Cybersecurity iv. Establish data centers for effective collection, segregation and analyzing v. Training and developing expertise in curriculum in colleges a, Features i, Next generation mobile network after 4G LTE networks ii, Provide seamless coverage, high data rate, ultra low latency and highly reliable communicationshttps://t.me/csetopper COMPARING 4G anp SG a FF eer a 50 Fray /Monn (2021 PEAK DATA RATES a, PEAKDATARATES. ava 100 thousand Tale ‘Connections Connections fn 3. Advantages a. High speed => faster storage & high quality streaming b. Ultra low latency (1ms from 50 ms in 4G) c d. Applications i ii. Manufacturing=> use of ili, Energy=> iv. Health => Telemedicine, surgical robotics 4. Challenges a, Huge required ‘scenario in industry=> 4.2 lakh cr debt 5. Way Forward a. Technology and infrastructure i, Building indigenous 5G technology ii, Increased funding to R&D Securing data centers and cloud components=> develop solutions for encryption, network monitoring and more Create a strong data protection policy and ensure data prioritization d. Security Provisions end to end security solutions Centralized reporting to build trust i, Spectrum policy ji, Adopting international standards 12. Quantum Computinghttps://t.me/csetopper a. Features i. Quantum Technology=> Seeks to harness laws of quantum phy ii. QC=>'is the area of study focused on developing computer technology based on principles of quantum technology iii, Encode information as iv. Can contain’ potential to be millions of times more powerful than today's most powerful supercomputers b. Application Could spur development of new breakthrough in science Medications to save lives Algorithms to quickly direct resources such as ambulances © world's first quantum enabled satellite a achieved quantum supremacy=> means researchers have been able to perform a single calculation that no conventional computer even biggest supercomputer can perform in a reasonable amount of time 13. Edge Computing a. Enables data to be analysed, processed, and transferred at the edge of a ©. Benefits i, High speed of data transfer with reduced latency 2. Edge computing reduces the amount of data actually at risk any one time ii a eaaeToRETEA allowing companies to expand their computing capacity through a combination of loT devices and edge data centers ww, > by use of local edge data centers v. > less chances of network problem in due to its positioning closer to end users 14, Dark Net a | b. Content encrypted and requires specific browser such as TOR (The Onion Ring)https://t.me/esetopper c. Dark net itself is only a part of the Deep Web=: includes sites that are protected by passwords d._ Uses of Dark Net i, Journalists and citizens working in oppressive regimes=> Arab Spring and China ii, Researchers and students to do research on sensitive topics iii, Law enforcement agencies=> sting operations iv. Maintain privacy v. Access content blocked by local ISP fe. Concerns i, Anonymity=> harder to track ji, Haven for illicit activity 1. Cybercriminals 2. Terrorism 3. Child Pornography ili. Technical challenges to establish digital evidence in courts=> users of foreign countries iv. Privacy and ethical concerns v. Use of crypto-currencies like Bitcoin f. Need of hour i, International collaboration in strengthening cyber-security framework ji, Investment in research and development iii, Training and capacity building iv. g. Steps taken 15. Robotics a _——EEEeee b. Biggest impact=> economy resulted from automation broader concept whichhttps://t.me/csetopper Benefits of Robotics © RPA provides organizations with the ability to reduce staffing costs and human error © Companies can serve their business better by automating the low-value tasks © By 2020, automation and artificial intelligence will reduce employee requirements in business shared-service centers by 65 percent, © Robote easily and safely perform tasks that ‘would otherwise endanger human lives, and do so faster and more efficiently than is possible with conventional methods. © Robots play a vital role in maintaining the competitive edge in national secutity 4. India=> unique opportunity => to] =SSSHGHai Ss SHERRIE e. Applications i. Robots used in electronics, Food & packaging, education and banking ii Heatheare for operations iv. aromas cide Rene v f ren aaa 9 sr ess eres i ii, Not standardized processes High cost of deployment iv. Elimination of jobs v, Poor technology g. Way Forward i. Combining ML, Al and deploying with robotics to ensure smart solutions ji, Upgrading infra and investment in Research & Funding 16. Drone Regulation ‘a, Mo Civil Aviation=> drones are defined as a b. Five categories by DGCA=> nano, micro, small, medium and large Industry value globally=> 22bn d. Drone Regulations i. Red zone, yellow zone and green zone ii, Currently "No Permission No Take off (NPNT) policy"https://t.me/csetopper Permission needed from Digital SKY PIHSHA Draft Drone Policy 2.0 (Released in 2019) © New forms of air freight permitted: It recommends expanding ‘operations to beyond VLOS and beyond the current limit of 400 feet. ‘© Drone corridors: The policy conceives of drone corridors to keep commercial UAS operations out of non-segregated airspace in which manned aircraft operate. ‘© Additionally, designated areae known as ‘Droneporte’ to facilitate the landing and take-off of drones. ‘© Life cycle for drones: Proposes maximum life cycle for drones to ensure airworthiness and operators must apply for re-certification at the end of a drone’s fe cycle. within the Bi —— ef) ees Aviatinn (GEA) ‘© Digitalsky service providers (DSPs): It introduces new players DSPs which would be public or private agencies registered in India. ‘© Permissible Night-time Operations: Permissions and other necessary requirements to be obtained to enable night-time drone flights. ‘+ FDI: It proposes 100% FDI under automatic route in UAS and RPAS- based commercial civil aviation services. Under Drone Policy 1.0, there is no mention of FDI. etorata Gacieral nf Ch Need for drone regulations a. For leveraging drone's potential for commercial operations => air freight capabilities, transportation systemes | c. Security imperatives=> may jeopardise the overall safety environment a Drone Weaponisation e f. For boostin &. Fostering innovation in aviation sector Suber Physical systom Physical System Recently cabinet approved launching of implemented by DoST b. CPS Ssitenbacten ji, Associated technologies=> Al, loT, ML, Big Data Analytics, Robotics, Quantum computing, Cybersecurity c. Advantages of CPS techhttps://t.me/esetopper Enhanced Security capabilities=> adaptable , affordable and secure systmes DM (disaster) => sensor networks and response robotics Energy=> Smart meters=> energy efficiency Healthcare=> cost-effective & safe products v, Transportatiohi=> congestion control and traffic based grid jams vi. Agriculture=> efficient value chain, improving environmental footprint d. Challenges i, Privacy issues | rm tccnereaie sets i. Data related challenges=> prone to misuse iv. Infra bottlenecks=> need of sensor and mobile networks v. Interpreting human behaviour vi, Technical barrier=> lack of consistent language and technologyhttps://t.me/esetopper ‘About National Mission on Interdicciplinary Cyber-Physical Systems ‘* Itis a comprehensive mission which would address technology development, application development, human resource development, sil enhancement, entrepreneurship and starcup, development in CPS and associated technolo ‘+ Implementation: © It aims at establishment of 15 numbers of Technology Innovation Hubs, six numbers of Application innovation Hubs and four numbers of Technology Translation Research Parks (TTRP). These Hubs & TTRPs will connect to Academics, Industry, Central Ministries and State Government in developing solutions at repuited academic, RAD and ather ‘organizations across the country in a hub and spoke model. They mainly focus on four areas: Technology Development, HRO & Skill Development, Innovation, Entrepreneurship & e Startups Ecosystem Development’ and International Collaborations, ‘Significance of Mission © Ie will support other missions of the government, provide industrial and economic compatitivensss. It would act as an engine of growth that would benefit national initiatives in health, education, energy, environment, agriculture, strategic cum security, and industrial sectors, Industry 4.0, SMART Cities, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) etc. © Itwillbring a paradigm shift in entire skill sets requirement and job opportunities © It ic aimed to. give impetus to advanced research in CPS, technology development and higher education in science, technology and engineering disciplines, and place India a par with other advanced countries and derive several direct and indirart hanafite Nuclear Program in India a. Energy generation =>2% b. Need for nuclear development a, Energy Security b. Reduction in carbon emissions c. Less impact on climate d. Replacing conventional energy resources e f. Nuclear Energy and > India-US nuclear deal ©. Challenges 2. Ural conan EPOURA WAR due to mining, En Rajasthan and Gujarat acc to report Uranium grades found in India Shift towards renewable energy aoshttps://t.me/csetopper @. Manpower needs=> lack of nuclear scientists and engineers f. Other issues Land Acquisition Socio-political issues iv, Public consensus d. Way Forward a. Maintenance of skills base b. Maintain continued effective safety regulation 19. Scientific Social Responsibility a b. About Benefits a. Providing scientific and b oo ‘would inculcate’ oon institutions and integration of S&T with society _————eeEEeeeee Skill and technical upgradation d. Main objective so as to make S&T ecosystem vibrant through Policy a eee ere anoetvest activities Appraisal and evaluation Central agency for implementation National portal to capture societal needs req interventions pangs Eg. ‘Ayurveda, Yoga, Siddha, Unani, Sowa-Rigpa, Naturopathy ete b. BenefitsAddresses gaps in health services - acc to WHO, => low cost and perceived to have lower side effects ‘Address shortage of doctors - Doctor patient ratio is 1:1455 (WHO rece 1:1000) b. Treatment of major diseases - trea i. _ Lifestyle related diseases c. d e - traditional knowledge can provide valuable guidance in selecting and obtaining plant material of potential therapeutic interest. Eg, Anti-malarial drugs c. Issues a. Unregulated b. Untrained practitioners cc. Lack of financial support d. Lack of human resources d. Way Forward a. Promotion of traditional medicine b. Improve regulatory framework ¢. Training and qualified practice for practitioners d Collaboration btw conventional and traditional medicine 21. COVID-19 ‘a. Wet markets of Wuhan => Zoonotic disease Membrane Nucleocapsiad lycoprotein ‘protein (N) ae b. * : Jee a] > oie RNA, c. Respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms d. Bats=>Pangolins=> Humanshttps://t.me/csetopper e. RNA virus surrounded by envelope with mushroom shaped protein spikes => crown appearance f. SARS-Cov-2 => spike proteins contain Receptor-Binding Domain - facilitate virus entry into target cells by binding with cellular receptor called ACE-2 (binds with 10-20 times higher affinity than SARS virus) => thus higher transmission of COVID than SARS g. Reproduction Number or RO (R-Naught) ='2-2.5 => rate at which virus is transmitted -> avg number of people who will contract virus from infected person h. Diagnosis a. RT-PCR - IDs presence of virus itself based on genetic fingerprint i. RNAisolated from nasal swab ji, RNA transcription to DNA => put into real time machine that makes 1000s of copies Use complimenting DNA fingerprints that bind to viral genetic material, detected by flouroscent chemical markers b. Serological tests/ Rapid Antibody Detection Test i. Immunoglobins (antibodies) from plasma cells (WBCs) if present => positive ii, Helpful to determine extent of spread and development of immunity in community ©. Pool testing i. Simultaneous testing a combined sample from multiple people to widen and speed up results ii, If positive => individual testing Treatment - not known ‘2. WHO rece 4 drugs and combo under Solidarity Trial i. Remdesivir - Ebola ji, Chloroquine and HCQ - malaria and rheumatology respectively iii, Ritonavir/Lopinavir - HIV iv. Ritonavir/Lopinavir with Interferon beta-1a - regulates inflammation b. Convalescent Plasma Therapy - uses antibodies developed in recovered patients against coronavirus, injecting it in critically il patients |. Vaccine Development Many phase 2 and phase 3 (clinical human trials) b. Challenges i. Before it is available, pandemic would have peaked and declined It'll be needed in vast quantities Competition among countries to get vaccinehttps://t.me/esetopper iv, Imbalance btw need and purchasing power c. 6 stages of vaccine development- Explanatory Pre-Clinical Clinical Dev Regulatory Review and Approval v. Manufacturing vi. Quality Control d. Types of virus i. _ Live Attenuated virus - weakened germ ii, Inactivated vaccines - killed version of germ Subunit and Recombitant vaccines a. Use part of pathogen (protein, sugar, capsid) as antigen to provoke immune response iv. Conjugate vaccine a. Similar to recombitant but use pieces of coat of bacteria v. Toxoid vaccine - uses toxin (harmful product) made by germ => creates immunity to parts of germ that causes disease, not germ itself RNA Vaccine a. Introducing mRNA sequence which is coded for disease specific antigen into body and prepares immune system to fight for real thing LOWER AND DELAY THE EPIDEMIC PEAK Uncontrolled sian f. Herd immunity -first mooted by UK i. Population immune either through vaccination or previous infection => act as buffer between infected and non- immune people Hinders spread of diseasehttps://t.me/esetopper iv. Challenges a. Percentage of immune pop - atleast 60-70% b. Natural herd immunity - achieved through infection rather than vaccination => challenging c. Mutation within germ - herd immunity not for long d. Free riders problem - they abstain from getting vaccinated and benefit from eveyone else being vaccinated => too many free riders compromise herd immunity 22. Biotechnology a. Field of biology that uses living processes, organisms or systems to mig products/tech to improve quality of human life b. 5 segments - a -Pharma - largest share (55% of revenue) b. Services c. Bio-agri d. Bio-industrial e. _ Bio-informatics Importance for India 3. Food Security i, More productive and tolerant of pests (Bt Cotton), insects ji, Enhanced nutrition Eg, Golden Rice (vit A) b. Adapting to CC i _ Tacklinghttps://t.me/csetopper i. Zika virus ii, Antibiotic resistant bacteria d. Bioenergy - bioethanol, biodiesels fe. Advancement in drugs - pharma sector economy f. = nutritional quality of crops increased through agronomic practices - i.e. during plant growth rather than manual means during processing of crops 8 - improve livestock productivity, new vaccines and diagnostics of animals h. waste treatment. Eg. Oil zappers i regenerative medicine d. Challenges a b. « - From early research to market, funding exhausts in between d. Public awareness e | f Regulation - fe. Way Forward a vi Increase R&D investment and building human capital Collab btw Govt and Industry - IPR regime Funding mechanism Strategic roadmap - to focus on competitive areas and identify future competencies of the country Ecosystem for innovation Extending reach - to other fields 2. Genome Sequencing a (organism's complete set of DNA) in an individual => data can be analysed to understand function of various genes, genetic mutation, and gene functions b. Benefits - ii. Predictive and Preventive Healthcare - Faster and efficient diagnosis and treatment of rare genetic diseases Precision Medicine - understand nature of diseases and traits of diverse Indian pophttps://t.me/csetopper ili, Scientific Research - (exploitative use of genetic code of plants and animals without compensating the countries from which it was obtained) v. Boost Genomics field - help india develop indigenous capacity to generate, analyse and utilise largescale genome data ©. Challenges i. Technological Issues - ii, Financial issues - less priority than national security, social welfare ete Legal issues - Data Privacy => Anonymity and misuse of genetic data vi. d. Govt Initiatives i. Genome india PFOj@et- by BT - 20 leading instis=> gene mapping ‘+ _ Human genome Project (1990-2003) ii. IidiGen|Prog’- by CSIR - genome sequencing of 1000 Indians 24, Gene Therapy * fanwnwh oucreengsee rem b. 2types - i. Germ-tine ii, Somatic cell + Exvivo - cells are modified outside the body followed by transplantation + _ Invivo - gene delivered directly to target tissue « d. Need for guidelines 1. Complex and unpredictablity Clinical trial design + Patient safetyhttps://t.me/esetopper + Gene therapy product iv. Economic benefits ¥. Guidelines to help researchers and regulators - spur innovation and accelerate research DNA Technology (Use and Application) Regulation Bill, 2019 a. Provisions Consent provisions for collection of DNA Removal of DNA profiles provisions DNA Regulatory Board - to supervise DNA data banks and labs vi. Penal provisions for unauthorised disclosure b. Concers i Sense ne co sd ete info - can be misused i it vontnttgxeprar) iv. Absence of robust data protection law - cyber security Way forward i. Immediately remove DNA profile of innocent ji, Laws to protect privacy and personal data ili, Highest levels of cyber security at Data banks and Labs 26. GM Cropshttps://t.me/esetopper Nida ee tO Cac Ost : c. Benefits i. Improve economic conditions of farmers - Lass labour intenSWe, reduced use of pesticides ii, Better tolerance to harsh climate iii, Improve protection from diseases and pests iv. Increased food security v. Increased yields with less input costs - 90% of cotton area is under Bt cotton vi vil d. Concerns i, Unsafe for consumptionhttps://t.me/esetopper ‘Animal and human health Impact on neighbouring crops Long term effects after several generations i, _ Monopolising Market - terminator tech iv. Envt Risks - reduce biodiversity v. Developing resistance - by pests vii fe. Way Forward i Focus on GM tech - encourage R&D by pvt & public sector Grievance redressal of all stakeholders Legal measure - => ensure accountability - eg. BIR ‘must identify all GM products sold in market 27. Nanotechnology a. Study of materials which are in nanoscale range (1-100nm) i. Conversion of any material in nanoscale units results in alteration of its physiochemical, biological, mechanical, optical etc properties => utilized for diff useful activities Nanotechnology => b. India - 3rd largest no. of nanotech researchers (after US and China) c. Applications i + Disease diagnosis and treatment - efficiently detect cancer, infection etc + repair tissue through tissue engineering + Drug Delivery 3. Medical Nanorobot 4, Superbugs and anti-microbial resistance - stopping them ii. Befenee - precision guiding tools, supplement traditional weaponry for close combat water treatment through nanomembranes, detoxification, detection of contaminants through nanosensors iv. _ GQRSEFLIELIOR - make concrete more robust to water seepage, heat resistent nanomaterials v. _ ERBRR - Hydrogen storage system through SS¥BBRINERGIBES vi. Agriculture - antimicrobial nanoemulsions for decontamination for food equipment, packaging etc b. Challengeshttps://t.me/csetopper i. Health and Envt impact - disrupt cellular funtions + non- ii. - lack of info on nature of nanomaterials, methods of detection, risk research Lack of nfra and Human Resource - por LabsFirmiintergration High Technology Costs v. Governance issues - vi. _ Ethical consequences - warfare, privacy vii, Developed Vs Underdeveloped countries - disparity - aE 28. Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) ‘2. When microorganisms change when they are exposed to antimicrobial drugs => aka superbugs b. Reasons i. Inappropriate use of medicines - Ea ii. Lack of quality medicines - weak drug quality assurance systems iii, Animal husbandry iv. v. pair ability to detect emergence of resistance . Why concern i. Spreading globally => threat our ability to treat common infectious diseases => prolonged illness ili, Increase cost of healthcare d. Initiatives by WHO i, AWaRE tool - 3 groups of antibiotices - Access, Watch, Reserve i. || (Global AMR Surveillance System) 29. One Health ‘a. First used in 2003-04 in association with SARS b. Achieving optimal health outcomes recognizing interconnection btw people, animals, plants and their shared envt i ii il, + Working at - + Local, Regional and Global levelshttps://t.me/esetopper Corr c cain nce & adoptation-|| Subsistence food safety & individuol & community || sustomnabilty. stable well being healthy, widite populations d. One Health includes - i. Zoonotic diseases Antimicrobial Resistance iii. Food safety and security iv. Vector-borne diseases vy. Envt contamination vi. Other Health threats shared by people, animals and envt e. Relevance of One Health imate Change and Land Use Change + Eg. West Nile Virus first affects birds in region before humans ii, Geographic expansion of human habitats iii, Role of animals - 60% of known human infectious disease have origin in animals iv. _ Increased global interaction f. Challenges to be addressed to implement one health i. Institutions - at various levels ii, Funding and Capa iii, Education and Jobs ination a. TB Facts i. Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria - pulmonary TB and extra in 2015 in India - WHO report India's TB burden is highest in the worldiv, https://t.me/esetopper 1/3rd of the world’s population -> diagnosed with latent TB (i.e. infected by actively sick people without their knowledge) Drug resistant TB - Multidrug Resistance TB (MOR) - resistant to 1st line drugs Extensively Drug-resistant TB (KDR-TB) - resistant to atleast one of three 2nd line drugs Totally Drug-resistant TB (TDR-TB) - resistant to all 1st and 2nd line drugs Why India leads in TB Burden vii viii Poor medical Infra Misuse of drugs - First and second line TB Drugs used irr > developing drug resistant TB strains Unaware about disease and delayed diagnosis Non-accessibility of drugs Less effective treatment Lack of awareness Linkage with air pollution Other health related factors Program Towards Elimination of TB - WB and Gol signed loan agreement of $400M will support National Strategic Plan for TB elimination by 2025, iv. DBT to patients Drug resistant TB - detection, treatment and monitoring Help strengthen 1. _ National TB info system 2. Surveillance tool under NTEP 3. Data repository for TB information 4, _ DBT to patients Joint Effort for Elimination of TB (JET) - private sector health engagement reducing TB treatment cost Government interventions - v, Universal Immunization - vaccination for 12 life threatening diseases Mission Indradhanush - 7 vaccine preventable diseases including childhood TB Revised National TB Control Programme (RNTCP) - achieved MDG in 2015 for halting and reversing TB incidence ‘TB Haarega Desh Jeetega Campaign - expand TB care services across the country National Strategic Plan for TB elimination by 2025 => 1, RNTCP released this framework in 2017 2. Provides goals and strategies for the period of 2017-2025 3, Aims to eliminate TB five years before SDG target, 4. A strategic pillars ~https://t.me/csetopper a. DETECT b. TREAT PREVENT d. BUILD f. WAY FORWARD i. Improve health infra and diagnosis ii, Increase budget allocation iii, Effective use of medicine iv. Effective role of private sector v. Improve detection vi. Use of better drugs Reduce poverty vili. Social acceptance g. AWaRe Campaign i, By WHO ii. To contain rising anti-microbial resistance iii, WHO classified antibiotics into 3 groups - 1. Access => for most common and serious infections 2. Watch => should be available at all times in healthcare system 3. Reserve => must be used as last resort 31, Pharma & Medical Devices Industry a. Background i. India largest provider of generic medicines (20% share by volume) a er lr ae cya rear iv. Medical Devices also growing sector with high potential => India imports upto 85% of total domestic demand of medical devices b. Growth Drivers + Medical Devices 1 2, home based healthcare devices Govt Commitment "Pharma Industry = Demand Side yew a b. «https://t.me/esetopper = Supply side a b, c 4 e, c. Challenges i, Global Factors 1. Consumer consolidation 2. _ Increasing competition and number of approvals it _—i challenges and low productivity iii, Evolving v. Inadequate R&D Vi. Mi Disability Lack of infra Domestic supply change and logistics High cost of finances 4, Limited design capabilities vi. Medical Devices - need engg, electronics, material sciences and IT d. Govt Schemes to Promote i. PRStoHOhSFIMedETBEWESIPSERSL financial assistance for Common Infra Facilities for 4 Medical Devices Parks 1 2, 3, Promotion of Production Linked Incentive Scheme for BEOMOLOMONDOMESHE e. Significance ‘Affordable healthcare ji, Self-reliance iv. Economies of scale Vv, Attracting investment vi, Hand holding support to mfg vii. Additional employment generation 32. Banning E-Cigarettes ‘a. Provisions i. Definition ofhttps://t.me/csetopper _ Eee ii, Prohibition on E-Ciggs - production, mfg, import, export, transport, sale, distribution, advt => cognisable offense ili, Storage of E-ciggs - punishable iv. Powers of authorised officers ji, Increase in usage v. Govt responsibility - under Art 47 -> govt has responsibility to. raise level of nutrition and public health vi. Lack of regulation of e-cigg :- unlike ciggs, not regulated under Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act (COTPA), 2003 vii. . Arguments against i. More needs to be done on tobacco - banning original ciggs to stop tobacco consumptionhttps:/t.me/esetopper