A Handbook on Mechanical Engineering Basic Thermodynamics 1. Basic Concepts... 110-113 2 Energy Interaction... sees MAAIG 3. First Law of Thermodynamics 117-118 4. First Law Applied to Flow Process 119-421 5 Second Law of Thermadynamios sosnnns OARS Be EMFOPY ern : 124-126 Available Energy, Availabilty and Ineversibility 127-128 Properties of Pure Substance 190-132 Properties of Gases and Gas Mixture 193-134 8 Thermodynamic Relations Equilibrium and Stability 135-138Basic Concepts Pee 4. System and Surrounding ary. Sensi’ the surrounding by bound is separated from bandon ere ting enamel (0th sytem i caled SUrOU See urouncng together is caled & . indary aonseperae system and soundings walle = Itcan be fixed or mo ; = Fixed boundary e.g. rigid box containi ne gas =» Movable bondary ¢.9- cylinder with piston 8. ‘a matter or region on which analysis is don . Type of System : Beample 7 [Eneray wansfer =ypes al system [ Mass Transfer [Eneroy me i a Yes without valves Close Turbine, PUM, Yes compressor Yes an ‘Universe, hot ae coffee in a perectty Isolated No insulated thermos mamics Equilibrium 3 Teer pen oredramc oxo fi 1 ture © Thermal equlibrium: Equally of ieee nee Mechanical equiliarium: Equality of foroes and cou?! Chemical equilibrium: Equality of chemical poter aren 1 diferent onary re pointurcion ad ate exact pode ‘eq. internal energy, enthalpy, entropy . ive properties ’ re porie ate idopendent of mass. ©. PH temperature density, specific volume, Sp iy specific enthalpy. 4 IADEEASY A HANDBOOK ON MECHANICAL ENGINEERING [111] * Extensive properties | These properties are dependent on mass. e.g. volume, energy, Heat capacity (C,,C), enthalpy. All specific properties are intensive properties. Point functions Path functions: 5. Process Change of state is known as process. * Reversible process * Aprocess when reversed in direction follows the same path as that of the forward path without leaving any effect on system and surroundings. * Irreversible process Does not depend on paih history (T, PW) Depend on path history (work, heat) "= The process which is not reversible is known as irreversible. * All actual process are irreversible process. Points to remember: ‘= A system is said to have undergone a cycle when the initial and final points are same. ‘= For a cyle change in property is zero. = A frictionless Quasi static process is called a reversible process. 6. Gibbs Phase Rule P+F=C+2 Here P = Number of phases (solid, liquid, gas) F = Minimum number of independent intensive variables Tequired to fix the state (Degree of freedom) C = Number of components (e.g. If 0, and No, then C= 2) Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics/Temperature Measurement * When a body A is in thermal equilibrium with a body B & also separately with a body C then body B & C will be in thermal equilibrium with each other, Point to remember: ' Zeroth law of thermodynamies is the basis of temperature i measurement.MADE EASY ese [BASIC THERMODYNAMICS wee AHANDBOOK 8. Type of Thermometer Te ON MECHANICAL ENGINEERING [113] roperty Correspondiny jing to temperature * =ypearnermometer[| Principle | Thermometric property i = Propet coresponding tice eae Rares Wheat store [pocictance ahetans Property corresponding to steam ne 2) sistance ane sistanc: Used after 1954 point (100°C) Thermocouple ‘See back effect | EMF (voltage) Tem P Pressure °° gas thermometer__[ equation Fe I cra ease Weal oes ee Te ltaiorsire gas thermometer _Lequaton a Properycorespending to tempera = Pr re Points to remember: ‘» = Property corresponding to triple point of water (2 Oe ideal gas thermometer are independent of material of (273.16) construction. = ‘Thermocouple uses copper-constantan, platinum-rhodium combinations. 9. Conversion of Temperature Unit/Triple point of Water a7) «Conversion of temperature unit: SA 27815 ahs “® 5 Vj Here, For expansion Yr Adiabatic (isentropic) Polytropic 4, Open System Work fal pessue vp ntalgessure Jow t - S_ Point to remember: sen © The closed s) system work is obtain b nts vy plotting it on volume axis ; open system work is obtain by plotting it on press aca leat, Specific Heat Ratio a * Heat Q=mcat Here, Q =Heat m= mass , C = Specific heat leat flow out of a s yystern is tak into a system is taken as alte ee a * Heat like work is al w Iso ; diferential € path functon so is inexact or imperfectMADE EASY re BASIC THERMODYNAMICS & ‘Specific Heat Ratio (7) 3. First Law of Thermodynamics ee : © 4 = Specific heat at constant pressur Here, CPZ Specific at constant volume First Law of Thermodynamics * Fora cycle (Closed System) P For air aie c, = 1.008 kd/kg-K = 0.728 kd/ka-K 2Q==Ww = 0.287 kuikaK v * Fora process 8Q = dE + aw 5Q = dU + BW (If KE and PE are negligible) Points to remember: For isolated system energy (E) always constant. © Energy is a point function and @ property of the system. Energy's an extensive property while specific energy is an intensive property. ‘The internal energy depends only on temperature, for an ideal gas. Heat Transfer for Closed System * Heat transfer at constant volume Q, = (au)= f*c,ar C, = specific heat at constant volume * Heat transfer at constant pressure ©, = (4h)=f/*c,ar C, = Specific heat at constant pressure * For isothermal process dU =0 * Uis function of temperature only, for ideal gas da = aw118) BASIC THERMODYNAMICS. MADE EASY ‘= In adiabatic process Heat transfer = 0 dQ =o © Inpolytropic process Wi=Pa¥e (729 a - (ES) 1. Steady Flow Process/si Ina fw i hermocynanie aan sow Energy Equation itt perties do leent locations, the process is steady jie ns with time at = In steady flow process ther. Points to remember: SS and energy occurs. ae reer at constant volumeincreases the internal ene" a> ae of the system. ba © Heat transfer at constant pressure increases the enthalpy’ ae Wey the system. A = In polytropic process, heat transfer is not zero. 3. Enthalpy (H) itis the heat content of a body. Its unit is joule. H=U+PV 4, Polytropic Specific Heat Datum ine ‘Steady Flow Energy Equation (S.F.E.E,) Hes dmop 1 2 MZ, +Qoy = Hp +503 + For Per Unit Mass oe eee Coottopie 1 Nyt 5 CF +9214 Ga, 1 2+ HOE b025 + Wy Here, ny = Polytropie index cy Here, H = Enthalpy heey C= Velocity : Z = Height Q., = Heat given Point to remember: ‘& Polyttopic specific heat is always negative, Perpetual Motion Machine of First Kind (PMIM1) “There can be no machine which would continuously Supply work without some other form of energy disappearing simul ‘Such a fictitious machine is called perpetual motion machine | cof firs Cy = 2th =h,) = mo 7 venir VE =T) lemperature Enthalpy C, = Velocity at outlet[1201 [BASIC THERMODYNAMICS MADE EASY Conditions: (i) Nozzle is perfectly insulated (i) Negelect potential eneray change (iil). No work is done by nozzle (iv) G<<< Cy Special case - At 4°C density P Glee Ts ©,=C, 7. Energy equation aP dU=C,-oT + (3), of" 8. Clapeyron’s equation dpe tush at T-W) 9. Clausius Clapeyron equation dP _PlLatent Heat) ice Sean of water is maximum Itapply to change of liquid to gas only. 10, Joule-Kelvin Effect ‘When a gas is throttled ther as the pressure decreases but after a decreases (cooling) as pressure decreas temperatures different such pressures exst ‘¢ Joule-Kelvin constant @-e] Its value is zero, for ideal gas 1 fist its temperature increases (heal particular pressure, temper ses. At different ini ‘MADE EASY MADE EASY ‘A HANDBOOK ON MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 1137) Inversion Lina 7 [Sepe+ve\_Sope-ve Cooling region Hosting region. p> + Incooting reion: 19, Joule-Kelv Reena ea in constant is negative and in heating 11. Co-efficient of volume expansibility (B) ifav ver), 12. Isoth ermal compressibility (k,) (opposite to bulk modulus) a fo v (3), ne kr Points to remember: = Compressibility factor = PV a aT Compressibiliy factor for an ideal gas = 1 (8 (3), 0. Ter Ctl teperatieBh jade 3s nie teens Manel 13. Entropy Change in Diffusion | Laie] | A Handbook on gs = -mRyinP mR! | Mechanical Engineering Js = Ryn - mae rere partl pressure of O, and N Bree = aie ese oh Mandy -ieeh nF Power Plant Engineering 8. « EE ee | Power Plant Economics 140-140 9. ¢ Fuel and Combustion 141-144 Boiler/Analysis Steam Cycle 145-181 rf iSteam Nozzle and Turbine 192-156 10. J w ‘Combined Cycle Plant 187-160, de (Comp 161-165