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A Teaching- Learning Package in Mathematics 10

Teacher: Maryland V. Pasilan

Method: The concept attainment model

TLP 8: Polynomial Functions

Objectives: Through the discussion and examples, the students will be able to:
1. Define, identity, and evaluate a polynomial function;
2. Find the zeroes or roots of a polynomial function using any method;
3. Illustrates polynomial functions; and
4. Solve problems involving polynomial functions.

A. ACTIVATION
The class will have an activity called “Identify Me”
From the previous lesson, you have learned what a polynomial is. In the activity below, they will recall some
ideas about polynomial.

-6x2y6 + 10

P5q+2p7q3-8

5tuv

c4-4b2-7a4b2

x7-5x5

8pq2r-9+4pqr3

3mn8+6

-y3z2-2z6-z2

9t4
The class will check the activity.
B. DEVELOPMENT
From the given activity above, recall what is a polynomial.
Polynomial
- a polynomial is an expression consisting of variables and coefficients, that involves only the operations
of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and non-negative integer exponentiation of variables. An example of a
polynomial of a single indeterminate x is x² − 4x + 7.
Polynomial Functions
- An algebraic expression consisting of one or more summed term.
- Each term consists of a constant multiplier and one or more variables raised to integral powers
Example:
 f(x) = x2+4x +5
Polynomial function is one variable which is x.
 f(x) = x2y + 2xy +4
Polynomial function is two variable which is x and y.
 f(x) = 2ab + 3a2b + 1
Polynomial Function is two variable which is a and b.
 f(x) = 4n2-5
Polynomial Function is one variable which is n.

- can be linear, quadratic, cubic, quartic, quantic and so on.

Degree - highest exponent of a variable in the function.
Standard Form - exponents of the terms are rearranged in descending orders.
Example:
 2x + 1 : This a linear function since the highest degree is 1.
 -2y + 3y2 +5 : Since the polynomial is not in a standard form, we will make it to a standard form we
have 3y2-2y+5. The polynomial is an example of a quadratic function since the highest degree is 2.
 -5x3+2x2+100 : Example of a cubic function since the highest degree is 3
 6x4-3x3+6x4+5 : This is an example of Quartic function since the highest degree is 4.
From the definition, the following are implied:
i. Each exponent is a whole number.
ii. Denominators contain no variable in x.
iii. No variable is under the radical sign.
The domain of a polynomial function is the set of real numbers. Its range depends on whether n is even
or odd, and also on the value of the leading coefficient an. This will be discussed in detail when the graphs of
polynomial function are tackled.
A polynomial function written with its terms arranged according to descending powers of x is said to be
in standard form.
The value of n in p(x) determines the degree of the polynomial.
Let’s try some examples:
Example 1. Identify the polynomial functions from the given set of expressions.
a. f(x) = 2-x+3x2-4x4 b. g ( x )=3 x 2−4 x +1−x −1
c. h ( x )=√ 5 x7 + 2 x 3−x d. F ( x )= √ 5 x+ 3
3
e. G ( x )=¿ f. H ( x )=−4 x2 +2 x 2 + x
Answers:
To identify the polynomial functions from the given set of expressions, use its definition.
Remember: n is a positive integer implies that n is not negative, 0 , fractional, radical, or imaginary.
a. f(x) which can be written as f(x) = - 4x2+3x2-x+2 is a polynomial function.
b. g(x) is not a polynomial function because the exponent of the fourth term is negative.
c. h(x) is a polynomial function. Why?1 ________________________________________________________
d. f(x) is not a polynomial function because the first term, including x is under a radical sign. This connotes
fractional n.
e. G(x) when expanded is 9x4+12x3+4x2. Thus, G(x) is a polynomial function.
f. H(x) has a fractional exponent in x in the second term. Hence, H(x) is not a polynomial function.
Every polynomial function has its own degree and number terms. Let us try some examples on how to
get the degree and number of terms.
Example 2. Determine the degree and the number of terms of the given polynomial functions.
a. f ( x )=−3 x 4 + 2 x 2−6 x +1 b. g ( x )=x 5−4 x+2

c. h ( x )=2 c. k ( x )=( x−4 )2−( x +1)

Answers:

Function Degree of the Function Number of Terms

a. f(x) 4 4
b. g(x) 5 2
c. h(x) 0 1

d. For k(x), simplify the right side and write the polynomial function in standard form.
k(x) = (x-4)2 – (x+1)
k(x) = (x2-8x+16)-(x+1)
k(x) = x2-8x+16-x-1
k(x) = x2-9x+15
The given function k(x) expressed in standard form has 3 terms.
Since n is 2, the degree of f(x) is 2.

Practice!
Try This #1!
Tell whether the given expression is a polynomial function or not. Check the column if it is a
polynomial or not. Give the degree and the number of terms for each polynomial functions.
A Polynomial Not A Polynomial Degree of the Number of
Function Function Function Terms
1. p(x) = x3+9x2-5
2. g(x) = 3x2-3x+4
3. f(x) = x √ 3-4

(Students are tasked to answer the given activity individually. Afterwards, they will check their
answers.)
Evaluating Polynomial function
Evaluating polynomial functions is an important skill in the succeeding topics.
To evaluate a polynomial function means to find the value of the function at a given value of x.

Example 3. Find p(2) and p(-3) for each of the following.

a. p(x) = x3+x2-7x-3
b. p(x) = 2x3+x2-18x+7
c. p(x) = 2x4+5x3-8x2-7x-9

As you observe, we simply substitute 2

and -3 to all x of each function. Then, we
simplify.

Example 4: Find p(x+2) and p(a-3) for each of the following:

a. p(x) = 4x-2 b. p(x) = 3x2-2x+5
Solution:
 In the given examples above, we simply substitute the x+2 and a-3 to all x of each equation. Then,
simplify by applying the properties.

Practice!
Try This # 2!
Find p(-3) and p(x-2) for each polynomial function.
1. p(x) = 4x3-3x2-24x-9 2. p(x) = x4-3x2-1
(Students are tasked to answer the given activity individually. Afterwards, they will check their answers.)

This process is very familiar to you since we use this is our TLPs about Remainder and Factor Theorem.
You should be good in evaluating a function. Again, in evaluating a function is to find the value function in
the give value of x. To do it, we simply substitute the value of x to all x in the given function.
Zeroes of Polynomial Functions
We have theorems about zeroes of a polynomial equations. In polynomial function, zeroes are very
important elements of polynomial functions because of their number applications.
Getting the zeroes or roots of a polynomial functions are closely related in getting the zeroes or
roots of a polynomial equation. The zeroes of polynomial function P are the roots of the corresponding
polynomial equations P(x) = 0. This implies that if P(c) = 0, then c is a zero of P(x). The following theorem
guarantees the existence of at least one zero for a given polynomial function.

Other Theorem concerning zero of polynomials functions evolved from the Fundamental Theorem of
Algebra.

Example 5: Determine the number of Zeros of each polynomial function.

a. f(x) = 3x31+x21-2x11+7x = 0
b. g(x) = (x+2)4(3x-1)2(x-1)5 = 0
c. h(x) = (x-a)m(x-b)n =0

Example 6: Determine the degree and

zeroes of each polynomial function.
a. f(x) = (x-3)2(x+1)3(2x+5)
b. g(x)= x3(x+2)(x-4)5
 c. h(x) = (x2-1)(x2+4x+4)

Practice!
Try This # 3!
Determine the number of zeroes, the degree and the zeroes of each polynomial function
1. (x+4)(x-6)2(2x+3) 2. (x2-4)(x2-6x+9) 3.x3(x-1)3(x+7)2
(Students are tasked to answer the given activity individually. Afterwards, they will check their answers.)

Example 7: Find the other zeroes of f(x) = x3-x2-x+10 if one zero is -2.
Solution:

or imaginary roots.
Example 8: Find the zeroes of g(x) = 3x4-16x3+14x2+24x-9 if 3 is a zero of multiplicity 2.
Solution:

Practice!
Try This # 4!
Find the other zeroes given a one root.
1. f(x) = x4-2x3-7x2+8x+12; -2 2. f(x) = x4+x3-13x2-25x-12; -1 of multiplicity 2
(Students are tasked to answer the given activity individually. Afterwards, they will check their answers.)

Example 9: Find all the zeroes of each function.

a. f(x) = 2x3-x2-2x+1
b. g(x) = 3x3+4x2-5x-2
c. h(x) = 2x4-11x3+17x2-10x+2
Solution:
Since the equation can be factored:
Qu
 Practice!
Try This # 5!
Find the zeroes of the following polynomial function.
1. f(x) =x3-9x2+23x-15 2. f(x) = 2x3-13x2-26x+16
(Students are tasked to answer the given activity in pair. Afterwards, they will check their answers.)

Example 10: Write a polynomial function f(x) in a standard form which has zeroes -2,5, and -1.
Solution:

1
Example 11: Write a polynomial g(x) in a standard form which has zeroes - ,1,3
2
Solution:
Recall how to get the factor using the roots
By Factor Theorem, the desired polynomial function is 1
- . Observe the solution how.
g(x) = (2x+1)(x-1)(x-3) 2
= (2x2-x-1)((x-3) 1
= x(2x2-x-1)—3(2x2-x-1) x=-
2
= 2x3—x2-x-((6x2—3x-3)
= 2x3-x2-x—6x2+3x+3 2x = -1 Multiply both sides by 2
= 2x3—7x2+2x +3
2x+1 = 0 Transpose -1 to the other
side then equate to 0.

Practice!
Try This # 6!
Write a polynomial function with the given zeroes.
−3
1.x = 3,-1, 1,-2 2. x= , 3 ,−1
2
(Students are tasked to answer the given activity individually. Afterwards, they will check their answers.)

III. CULMINATIOn
Evaluation
A. Tell whether the given expression is a polynomial function or not. Give the degree and the number of terms
for each polynomial functions.
1. y = 3x2-2x+4 2. y = π
3. y = √ 6 x 2+1 4. y = 2x+3
5. y = 1- x3+x5-3x9 6. y = x √ 3−4
B. Determine the degree and the zeroes of each polynomial function.
1. f(x) = (x-5)(x+6)
2. f(x) = (x+2)(x-3)(x-9)
3. f(x) = x(x-5)
4. f(x) = x(x+5)(x-5)
5. f(x) = x(x-2)(2x-3)
C. Find p(1) and p(x-5) for each polynomial function.
1. p(x) =x3+9x2-5
2. p(x) = x3-7x2-20x+60
3. p(x) = -x3+4x2+7x-11
4. p(x) = 2x3+5x2-11x-2
5. p(x) = 4x3-12x2-x-4
D. Find the other zeroes of each polynomial function.
1. f(x) = x3-x2-x+10 if one zero is -2.
2. f(x) = x3-4x2-7x+10 if one zero is 1
1
3. f(x) = 6x3+4x2-14x+4 if one zero is
3
E. Write a polynomial function with the given zeroes.
1. x = 2,-3,1
2. x = 2,-2,-3
3. x = 5,-2,-1

Answer key:
Note: Refer your answers here in practice activities (Try This # ___). Evaluate your answers if you got the
correct or wrong answer. If you got a wrong answer, try to answer again and look for what part of your
solutions you got wrong. Submit your all your answers and solutions including the solutions and answers that is
wrong. This will be my bases as your scores for the TLPs. I will provide the solutions once I already checked
your TLPs.
Try This # 2! Try This #4! Try This #6!
1. p(-3) = -72 1. -1, 3,2,-2 1. x4-x3-7x2+x+6
p(x-2) = 4x3-27x2+36-5 2. -1,-1,-3,4 2. 2x3-x2-12x-9
2. p(-3) = 71 Try This #5!
p(x-2) = x4-8x3+22x2+x+11 1. 1,3,5
 1
2. -2, ,8
2