Calculus II 2019 Fall Midterm Solution

1. Let  be the line through the point     and parallel to the
vector 〈  〉. Let  be the line of intersection of the planes 
and  , where  is the plane          and  is the plane
through points     ,      and      .
(a) Find the parametric equations for the line  .
(b) Find the distance between  and  .

(sol) (a) Let      ,       and       .

The normal vector of  is

   
 × 


  


   
  

 〈     〉

⇒ 〈   〉
and the normal vector of  is

 〈   〉.
∴ The direction vector of  is
  


 × 
  
   
  

 〈  〉
⇒ The equations of  is
                 ,
that is,          and the equations of  is         ,
∴     is a point on  .
⇒ The parametric equations for the line  is
           ∈ℝ.
(b) Let  and  be two parallel planes containing  and  ,
respectively.
The normal vector of  and  is
  


 
 






 〈     〉
The equation of  is                   , that is,
         and     is a point on  .
∴ The distance between  and  is
 ×      ×   
 

 .
      
2. Let  be a curve given by the vector equation

〈
            

 〉 and      be a point represented by

rectangular coordinate.
(a) Find the curvature of the curve  at      .
(b) Find the center of the osculating circle of the curve  at
     .

(sol) (a) The value of  corresponding to  is    .

′
    〈     〉 and ″
    〈  〉
′
    〈   〉 and  ″    〈  〉
  
⇒ ′   × ″   
 
     〈    〉
  
⇒  ′
   
 and  ′   × ′    
  
∴ The curvature is       
  
(b) The binormal vector to  at  is

     ′   × ″     〈    〉 ⇒ 
     〈    〉.


The unit normal vector to  at  is
 

   
  × 
  ⇒    
〈  〉.

  


    
  

 〈  〉
∴ The center of the osculating circle of  at  is
  
  
   
 .

 
 〈  〉  〈  〉
 


〈
  
   
   〉
3. Find the limit, if it exist, or show that the limit does not exist.
 sin
lim   
 →     

(sol) By the arithmetic-geometric mean, we get

   ≥ 
   .
 
⇒  
≤ 
   
 sin  sin  sin
⇒   sin  ≤ ≤  sin
    
 sin
⇒  sin≤  ≤ sin
  
Since lim  sin    lim sin ,
  →     →  

 sin
lim   

 →     

by the squeeze theorem

4. Let a function  defined on ℝ by
 

     
    
  
if    ≠   

  if       
and     is differentiable at    . Find the linear approximation
of the function     at    and use it to approximate
     .

(sol)
(i)       ⇒        ⇒       
(ii)       ⇒        ⇒      
∴ The linear approximation of the function     at    is
                        

   
and
     ≈     

  ×     

 
5. If a differentiable function        decrease fastest in the
direction of the vector       at the point      and the
minimum rate of change is    . Find the maximum rate of
change of
                
at the point      and the direction in which it occurs.

(sol)  ∇      〈  〉    and ∇     

.
⇒ ∇      〈     〉
⇒ ∇        ⇒ 
∴ ∇      〈              〉
 〈     〉
⇒                       
Let               .
⇒           
The corresponding point to          is          .
By the chain Rules, we get
       
         
                        
             
         
            
                     
 
       
        
                        
             
         
            
                     
 
       
         
                        
              
         
          
                     
  
∴ The maximum rate of change of      at      is
∇      〈              〉
 〈     〉

 

and it occurs in the direction
∇      〈     〉 ⇒ 〈     〉.