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Stars and Constellations

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QUEENCIL MANGAO
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27 views49 pages

Stars and Constellations

Uploaded by

QUEENCIL MANGAO
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© © All Rights Reserved
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STARS

AND
CONSTELLATIONS
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

a. infer the characteristics of stars based on the


characteristics of the sun;
b. compare the sun in size and brightness to other
main-sequence stars; and
c. infer that the arrangement of stars in a group
does not change.
ASTRONOMY
VS
ASTROLOGY
ASTRONOMY
Astronomy is the study of everything in the
universe beyond Earth's atmosphere. That
includes objects we can see with our naked eyes,
like the Sun , the Moon , the planets, and the stars
.
ASTROLOGY
The study of the movements and relative
positions of celestial bodies interpreted as
having an influence on human affairs and the
natural world.
season

crops
STARS
-are cosmic energy generators that produce heat,
light and other forms of radiation such as:
x-rays
gamma rays
ultraviolet rays
STARS

gas plasma
Nuclear Fusion Reaction
A form of nuclear reaction
by which the nuclei of
smaller atoms fuse
together to form a heavier
nucleus, with a huge
release of energy.
NIGHT SKY
Refraction of Light
Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of
light (it also happens with
sound, water and other
waves) as it passes from one
transparent substance into
another.
SUN
-150 MILLION KM
-1 AU
The sun is a star at the center of the Solar System. It is
made up of burning gases. The sun is the most
important life source for all living things.
The Sun radiates this
energy mainly as light,
ultraviolet, and infrared
Surface temperature: 5,778 K radiation, and is the most
Distance to Earth: 149.6 million km
Radius: 696,340 km important source of energy
Age: 4.603 billion years for life on Earth.
Mass: 1.989 × 10^30 kg
Gravity: 274 m/s²
Light year
Characteristics of Stars
• brightness
• color
• surface temperature
• size
• composition
In 1910, Danish chemist and astronomer Einar
Hertzsprung and American astronomer Henry
Russell studied individually the relationship
between the true brightness, commonly termed as
absolute magnitude, and the color and temperature
of stars.
Hertzsprung-Russell
diagram, also called H-R
diagram, in
astronomy, graph in
which the absolute
magnitudes (intrinsic
brightness) of stars
are plotted against
their spectral types
(temperatures).
Brightness Ancient Greeks
learned that the
A star’s brightness is
brightness of the star
described in terms of
depends on its size
its magnitude and
and distance from
luminosity.
Earth.
In 150 BC, Hipparchus
devised a scale of 1 to
6 to describe the
apparent magnitude of
a star. Hipparchus
First magnitude
star/Magnitude Sixth magnitude
1 stars – stars– classified as
classified as the the faintest stars.
brightest stars.
Stars with same size in the same region in space, appear
to have the same brightness.
Apparent Magnitude
The change in distance affects how we perceive
the brightness of a star.
Apparent Magnitude
how bright the star
appears to a detector here
on Earth
It depends on how big it is, how far
away it is from Earth and how much
light it emanates per diameter of the
star.
Absolute Magnitude It refers to the fact that
Absolute magnitude is to determine the true
defined to be the brightness of a light
apparent magnitude an source we need to know
object would have if it how far away it is.
were located at
10 parsecs.
Luminosity
is the amount of
light it emits from
its surface.
Colors of Stars
Colors of Stars
Antares is the brightest star in the
constellation of Scorpius.
Temperature: 2,000K-3,000K
Constellation: Scorpio
Color: Red star
Arcturus

Arcturus is the brightest star in the northern


constellation of Boötes. It is the third-brightest
of the individual stars in the night sky, and the
brightest in the northern celestial hemisphere.
Temperature: 3600K -5,000K
Constellation: Bootes
Color: Orange star
Sun The Sun is the star at the center of the
Solar System. It is a nearly perfect ball
of hot plasma, heated to
incandescence by nuclear fusion
reactions in its core.
Temperature: 5,000 K -6,000 K
Constellation: None
Color: Yellow star
Vega

Vega is the brightest star in the


northern constellation of Lyra.
Temperature: 7740K-11,000 K
Constellation: Lyra
Color: Bluish white star
Spica

Spica is the brightest object in the


constellation of Virgo and one of the 20
brightest stars in the night sky.
Temperature: 11,000K-28,000K
Constellation: Virgo
Color: Blue star
Classification
of
Stars
Main-Sequence Stars
-these are the most observed stars. This class of
stars composes about 90% of all the stars.
-fall along the band running from the upper let
corner up to the lower right corner of the HR
diagram.
Giant Stars
-a giant star is a star with substantially larger
radius and luminosity than a main-sequence
(or dwarf) star of the same surface
temperature.
Pollux Arcturus Aldebaran
Supergiant Stars
The supergiant are the most massive stars out
there, ranging between 10 to 70 solar masses, and
can range in brightness from 30,000 to hundreds of
thousands of times the output of the Sun. They
have very short lifespans, living from 30 million
down to just a few hundred thousand years.
Betelgeuse Rigel Antares
Dwarf Stars
A dwarf star is a star of relatively small size
and low luminosity. Most main sequence stars
are dwarf stars
Sun Proxima Centauri

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