C.X.C.

ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS FORMULA SHEET

Surds and Indices Vectors Vectors continued Given
1 x a=x 1 i+ y 1 j ; b=x 2 i+ y 2 j
a0 = 1; ; a- n = n Given the vector a = ( ¿ then the
a y The dot product
1 1 magnitude of a = |a| = √(x2 +y2) a b = x1 x2 + y1 y2
a 2 = √a; a 3 = √ a
3
= |a| ⌈ b ⌉ cos ϴ
am x an = am + n am÷ an = am - n If a is a unit vector then |a|=1 where ϴ is the angle between the
(am)n = am x n (abc)n = anbncn two vectors
n *The unit vector parallel to a vector a
a n a
(b ¿¿ = n a
b is
a √a
|a|
√(ab) = √a x √b: √( b ) = √ b *If vectors a 1 x + b 1 y and a 2 x + b 2 y
Rationalization (to remove surds from
a1 b1
are parallel then- = If two vectors are perpendicular
the denominator of fractions multiply top a2 b2
and bottom by the conjugate of the then a b = 0
*If vectors a 1 x + b 1 y and a 2 x + b 2 y
1 1 are equal then -: a 1 = a 2 and b 1 = b 2
denominator-: = x
√ a−√ b √ a−√ b
√ a+√ b
√ a+√ b
Quadratic functions Types of roots of a quadratic equation Coordinate Geometry
If f(x) = ax2 + bx + c = 0 If f(x) = ax2 + bx + c = 0 Given a line joining two points
−b ± √ b2−4 ac
⇒ (x1, y1) and (x2, y2)
b2 – 4ac = 0 ❑f(x) has equal roots (1 root)
Then f(x) = 0 x= y 2− y 1
2a ⇒
b2 – 4ac > 0 ❑f(x) has 2 real and distinct gradient, m =
and the axis of symmetry of the function equal roots x 2−x 1
b ⇒
f(x) is given by x = - 2
b – 4ac < 0 ❑f(x) has no real roots length = √ ¿ + ¿
2a
(or imaginary roots) x1 + x 2 y 1+ y 2
midpoint- ( , )
If f(x) is expressed in the form-: 2 2
If the roots of f(x) are α and β then equation of line- y = mx + c, where m
a(x + h)2 + k then the turning point of
f(x) is (- h, k)
−b c is the gradient and c the y intercept.
α+β= and α β =
a a
Logarithm Area, A, of a polygon with vertices (
If base power = result then x 1 , y 1), ( x 2 , y 2 ) … … … . ( x n , y n )
log base result= power arranged in anticlockwise order =

Naperian log- ln x = log e x where

the exponential constant e ≈ 2.72
[
1 ( x 1 y 2+ x 2 y 3+ .. x n y 1) –
2 ( y 1 x 2 + y 2 x3 +.. y n x1 ) ]
Other rules:
Parallel lines have the same gradient
log x ab=log x a+ log x b
Factor theorem-
If (x – a) is a factor of f(x) then f(a) = 0 a The product of the gradients of
log x =log x a−¿ log x b ¿
Remainder Theorem b perpendicular lines is – 1 i.e if one
n
If (x – a) is not a factor of f(x) then log x a =n log x a 1
gradient is m then the other is –
f(a) = R, where R is the remainder when Change of base m
f(x) is divided by (x – a) log y a
log x a = ¿ Equation of a circle centre (a, b)
log y x
radius r - : (x – a)2 + (y – b)2 = r2
Trigonometry Basic trigonometry identities Trigonometry continued
Exact values
Solving right angled triangles- 1 1 θ sin θ cos θ tan θ
Pythagoras’ theorem sec θ = cosec θ =
cos θ sin θ π/6 1/2 √ 3/2 1/√ 3
sin θ 1 cos θ
π/4 1/√ 2 1/√ 2 1
tanθ = ; cot θ = = π/3 √ 3/2 1/2 √3
cos θ tan θ sin θ
sin2θ + cos2θ = 1; tan2θ + 1 = sec2θ Sign chart
Trigonometric ratios cot2θ + 1 = cosec2θ

Compound angle formulae

sin(A ± B) = sinA cosB ± cosA sinB
cos(A ± B) = cosA cosB ∓sinA sinB
(SOHCAHTOA) tanA ± tanB
tan(A ± B) =
1∓ tanA tanB
Solving non-right angled s-: Double angle formulae Circle Measure
A sin 2A = 2sinA cosA Sectors:
b c cos 2A = cos2θ−¿ sin2θ
C B
= 2 cos2θ−¿ 1
a
Cosine rule: a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bccosA = 1 - 2 sin2θ
a b C 2tanA
Sine rule: = = tan2A = 2
sinA sinB sinC 1−tan A
Periodic values
Units of angular measure
π radians = 1800 f (θ ) sin θ cos θ tan θ
≫ 1 radian = 57.30 Periodic 2π 2π π
value

Statistics Probability ( S- sample space; E- event) APs

n(E) (1st term a, common difference d)
score x frequency Classical probability - P(E) = nth term, Tn = a + (n -1)d
Mean Score x = ∑ ’ n(S)
total frequency Experimentally- The Relative frequency of an Sum of first n terms -:
Variance = n(E) n
event E = where n is the number of Sn =
2
[ 2 a+ ( n−1 ) d ] or
n
n
or outcomes. This probability approaches P(E) as Sn = [ a+l ] where l is the last
n increases. 2
term of a finite AP
Conditional probability- The probability that A
In the case of grouped data e.g. 10 - 14, occurs given that B has already occurred is GPs
10+14 P ( A ∩B) (1st term a, common ratio r)
the midpoint = 12 is used to P(A/B) =
2 P( B)
n–1
represent the score x i. Basic Laws of Probability nth term, Tn = a r
∑ P (of all E) =1; 0 ≤ P( E )≤ 1 ;
Sn =
n
a(r −1)
; –1 > r > 1 or
P( E ¿= 1 – P(E) r−1
n
Standard deviation S = √ variance a(1−r )
Addition rules of probability Sn = ; –1 < r < 1
If A and B are mutually exclusive events then 1−r
Range = highest score – lowest score a
P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) S∞ = ; –1 < r < 1
If A and B are not mutually exclusive then 1−r
Inter-quartile range =
P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B)
upper quartile – lower quartile Multiplication rules of probability Sigma notatioin
If A and B are independent events then
n
P(A and B) = P(A) x P (B)
If A and B are dependent events then ∑ f ( r )=f ( 1 )+ f ( 2 ) +… . f (n)
r=1
P(A and B) = P(A) x P(B|A)
Differentiation Differentiation continued Integration rules
The gradient function of a curve y =f(x)
dy Tangents and normals-
∫ adx = ax + c
n+1
is denoted by f ¿(x) =
dx gradient of tangent =
dy ∫ a x ndx = ax n+ 1
+c
dy dx
Rules for finding
dx −1 ∫ sin x dx = – cosx + c
y = c (c is a constant)
⇒ dy gradient of normal = dy ∫ cos x dx = sin x + c
❑ dx = 0
Maxima and Minima
dx ∫ sec2 x dx = tan x + c
y = axn – 1
y = f(x) ¿ dy ∫ x −1 dx = ln x + c
f (x) = Integral of a composite functions
dx
= Integral of outer fn divided by
c (c is a constant) 0
n n-1
the derivative of inner fn. e.g.
ax nax (4 x +5)
7 +1

log x 1 ∫ (4 x+5)7 d= 7+1

÷ 4+ c
x 8
( 4 x+ 5)
sin x cos x = +c
cos x – sin x 32
tan x 2 Definite Integrals (with limits-
sec x 2 used for finding area under graphs
d y ⇒
2 < 0 at turning pt ❑ a maximum pt
If & volume of solids of revolution)
Product rule- If y = u(x) . v(x) dx
dy dv du 2
d y
=u +v ⇒
dx dx dx If 2 > 0 at turning pt ❑ a minimum pt
dx
u(x )
Quotient rule- If y =
v (x ) Rates of changes - If y = f(x) ;denoting the
du dv dx
dy v −u rate of change of x and y over time as and
b
= dx dx dt Area of region A = ∫ ydx =
dx
v
2
dy a

dt F(b) – F(a) where F(x) =∫ y dx

Chain rule- If y = g(t) where t = f(x) dy dy dx dx dx dy
= x ; = x
dy dt dx dt dt dy dt Volume of solid of formed on
= derivative of outer fn multiplied rotating region A 3600 about the
dx b
by derivative of inner fn Integration
x-axis = π ∫ y dx
2
dy dg dt The reverse process of differention
i.e. = x i.e If y =f(x) then∫ f ( x) dx = y
¿ a
dx dt dx
Kinematics (Distance, speed and Kinematics continued Graphical Transformations
acceleration final speed −initial speed Graph of Transformation on
Speed = distance/time Acceleration= modified fn graph of y = f(x)
time taken
Average speed= y = f(x)± c Translate c units
up(+)/down (-)
total distance travelled Graphical features:
y = – f(x) Reflect in x-axis
total timetaken y = f(-x) Reflect in y-axis
Average velocity= y = c f(x) Stretch invariant
change∈displacement line x-axis by a
factor of c
total time taken y = f(cx) Stretch invariant
Formulae given constant acceleration line y-axis by a
v =u + at; s = ut + ½ gt2 ; v2 = u2+ 2as factor of 1/c
Formulae given variable acceleration y = f(x - a) Shift c units right
ds ⇒ y = f(x+ a) Shift c units left
v= s = ∫ v dt
dt ❑ y = f −1 (x) Reflect in the
dv ⇒ line y = x
a= v = ∫ a dt
dt ❑