Tutorial 2

Note: Consider 𝐺𝑀𝑅2 as GMR for capacitor and 𝐺𝑀𝑅1 as GMR for inductor.

Q1. A single-circuit 50-Hz transmission line is 370 km long. The conductors are ZEBRA with flat
horizontal spacing and 7.25 m between conductors. The load on the line is 125 MW at 220 kV with
unity power factor. Find the voltage, current, and power at the sending end and the voltage
regulation of the line. Also, determine the wavelength and velocity of propagation of the line.

[𝑉𝑠 (𝑙 − 𝑙) = 235.4 𝑘𝑉, 𝐼𝑠 (𝑙 − 𝑙) = 328.40 𝐴, 𝑃𝑠 = 133.9 𝑀𝑊, %𝑉𝑅 = 15.05, 𝜆 = 5.87 𝑘𝑚, 𝑣 =
293888 𝑘𝑚/𝑠]

Q2. Find the equivalent-𝜋 circuit for the line described in Q2 and compare it with the nominal-𝜋
circuit.
𝑌′ 𝑌
[𝑍 ′ = 153.4∠80.2 Ω, = 0.0005071∠89.9 𝑆, 𝑍 = 157.5∠79.9 Ω, = 0.0005005∠90 𝑆]
2 2

Q3. Find the constants for the line of Q1 for a series compensation of 70%.

Note: Assume the capacitor connected in series as medium transmission line. 𝐴𝑖 = 1; 𝐵𝑖 =

𝑍
𝑍; 𝐶𝑖 = 𝑌 ∗ (1 + 𝑌 ∗ ) = 0, 𝐷𝑖 = 1. Now cascade 2 two-port networks in proper order.
4

[𝐴𝑐 = 1.03∠0.78, 𝐵𝑐 = 60.1∠62.7 Ω, 𝐶𝑐 = 0.001∠90.3 𝑆]

Q4. Find the voltage regulation of the line of Q1 when a shunt inductor is connected at the
receiving end of the line during no-load conditions if the reactor compensates for 70% of the total
shunt admittance of the line.

Note: Assume the inductor connected in shunt as medium transmission line. 𝐴𝑖 = 1; 𝐵𝑖 = 𝑍 =

𝑍
0; 𝐶𝑖 = 𝑌 ∗ (1 + 𝑌 ∗ ) = 𝑌, 𝐷𝑖 = 1. Now cascade 2 two-port networks in proper order.
4

[%𝑉𝑅 = 3.95]

Q5. A 320 km transmission line has the following parameters at 50 Hz:

𝑟 = 0.13 Ω/km per phase

𝑥 = 0.48 Ω/km per phase

𝑦 = 3.37 × 10−6 S/km per phase

(a) Determine the attenuation constant 𝛼, wavelength 𝜆, and the velocity 𝑣 of propagation of the
line at 50 Hz.

(b) If the line is open-circuited at the receiving end and the receiving-end voltage is maintained at
100 kV line to line, determine the incident and reflected components of the sending-end voltage
and current.
𝑛𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑘𝑚
[𝛼 = 1.7070 × 10−4 𝑘𝑚
, 𝜆 = 4.90 𝑘𝑚, 𝑣 = 244.81 𝑠
, 𝑉𝑠,𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝑙 − 𝑙) =
528.2∠23.7 𝑘𝑉, 𝑉𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 (𝑙 − 𝑙) = 473.3∠ − 23.7 𝑘𝑉, 𝐼𝑠,𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝑙 − 𝑙) =
79.4∠1.2 𝐴, 𝐼𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 (𝑙 − 𝑙) = 71.1∠133.9 𝐴 ]
Q6. A three-phase, 50-Hz transmission line is 400 km long. The voltage at the sending end is 220
kV. The parameters of the line are 𝑅 = 0.13Ω/𝑘𝑚, 𝑋 = 0.50 Ω/𝑘𝑚, and 𝑌 = 3.3 𝜇𝑆/𝑘𝑚. Find the
sending-end current when there is no load on the line.

[𝐼𝑠 (𝑙 − 𝑙) = 184.07∠88.5 𝐴]

Q7. A 50-Hz three-phase transmission line is 280 km long. It has a total series impedance of 35 +
𝑗140Ω and a shunt admittance of 𝑗930 × 10−6 𝑆. It delivers 40 MW at 220 kV, with 90% power-
factor lagging. Construct a receiving-end power-circle diagram. Locate the point corresponding
to the load. Draw the circle passing through the load point. From the measured radius of the latter
circle determine |𝑉𝑠 |.

[|𝑉𝑆 | = 226.5 𝑘𝑉]

Q8. A synchronous condenser is connected in parallel with the load described in Q7 to improve
the overall power factor at the receiving end. The sending-end voltage is always adjusted so as to
maintain the receiving-end voltage fixed at 220 kV. Using the power-circle diagram, determine the
sending-end voltage and the reactive power supplied by the synchronous condenser when the
overall power factor at the receiving end is (a) unity (b) 0.9 leading.

[(𝑎)19.3𝑘𝑉𝐴𝑟, (𝑏)38.6𝑘𝑉𝐴𝑟]

Q9. A 220 kV transmission line has the following line constants:

𝐴 = 0.85∠5, 𝐵 = 200∠75
(a) Determine the power at unity power factor that can be received if the voltage profile at each
end is to be maintained at 220 kV.

(b) What type and rating of compensation equipment would be required if the load is 100 MW at
unity power factor with the same voltage profile as in part (a)?

[(𝑎)𝑃𝑟 = 75.25 𝑀𝑊, (𝑏)21.41 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑟]

Q10. A 275 k V, three-phase line has the following line parameters:

𝐴 = 0.93∠1.5, 𝐵 = 115∠77
If the receiving-end voltage is 275 kV, determine:

(a) The sending-end voltage required if a load of 250 MW at 0.85 lagging pf is being delivered at
the receiving-end.

(b) The maximum power that can be delivered if the sending-end voltage is held at 295 kV.

(c) The additional MVA that has to be provided at the receiving-end when delivering 400 MVA at
0.8 lagging pf, the supply voltage being maintained at 295 kV.

[(𝑎)355.5 𝑘𝑉, (𝑏)556 𝑀𝑊, (𝑐)295 𝑀𝑉𝐴 (𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔)]

Q11. A single-phase 50 Hz power line is supported on a horizontal cross-arm. The spacing

between conductors is 2.5 m. A telephone line is also supported on a horizontal cross-arm in the
same horizontal plane as the power line. The conductors of the telephone line are of solid copper
spaced 0.6 m between centres. The distance between the nearest conductors of the two lines is
20 m. Find the mutual inductance between the circuits and the voltage per kilometre induced in
the telephone line for 150 A current flowing over the power line.
 [0.00065 𝑚𝐻/𝑘𝑚, 0.0306 𝑉/𝑘𝑚]

Q12. A telephone line runs parallel to an untransposed three-phase transmission line, as shown
in Fig. The power line carries balanced current of 400 A per phase. Find the mutual inductance
between the circuits and calculate the 50 Hz voltage induced in the telephone line per km.

[0.0044∠140 𝑚𝐻/𝑘𝑚, 0.553∠140 𝑉/𝑘𝑚]

Q13. Conductors of a three phase transmission line are equilaterally spaced 6 m apart. The radius
of each conductor is 1 cm. The air temperature is 30°C and pressure is 740 mm of Hg. If surface
factor is 0.83 and irregularity factor is 0.92, calculate the disruptive critical voltage and visual
critical voltage.

[𝑉𝑐 = 119.48 𝑘𝑉 (𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒), 𝑉𝑣 = 140.95 𝑘𝑉 (𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒)]

Q14. Determine the corona loss of a three phase, 220 kV, 50 Hz and 200 km long transmission
line of three conductors each of radius 1 cm and spaced 5 m apart in an equilateral triangle
formation. The air temperature is 30°C and the atmospheric pressure is 760 mm of Hg. The
irregularity factor is 0.85.

[1418.19 𝑘𝑊]