Example 2 In a laboratory experiment, the probability that the black mouse will survive is .6 while the probability that the white mouse will survive is .7. Assuming independence, what is the probability of each of the following situations? a. Both mice will survive. b. At least one mouse will survive. c. None will survive. Solution Let A = the event that the black mouse will survive, B = the event that the white mouse will survive. a. Since the two events are independent, P(A OB) = P(A) - P(B) = (.6)(.7) = 42. b. Using the addition rule for events that are not mutually exclusive, P(A UB) = P(A) + P(B)- PAN B) = 6 +.7- 42 = 88. c. The probability that the black mouse will not survive is given by P(A’) = 1—.6 = .4. For the white mouse, the probability that it will not survive is given by P(B*) = 1-.7 =.3. Since the two events are independent, their respective complements are also independent; thus, P(A‘ UB’) = (.4)(.8) = 12.Example 2 ; In choosing a card from an ordinary deck of playing cards, what is the probability of not getting a heart? Solution Let A = the event of getting a heart. The event “not getting a heart” is the complement of “getting a heart.” Thus, 9 3 Pla’) = 1- P(A) = 1-28 = 39 op 8 52° «52 Multiplication Rule of Probability Independence is a special relationship between events. It means that the occur- rence of one event does not affect another event. The two events are said to be indepen- Multiplication Rule: as The probability that dent events. The multiplication rule states both events A and B will “that for independent events A and B, the occur is probability that both events will occur is the Product of the probability of the two events A and B. Thus, P(A 4B) = P(A) - P(B), Provided that A and B are independent events. P(A B) = P(A) - P(B), where A and B are inde- pendent events. Example 1 The probability that Gabby will pass mathematics is .8 while the probability that he will Pass science is (9, Assuming independence, what is the probability that he will Pass both mathematics and science? Solution Let A = the event that Gabby will pass mathematics, B = the event that Gabby will pass science, Since the two events are independent, P(A 9B) = P(A): P(B) = (.8)(.9) = .72,Example 3 Suppose that the probabilities that Iya and Bella will be allowed to go to a dance party are .8 and .6, respectively. The probability that both of them will be allowed to attend is .5. What is the probability that at least one of them will go to the party? Solution Let A = the event that Iya will be allowed to go, B = the event that Bella will be allowed to go. From the given, P(A) = .8, P(B) = .6, and P(A 4 B) = 5. ‘Thus, the probability that at least one of them will go, denoted by P(A UB), is given by P(AUB) = P(A) +P(B)- PAN B)= 8+.6-.5=.9. Probability of a Complement of an Event The probability of the entire sample space is 1, given by oto Nie PS) = Fath The given set A and its complement, which sum up to the entire sample space S, are mutually exclusive events. Thus, P(S) = P(A) + P(A‘) = 1. Now, the probability of the complement of A, is given by P(A‘) = 1-P(A). Example 1 ‘The weather bureau announced that the probability that it will rain today is .8. What is the probability that it will not rain today? Solution Let A = “raining.” The event “not raining” is the complement of “raining.” Thus, P(A*) = 1-P(A)Example 1 In choosing a card from an ordinary deck of playing cards, what is the probability of getting a king or a heart? Solution Let A = the event of getting a king, B =the event of getting a heart. ‘The probability of getting a king, indicated by vite is & The probability of getting a heart, denoted by P(B), is: =>. zB Note that the two events are not mutually exclusive events. ‘There is one card that is both a king and a heart. This means that the Apoieced of getting a king and a heart, denoted by PAO B), is Pa Thus, the probability of getting a king or a heart, represented by P(A UB) is given by P(A U B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A B) 4 13 1 _16_4 52 52° «52 «13° Example 2 In tossing two dice, what is the probability of getting a sum of 7 or a sum of 11? Solution Let A = the event of getting a sum of 7. Thus, = ((1, 6), (6, ), (2, 5), (5, 2), (3, 4), (4, 3)}. Let B = the event of getting a sum of 11. Hence, = (6,6), (6, 5)). Since the sample ad S for tossing two dice contains 36 sample points, P(A) = & and PUB) = 2. Note that the two seals are riubadlly cculsates venta: Therefere, PAV B) = PiA)+ PB) - $+ 2-8Aion Rule of Pobaiiy that are in event A, in event B, union of events A and B ig denoted by P(A UB). The event “A and B” is their intersection. The intersection of . ‘section of events A and B is denoted by P(A 4 B), In general, the probability of the union of. two events A and B is given by PA UB)= P(A) + P(B)- PAB), ‘Two events A and B are disjoint if they are mutually exclusive events. This means that their intersection is a null set or an empty set, Thus, P(A B) = P{}= 0 = 0. The probability’ of the union of the two mutually exclusive events A and B will just be the sum of the probabilities of A and B. The formula is given by P(A UB) = P(A) + P(B), Provided A and B are disjoint. s 8 A B A B (@ (5) Figure 6.8 Figure (a) shows the Venn diagram of mutually exclusive events A and B while figure (0) illustrates the Venn diagram of two events A and B that are not disjoint. ition Rule: ie ite eae PUA UB) = P(A) + PB)- PAB) * For events A and B that are mutually exclusive: P(A UB) = P(A) + PB)First Second Third Item Item Item N x D N >< D The sample space is given by S = (NNN, NND, NDN, NDD, DNN, DND, DDN, DDD}, which gives N = 8. The event for choosing at least 1 defective item is given by A = {NND, NDN, NDD, DNN, DND, DDN, DDD}, which assigns n = 7. Thus, mc PUA) = 7 = g Example 3 Ina box with 50 balls of which 20 are golf balls and 30 are ping- pong balls, if you take 1 ball at random, what is the probability of selecting a golf ball? Solution The sample space is given by the set consisting of all the balls; thus, NV = 50. The event of interest is the event A consiting of golf balls with n = 20. Therefore, In this section, you will learn the rules in finding the proba- bilities of complementary and compound events. Complementary events are events that are complements of each other while compound events are combination of ‘two or more events, ——Example 1 Consider tossing two coins. What is the probability of getting exactly 2 heads? Solution Recall how to make a tree diagram. Then make a tree diagram of the sample space for tossing two coins. First Coin Second Coin ‘The sample space is given by S = (HH, HT, TH, TT}. The event of interest is for obtaining 2 heads, that is, A = {HH}. Note that N=4andn =1. Thus, Example 2 If 3 items that can be tagged as defective (D) and nondefective (N) are selected at random, what is the probability of choosing a set with at least 1 defective item? Solution The tree diagram is given below and on the next page. First Second Third Item Item Item <5 ——Example Consider the experiment of tossing a die. Let A be the event Informing the union of of obtaining 2 and B the event events, elements common of obtaining an even number. to all the events are not Determine A U B. repeated. In the example, the element 2 is an element Solution of both events A and B but is written only once in AUB. From the given, A = (2) and B = (2, 4, 6). Thus, AUB = (2, 4, 6}. Theoretical Probability ‘You have learned in grade 8 that the probability of an event is a measure of how likely that event can occur. Consider an experiment in which all the outcomes are equally likely to occur. The probability of an event, denoted by P(A), can be computed as the number of outcomes in the event divided by the number of outcomes in the sample space. It is written as =, P(A) = nV’ where n is the number of outcomes in the event and N is the number of outcomes in the sample space, * The probability of an event A must be between 0 and ly inclusive, that is, 0 < P(A) <1, ° A large value of Probability means that the event is most likely to occur. * Ifthe probability is 1, the event is certain to happen. If the probability is 0, the event will never happen.Example 1 Consider the experiment of tossing a die. Let A be the event of obtaining a number less than 8. Let B be the event of obtaining an even number. Determine A 0B Solution From the given, A = (1, 2} and B = {2, 4, 6}. Thus, A 7 B = {2}. Example 2 Consider the experiment of tossing two coins. Let A be the event of obtaining 2 heads and B the event of obtaining at least 1 tail. Determine AM B. Solution Recall the sample space S for tossing two coins, that is, ‘S = (HH, HT, TH, TT}. From the given experiment, A = (HH) and B= (HT, TH, TT}. Note that A and B do not have any element in common. Thus, ANB={}. Union of Events Consider two events A and B. The union of events A and B is the set containing all the elements that are in A, in B, or both inA and B. The union of A and B is denoted by A UB, Figure 6.7 The union of events A and B isillustrated using a Venn diagram. ——<——$$Recall that the complement of an event A is the set of all the elements in the sample space S that are not in the event A, The complement of A is denoted by A‘ or Al. This is illustrated in figure 6.5 using the Venn diagram, which you learned in grade 7. Example Suppose a die is tossed. Let A be the event of obtaining an even number. Determine the complement of A. Solution ‘The sample space S is given by S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6). Since A= (2, 4, 6}, A°= {1, 3, 5). Given some operations on events, by taking the intersection and union, illustrated using Venn diagram. Intersection of Events Consider two events A and B. The intersection of events A and B is the set confaining all the elements that are both in A and B, The intersection of A and B is denoted by An B. diagram of set A and its complement A‘. The complement of the sample space S is the null set ©, and vice other events can be formed These operations will also be AnB Figure 6.6 The intersection of events A and B is illustrated using a Venn diagram,You learned the basic concepts on probability in grade 8. Recall that a sample space, denoted by S, is the set of Possible outcomes for a given experiment. For example, when a coin’ is tossed, there are only two possible outcomes: head () or tail (T), ‘The sample space can be summarized as S = {H, T). Anevent, on the other: hand, is a subset ofa sample space. Each outcome in a sample space is called a sample point. For example, in the experiment of tossing a coin, you may define an event A to be consisting of a “head” outcome, Thus, the event A is given by A=(H). Example Consider the sample space S = {B, G} for the gender of a child ina one-child family, where B stands for boy and G for girl. List all the possible events from this sample space. Solution There are four possible events for this sample space, * The event M containing the sample point B is given by M= |B). * The event N containing the sample point G is given by N={G). * The event @ containing the sample points B and G is given by Q = (B, G}. Note that event Q = S. * The event R containing no element is given by R= { } = @, also known as the empty set or null set. Recall that an event can be the entire sample space S. It can also be an empty set, denoted by { } or @.LESSON 2 Probability of Events For a volleyball team and its followers, winning every game is What You Will Learn to Do i Befo. e, can the important. Before oe . * Recognize events, union winner be predicted? What is the of events, and intersection probability that your team will raat win the game? You might think * Define the probability of that your team has a 50-50 chance the union of two events since there are only two possible * find the probability of ; P(A UB) and P(A 4B) outcomes: a win or a loss. You * Define events that are might consider your team’s past independent * Solve problems on proba- bility involving union and intersection of events encounters with its opponent and calculate the proportion of times that your team won and set that as the probability of winning. SS | ic:b. After the 2 mathematics teachers are chosen, they will be assigned to the 2 sections in grade 10, Thus, arrangement is important. _ ©. The order of the pizza toppings is not important as all the toppings will be placed on the pizza crust. Thus, arrangement is not important, d. After 10 songs are chosen from the CD, they will be lined up y-- _ for playing in a party. The different line-ups are the different AC arrangements of the songs. Thus, arrangement is important, - Example 2 Suppose you are given an ordinary deck of playing cards, In how many ways can 5 cards be selected? Solution Selecting 5 cards from a deck of cards is a problem on selecting 5 objects taken from 52 distinct objects wheré arrangement is not important. Thus, n = 52 and r= 65, and _ a! C= Goin ___ 52! as = BSB _ 52-51. 50-49-48. a7f AT BI = 2598 960. Example 3 From a class with 40 students, 8 students will be chosen to join the science field trip. In how many ways can the students be chosen? Solution Since arrangement is not important in choosing 8 out of 40 students, use the formula for combination. % _ 40 O70 = ay aI WY (P4089: 88-87-96 86 34-33. gat g _ 40-39. 88-37-3685 134-93. g2f Ba 8! 8 = 76904 685a time can be regarded as consisting of two operations: talking the combination of n objects taken r at a time and counting the number of ways r objects can be arranged in one combination. Thus, aP,=,C,+rl. Solving for ,C, gives you acah o,oal ar = = Garin Hence, the number of combinations of the 3 given balls taken 2 at a time is given by C. = Gani = Gara = > The number of ways of selecting r objects taken from n distinct objects where arrangement is not important is nC, Beetles “anit Example 1 For each experiment, tell whether arrangement is important or not. a. Choosing 3 students from 30 students who will represent the class in Math, Science, and English contests, respectively b. Choosing 2 teachers from 5 teachers in mathematics who will teach the 2 sections in grade 10 c. Selecting 3 pizza toppings from the 10 toppings suggested in the menu d. Choosing 10 songs from a compact disc (CD) to be played in a party Solution a. Torepresent the class in Math, Science, and English contests, 3 students out of 30 will be chosen. After the 8 students are chosen, they will be assigned to the contests they will join. Thus, arrangement is important.Solution In the word statistics, there are 10 letters of which three are of one kind (letter t), three of another kind (letter s), and two of another kind (letter i). Thus, the number of ways of arranging the letters of the given word is nl 10! Til mlm, ~ Stat ay = 50400. Example 2 Suppose there are 12 books consisting of 5 dictionaries, 8 mathematics books, and 4 science books. How many ways can these 12 books be arranged in a bookshelf? Solution In the given problem, there are 12 books of which 5 are of one kind, 3 are of another kind, and still 4 are of another kind. Thus, the number of ways of arranging the books is given by A combination is a way of selecting r objects out of n objects where arrangement is not important. Suppose you have a red ball, a yellow ball, and a blue ball. Unlike in permutation, arrangement is not important in combination such that red, yellow is the same as yellow, red. Therefore, the different combinations are shown below. red, blue blue, yellow yellow, red The set of the different combinations formed from n objects taken r at a time is a subset of the set of permutations. The combination of n objects taken r at-a time is denoted by ,C, or ("): Note that thie permutation of n objects taken r at rExample Ruby’s mother bought a safety box for the family’s important documents. How many three-number arrangements for the lock of the safety box can they form if they are allowed to choose from the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 with repetition? Solution ‘This task can be performed in 3 operations: choosing the first, second, and third number. Since repetition is allowed, each of the 8 operations has 10 choices of digits. Thus, 10-10 - 10 = 1000. There are 1000 ways to form the three-number arrange- ments. Suppose the objects that you have to arrange are not distinct. For example, consider arranging three balls consisting of two red balls and a blue ball. The arrangements are shown below. red red blue blue red red red blue red Note that there are only three arrangements. The number of arrangements is reduced to 3 because of the two objects that are of one kind. In general, given n objects of which n, are of one kind, nq of another kind, and so on, the number of arrangements is given by m! Mg! nm! Thus, when there are 3 objects of The number of ways which 2 are of one kind as in the case of | of arranging n objects of the 3 balls (red, red,and blue), thenumber | Which n, are of one kind, of ways of arranging them is given by ng of another kind, and so onis 3! _ 3-2 3 n 21” of m4! My Example 1 In how many ways can you arrange the letters of the word statistics? ee aTExample In a beauty contest, there are 10 semifinalists from which 8 winners will be chosen. How many ways can the winners be chosen? Solution This is a problem on arranging 3 objects taken from 10 distinct objects where n = 10 and r = 3. Thus, _ nt _ 10! _ 10-98 P= Ganl > TO-at ane Therefore, there are 720 possible ways to choose the winners. 0. Now, consider the case where repetition is allowed, that is, you are allowed to choose an item more than once. Go back to the task on arranging the 3 balls: red, blue, and yellow. This time, choose and arrange 2 balls out of 3 balls with replacement. The different arrangements are given below. red, red blue, blue yellow, yellow red, blue blue, red yellow, red red, yellow blue, yellow yellow, blue Note that there are two operations in this task: the first operation is choosing the first ball while the second one is choosing the second ball. Since repetition is allowed, there are 3 choices both for the first and second operations. Thus, 3-3=9. In general, the number of ways of arranging r objects taken from n distinct objects is nen: n r factors of n where there are r factors of n. The number of ways of arranging r objects taken from n distinct objects is Renewen where there are r factors of n.Now, consider again the arrangement of the 3 given balls: red, yellow, and blue, on the previous page. This time choose and arrange two balls out of the three balls. The different arrange- ments are given below. blue, red yellow, blue red, yellow red, blue blue, yellow yellow, red In general, if k obje are k operations involve ‘ects will be chosen out of n items, there .d. The first operation involves choosing the second item for the second position, anitem for the first position, and so on until the kth operation. From the Fundamental Counting Principle, the formula becomes n-(n-1-.../ @-k+ De above by a fraction equal to Now, multiply the equation are both (n — &)!, You 1 whose numerator and denominator will get n-(n-1)+...-@-k+D)- nt a-bY Denote the permutation of n distinct objects taken r at a time by ,P,. Thus, the formula for ,P, is given by __n! Gon Going back to the problem on choosing and arranging 2 balls out of the 3 given balls, n = 8 and r = 2. Therefore, the number of arrangements is given by ‘Thus, there are 6 ways of arranging 2 balls taken from the given 8 distinct balls. ‘The number of ways of arranging r distinct objects taken from n distinct objects is PB nt "Gononly operation. The second operation is arranging the two persons taken as one. There are 2! = 2- 1 = 2 ways. Thus, applying the Fundamental Counting Principle, the number of ways is given by 3121 =6-2=12, Now, suppose you are asked to arrange a red ball, a blue ball, and a yellow ball in a circle. How many possible arrangements are there? The technique is to fix one ball in one position and arrange the remaining balls as if they are on a line. Since there are two balls left, then the number of arrangements is 2! = 2- 1 = 2. C—O) Cab Figure 6.3 The two circular arrangements are shown in figures (a) and (b). ‘Thus, in general, the number of ways of arranging n distinct objects in a circle is @-D!lsm-Dm-2)-.. The number of ways of arranging n distinct objects in a circle is (n — 1)!. Example A family with 6 members sit in a round table for dinner. How many ways can the members of the family be seated? Solution Since there are 6 members to be arranged in a circle, the number of ways is given by (v-Dl=5l=5- 4. 3. 2. 1=120. 7From the Fundamental Counting Principle, the formula becomes nin-1)-... 8-2-1, ‘Thus, the number of ways of arranging n objects is given by n(n—1)-... -3+2+1, denoted by n! (read as “n factorial”). Example 1 Suppose Debbie, Anna, Roy, and Emily will line up to buy lunch in the school canteen. How many ways can the four students be in a line? List the different arrangements. Solution Since there are 4 students taken 4 at a time, use the formula for the permutatian of 4 objects, that is, 4!=4-3-2-1=24. ‘The different arrangements are given below. Debbie, Anna, Roy, Emily Emily, Roy, Debbie, Anna Debbie, Anna, Emily, Roy Debbie, Roy, Emily, Anna Debbie, Roy, Anna, Emily Debbie, Emily, Anna, Roy Debbie, Emily, Roy, Anna Anna, Debbie, Roy, Emily Anna, Debbie, Emily, Roy Anna, Roy, Debbie, Emily Anna; Roy, Emily, Debbie Anna, Emily, Roy, Debbie Anna, Emily, Debbie, Roy Example 2 In example 1, if Debbie and Anna insist on being next to each Emily, Roy, Anna, Debbie Emily, Debbie, Roy, Anna Emily, Debbie, Anna, Roy Emily, Anna, Debbie, Roy Emily, Anna, Roy, Debbie Roy, Anna, Debbie, Emily Roy, Anna, Emily, Debbie Roy, Debbie, Emily, Anna Roy, Debbie, Anna, Emily Roy, Emily, Anna, Debbie Roy, Emily, Debbie, Anna other, how many permutations are there? Solution If Debbie and Anna insist on being next to each other, you can take them as one unit. Thus, there are only 3 persons to arrange: Debbie and Anna (taken as one), Roy, and Emily. Arranging the 3 objects gives 3! = 3-2-1 = 6 ways. However, this is not theExample 3 Daniel is planning to purchase a photo album. It comes in three sizes, small, medium, and large; and the cover comes in hard or soft bound. The pages can be glossy or silk, and the print can be colored or plain black and white. How many choices does he have for the photo album? Solution The given experiment can be divided into four opera- tions: choosing the size of the album, the kind of cover, the texture of pages, and the color of the print. Thus, 3-2-2-2=24, There are 24 choices in all for the photo album. Can you enumerate the different choices in example 3? A permutation is an arrangement of a given set. Suppose a set has n objects, how many distinct permutations of n objects are there? Consider a simple case in which there are only 3 objects in a set, say 3 balls with different colors: red, yellow, and blue. Applying the Fundamental Counting Principle, you have exactly 3 operations involved. The first operation, choosing the first ball for the first position, gives 3 choices: red, yellow, or blue. The second operation, that is, choosing the second ball for the second position, gives 2 choices. The last operation, choosing the third ball for the last position, assigns the remaining ball. Thus, 3-2-1=6. The different arrangements are given below. red, yellow, blue _— blue, red, yellow _yellow, blue, red red, blue, yellow _—_ blue, yellow, red __yellow, red, blue In general, in the arrangement of n objects, there are n operations involved. The first operation involves choosing an item for the first posi- he wuibee of waa of tion; the second operation, choosing an item for. the second position; and so on until the nth operation. arranging n distinct objects is nl=n-(n-1)-...-1Solution ‘As you have Jearned in grade 8, the rows in @ grid table represent all the possible outcomes for the first operation while the columns represent the outcomes for the second operation. Thus, the given experiment has 6 elements, namely, RH, RT, BH, BT, YH, and YT. Example 2 Suppose you can have pancake, breakfast and juice or milk for your you have in all? cereal, or sandwich for your drink. How many choices do Solution The given experiment can be divided into two operations: choosing the food and choosing the drink, Since the first operation can happen in 3 ways and the second operation in 2 ways, 3-2=6. ‘There are 6 possible sets of choices in all as given in the tree diagram below. Drink Food : juice Hence, the list of a possible choices are given ik Below. 7 (pancake, juice) af (pancake, milk) cereal 3 (cereal, juice) es (cereal, milk) juice sendwich (sandwich, juice) (sandwich, milk) milkSolution The given experiment can be divided into two operations: tossing the coin and rolling the die. The first operation has 2 possible outcomes: head or tail. The second operation has 6 possible outcomes: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. Thus, 2-6=12, Hence, there are 12 possible ways for the coin and the die to land. Note that the possible outcomes in the previous example can be enumerated using a tree diagram, Recall that a tree diagram is a graphic way of listing all the possibilities in a sequence of operations. If you follow along the branches of the tree, you will obtain the possible outcomes listed below. Coin Die 1 2 head ae 4 5 6 1 2 o tail 4 5 6 Thus, the possible outcomes are given below. (head, 1) (head, 2) (head, 3) (head, 4) (head, 5) (head, 6) (tail, 1) (tail,2) (tail, 3) (tail, 4) (tail, 5) (tail, 6) Example 1 How many elements are there in the experiment of choosing a primary color (red, blue, or yellow) and tossing a coin? Use a grid table.Fundamental Counting Principle You learned in grade 8 that an experiment is a process or a study that results in the collection of data, the consequence of which is unknown or uncertain. Tossing a coin, selecting a defective item from a factory, choosing a card from an ordinary deck of playing cards, and rolling a die are some examples. An outcome of an experiment is a result or a consequence. When you toss a coin, for example, a head is a possible outcome. Recall that the basic rule in counting is the multiplication rule or the Fundamental Counting Principle. Take the case of a simple experiment with two operations. If the first operation can be performed in n; ways and the second operation in n, ways, then the entire experiment can be performed in n, - ny ways. Suppose you are to choose your attire for the day. If you have 8 choices for shirt and 2 choices for pants, how many combinations are possible? Following the Fundamental Counting Principle, the answer is ny ny =8-2=6, Thus, there are 6 possible combinations. What happens if there are more than two operations in an experiment? The multiplication rule still holds, Fundamental Counting Principle Consider an experiment with k operations, If the first operation can be performed in n, ways, the second operation inn, ways, and so on until the Ath operation then the entire experiment can be performed in Ny gs... +m, ways, Example Consider tossing a coin and rollin; i g a die at the same ti: How many ways can the coin and the die land? carlLESSON 1 Counting Techniques ‘What You Will Learn:toDo * Count the number of ways an event can occur using a grid table, a tree diagram, or systematic listing * State and explain the Fundamental Counting Principle * Use the Fundamental Counting Principle to determine the number of ways a task can be carried out * Recognize groupings that require order and groupings that do not require order * Define permutation and combination * Derive the formulas for finding the permutation and combination of x objects taken r at a time * Find the permutation of x objects taken r at a time * Find the combination of n objects taken r at a time as a subset ‘* Explain the relationship of a permutation to a combination of n objects taken r at a time * Solve problems involving permutations and combinations The Mercado family went to a park on a Sunday morning to play badminton. Since they only have one set of badminton racket, they have to play two at a time. How many different sets can they create to play badminton if there are four members in the family? In this lesson, you will learn counting techniques that will enable you to solve this type of problem. Figure 6.2 Families enjoy the fresh air and outdoor activities in the park.CHAPTER 6 Counting Techniques and Probability of Events Figure 6.1 Patintero is one native game in the Philippines that children and adults enjoy playing. ou ean always hear children’s laughter when they play games, Vr are some of the games you played when you were young? Do you remember Playing patintero, tumbang preso, taguan, piko, or luksong tinik? You can apply Probability in every game. For example, you can determine the probability of you winning the game, that is, how likely you will win it. In this chapter, you will learn about counting techniques and probability. SS