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3
 1. eleqtromricxvelebis dadgma da mierTeba

moTxovna Senoba-nagebobebisadmi sadac unda ganTavsdes eleqtromricxvelebi

mricxvelis Cvenebis sizusteze, rogorc nebismier mzom xelsawyoze, gavlenas axdens garemo
faqtorebi (temperatura, haeris tenianoba da qimiuri Semadgenloba, vibraciebi da sxva). amitom
mricxvelis ganTavsebis adgili unda akmayofilebdes mTel rig moTxovnebs.
Senoba–nageboba (saTavso) sadac unda ganTavsdes mricxveli (mricxvelTa jgufi) unda iyos
mSrali, Tbebodes, haeri ar unda Seicavdes agresiul minarevebs, temperatura ar unda
0
aRematebodes +40 C.

eleqtromricxvelebis ganTavseba Senoba–nagebobebSi romlebic ar Tbebian

daiSveba mricxvelebis ganTavseba gauTbobad Senoba–nagebobebSi (saTavsoebSi), gamanawilebel
mowyobilobebSi, agreTve gare dayenebis ujredebSi da karadebSi, magram amasTan
gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos maTi stacionaluri gaTboba am mizniT mricxvelebs aTavseben
karadebSi an xuraven gamaTbobelebiT aRWurvili xufebiT.
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces haeris temperaturis cvalebadobas im
mricxvelebisaTvis romlebic aRricxaven gamomuSavebul eleqtroenergias. SenobaSi haeris
temperatura unda iyos +15 ÷ 250C farglebSi da kontroldebodes Termometris saSualebiT. aseTi
Senobebis ar arsebobis SemTxvevaSi mricxvelebs aTavseben karadebSi, sadac xdeba zemo aRniSnuli
temperaturis SenarCuneba. moTxovnebi gaTbobis Taobaze ar vrceldeba im mricxvelebze, romlebic
specialurad gankuTvnilia uaryofiT temperaturaze muSaobisaTvis.

moTxovnebi eleqtromricxvelis montaJisaTvis gankuTvnili konstruqciebi-sadmi

mricxvelebi dgebian karadebSi, panelebze, kompleqsur gamanawilebel mowyobilobebis
kamerebSi, kedlebze, niSebSi. konstruqcia romelebzedac mricxvelebi dgebian unda iyos sakmaod
xisti anu ar unda iyos midrekili vibraciis, deformaciis da wanacvlebebis mimarT.
mricxvelebis damagreba dasaSvebia plastmasis an liTonis farebze. dadgmis simaRle 0,8 - 1,7
m (momWerTa kolofamde).
sibrtye, romelzedac dgeba mricxveli unda iyos calsaxad vertikaluri.
karadebis, niSebis, farebis konstruqcia da zomebi unda uzrunvelyofdes mri-cxvelebis
momsaxureobis simartives da moxerxebulobas – maTi Secvlisas muSa-obisaTvis ara mWidro –
Tavisufal pirobebs, momWerTa kolofze wina mxridan midgomis saSualebas.
mricxvelebiani panelebis ganlagebisas kedelze panelebs Soris manZili (RreCo) unda iyos
ara naklebi 150 mm.
ar aris rekomendirebuli mricxvelebis ganTavseba ujredebis (mag. КСО – 266, КСО – 272 da
sxva) karebebze. praqtikam aCvena, rom am SemTxvevaSi amomrTvelebis muSaobisas ryevebis Sedegad
adgili qonda mricxvelebis dazianebas.
eleqtromricxvelebis damagreba
mricxvelis damagreba unda moxdes ise, rom misi moxsna da dadgma SesaZlebeli iyos
sibrtyis wina mxridan. amisaTvis mizanSewonilia gamoyenebuli iyos mosabrunebeli damWeri kavi an
gakeTdes bude Sida kuTxviliT xraxnisaTvis.
im adgilebSi sadac SesaZlebelia mricxvelis meqanikuri dazianeba an maTi daWuWyianeba an
gareSe pirTaTvis misawvdomoba (gasasvlelebi, kibis ujredi da sxva) mricxvelebisaTvis
gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos Casaketi karada fanjrebiT mricxvelis ciferblatis doneze.
analogiuri karadebi unda dadges agreTve dabal mxares aRricxvis mowyobisas (Semyvanze
momxmarebelTan) mricxvelebis da denis transformatorebis erTad ganTavsebis dros.
denis transformatorebi magrdebian iseTnairad, rom maTi sapasporto monacemebis tabula
iyos wina mxares (SesaZlebeli iyos monacemebis wakiTxva). denis transformatorebis mricxvelis
qveS ganlagebis dros warmoiSoba saSiSroeba instrumentis davardnis dros momsaxure personalis
eleqtrotramvis miRebisa. amitom mricxvelsa da denis transformatorebs Soris mizanSewonilia
davayenoT horizontaluri izolirebuli tixari.

eleqtromricxvelebis mierTeba mzom transformatorebTan

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 meorad wredebs waeyeneba rigi teqnikuri moTxovnebisa, romlebic mTlianad daculi unda
iyos. mzom transformatorebTan mricxvelebi erTdeba Semdegi tipis sadenebiT: ПВ, АПВ, ЛПРВ, ПР,
ЛПР, ПРТО da sxva, kabelebiT: АВВГ, АВРГ, ВРГ, СРГ, АСРГ, ПРГ da sxva.
sadenis minimaluri kveTi gansazRvrulia meqanikuri simtkicis pirobiT da daiSveba: denur
wredebSi spilenZis – 2,5 mm2, aluminis – 4 mm2, Zabvis wredebSi spilenZis – 1,5 mm2, aluminis – 2,5
mm2. Tu Zabvis danakargis pirobidan gamomdinare aucilebelia didi kveTis sadeni, romelzedac
gaTvlili ar aris mricxvelis momWerebi, maSin mis misaerTeblad unda mierCilos bunikebi an
gamoyenebuli iqnes specialuri gadasasvleli momWerebi.
rezinis izoliaciis ZarRvebis mqone ganmxolovebuli kabeli aucilebelia davicvaT
sinaTlis da haeris zemoqmedebisagan, romelic afuWebs (Slis) rezinas. am miznisaTvis gamoiyeneba
qlorvinilovani mili. daTvalierebisaTvis miudgomeli SeerTebebis – grexilebis, WanWikuri
SeerTebebis da sxva gamoyeneba dauSvebelia.

gadasasvleli (Sualeduri) momWerebi

mricxvelebis saeqsploatacio momsaxureba iTvaliswinebs iseT samuSaoebs, rogoricaa
CarTvis sisworis Semowmeba, sanimuSo xelsawyoebiT damowmeba, mricxvelis Secvla. Cveulebriv
mricxvelebis denuri wredebi irTveba gadasasvleli momWerebis saSualebiT. aucilebelia, rom
gadasasvleli momWerebis konstruqcia uzrunvelyofdes am samuSaoebis moxerxebulad Sesrulebas.
gadasasvleli momWerebi unda iZleodes denuri wredebis damoklebis, TiToeul fazaSi denisa da
Zabvis wredebis gamorTvis, sadenebis gamourTavad xelsawyoebis mierTebis SesaZleblobas.
gadasasvleli momWerebi unda ixurebodes garsacmiT da iluqebodes.
rac Seexeba mricxvelebs 0,4 kv qselSi aq samuSaoebi maT dayenebaze da moxsnaze unda
Sesruldes mxolod yvela fazaze Zabvis moxsnis Semdeg sakomutacio aparatis gamorTvis an
mcvelebis moxsnis gziT. sakomutacio aparati an mcvelebi unda mdebareobdes mricxvelidan ara
umetes 10 m–isa.
am mricxvelebis denis transformatorebi Zalovan wredSi dgeba sakomutacio aparatebis mere
simZlavris nakadis mimarTulebiT. simZlavris dadebiTi mimarTulebis SemTxvevaSi isini dgebian
sakomutacio aparatsa da xazs Soris, xolo uaryofiTi mimarTulebisas – sakomutacio aparatsa
da Semkreb salteebs Soris. aseTi ganlageba saSualebas iZleva aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi
sakmaod advilad movxsnaT Zabva mricxvelidan da misi yvela wredidan.

eleqtromricxvelebis Senaxva da transportireba

mricxvelebi unda SevinaxoT SenobaSi, sadac haeris temperatura aris +5 dan 40 0 C
farglebSi da fardobiTi tenianoba ar aRemateba 80%-s 250 C temperaturis dros. mricxvelebi
inaxeba individualurad qarxana-damamzadebelis mier SefuTul mdgomareobaSi stelaJebze an
Taroebze ara umetes 10 rigisa simaRleSi.
mricxveli iseve rogorc sxva mzomi xelsawyo unda movaridoT dartymebs da ryevebs. amitom
mricxvelebis transportireba unda movaxdinoT mxolod specialuri SefuTviT. gadasatani yuTi
saimedod unda damagrdes manqanis salonSi.

eleqtromricxvelis dadgmis Tanmimdevroba

mricxvelis dadgmamde aucilebelia SevadginoT samontaJo sqema an SevitanoT aucilebeli
cvlilebebi mocemuli minaerTis meorad wredSi. dasadgmelad gamzadebuli mricxveli
eqvemdebareba garegan daTvalierebas. mricxveli iwmindeba WuWyisa da mtvrisagan; mowmdeba
mricxvelis vargisianoba misi tipisa da teqnikuri maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT; mowmdeba
saxstandartis damowmebis luqebis arseboba xraxnebze, romlebiTac magrdeba mricxcvelis
korpusi.
luqebze aRniSnuli unda iyos saxstandartis damowmebis weli da kvartali, agreTve
saxstandartis damRa. dasayeneblad gamzadebul samfaza mricxvelebze saxstandartis damowmebis
luqebis xandazmuloba ar unda aRematebodes 12 Tves, xolo calfaza mricxvelebze - 24 Tves.
mowmdeba korpusis da SuSis mTlianoba, momWerTa kolofSi yvela xraxnis arseboba, momWerTa
kolofis xufis dasamagrebel xraxnebze dasaluqi naxvretebis arseboba da xufis Sida mxares
sqemis arseboba.
mricxveli unda damagrders sam xraxnze, dasayenebeli zomebis mixedviT maTTvis winaswar
moniSnul naxvretebSi. dayenebis Semdeg aucilebelia davrwmundeT mricxvelis vertikalur
mdebareobaSi.

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 mricxvelebis momWerebze mierTebul sadenebs mizanSewonilia davutovoT rezervi 60 – 70 mm.
es mogvcems saSualebas movaxdinoT gazomvebi eleqtromzomi marwuxebiT da gadavaadgiloT
sadenebi, Tu sqema arasworadaa akrebili. sadenebs boloebze ukeTdeba niSansadebi mWde.
TiToeuli sadeni CaeWireba momWerTa kolofis buqsSi xraxniT. pirvelad eWireba zeda
xraxni. sadenis msubuqad moqaCviT vrwmundebiT masSi, rom is gadaWerilia. Semdgom vuWerT qvemoTa
xraxns. Tu montaJi xorcieldeba mravalZarRva sadenebiT, maSin maTi boloebi unad movakalaoT.
mricxvelebis da denis transformatorebis damiweba (danuleba) unda Sesruledes maTdami
wayenebuli moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad (ПУЭ). amasTan 1 kv Zabvamde mricxvelebidan da denis
transformatorebidan gamomavali nulovani da damcavi sadenebi uaxloes momWerTa Semkrebebamde
unda iyos spilenZis.

pirdapiri CarTvis eleqtromricxvelebis montaJi

pirdapiri CarTvis mricxvelebis montaJis dros aucilebelia davicvaT qvemoT xelmowerili
wesi. Tu mricxvelis nominaluri deni aris 20 a da meti, maSin misa-erTebeli sadenebi kontaqtis
saimedoobis uzrunvelyofis mizniT unda aRvWurvoT bunikebiT. sadeni bunikze unda mierCilos
sakmaod mZlavri sarCilaviT.
eleqtrogayvanilobis montaJis dros pirdapiri CarTvis mricxvelebze misaerTeblad
mricxvelTan aucilebelia davtovoT sadenis boloebi ara naklebi 120 mm sigrZis.
mricxvelamde nulovani sadenis izoliacias an garss 100 mm sigrZeze unda hqondes
gansxvavebuli Seferiloba. mricxvelze aluminis sadenebis mierTebisas aucilebelia davicvaT
Semdegi wesebi: sadenis sakontaqo zedapiri iwmindeba fo-ladis jagrisiT an qlibiT da ifareba
neitraluri teqnikuri vazelinis feniT.
mierTebamde sadenidan iwmindeba daWuWyianebuli vazelini da mSinve mis magivrad xelaxla
ifareba vazelinis Txeli feniT; xraxnebis gadaWera xorcieldeba or etapad. jer biZgis gareSe
unda gadauWiroT maqsimalurad dasaSvebi ZaliT, xolo Semdgom gadaWerils Zalian vasustebT
(magram ara mTlianad), ris Semdegac vaxorcielebT meore da saboloo gadaWeras nominaluri
ZaliT; aRricxvis wredebs emsaxureba mxolod masze mimagrebuli personali.
imisaTvis, rom masTan gareSe pirebis misawvdomoba aRvkveToT aRricxvis wredebi unda
dailuqos. daluqvas eqvemdebareba mricxvelis momWerTa xufi da misi momWerTa Semkrebi,
gadasasvleli kolofi an gamosacdeli bloki. Tu saangariSo mricxveli unda dadges
momxmareblis qvesadgurSi, maSin iluqeba agreTve Zabvis transformatoris kamera, gamTiSvelis
amZravis saxeluri da momWerTa Semkrebi.

rekomendaciebi eleqtromricxvelebis montaJis dros

1. montaJis dros gansakuTrebiT mnioSvnelovania misaerTebeli sadenebis kontaqtebis saimedo
uzrunvelyofa. maTi saimedoobisaTvis aucilebelia momWerTa xraxnebis or etapad gadaWera.
jer biZgis gareSe unda gadauWiroT maqsimalurad dasaSvebi ZaliT, xolo Semdgom
gadaWerils vasustebT Zalian (magram ara mTlianad), ris Semdegac vaxorcielebT meore da
saboloo gadaWeras nominaluri ZaliT.
2. mricxvelis drekadi (mravalZarRva) spilenZis sadeniT mierTebisas, aucilebelia winaswar
movaxdinoT misi mokalva kala-tyviis Senadnobis saSualebiT, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi
saimedo kontaqtis uzrunvelyofa Zneli iqneba.
3. mricxvelis dayenebidan eqvsi Tvis mere rekomendirebulia momWerTa rigze kontaqtebis
gadaWera.
4. eleqtromricxvelebis sworad muSaobisaTvis saerTobinian eleqtrofarebSi aucilebelia:
a. mricxveli mivaerTod swori sqemiT (pasportSi TandarTuli sqemis mixedviT);
b. mricxvelis meoTxe momWeridan gamomavali nulovani muSa sadeni mTlianad unda
ganvacalkeoT eleqtrofaris korpusze mierTebisagan (amasTan nulovani momWerTa xundi
unda iyos izoliatorze);
g. yuradReba mivaqcioT momxmarebelTan (saxlSi) erTmaneTSi areuli xom ar aris nulovani
muSa da damcavi sadenebi (anu nulovani muSa – momWerTa xundze izoliatoriT, xolo
damcavi - eleqtrofaris korpusze);
yvela am punqtis Sesrulebis Semdeg eleqtronuli mricxveli aRricxavs sworad.
bolo ori moTxovnis gauTvaliswinebloba ar aisaxeba induqciuri mricxvelebis da erTi
faziT aRricxvis mqone mricxvelebis muSaobaze, xolo aRricxvis ori wredis mqone axali
eleqtronuli mricxvelebi amaze myisierad reagireben da iwyeben aRricxvas an mezoblis
eleqtroRumelis an kidev moxetiale denebis, rac iwvevs momxmareblis ukmayofilebas da
vrceldeba xmebi, rom „eleqtronuli mricxvelebi aRricxaven mets“.
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 2. aRricxvis kvanZebis Semowmebis instruqciebi

2.1 eleqtroenergiis aRricxvis saSualebebis gamzomi kompleqsis

(gamzomi kompleqsi) daTvaliereba-Semowmeba

daTvalierebis mizani
davrwmundeT aRricxvis wredebis gamarTulobaSi da garegani zemoqmedebebisagan
daculobaSi.
minaerTze aRricxvis gamzomi kompleqsis daTvaliereba - Semowmebas viwyebT damSvebis mier
samuSaoebze daSvebis da usafrTxoebis teqnikis wesebis dacvis moTxovnaTa gaTvaliswinebiT (ix.
Tavi 6).
Semowmebis Tanmimdevroba:
vizualuri – garegani daTvaliereba
vizualuri daTvalierebis dros unda dadgindes aRricxvis gamzomi kompleqsis Semadgeneli
mowyobilobebis (Zabvisa da denis transformatori, mricxveli, mricxvelis karada, Zabvis da denis
Semkrebi karadebi, avtomaturi amomrTvelebi, mcvelebi) mdgomareoba, dadebuli luqebis daculoba,
amoviweroT maTi monacemebi da SevitanoT aqtSi. dazianebis aRmoCenis SemTxvevaSi vwyvetT
Semowmebas da vaformebT Sesabamis aqts;
eleqtroenergiis mricxvelis daTvaliereba – Semowmeba
mricxvelis daTvalierebis – Semowmebebis dros unda Sesruldes Semdegi operaciebi:
– vizualuri - garegani daTvaliereba;
– Semowmebis Sedegebis gaformeba.
vizualuri - garegani daTvaliereba – Semowmebis dros unda dadgindes Sesamowmebeli
mricxvelis Sesabamisoba Semdeg pirobebTan:
korpusis zedapiris saRebavi unda iyos damakmayofilebel mdgomareobaSi, korpuss ar unda
hqondes meqanikuri dazianebebi (bzarebi, amotexilebi, nakawrebi da sxva);
dasaTvalierebeli fanjris mina mkvidrad unda iyos damagrebuli da ar unda hqondes
napralebi;
mricxvelze markireba unda iyos mkafio da Seesabamebodes standartis (ГОСТ 26035 – 83)
moTxovnebs;
momWerTa kolofs ar unda hqondes dazianebebi da kargad unda iyos damagrebuli;
momWerTa kolofs und hqondes yvela xraxni da xraxnebis kuTxvilebi unda iyos wesier –
gamarTul mdgomareobaSi;
mTvleli meqanizmis dafas ar unda hqondes TvaliT SesamCnevi gadaxra;
gorgolaWiani mTvleli meqanizmis cifrebi ar unda gadiodnen fanjris sazRvrebs gareT
Tavisi simaRlis 20%–ze metad garda bolo marjvena (umcrosi Tanrigi) gorgolaWisa.
mricxvelze unda Semowmdes rogorc saqarxno aseve Sesabamisi organizaciebis mier
dadebuli luqebis daculoba – mdgomareoba da amoviweroT maTi monacemebi.
unda amoviweroT mricxvelis Cveneba, misi sapasporto monacemebi (tipi, saqarxno nomeri,
mzomi elementebis raodenoba, sizustis klasi, gasazomi energiis saxeoba, nominaluri -
maqsimaluri deni da Zabva, gadacemis ricxvi, gamoSvebis weli) da bolo damowmebis TariRi.
ganvsazRvroT mricxveli pirdapiri CarTvisaa Tu CarTulia denis transformatorebis
saSualebiT;
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mricxveli CarTulia denis transformatorebis gamoyenebiT, unda
davadginoT:
– denis transformatorebis raodenoba – cali, saqarxno nomeri, sizustis klasi,
nominaluri datvirTva, transformaciis koeficienti;

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 – Zabvis transformatoris sapasporto monacemebi: saqarxno nomeri, sizustis klasi,
nominaluri datvirTva;
– mricxveli CarTulia Tu ara eleqtroenergiis komerciuli aRricxvis avtomatizebul
sistemaSi (alfa centrSi);
– dgas Tu ara aRricxvis wredSi (0,4 kv) avtomaturi amomrTveli (denmkveTi) mricxvelamde
da mricxvelis mere.
Semowmebis Sedegebi unda SevitanoT aqtSi.

2.2 gamzomi kompleqsis mimdinare Semowmeba

Semowmebis mizani
davrwmundeT aRricxvis wredebis gamarTulobaSi, garegani zemoqmedebebisagan daculobaSi
da eleqtoenergiis srulad aRricxvaSi.E
minaerTze aRricxvis gamzomi kompleqsis Semowmebas viwyebT damSvebis mier samuSaoebze
daSvebis da usafrTxoebis teqnikis wesebis dacvis moTxovnaTa gaTvaliswinebiT (ix. Tavi 6);
Semowmebas konkretul minaerTze vawarmoebT yvela dainteresebuli mxaris (abonenti,
energokompania, „esko“, „sse“) warmomadgenlebis TandaswrebiT.
Semowmebis Tanmimdevroba:
vizualuri – garegani daTvaliereba
vizualuri daTvalierebis dros unda dadgindes aRricxvis gamzomi kompleqsis Semadgeneli
mowyobilobebis (Zabvis da denis transformatori, mricxveli, mricxvelis karada, Semkrebi
karadebi, avtomaturi amomrTvelebi, mcvelebi) mdgomareoba, dadebuli luqebis daculoba,
amoviweroT maT monacemebi da SevitanoT aqtSi. dazianebis aRmoCenis SemTxvevaSi vwyvetT
Semowmebas da vaformebT Sesabamis aqts;
eleqtroenergiis mricxvelis Semowmeba
mricxvelis Semowmebebis dros undaSesruldes Semdegi operaciebi:
– vizualuri - garegani daTvaliereba;
– mierTebis sqemis Semowmeba;
– Semowmebis Sedegebis gaformeba.
vizualuri - garegani daTvalierebis dros unda dadgindes Sesamowmebeli mricxvelis
Sesabamisoba Semdeg pirobebTan:
korpusis zedapiris saRebavi unda iyos damakmayofilebel mdgomareobaSi, korpuss ar unda
hqondes meqanikuri dazianebebi (bzarebi, amotexilebi, nakawrebi da sxva);
dasaTvalierebeli fanjris mina mkvidrad unda iyos damagrebuli da ar unda hqondes
napralebi;
mricxvelze markireba unda iyos mkafio da Seesabamebodes standartis (ГОСТ 26035 - 83)
moTxovnebs;
momWerTa kolofs ar unda hqondes dazianebebi da kargad unda iyos damagrebuli;
momWerTa kolofs unda hqondes yvela xraxni da xraxnebis kuTxvilebi unda iyos wesier –
gamarTul mdgomareobaSi;
mTvleli meqanizmis dafas ar unda hqondes TvaliT SesamCnevi gadaxra;
gorgolaWiani mTvleli meqanizmis cifrebi ar unda gadiodnen fanjris saz-Rvrebs gareT
Tavisi simaRlis 20% -ze metad garda bolo marjvena (umcrosi Tanrigi) gorgolaWisa.
mricxvelze unda Semowmdes rogorc saqarxno aseve Sesabamisi organizaciebis mier dadebuli
luqebis daculoba - mdgomareoba da amoviweroT maTi monacemebi.
unda amoviweroT mricxvelis Cveneba, mis sapasporto monacemebi (tipi, saqarxno nomeri, mzomi
elementebis raodenoba, sizustis klasi, gasazomi energiis saxeoba, nominaluri – maqsimaluri
deni da Zabva, gadacemis ricxvi, gamoSvebis weli) da bolo damowmebis TariRi.
ganvsazRvroT mricxveli pirdapiri CarTvisaa Tu CarTulia denis transformatorebis
saSualebiT;
unda davadginoT:
– denis transformatorebis raodenoba – cali, saqarxno nomeri, sizustis klasi,
nominaluri datvirTva, transformaciis koeficienti;

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 – Zabvis transformatoris sapasporto monacemebi: saqarxno nomeri, sizustis klasi,
nominaluri datvirTva;
– mricxveli CarTulia Tu ara eleqtroenergiis komerciuli aRricxvis avtomatizebul
sistemaSi (alfa centrSi);
– dgas Tu ara aRricxvis wredSi (0,4 kv) avtomaturi amomrTveli (denmkveTi) mricxvelamde
da mricxvelis mere.

mricxvelis mierTebis sqemis Semowmeba

mricxvelis CarTvis sisworeze daskvnis gamotana SeiZleba Tu mis momWerebze gadaRebuli
Zabvebisa da denebis veqtoruli diagrama sworia. maSasadame, mricxvelis CarTvis sisworis
Semowmeba moicavs or etaps: Zabvis wredebis Semowmebas da denuri wredebis Semowmebas.
Zabvis wredebis Semowmeba mdgomareobs fazebis markirebis sisworis da Zabvis wredebis
gamarTulobis dadgenaSi.
Semowmeba xorcieldeba muSa Zabvis dros. izomeba yvela xazuri da fazuri Zabvebi „miwis“
mimarT. 1000 v maRali Zabvis eleqtrodanadgarebis gamarTul wredebSi yvela xazuri Zabva tolia
da Seadgens 100 - 110 v. xolo fazasa da „miwas“ Soris Zabvis sididis mniSvneloba damokidebulia
Zabvis transformatoris CarTvis sqemaze da meoradi wredebis Sesrulebaze. Tu gamoyenebulia
samfaza Zabvis transformatori damiwebuli „B” faziT, maSin am fazis Zabva „miwis“ mimarT iqneba
nulis toli. xolo sxva fazebze ki xazuri Zabvis toli, xolo Tu samfaza Zabvis
transformatorebSi damiwebulia meoradi gragnilis neitrali, maSin yvela fazis Zabva „miwasTan“
mimarTebaSi Seadgens daaxloebiT 58 v (100/√3 ).
viRebT Zabvebis veqtorul diagramas Zabvebis mimdevroba unda iyos pirdapiri (A B C).
denuri wredebis SemowmebisaTvis saWiroa gadaRebuli iyos denebis veqtoruli diagrama, anu
ganisazRvros denebis veqtorebis mniSvneloba da mdebareoba Zabvebis veqtorebis mimarT. Semdeg
isini dardeba meoradi denis veqtorebis mosalodnel ganlagebas, romelic ganisazRvreba
pirveladi datvirTvis maxasiaTebliT, aqtiuri da reaqtiuli simZlavreebis mimarTulebiT da
mniSvnelobiT.
gamanawilebel qselebSi aqtiuri da reaqtiuli simZlavris mimarTulebebi SeiZleba
icvlebodes.
veqtoruli diagramis gadaRebis Semdeg unda movaxdinoT misi ageba da analizi. cifrul
eleqtronul mricxvelebze veqtoruli diagramis gadaReba xdeba kompiuteruli programebis
saSualebiT.
Semowmebis Sedegebi unda SevitanoT aqtSi.

2.3 gamzomi kompleqsis pirveladi da perioduli Semowmeba

Semowmebis mizani
davrwmundeT aRricxvis kvanZis gamarTulobaSi, garegani zemoqmedebebisagan daculobaSi da
aRricxvis mowyobilobebis srulad funqcionirebaSi.
minaerTze gamzomi kompleqsis Semowmebas viwyebT damSvebis mier samuSaoebze daSvebis da
usafrTxoebis teqnikis wesebis dacvis moTxovnaTa gaTvaliswinebiT (ix. Tavi 6).
Semowmebas konkretul minaerTze vawarmoebT yvela dainteresebuli mxaris (abonenti,
energokompania, „esko“, „sse“) warmomadgenlebis TandaswrebiT.
Semowmebis Tanmimdevroba:

vizualuri – garegani daTvaliereba

vizualuri daTvalierebis dros unda dadgindes gamzomi kompleqsis Semadgeneli

mowyobilobebis (Zabvis da denis transformatori, mricxveli, mricxvelis karada, Semkrebi
karadebi, avtomaturi amomrTvelebi, mcvelebi) vargisianoba da maTi Sesabamisoba normatiul–
teqnikur moTxovnebTan mimarTebaSi.
unda Semowmdes yvela kvanZze dadebuli luqebis daculobis mdgomareoba, amoviweroT maTi
monacemebi da SevitanoT aqtSi. dazianebis aRmoCenis SemTxvevaSi vwyvetT Semowmebas da vaformebT
Sesabamis aqts;

gamzomi kompleqsis calkeuli kvanZebis Semowmeba

9
 eleqtroenergiis mricxvelis Semowmeba. mricxvelis Semowmebebis dros unda Sesruldes
Semdegi operaciebi:

– vizualuri – garegani daTvaliereba;

– mierTebis sqemis Semowmeba;
– cdomilebis Semowmeba;
– mTvleli meqanizmis Semowmeba;
– Semowmebis Sedegebis gaformeba.
vizualuri – garegani daTvalierebis dros unda dadgindes Sesamowmebeli mricxvelis
Sesabamisoba Semdeg pirobebTan:
korpusis zedapiris saRebavi unda iyos damakmayofilebel mdgomareobaSi, korpuss ar unda
hqondes meqanikuri dazianebebi (bzarebi, amotexilebi, nakawrebi da sxva);
dasaTvalierebeli fanjris mina mkvidrad unda iyos damagrebuli da ar unda hqondes
napralebi;
mricxvelze markireba unda iyos mkafio da Seesabamebodes standartis (ГОСТ 26035 – 83)
moTxovnebs;
momWerTa kolofs ar unda hqondes dazianebebi da kargad unda iyos damagrebuli;
momWerTa kolofs unda hqondes yvela xraxni da xraxnebis kuTxvilebi unda iyos wesier –
gamarTul mdgomareobaSi;
mTvleli meqanizmis dafas ar unda hqondes TvaliT SesamCnevi gadaxra;
gorgolaWiani mTvleli meqanizmis cifrebi ar unda gadiodnen fanjris sazRvrebs gareT
Tavisi simaRlis 20%-ze metad garda bolo marjvena (umcrosi Tanrigi) gorgolaWisa.
mricxvelze unda Semowmdes rogorc saqarxno, aseve Sesabamisi organizaciebis mier
dadebuli luqebis daculoba – mdgomareoba da amoviweroT maTi monacemebi.
unda amoviweroT mricxvelis Cveneba, misi sapasporto monacemebi (tipi, saqarxno nomeri,
mzomi elementebis raodenoba, sizustis klasi, gasazomi energiis saxeoba, nominaluri –
maqsimaluri deni da Zabva, gadacemis ricxvi, gamoSvebis weli) da bolo damowmebis TariRi.
ganvsazRvroT mricxveli pirdapiri CarTvisaa, Tu CarTulia denis transformatorebis
saSualebiT.
unda davadginoT:

– denis transformatorebis raodenoba – cali, saqarxno nomeri, sizustis klasi, nominaluri

datvirTva, transformaciis koeficienti.
– Zabvis transformatoris sapasporto monacemebi: saqarxno nomeri, sizustis klasi;
nominaluri datvirTva, transformaciis koeficienti.
– mricxveli CarTulia Tu ara eleqtroenergiis komerciuli aRricxvis avtomatizebul
sistemaSi (alfa centrSi).
– ramdeni Sualeduri klemaa aRricxvis wredSi, cali.
– dgas Tu ara aRricxvis wredSi gamosacdeli kolofebi (Sualedur momWerTa Semkrebi).
– dgas Tu ara aRricxvis wredSi (0,4 kv) avtomaturi amomrTveli (denmkveTi) mricxvelamde da
mricxvelis mere.

mricxvelis mierTebis sqemis Semowmeba

mricxvelis CarTvis sisworeze daskvnis gamotana SeiZleba Tu mis momWerebze gadaRebuli
Zabvebis da denebis veqtoruli diagrama sworia. maSasadame mricxvelis CarTvis sisworis
Semowmeba moicavs or etaps: Zabvis wredebis Semowmebas da denuri wredebis Semowmebas.
Zabvis wredebis Semowmeba mdgomareobs fazebis markirebis sisworis da Zabvis wredebis
gamarTulobis dadgenaSi.
Semowmeba xorcieldeba muSa Zabvis dros. izomeba yvela xazuri da fazuri Zabvebi „miwis“
mimarT. 1000 v maRali Zabvis eleqtrodanadgarebis gamarTul wredebSi yvela xazuri Zabva tolia
da Seadgens 100 – 110 v., xolo fazasa da „miwas“ Soris Zabvis sididis mniSvneloba damokidebulia
Zabvis transformatoris CarTvis sqemaze da meoradi wredebis Sesrulebaze. Tu, gamoyenebulia
samfaza Zabvis transformatori damiwebuli „B” faziT, maSin am fazis Zabva „miwis“ mimarT iqneba
10
nulis toli. xolo, sxva fazebze ki xazuri Zabvis toil. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu samfaza Zabvis
transformatorebSi damiwebulia meoradi gragnilis neitrali, maSin yvela fazis Zabva „miwasTan“
mimarTebaSi Seadgens daaxloebiT 58 v (100/√3).
viRebT Zabvebis veqtorul diagramas Zabvebis mimdevroba unda iyos pirdapiri (A B C).
denuri wredebis SemowmebisaTvis saWiroa gadaRebuli iyos denebis veqtoruli diagrama, anu
ganisazRvros denebis veqtorebis mniSvneloba da mdebareoba Zabvebis veqtorebis mimarT. Semdeg,
isini dardeba meoradi denis veqtorebis mosalodnel ganlagebas, romelic ganisazRvreba
pirveladi datvirTvis maxasiaTebliT, aqtiuri da reaqtiuli simZlavreebis mimarTulebiT da
mniSvnelobiT.
gamanawilebel qselebSi aqtiuri da reaqtiuli simZlavris mimarTulebebi SeiZleba
icvlebodes.
veqtoruli diagramis gadaRebis Semdeg unda movaxdinoT misi ageba da analizi. cifrul
eleqtronul mricxvelebze veqtoruli diagramis gadaReba xdeba kompiuteruli programebis
saSualebiT.

mricxvelis cdomilebis Semowmeba

mricxvelis Semowmeba adgilze yovelTvis xdeba mzomi transformatorebis gareSe. amisaTvis
sanimuSo xelsawyoebi unda CairTos Zabvisa da denis transformatorebis meorad wredebSi.
Semowmeba SeiZleba ganvaxorcielod vatmetrisa da wamsazomis meTodiT an sanimuSo mricxvelTan
Sedarebis meTodiT.
sanimuSo mricxvelis gamoyeneba yovelTvis umjobesia, radganac am dros datvirTvis
cvalebadoba ar aisaxeba Semowmebis Sedegebze. magram sanimuSo mricxvelis uqonlobis gamo
TiTqmis yovelTvis gamoiyeneba vatmetrisa da wamsazomis meTodi, romlis drosac vatmetrisa da
wamsazomis Cvenebebis mixedviT unda ganvsazRvroT eleqtroenergiis realuri mniSvneloba, rome-
lic iwvevs mricxvelis diskos brunvas mocemuli brunvaTa raodenobiT an mricxvelis manaTobel
indikatorze mocemuli impulsebis raodenobas da SevadaroT mricxvelis mier gazomili energiis
mniSvnelobas (mricxvelis nominaluri mudmivas gaTvaliswinebiT).
am meTodis gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac datvirTva icvleba umniSvnelod
(±5%). datvirTva ar unda iyos 10%–ze naklebi nominalurisa. Tu es pirobebi Seusrulebadia, maSin
mricxveli unda moixsnas da Semowmdes laboratoriul pirobebSi.
vatmetrisa da wamsazomis meTodiT mricxvelebis Semowmebisas, fardobiTi cdomilebis
sistematiuri mdgeneli ΔC , % unda viangariSoT formulebiT:

ΔC = (tn – t)/t x 100

sadac, tn – aris normaluri dro (wm) mocemuli mricxvelisaTvis, anu wamebis raodenoba,
romlis ganmavlobaSic sworad momuSave mricxvelis diskom unda gaakeTos N bruni an manaTobel
indikatorze gamoiyos N impulsi mocemuli datvirTvis dros;
t –aris wamsazomis Cveneba (wm);
normaluri dro (wm) unda viangariSoT formuliT:

3600 x 1000 x N
tn =
PA

sadac, P – aris datvirTvis simZlavre, vt (var);

A – aris mricxvelis gadacemis ricxvi, romelic miTiTebulia mricxvelis dafaze,
diskos brunvaTa ricxvi an impulsebis raodenoba 1kvt x sT (kvar x sT) dros.
fardobiTi cdomilebis sistematiuri mdgeneli ΔC unda ganisazRvros, rogorc
saSualo ariTmetikuli, ara umciresi sami gazomvisa.

mricxvelis mTvleli meqanizmis Semowmeba

11
 zemoT aRwerili gazomvebi realurad gansazRvraven diskos brunvaTa an impulsebis
raodenobis sixSires. magram SeiZleba gvqondes SemTxvevebi, rodesac brunvaTa an impulsebis
sixSire daregulirebulia sworad, magram miuxedavad amisa mricxvelis Cvenebebi ar aris swori.
amis mizezi SeiZleba iyos mTvleli meqanizmis meqanikuri gaumarTaoba. mTvleli meqanizmis
srulad Semowmeba adgilze sakmaod Znelia. aseTi Semowmeba SeiZleba ganxorcieldes
laboratoriul pirobebSi. muSa mricxvelze mTvleli meqanizmis gadacemis ricxvi SeiZleba
SevamowmoT Semdegi xerxiT. Tu mricxvelis gadacemis ricxvi aris 1 kvt x sT = 1600 diskos brunva
an impulsis raodenoba da bolo cifris fanjara gamoyofilia mZimiT, maSin diskos 1600 brunvis
an impulsis raodenobis dros meqanizmis bolo gorgolaWma unda gaakeTos erTi sruli brunva,
xolo diskos 160 brunvis an impulsis raodenobis dros es gorgolaWi unda gadaadgildes erTi
cifriT.
mTvleli meqanizmis maCveneblis umcrosi Tanrigis erTi erTeuliT cvlilebis dro
ganisazRvreba formuliT:
tu= (6 x 101-მ)/Pmax
sadac, tu – aris maCveneblis umcrosi Tanrigis erTi erTeuliT cvlilebis dro (marjvniv
pirveli gorgolaWis), wuTi;
Pmax – aris simZlavre maqsimaluri datvirTvis dros, kvt, kvar;
m – aris dolis Tanrigebis raodenoba mZimis marjvniv.
Semowmebis Sedegebi unda SevitanoT aqtSi.

denis transformatorebis Semowmeba

denis transformatorebis Semowmebis Tanmimdevroba:

1. transformatoris da misi wredebis vizualuri – garegani daTvaliereba;

2. transformatoris gragnilebis izolacis winaRobis Semowmeba;
3. pirveladi da meoradi gamomyvanebis polarobebis Semowmeba;
4. transformatoris meoradi gragnilebis winaRobis Semowmeba;
5. volt-amperuli maxasiaTeblebis gadaReba;
6. transformatoris cdomilebis Semowmeba;
7. meoradi datvirTvis Semowmeba;
8. Semowmebis Sedegebis gaformeba.
vizualuri daTvalierebis dros unda davadginoT Sesamowmebeli denis transformatoris
Sesabamisoba Semdeg moTxovnebTan:

– pirveladi da meoradi gragnilebis sakontaqto momWerebi unda iyos wesier, gamarTul

mdgomareobaSi da hqondeT markireba;
– transformatoris calkeuli nawilebi mtkiced unda iyos damagrebuli;
– damiwebis WanWiks, Tu igi konstruqciulad gaTvaliswinebulia, unda hqondes aRniSvna
standartis (ГОСТ 21130) Sesabamisad;
– transformatoris korpuss ar unda hqondes defeqtebi, romelic gamoiwvevs misi
maizolirebeli garemos Semavsebeli siTxis an gazis gaJonvas;
– konstruqciulad Tu gaTvaliswinebulia damamoklebeli zRudara is unda iyos wesier –
gamarTul mdgomareobaSi;
– transformatoris markirebis tabulaze mkafiod unda iyos miTiTebuli misi sapasporto
monacemebi.
izoliaciis winaRobis Semowmeba
denis transformatorebis, romlebic gankuTvnilia 30 v-ze maRali Zabvis wredebSi
eqspluataciisaTvis, gragnilebis izolaciis winaRobas amowmeben 1000 v megaommetris saSualebiT
TiToeuli gragnilisaTvis korpussa da erTad SeerTebul gragnilebis sakontaqto gamomyvanebs
Soris – yvela klasis Zabvis denis transformatoris meoradi da Sualeduri gragnilebisaTvis
da 1 kv–ze dabali Zabvis klasis denis transformatorebis pirveladi gragnilebisaTvis, xolo
2500 v meggaommetriT Semowmebas axorcieleben 1 kv da maRali klasis Zabvis denis
transformatorebis pirveladi gragnilebisaTvis.

12
 denis transformatoris gragnilebis izoliaciis Semowmebis Semdgom unda movaxdinoT misi
ganmagniteba. Semowmdes gragnilebis polaroba, gaizomos gragnilebis winaRoba mudmivi denis
mimarT, gadaRebuli iqnas volt-amperuli maxasiaTebeli da gaizomos meoradi datvirTva.
denis transformatoris denuri da kuTxuri cdomilebebi unda ganisazRvros
diferencialuri (nulovani) meTodT an „Omicron“–is firmis denis transformatorebis
maxasiaTeblebis mzomi (CT Analyzer) xelsawyoTi.
denis transformatorebis maxasiaTeblebis mzomi xelsawyo agreTve saSualebas iZleva
movaxdinoT: denis transformatoris ganmagniteba, gragnilebis polarobis gansazRvra,
gragnilebis winaRobis gazomva, volt-amperuli maxasiaTeblis gadaReba da meoradi datvirTvis
gazomva.
Semowmebis Sedegebi unda SevitanoT gazomvebis oqmSi.
Zabvis transformatoris Semowmeba
Zabvis transformatorebis Semowmebis Tanmimdevroba:
1. transformatoris da misi wredebis vizualuri – garegani daTvaliereba;
2. transformatoris gamomyvanebis polarobis da gragnilebis SeerTebebis jgufebis
Semowmeba;
3. transformatoris datvirTvis simZlavris gansazRvra;
4. transformatoris gragnilebis izolacis winaRobis Semowmeba;
5. transformatoris cdomilebis Semowmeba;
6. Semowmebis Sedegebis gaformeba.
vizualuri daTvalierebis dros unda davadginoT Zabvis transformatoris Sesabamisoba
Semdeg moTxovnebTan:

– pirveladi da meoradi gragnilebis sakontaqto momWerebi unda iyos wesier, gamarTul

mdgomareobaSi da hqondeT markireba standartis ГОСТ 1983 – 2001 Sesabamisad;
– transformatori aRWurvili unda iyos markirebis tabuliT standartis ГОСТ 1983 – 2001
Sesabamisad;
– transformatori mtkiced unda iyos damagrebuli;
– damiwebis momWers (Tu is gaTvaliswinebulia Sesamowmebeli transformatoris
normatiul – teqnikur dokumentaciaSi) unda hqondes Sesabamisi aRniSvna;
– transformatoris korpuss ar unda hqondes defeqtebi;
– Semyvanis izoliatorebs ar unda hqondeT dazianebebi, anatexi da napralebi.
Zabvis transformatoris gamomyvanebis polarobis da gragnilebis SeerTebebis jgufebis
Semowmeba
transformatoris gamomyvanebis polarobis da gragnilebis SeerTebebis jgufebis Semowmeba
xorcieldeba mudmivi denis meTodiT standartis ГОСТ 3484.1–5–88 Sesabamisad.
Zabvis transformatoris realuri datvirTvis simZlavris gansazRvra
datvirTvis realuri simZlavris gansazRvra xdeba transformatoris meorad wredSi Zabvisa
da denis gazomvis meTodiT.
Zabvis transformatoris gragnilebis izoliaciis winaRobis gazomva
Zabvis transformatoris pirveladi gragnilebis izoliaciis winaRoba unda gaizomos
megaommetriT 2500 v-ze. xolo meoradi gragnilebis izoliaciis winaRoba megaommetriT 1000 v;
Zabvis transformatoris cdomilebis gansazRvra
transformatoris cdomilebis gansazRvra xorcieldeba realuri datvirTvis dros
etalonur transformatorTan Sedarebis gziT.
Semowmebis Sedegebi unda SevitanoT gazomvebis oqmSi.

3. aRricxvis kvanZebis Semowmebis meTodika

3.1 samfaza mricxvelis CarTvis sisworis Semowmeba moqmed minaerTze

13
 1000 v maRali Zabvis eleqtrodanadgarebSi

Semowmebis mizania, mocemul minaerTze moxmarebuli eleqtroenergiis srulad aRricxvis

Semowmeba.
mricxvelis CarTvis sisworeze daskvnis gamotana SeiZleba, Tu gadaRebuli veqtoruli
diagrama mis momWerebze sworia (nax. 1). amisaTvis aucilebel da sakmaris pirobas warmoadgens jer
erTi Zabvis transformatoris meoradi wredebis swori Sesruleba da maTze mricxvelis
paraleluri gragnilebis mierTeba, meore denis transformatoris meoradi wredebis swori
Sesruleba da maTze mricxvelis mimdevrobiTi gragnilebis mierTeba.
maSasadame mricxvelis CarTvis sisworis Semowmeba moicavs or etaps: Zabvis wredebis
Semowmebas da denuri wredebis (veqtoruli diagramebis gadaReba) Semowmebas.

UAB -UB

UA

IA

φ
UCB ●
IC φ

UC UB

ნახ. 1. სამფაზა ორ ელემენტიანი აქტიური ენერგიის

მრიცხველის ვექტორული დიაგრამა ინდუქციური დატვირთვის
დროს

Zabvis transformatoris meoradi wredebis Semowmeba

Semowmeba mdgomareobs fazebis markirebis sisworis da Zabvis wredebis gamarTulobis
dadgenaSi.
Semowmeba xorcieldeba muSa Zabvis dros. izomeba yvela xazuri da fazuri Zabvebi „miwis“
mimarT. gamarTul wredebSi yvela xazuri Zabva tolia da Seadgens 100-110v., xolo fazasa da
„miwas“ Soris Zabvis sididis mniSvneloba damokidebulia Zabvis transformatoris CarTvis sqemaze
da meoradi wredebis Sesrulebaze. Tu ori erTfaza Zabvis transformatori SeerTebulia Ria
samkuTxedad, an gamoyenebulia samfaza Zabvis transformatori damiwebuli „B” faziT, maSin am
fazis Zabva „miwis“ mimarT iqneba nulis toli. xolo sxva fazebze ki xazuri Zabvis toli. Tu
samfaza Zabvis transformatorebSi damiwebulia meoradi gragnilis neitrali, maSin yvela fazis
Zabva „miwasTan“ mimarTebaSi Seadgens daaxloebiT 58v (100/√3 ).
fazebis dasaxelebis sisworis Semowmeba unda daviwyoT „B“ fazis moZebniT, romelic
mierTebuli unda iyos mricxvelis Sua momWerze. pirvel SemTxvevaSi igi SeiZleba martivad
movZebnoT „miwis“ mimarT Zabvebis gazomvis Sedegad. meore SemTxvevaSi ki unda moviqceT
Semdegnairad: Zabvis transformatori gamovrToT orive mxridan, Zabvis ar arsebobis Semowmebis da
usafrTxoebis teqnikis wesebis yvela RonisZiebebis gatarebis Semdgom maRali Zabvis mxares unda
amoviRoT Sua fazis mcveli. mcire xniT CavrToT Zabvis transformatori muSa reJimSi da
gavzomoT meoradi xazuri Zabvebi. gamorTul fazaze xazuri Zabva iqneba Semcirebuli (daaxloebiT
orjer), maSin rodesac gamourTvel fazebze Zabvebi ar icvleba. moZebnili faza unda miuerToT
mricxvelis Zabvuri wredis Sua momWers, xolo ori sxva gverdiT momWerebs markirebis mixedviT.

denis transformatorebis meoradi wredebis Semowmeba

SemowmebisaTvis saWiroa gadaRebuli iyos denebis veqtoruli diagrama, anu ganisazRvros

denebis veqtorebis mniSvneloba da mdebareoba Zabvebis veqtorebis mimarT, romlebic gadian
mricxvelis mimdevrobiT gragnilebSi. Semdeg isini dardeba meoradi denis veqtorebis

14
mosalodnel ganlagebas, romelic ganisazRvreba pirveladi datvirTvis maxasiaTebliT, aqtiuri
da reaqtiuli simZlavreebis mimarTulebiT da mniSvnelobiT.
rogor unda ganlagdes denis veqtorebi diagramaze?
davyoT moxazuloba, romelic warmoadgens denis veqtorebis ganlagebis areals mosaxele
fazur ZabvasTan oTx kvadrantad (nax. 2).

+ P (სალტისაკენ)
ÍA ÍA
II I

-Q +Q
(სალტიდან) (სალტისაკენ)

III IV
ÍA ÍA
- P (სალტიდან)
nax. 2. denis fazis veqtoris mdebareoba koordinatTa
sistemaSi aqtiuri da reaqtiuli simZlavris
sxvadasxva mimarTulebis dros

Tu mocemul minaerTze aqtiuri simZlavris mimarTuleba ar icvleba (gamanawilebeli

qselebi, eleqtromomaragebis xazebi) aqtiuri energiis mricxvels yovelTvis miewodeba dadebiTi
aqtiuri simZlavre. reaqtiuli simZlavre SeiZleba iyos rogorc dadebiTi aseve uarofiTi. pirvel
SemTxvevaSi (induqciuri datvirTva) denis veqtori ganTavsdeba pirel kvadrantSi, anu mosaxele
fazuri Zabvis veqtors CamorCeba 00<φ< 900–iT. meore SemTxvevaSi (tevaduri datvirTvisas) igi
ganTavsdeba meore kvadrantSi e.i. win uswrebs mosaxele fazuri Zabvis veqtors.
gamanawilebel qselebSi aqtiuri da reaqtiuli simZlavris mimarTulebebi SeiZleba
icvlebodes.
veqtoruli diagramis gadaRebis Semdeg unda movaxdinoT misi ageba da analizi.
ganvixiloT magaliTi №1. aqtiuri energiis mricxveli mierTebulia tevaduri xasiaTis
datvirTvis samsadenian wredSi. voltamperfazometriT gadaRebuli veqtoruli diagramebisaTvis
gvaqvs Semdegi monacemebi:

aRniSvna – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – A, C, 0(B);
deni, a – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 3; 3; 3;
kuTxe, grad. – – – – – – – – – – – – L15, C105, L135.
xazuri Zabvis ÚAB veqtoridan gadavzomoT saaTis isris mimarTulebiT 15 0 da avagoT ÍA denis
veqtori (nax. 3)

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 nax. 3

ÚAB veqtoridan saaTis isris sawinaaRmdegod gadavzomoT 105 0 da avagoT ÍC denis veqtori,
saaTis isris mimarTulebiT 1350 da avagoT Ío denis veqtori.
Ío veqtori fazisa da mniSvnelobebis mixedviT tolia ÍB veqtorisa (Tu Ío dadebiT
mimarTulebad miviRebT transformatoridan mricxvelisaken mimarTulebas, rac unda
ganvaxorcieloT veqtoruli diagramis gadaRebis dros). veqtorul diagramaze denebi win uswreben
Sesabamis fazur Zabvebs φ = 150 –iT. Sedegad mricxvelis mierTebis sqema sworia.
ganvixiloT magaliTi №2. aqtiuri energiis mricxveli mierTebulia induqciuri xasiaTis
datvirTvaze sam sadenian wredSi. voltamperfazometriT gadaRebuli veqtoruli diagramebisaTvis
gvaqvs Semdegi monacemebi:

aRniSvna – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – A, C, 0(B);
deni, a – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 2,5; 2,5; 2,5;
kuTxe, grad. – – – – – – – – – – – – L55, L175, C65.
avagoT veqtoruli diagrama (nax. 4)

ÚC
ნახ. 4.
veqtori ÍA CamorCeba ÚA veqtors 250 -iT. aseTive kuTxiT ÚC-s CamorCeba Í0 da ara ÍC veqtori.
amave dros ÍC veqtoris mdebareoba ucvlelia, romelic unda ekavos Í0 veqtors. aqedan vaskvniT, rom
sadeni romelic modis denis transformatoris „C“ fazidan areulia nulovan sadenSi.
denis transformatoris nulovani sadenis mosaZebnad SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iyos Semdegi
meTodi: sam sadens, romlebic gamodian denis transformatorebidan amokleben gamosacdel
momWerebze.
gadasatani ampermetris erTi gamomyvani miwdeba, xolo meore morigeobiT uerTdeba TiToeul
momWers. ampermetris mierTebis Semdeg zRudari am momWerebidan yovelTvis ixsneba, xolo gazomvis
Semdeg isev dgeba. denis arseboba migvaniSnebs, rom mocemul momWerze mierTebulia fazuri sadeni,
denis ar arseboba ki migvaniSnebs nulovan sadenze.
Secdomis gamovlenis Semdeg denur wredebs vamoklebT da vaxorcielebT aucilebel
gadaadgilebebs markirebis SecvliT. vxsniT denuri wredebis damoklebas da Tavidan viRebT
veqtorul diagramas.
ganvixiloT denur wredebSi (denis transformatorebis arasrul varskvlavad SeerTebis
dros) gaumarTaobebi, romlebic ufro xSirad gvxdeba:
 denur wredebSi areulia markireba, Sedegad denis transformatoridan momavalma sadenebma
adgilebi Seicvales. am dros denebis sistema rCeba simetriuli. fazuri an nulovani
sadenis kuTvnilebis aRmoCena xdeba veqtoruli diagramis gadaRebis Sedegad (mag. №2).
 nulovani sadenis wyveta. niSnebi: nulovan sadenSi deni ar gvaqvs, fazur sadenebSi denebi
mcirea da ar Seesabameba datvirTvas, veqtoruli diagrama gaurkvevelia.
 fazuri sadenis an denis transformatoris meoradi gragnilis wyveta. niSnebi: deni erT-erT
fazaSi nulis tolia, meore fazis veqtori daZrulia 180 0-iT Í0-Tan mimarTebaSi. am dros
meorad wredebSi SeiZleba gaCndes saSiSi Zabva, xolo denis transformatori daziandes
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 magnituri gamtaris gadaxurebis gamo. amitom minaerTi dauyonebliv unda iyos gamorTuli
denis transformatoris da misi wredebis Sesamowmeblad;
 denis transformatoris damokleba. niSnebi: denebi fazur da nulovan sadenebSi
gansxvavebulia. denebis jami fazur da nulovan sadenSi tolia meore fazis denis;
 erT-erTi denis transformatoris meoradi gragnili CarTulia Sebrunebuli polarobiT.
niSnebi: deni nulovan sadenSi 1,73-jer metia fazur sadenSi arsebulTan, kuTxe ÍA da ÍC
veqtorebs Soris Seadgens 600.
 ganvixiloT denur wredebSi (denis transformatorebis varskvlavad SeerTebis dros)
gaumarTobebi, romlebic ufro xSirad gvxvdeba:
 areulia markireba denur wredebSi, Sedegad adgilebi Seicvales sadenebma, romlebic
modian denis transformatorebidan. am dros denebis sistema rCeba simetriuli. fazuri
sadenis kuTvnilebis aRmoCena xorcieldeba veqtoruli diagramis gadaRebis Sedegad;
 nulovani sadenis wyveta. niSnebi: nulovan sadenSi deni ar gvaqvs (unda gvqondes mcire
ubalansobis deni), veqtoruli diagrama am dros normaluria;
 fazuri sadenis an denis transformatoris meoradi gragnilis wyveta. niSnebi: deni erT-erT
fazaSi nulis tolia, xolo nulovan sadenSi deni fazuri denis tolia. Í0 veqtori, roca ÍC
= 0-s, ÍB veqtorTan mimarTebaSi daZrulia 1200-iT da ikavebs ÍC veqtoris adgils. am dros
meorad wredebSi SeiZleba gaCndes saSiSi Zabva, xolo denis transformatori daziandes
magnituri gamtaris gadaxurebis gamo. amitom minaerTi dauyonebliv unda iyos gamorTuli
denis transformatoris da misi wredebis Sesamowmeblad;
 denis transformatoris erT-erTi fazis damokleba. niSnebi: denebi fazur sadenebSi
gansxvavebulia. denebis jami fazur da nulovan sadenSi tolia sxva fazebis denis
sidideebisa;
 erT – erTi denis transformatoris meoradi gragnili CarTulia Sebrunebuli polarobiT.
niSnebi: deni nulovan sadenSi 2-jer metia fazur sadenSi arsebulTan, kuTxe ÍA da ÍC
veqtorebs Soris Seadgens 600.

3.2. samfaza mricxvelebis CarTvis sqemebis Semowmeba moqmed minaerTze 220/380 v Zabvis
eleqtrodanadgarebSi

Semowmebis mizania, mocemul minaerTze moxmarebuli eleqtroenergiis srulad aRricxvis

Semowmeba.
Semowmeba xorcieldeba Semdegi xelsawyoebis da instrumentebis gamoyenebiT:

 denis mzomi marwuxebi;

 kalkuliatori;
 fazis maCvenebeli;
 erTpolusa da orpolusa Zabvis maCvenebeli xelsawyo;
 damtvirTavi mowyobiloba;
 wamsazomi;
 saxraxnisebi izolirebuli tariT da ReroTi;
 agreTve gamoiyeneba voltamperfazometri da sxva xelsawyoebi.

wamsazomi gamoiyeneba diskos brunvis an impulsebis periodis gavlis drois gazomvisaTvis.

denis mzomi marwuxebi gamoiyeneba denebis gazomvisaTvis.
fazis maCvenebeli gamoiyeneba mricxvelis momWerTa xundebze fazebis pirdapiri mimdevrobis
Semowmebis mizniT.
damtvirTavi mowyobiloba gankuTvnilia mricxvelebis CarTvis sqemebis Sesamowmeblad
calfaza datvirTvis mokle xniT miwodebis gziT. igi Sedgeba izolirebuli saxelurisa da
damtvirTavi elementisagan damcavi garsacmiT, romlebic Tavsdebian instrumentebis CanTaSi.
damtvirTavis eleqtruli principialuri sqema moyvanilia nax. № 1.

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 nax. № 1 damtvirTavi mowyobiloba

HL1 – indikatoris naTura (ИН-90); R1 - rezistori (1 mom); R2 – teni (220v, 2kvt); S1 - Rilakuri
tipis amomrTveli (10a); X1 - „krakadilis“ tipis momWeri; X - dengamtari Rero.
naTura HL1 gankuTvnilia eleqtrodanadgaris dengamtar nawilebze Zabvis arsebobis (ar arsebobis)
indikaciisaTvis. qselidan S1 Rilakis saSualebiT xdeba R2 datvirTvis elementis CarTva
(gamorTva).

damtvirTavi mowyobilobis gamoyenebis wesi:

1. gamovrToT datvirTva davrwmundeT mricxvelis TviTsvlis ar arsebobaSi;

2. mivaerToT X1 momWeri eleqtrodanadgaris damiwebul korpusze;
3. izolirebuli saxeluris sakontaqto X nawili dgeba eleqtrodanadgaris dengamtar
nawilze. HL1 indikatoris naTebiT vrwmundebiT Zabvis arsebobaSi;
4. mokle xniT davaWiroT S1 Rilaks, amavdroulad unda davakvirdeT mricxvelis diskos
brunvas an impulsebs. diskos brunvis an impulsebis ar arseboba miuTiTebs mierTebis
sqemis darRvevebze.
5. auSvaT S1 Rilaki. dengamtari nawilidan movxsnaT izolirebuli saxeluris sakontaqto
nawili. movxsnaT X1 momWeri. CavrToT datvirTva.

damtvirTav mowyobilobaze vrceldeba teqnikuri moTxovnebi „dacvis saSualebebis

gamoyenebisa da gamocdis wesebi“, romelic waeyeneba Zabvis maCveneblebs da instruments
izolirebuli saxelurebiT (tarebiT).
akrZalulia damtvirTavi mowyobilobis gamoyeneba burusis, wvimis, haeris 100%-Tan
miaRlovebuli tenianobis dros. yoveli gamoyenebis win damtvirTavi mowyobiloba unda da-
Tvalierdes. Senaxvisa da gadatanis dros damtvirTavi mowyobiloba unda davicvaT datenianebisa
da daWuWyianebisagan.
mricxvelebis CarTvis sqemis Semowmeba gamosacdeli kolofis saSualebiT.
eleqtrodanadgarebis mowyobis wesebis (ПУЭ) Tanaxmad gaTvaliswinebulia gamosacdeli
kolofebis dayeneba eleqtroenergiis mricxvelebis Semowmebisa da SecvlisaTvis.
mricxvelis CarTvis sqemis Semowmeba sruldeba Zabvis qveS brigadis mier ori kacis
SemadgenlobiT. ZiriTadi damcavi saSualebis saxiT iyeneben saxraxniss izolirebuli tariT da

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ReroTi. damatebiTi damcavi saSualebis saxiT iyeneben rezinis xaliCas an dieleqtrikul
kaloSebs. Semowmeba xdeba datvirTvis arsebobisas.

Semowmebis Tanmimdevroba:
1. ixsneba luqi da xufi gamosacdeli kolofidan;
2. mowmdeba samive fazaSi Zabvis arseboba rogorc fazebs Soris, ise fazasa da nulovan
sadens Soris;
3. mowmdeba Zabvis ar arseboba denur wredebSi. Zabvis arseboba denur wredebSi miuTiTebs
denis transformatoris dazianebaze;
4. saxraxnisis daxmarebiT gamosacdel kolofSi zRudarebiT mokldeba denuri wredebi. am
dros diskos brunva an impulsebis cimcimi iklebs;
5. Zabvis wredebis sakontaqto zRudarebze eSveba xraxnebi keTdeba xiluli wyveta da ixsneba
Zabva mricxvelidan.

mricxvelis CarTvis sqemis Semowmeba xorcieldeba mricxvelis gamzom elementze Sesabamisi

fazis Zabvisa da denis rigrigobiT miwodebiT. diskos brunva pirdapiri mimarTulebiT an
impulsebis cimcimi miuTiTebs mricxvelis, denis transformatoris da aRricxvis wredebsi
gamarTulobaze, magarm ar iZleva srul dajerebulobas sqemis CarTvis sisworeze.
mricxvelebis mier wamsazomis saSualebiT gazomili aqtiuri simZlavre (vt) da reaqtiuli
simZlavre (var) iangariSeba formulebiT:

3600𝑛 3600𝑛
Pმრ = x 1000; Qმრ = x 1000
𝐴𝑡 𝐴𝑡

სადაც n - aris brunvaTa (impulsebis) raodenoba aTvlili t (wm) drois ganmavlobaSi;

A - mricxvelis gadacemis ricxvia, romelic miTiTebulia mis dafaze.
brunvaTa (impulsebis) raodenobas aiTvlian:
induqciuri mricxvelebisaTvis - mricxvelis diskoze Wdis (niSanis) gavlisas;
eleqtronulisaTvis – telemetriuli gamosasvlali indikatoris Suqdiodis cimcimiT
(naTebiT);
mricxvelze miwodebuli simZlavris gazomva. mricxvelis denur wredebSi denis gazomvas
axorcieleben denis mzomi marwuxebiT 25 ma–dan 5 a–mde da 5 ÷ 500 a-mde diapazonSi.
viciT ra Zabvis, denisa da cosφ-is mniSvneloba vangariSobT mricxvelze miwodebul
simZlavres Semdegi formulebiT:
Pმრ = UფIფ cosφ – calfaza mricxvelisaTvis;
Pმრ = √3 UხIსაშ cosφ – samfaza mricxvelisaTvis.
SevadarebT ra mricxvelze miwodebul simZlavres da mis mier gazomils, SegviZlia
saorientaciod SevafasoT mricxvelis CarTvisa da misi muSaobis siswore.

3.3. samfaza mricxvelebis sakontrolo Semowmeba adgilze

mricxvelis gaumarTaoba SeiZleba uecrad warmoiSvas mkveTrad araxelsayreli

zemoqmedebebis gavleniT. maT SeiZleba miekuTnos dartymebi da ryevebi, xangrZlivi gadatvirTvebi,
minaerTze mokle CarTvebi, sakomutacio da Weqa-quxilis mier gamowveuli gadaZabvebi.
mricxveli aseve TandaTanobiT SeiZleba gadavides gaumarTav mdgomareobaSi damowmebis
periodebs Soris vadis gasvlamde.
mricxvelis yvela gaumarTaobas Cveulebriv mivyevarT Semdeg Sedegebamde: moZravi sistemis
gaCereba (induqciuri mricxvelebisaTvis), cdomilebis gazrda, mTvleli meqanizmis araswori
muSaoba, TviTsvla.
mricxvelis sakontrolo Semowmebis dros Zabvebis arseboba yvela fazaze unda SevamowmoT
mricxvelis momWerebze da denis mniSvnelobebi mimdevrobiT gragnilebSi. Semdeg unda gadaviRoT
veqtoruli diagrama. Tu yvela gazomvebis Sedegad ar gamovlinda uwesivrobis mizezi maSin is
unda veZeboT mricxvelis gaumarTaobaSi.
Tu aris eWvi mricxvelis did cdomilebaze, maSin aucilebelia movaxdinoT misi sakontrolo
Semowmeba dadgmis adgilze.
samfaza mricxvelebis Semowmeba adgilze yovelTvis xdeba mzomi transformatorebis gareSe.
amisaTvis sanimuSo xelsawyoebi unda CairTos denisa da Zabvis transformatorebis meorad

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wredebSi. Semowmeba SeiZleba ganvaxorcieloT vatmetrisa da wamsazomis meTodiT an sanimuSo
mricxvelTan Sedarebis meTodiT.
sanimuSo mricxvelis gamoyeneba yovelTvis umjobesia, radganac am dros datvirTvis
cvalebadoba ar aisaxeba Semowmebis Sedegebze, magram sanimuSo mricxvelis uqonlobis gamo
TiTqmis yovelTvis gamoiyeneba vatmetrisa da wamsazomis meTodi, romlis drosac vatmetrisa da
wamsazomis Cvenebebis mixedviT unda ganvsazRvroT eleqtroenergiis realuri mniSvneloba,
romelic iwvevs mricxvelis diskos brunvas mocemuli brunvaTa raodenobiT an mricxvelis
manaTobel indikatorze mocemuli impulsebis raodenobas da SevadaroT mricxvelis mier
gazomili energiis mniSvnelobas (mricxvelis nominaluri mudmivas gaTvaliswinebiT). Semowmebamde
Sesamowmebeli mricxvelis sizustis klasidan gamomdinare Seasabamisad SerCeuli unda iyos
sizustis klasis mixedviT sanimuSo xelsawyoebi. standartebis (ГОСТ 14767–69) ZiriTadi
moTxovnebis Tana-xmad sanimuSo xelsawyoebma eleqtroenergiis gazomva unda uzrunvelyon
cdomilebiT, romelic ar aWarbebs Sesamowmebeli mricxvelis dasaSvebi cdomilebis ¼–s. ase
magaliTad 1,0 sizustis klasiss mricxvelisaTvis eleqtroenergiis gansazRvris cdomileba unda
iyos ara umetes ¼ = 0,25%. amasTan unda gvaxsovdes, rom es cdomileba warmoadgens yvela energiis
gamzomi sanimuSo xelsawyos jamur cdomilebas, anu erTi an ori vatmetris da wamsazomis.
am meTodis gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac datvirTva icvleba umniSvnelod
(±5%). datvirTva ar unda iyos 10%–ze naklebi nominalurisa. Tu es pirobebi Seusrulebadia maSin
mricxveli unda moixsnas da Semowmdes laboratoriul pirobebSi.
mricxvelis sakontrolo SemowmebisaTvis aucilebelia gvqondes wamsazomi da sanimuSo 0,1
sizustis klasis samfaza an calfaza vatmetrebi. 0,1 sizustis klasis vatmetrebiT SesaZlebelia
SevamowmoT 1,0 da ufro dabali sizustis klasis mricxvelebi. am dros metrologiuri
moTxovnebi daculi iqneba. xandaxan SeiZleba CairTos ori ampermetri da ori an sami voltmetri.

mricxvelebis sakontrolo Semowmebis dros xelsawyoebis CarTvis sqema moyvanilia nax. 1-ze.
isini unda CairTos an gadasasvleli momWerebis kolofSi an momWerTa Semkrebze.

d/t-ze mricxvelze

Z/t-ze mricxvelze

nax. 1. mzomi xelsawyoebs CarTvis sqema

mricxvelis sakontrolo SemowmebisaTvis

gazomvamde unda viangariSoT mricxvelis mudmiva C formuliT

3600 × 1000
C = ,
A

sadac A-aris mricxvelis gadacemis ricxvi, romelic miTiTebulia mricxvelis dafaze (magaliTad
1 kvt x sT = 450 brunva an impulsi);
da vatmetris danayofis fasi CW formuliT:
CW = Iw x UW / nw,
sadac Iw, UW - aris vatmetris gazomvis zRvrebi denisa da Zabvis mixedviT; nw-ki skalis danayofis
fasia.

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 Semowmebas asrulebs ori kaci. erTi wamsazomis saSualebiT aiTvlis mocemul brunvaTa
(impulsebis) raodenobas da gansazRvravs t dros (wm). Cveulebriv brunvaTa (impulsebis)
raodenobas iReben 20 –is jerads an iseTs, rom gazomvis dro ar iyos 1 (erT) wuTze naklebi.
meore drois Tanabari intervalebis ganmavlobaSi afiqsirebs da iwers vatmetrebis Cvenebebs (ara
umciresi 10 gazomvisa). am gazomvebis monacemebis mixedviT ganisazRvreba vatmetrebis Cvenebebis
saSualo ariTmetikuli, romelTa mixedviTac SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT datvirTvis saSualo jamuri
simZlavre

Pსაშ. = (P1საშ. + P2საშ.) x CW.

Semdeg vangariSobT normalur dros
tნ = C N / Pსაშ.
mricxvelis normaluri dro tნ (wm) - es aris dro, romlis ganmavlobaSic mricxveli
Seasrulebda mocemul brunvaTa (impulsebis) raodenobas cdomilebis ar arsebobis dros.
viciT ra normaluri tნ dro da faqtiuri t dro SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT mricxvelis
cdomileba formuliT

Δმრ. = [(tნ – t) / tნ] x 100%.

magaliTi. ganvsazRvroT 1,0 sizustis klasis mricxvelis cdomileba, romlis nominaluri
parametrebia 3 x 5a; 3 x 100v; 1 kvt x sT = 2500 diskos brunvas. sakontrolo vatmetris gazomvis
zRvrebia 150 v, 5a; skalis danayofis fasi 150. mricxvelis diskom gaakeTa 20 brunva 98,4 wm–Si. am
drois ganmavlobaSi xelsawyoebis saSualo maCvenebeli skalis danayofebze aris P1saS. = 23; P2saS.
= 38; I1 = I2 = 2,2 a; U = 100 v.
vangariSobT mricxvelis mudmivas

C = (1000 x 3600) / 2500 = 1440 (vat x wm) / bruni.

vatmetris danayofis fasia
CW = (5 x 150) / 150 = 5 vat/danay.
datvirTvis saSualo simZlavre iqneba
Pსაშ. = (23 + 38) x 5 = 305 vat.
vangariSobT simZlavris koeficients

cosφ = Pსაშ. / √3 U I = 305 / √3 x 100 x 2,2 = 0,9.

mricxvelis normaluri dro mocemuli datvirTvis dros iqneba
tნ = (1440 x 20) / 305 = 94,4 wm.
vangariSobT mricxvelis cdomilebas
Δმრ. = [(94,4 – 98,4) / 94,4] x 100 = – 4,23%,
anu cdomileba aWarbebs dasaSvebs da mricxveli eqvemdebareba Secvlas.
aucilebelia gvaxsovdes, rom aseTi saxiT ganisazRvreba mxolod mricxvelis cdomileba da
ara eleqtroenergiis gazomvis sruli cdomileba. ukanaskneli SeiZleba ganisazRvros, Tu
sanimuSo xelsawyoebi CarTuli iqneba sanimuSo mzomi transformatorebiT.

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