Paper—A QR Code Used for Personal Information Based on Multi-Layer Encryption System

A QR Code Used for Personal Information Based on

Multi-Layer Encryption System
https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v17i09.38777

Haroon Rashid Hammood Al Dallal1(), Wijdan Noaman Marzoog Al Mukhtar2

1 DepartmentInfocommunication Technologies and Communication Systems, Saratov State
Technical University, Saratov, Russia
2 Department of Computer Engineering and Information Technology, Razi University,

Kermanshah, Iran
[email protected]

Abstract—Protecting and concealing sensitive data in the modern world is

challenging. Due to insufficient protection and privacy, it is feasible for critical
information to be fabricated. This led to a significant financial loss for someone.
The intended recipient must be trusted with sensitive information and be able to
independently authenticate the accuracy of the information by independently
checking the specifics. There are several driving the rise in QR codes used for
information transmission. Due to their enormous capacity for storing infor-
mation, QR codes are vital for dissemination. However, most currently deployed
QR code solutions employ insecure data formats and never employ encryption.
Secure QR Code is data protection and data concealing available technology. The
Quick Response (QR) code is widely used and accessible without extensive tech-
nical training. Now, the user data stored in a QR code is effectively public
knowledge and occasionally even illegally used. To address the abovementioned
issues, this study's authors propose a novel QR code encryption system. Using
the image's mathematical processing method, we may apply the equivalence class
principle to the ordered equations of the two-dimensional code, producing the
desired cryptographic result. This method exploits the unique visual properties of
the QR code. Only a QR code reader can decode the code's useful information,
which is too complex for standard reading methods. It will be utilised to address
issues in speedy business client data protection Security, commodity anticoun-
terfeiting, and bicycle sharing QR codes.

Keywords—QR code, privacy protection, multi-directional identity authentica-

tion, encryption system, image symmetrical processing, data processing

1 Introduction

With the growth of the Internet, 4G/5G technology, and business, among other as-
pects, smartphones have become an integral part of life for many customers. Addition-
ally, an increasing number of people are deciding to travel abroad for vacations and are
doing so by making hotel reservations online. It serves a purpose by speeding up the
check-in procedure at the front desk, but it also carries a risk because some information

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Paper—A QR Code Used for Personal Information Based on Multi-Layer Encryption System

and personal privacy may be made public[1-3]. There is a greater risk of disclosure
because the individual now handles sensitive personal data manually and insecurely.
Experts have recommended employing TTJSA and the Advanced Encryption Standard
(AES) to obfuscate information and messages in court documents [4-6]. QR barcodes,
also known as two-dimensional codes (QR codes), are a type of matrix barcode that
uses a black-and-white pattern to encode symbolic data and is dispersed along a lane
(the QR direction) using a specific geometry [7]. The system's foundation rests on the
binary number system of "0" and "1," and numerous geometric objects with direct cor-
respondence to binary systems are utilised to represent numerical data in the text [8].
Automated processing of data is possible with the help of a picture transmitter or a
photographic scanning machine. Its high density, vast capacity, and other features make
it suitable for usage as a symbol for the number. Evidence from print (including Chinese
character files), visual, and other media suggests that QR codes are among the most
useful methods for connecting the physical and digital worlds [9].

2 Literature review

In the early nineties, the Japanese automobile industry was the target market for the
invention of the QR code. Comparable to barcodes, which use two-dimensional codes
to record data about the object they are connected to or related to QR codes are essen-
tially visual identifiers by the computer. To store information effectively, a QR code
uses four specified coding modes, including numeric, alphanumeric, byte/binary, and
kanji (a subset of Chinese characters used in the Japanese language)[10].
Numerous studies on the data hiding technology of QR codes are now being con-
ducted. But both nationally and internationally, the majority of techniques involve en-
crypting and altering the raw data using cryptographic techniques or analyzing and
identifying a massive number of secret keys [7, 11]. The former is not very portable.
In the transport industry, individual privacy leakage is a serious issue right now.
Large-scale sales are being made of sensitive information from the logistical waybill,
including name, address, mobile number, and other details. Fraudsters have access to a
lot of private details, which gives them the chance to steal identities and commit fraud.
Numerous receivers whose data is compromised incur serious consequences. They can
suffer the abuse of useless knowledge or experience fraud [12, 13].
In the study by Dudheria,[14], the available Android secure QR code readers are
examined, their security protocols are highlighted, and their effectiveness at spotting
malware Or malicious codes is assessed. Numerous QR code readers make the claims
to be safe scanners, although investigation shows that this is not the case and that they
need to be improved. The paper discusses the potential flaws and restrictions of safe
scanning applications and offers suggestions to raise the level of security. Unfortu-
nately, the usability of barcode scanners is not taken into account in this study [15].
The cryptographic algorithms of the top 31 Android QR code scanners are examined
in the literature by Yao and Shin [16]. Only 2 out of 31 applications offer security alert
features, however, extensive testing reveals that phishing and infection threat detection
techniques are relatively unreliable. To address this, the researchers suggest SafeQR, a

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Paper—A QR Code Used for Personal Information Based on Multi-Layer Encryption System

new QR code reader that relies on two already-existing security APIs: Google safe
browsing and Phishtank (Google, site; Phishtank, site). The ability of the scanning to
increase the rate at which malicious URLs are discovered is not, unfortunately, sup-
ported by any actual data provided by the authors [17].
The authors Wahsheh al., [17] provide a thorough review of the security and privacy
concerns relating to QR codes. The data gathered indicate that the majority of reader
applications are unable to identify fraudulent URLs. Additionally, by requesting addi-
tional rights and obtaining users' private information, these apps breach users' privacy.
The study offers design suggestions for practical and safe reader applications and sug-
gests a model that uses URL checking and Base64 digital signatures. Results demon-
strate that users can be adequately shielded from malicious QR codes byllowing to the
design suggestions[17]. Numerous ways to prevent QR code scamming assaults have
been suggested; nonetheless, the threat is growing and phishing is now a prevalent
method of committing cybercrime [15].
This study develops a plan to protect consumer privacy utilizing RFID technology
and multi-layer cryptographic functions. It uses the protection of user private infor-
mation in the express logistics industry as its primary research object. The plan can
accomplish a dual level of confidentiality for the logistics firm's internal and external
customers and it can also guarantee that the person in charge of disclosing personal
information will be subject to review [12].

Fig. 1. Express delivery facility procedure of logistics business

A QR code phishing detection was suggested by Yao and Shin [16]. They did this
by leveraging Google Safe browsing and Phish Tank, two APIs. The research-based
solution is superior in terms of user usability and sincere manipulation table, there is no
recognition rate, and TP, TN, FP, and FN are mentioned. There is no developed QR
code phishing dataset [16].

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Paper—A QR Code Used for Personal Information Based on Multi-Layer Encryption System

Ishihara suggested a temperament detecting system. Work that was not done mainly
focuses on QR code production and ignores digital detection system solutions and uses
encryption without taking 2014 detect signature and wet usability into account.
The content modifications for QR codes [18].
In this study, the researchers suggest a networked hospital management system
called CoviReader that securely distributes user data. The IOTA is used to build the
application for the users with access to the tangle platform and detailed, immutable, and
quick access to their private data. CoviReader manages data, availability of the data,
security, and authentication (With important factors to take into account when updating
confidential Users engage with IOTA's tangle through a mobile device to exchange
data. an application that houses a FIREBASE database. The objective of This brief pa-
per will present a functional prototype for evaluating and examining methods for less-
ening the effects of the health emergency caused by COVID-19 [19, 20]. Modulation
and simulations in OPNET have been used in this research to examine a cloud compu-
ting model of a distribution network. By using the experiment, the model is looking
into cloud computing to see how well it can be used as a framework for combining
satellite communications, data management, and systems for establishing and maintain-
ing human trust. The development of a multiple supply chain architecture will be mod-
elled, with the modeling approach demanding the combination of data and communi-
cations as well as the establishment of human trust and integrity through the developing
idea of building trust in multiparty sessions. The OPNET Simulation tool has already
been used to generate an early model, and the preliminary findings have been carefully
examined. The goals and objectives for this paper have been established thanks to this
initial project, which has also assisted in building confidence in designing the much
bigger structure of supply chains [21]. The research also doesn't account for the offline
risks that come with QR codes, such as SQL and command injections, privacy worries,
and usability problems. A bit of string is carried by a QR code, which then transports
the string to a database where the information is encrypted. This is the current commer-
cial architecture for such services in the domestic market. The user side, or first-level
user, is the only one capable of reading the QR code and deciphering the string. The
secondary user, or business side, utilises the URL to access the information database.
Encrypting the user's information is achieved by utilising the user's personal infor-
mation. Said this approach does not encrypt any information. For as long as the database
is available, this means that all user information is, in fact, completely public. Multiple
types of personal information have been hacked, exposing a serious system security
flaw. A novel encryption method is presented in this research. The information included
in a QR code image is cut up using the bite rule and the Attribute principle to create a
camouflage QR code, which a data reader reads. Key matching can be used to decrypt
data encrypted by Terminal and restore it to its original state. If the secret key is to be
believed, No matter if the key is private or public, the value of the key determines how
the QR code is broken into blocks. The segment's effects are then determined and a
baseline for future comparison. One technique to secure a secret key is a paper wallet,
simply a piece of paper printed with the private key and a QR code so that the transac-
tion may be completed quickly by scanning the paper.

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Paper—A QR Code Used for Personal Information Based on Multi-Layer Encryption System

Each group of rectangles assigned the same value consists of four blocks. The size
of the segmented m-block isometric quadrilateral is determined by the distance between
its location and the circle of the analogous point. The Attribute principle describes this.
Whether you're left- or right-handed, the squares will trade positions to form a different
picture.
The scanning process for two-dimensional codes is omitted from the two-dimen-
sional code computing method, which uses the image feature instead. Information is
safe, and cryptographic processing times are reduced.

3 Method & data

3.1 Basic structure of QR code

2D barcode is another name for a QR code. Quick Response is the full title of the
widely used QR code or QR code.

Fig. 2. Simple QR code

In recent years, smartphones have increasingly used this encoding technique. Com-
pared to the conventional barcode, it can save more Additional data categories can be
indicated via information.

Fig. 3. "Basic Structure of QR code which is Black & White"

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Paper—A QR Code Used for Personal Information Based on Multi-Layer Encryption System

A carefully coded black-and-white image known as a QR code stores data symbol

information in a plane (two-dimensional direction) using a certain geometric pattern.
The textual mathematical information is represented using a variety of geometric forms
that relate to the 1s and 0s, using the idea of "0" and "1" bit which is machine language
composing the logic of the inside logic of the computer, which are used to read the
image automatically, input method or the photoelectric scanning device. information
processing automatically: It shares several characteristics with bar code technology,
such as the distinct character sets and check functions that are unique to each coding
system. The QR code is created using the pre-propagating data, inserted in the classifi-
cation frame, and then an image frame is acquired. The grayscale and median filters
used in image preprocessing are applied, and the positive rectangular image is created
by identifying the location point. The coding algorithm generates the rectangular pic-
ture that is disguised. accomplish the encryption of the QR code. The encrypted, dis-
guised QR code picture is placed straight into the recognition frame, where it undergoes
" grayscale, median filtering " and other image preprocessing procedures. The decoding
algorithm is equivalent to the recognition coding algorithm processes used to disguise
the image.

Fig. 4. Flow Chart of Encryption Algorithms

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Paper—A QR Code Used for Personal Information Based on Multi-Layer Encryption System

Method. It is used to identify and identify the local secret key. Following the corre-
spondence of the secret key, the decrypting mode is retrieved and transmitted to the
image verification unit to decipher the QR code's upper application logic. According to
the findings of this study, the primary QR code area can be divided into equal-sized
blocks. The QR code's mapping from analogous points is calculated using these blocks.
Recalibration by 2n assignment is a method employed by some protocols, and it is
based on the circle distance between the position and effects of the (B) block equip rod
quadrilateral. For every group of four identical quadrilaterals, there are eight cubes. As
a means of ushering in a new era, the equal rectangle is flipped from its traditional
orientation.

Fig. 5. Flow chart of signal frequency spectrogram

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Paper—A QR Code Used for Personal Information Based on Multi-Layer Encryption System

4 Analysis and results

The technique recognition libraries are used to obtain the decoding mode that corre-
sponds to the encrypting mode of the secret image and match the classification key with
the encryption key.

Fig. 6. The sub sub-bandana rate of the spectrogram

In Figure 5, the mathematical formulation used to explain this concept is displayed,

and a method of a standard contains is used. The center of the graph is P, and the letters
“A, B, C, and D” each occupy four squares; the position of each letter is similar but
unique. A, B, C, and D could be randomly selected for data encryption, but various
selection process is required to create disguise images. The image is divided into a 4 h
4 matrix in Figure 5, and there are 256 different encryption algorithms available.

Fig. 7. The result of Equivalence class principle 4X4

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Paper—A QR Code Used for Personal Information Based on Multi-Layer Encryption System

For each extra row in the matrix, the number of possible schemes grows exponen-
tially. For instance, as demonstrated in Figure 7, when the image is split into six h6
matrix, the matrices of encryption techniques rise to 4096. Splitting choice into 2 dif-
ferent codes is as easy as a two-value image and tends to infinite. If the computer tries
to be decrypted using statistical breaking, the computations will be extremely big. It
will be quite challenging to attempt to decrypt the image using a computer.

Fig. 8. Extension of Correspondence class value

The four clusters of "A1-A4, B1-B4, C1-C4 " and D1-D4 are, accordingly, compa-
rable at the picture level, based on the Class Label Principle. A1, B3, C4, and D4 are
identified as the multiple user variations among A1-A4, B1-B4, C1-C4, and D1-D4.
Each zone is reorganized in the sequence of scanning, as indicated in Figure 6 ,The
D4 section is used for reading, and a guideline says it should be read aloud four times
(often left- or right-handed). The number of unmerged images can be increased if the
image units are only completely joined by using the simple square combining.

Fig. 9. The data acquired by scanning a sample QR code

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Paper—A QR Code Used for Personal Information Based on Multi-Layer Encryption System

m (m 1)  (2m 1) (1)

Equation number one is used to show the rectangular edge unit value that greatly
enhances the cost of the violation.
Image synthesis analysis can be used to produce multi-layer decryption, and key
matching can be used to retrieve encryption information for QR codes. The QR code
image can be encrypted multiple times using the built-in private key; if it is the initial
layer of encryption, the area will be split immediately.
The QR code information is recovered using the appropriate decoding technique.
The area of multi-layer disorder is identified if there is multi-layer cryptography. The
local disorder is initially repaired in the appropriate decoding mode, and only then is
the general restoration carried out.
The two-dimensional code encryption system is split into two sections during the
actual application process: the producing end and the recognizing end. The two-D- code
that needs to be transmitted must be disguised and encrypted by the producing end, and
the recognizing end is in charge of decrypting the encrypted 2 D- code2-Dd restoring
the 2-D-dimensional code image using the private or public key that was originally es-
tablished. It is important to create an algorithm database in preparation, find keys that
belong to users of various terminals, and finish decoding by system key matching in
order tosh the abovementioned activities.

5 Discussion

As seen in Figure 2, a technique is used to create a disguised QR code using the

sample information "123456." When you scan the QR code, the incorrect information
is displayed, and the interface shown in Figure 8 appears. QR code and read the correct
information that are shown the simple issshown3456.

Fig. 10. Restore the Qr information

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6 Conclusion

In this research paper, a unique QR code cryptography based on the national stand-
ard code system is presented and implemented. The combination of image geometric
processing with information encryption using QR codes is a novel and useful approach
that has a significant impact and great practical value.
The need of user needs the algorithm's encryption level can be adjusted flexibly. The
basic flexibility is that the two-dimension codes could only include real information
that can be read by a specialized scan monitoring system, while the conventional read-
ing system can only read the data that has been camouflaged. The technique is intelli-
gent, full of variance, and to the maximum capacity matches the variety and non-re-
peatability of encryption techniques. With the advancement of the QR code technique,
it can be expanded as secondary processing based on the technology. This study intro-
duces a new method for using QR codes and the information they convey. It is possible
to obfuscate the encryption process to implement multi-layer encryption, increase the
size of the method library, use more advanced methods, and make decoding more dif-
ficult. How the decoding of picture attributes impacts the covert transmission of data
with QR codes is a topic we intend to explore further. Second, we plan to increase the
QR code encryption system's functionality by extending it at the application level, cre-
ating the necessary mobile operating system, and employing cell phones as the identi-
fying end. Additionally, we plan to incorporate local physical data into the next round
of development. If the recognition end can receive the secret key through physical in-
formation matching rather than the built-in key, it can reduce the production cost and
technological barrier.

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8 Authors

Haroon Rashid Hammood Al Dallal, Bachelor's degree, Department Engineering

in Communication Techniques, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University, Najaf, Iraq.
Master's degree, Department Infocommunication Technologies and Communication
Systems, Saratov State Technical University, Saratov, Russia (email: ha-
[email protected]).
Wijdan Noaman Marzoog Al Mukhtar, Bachelor's degree, Department Computer
Science College of Science for Women, University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq. Master's
degree, Department of Computer Engineering and Information Technology, Razi Uni-
versity, Kermanshah, Iran (email: [email protected]).
Wijdan Noaman Marzoog is an Assistant Lecturer at the University of Babylon / Fac-
ulty of Science for Women. I teach computer subject for the first and second stages in
the Department of Life Sciences.

Article submitted 2023-02-01. Resubmitted 2023-03-27. Final acceptance 2023-03-29. Final version pub-
lished as submitted by the authors.

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