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Infinite Series

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Infinite Series

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INFINITE SERIES 2.1. _ INFINITE SERIES If {u,} is a sequence of real numbers, then the expression ti, + Uy + Uy tty, lie, the sum of the terms of the sequence, which are infinite in number] is called a infinite series. | ted by u, or more briefly. is denoted by 2 un Ay, by By, The infinite series u, + Uz + + Uy * 2.2. SERIES OF POSITIVE TERMS Tall the terms of the series Eu, =U, + ty + +u, + are positive ie., fu, >0, vq then the series Eu, is called a series Of positive terms 2.3. ALTERNATING SERIES y positive and negative is called an = Uy + Uy — yt FD, + ‘A series in which the terms are alternatel! alternating series. Thus, the series 2 (-1)"~ wpe where u, > 0 V 1 is an alternating series. 2.4 PARTIAL SUMS If'Su, =u, + uy + uy ++ u, + isan infinite series where the terms may be +veor | ~ve, then | “8, =u, + u, + +u, is called the nth partial sum of Zu,. Thus, the nth partial sum | of an infinite series is the sum of its first n terms. S,, S,, S,, ... are the first, second, third, ... partial sums of the series. | Since n € N, {S,} is a sequence called the sequence of partial sums of the infinite | | series Zu, To every infinite series Zu,, there corresponds a sequence {S,} of its partial sums. " 2.5 BEHAVIOUR OF AN INFINITE SERIES (Convergence, Divergence and Oscillation) ‘h An infinite ir E converges, diverges or oscillates (finitely or infinitely) accordiné as the sequence of its partial sums converges, di ely of ee ges, diverges or oscillates (fini M-3.16 rT SERIES M-3.17 (i) The series Ziv, converges (or if said to be convergent) if the sequence {S,} of its al sums converges Thus, Zu, is convergent if lim S, = a finite quantity, (ii) The series Zu, diverges (or is said to bo divergent) if the sequence {S,} of its ial sums diverges me thus, 24, is divergent if lim $, = + or —se (iii) The series Zu, oscillates finitely if the sequence {S, } of its partial sums oscillates ‘Thus, Zu, oscillates finitely if {S,} is bounded and neither converges nor diverges (ix) The series Zu, oscillates infinitely if the sequence {S,} of its partial sums oscillates nitely. sins, 2u, oscillates infinitely if {S,} is unbounded and neither converges nor diverges. . ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Example 1. Discuss the convergence or otherwise of the series 1.1.1 1 En 72°23°34*"* ina ee yet _m@td-n 1 1 aoe "“ntn+) nin+D on ned Putting n = 1, 2. 3,-,n, we get i lollies cole oll Adding, = {S,}converges tol => Eu, converges to 1 Note. For another method, see Comparison Test 3 Example 2. Show that the series 2 Wee converges 0. 11 (mt2)-n 1f1_ 1 So. Ly . r2—n oun ined) 2° int 2\n ned then Se OF ENGIN 18 A TEXTBOOK OF IEERING MATHE yy, Putting 1 = 1, 2.3, 0.1 We eet + 1 1 ele alin Gin & ole ale Reale aie) + Adding, => the sequence < S, > converges t0 = 3 = the infinite series = u, converges to 7 al [Note. For another method, see Comparison Test.] ee Example 3. Show that the series (3) converges to 4. a oa Sol. Let u,=(3) 4 Hy ty + Uy to +, InaGP.} _al-")| a eet | x" > Oasn7* Jim S,=4 [1-0] ' if Ixl< 1, then = 4,a finite quantity = the sequence < S, > converges to 4 = the infinite series £ u, converges to 4 nz” - pnts SS gxample 4. Show that the series 12 + 22 + 32 +. +n? +... diverges to +=. Sol. Here S,= 1+ 24984 422 M+ Wnt D i 6 lim S, = +0 a <« s, > diverges to +c, > the given series diverges to +20, Example 5. Show that the series - 1-2-3 -... -n— + diverges to -e. Sol. Here 8,=-1-2-3-..-n S14 2494.4 yy 2 Med lim S,=-2 = diverges to - = the given series diverges to —2o Example 6. Test the convergence or otherwise of = (-1)"! nel Sol. Here S,=1-1+1-1+1-1+... ton terms 1 or O according as n is odd or even ‘The subsequence converges to 1, while the subsequence converges 00. = is not convergent Since < §, > is bounded oscillates finitely. = £ (-1)"-! oscillates finitely nel Example 7. Test the convergence of the series 5-4-14+5-4-14+5-4-14+ 10. Sol. Here S, -4-1+5-4-1+5-4-1+.. ton terms =0, 5 or | according as the number of terms is 3m, 3m +1 or 3m +2 respectively Clearly S, does not tend to a unique limit. Since < S, > is bounded, it oscillates finitely. = The given series oscillates finitely Example 8. Show that the series 5 n(- 1)" oscillates infinitely. Be) Sol. Here = - 142-344-5464... tonterms (2), if nis odd oj 2 | ifniseven 2 The subsequence diverges to -e, while the subsequence diverges to a oscillates infinitely = _£ n(-1)" oscillates infinitely nt (ATEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING rh v hey TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE |" Tost the nature of the following series: L 1#24a44t 3. 6 - - cA - Answers 1. Diver 2. Divergent 8. Convergent = Convergent 8. Divergent 6. Oscillatory 7, Convergent . Divergent 2.6 THE GEOMETRIC SERIES 1+ x + EK HO : [| x | <1 @) diverges ifx21 () converges if-1 1. x" 3 as 11 3 © U(x" -1) S,= 1 +x+x% + tom terms = ——— x-1 lim S, =e => the sequence {S,} diverges to = the given series diverges to =. (iti) When x =~ 1 1-1+1-1+. ton terms = 1 or O according as n is odd or even lor 0 = the sequence {S,} oscillates finitely => ‘the given series oscillates finitely. 27 \ SERIES M321 y STE eS SESS x<-l = -2>1 =-x, then r> 1 Pe a8n +0 ry" x ltr ton terms = =r] 1+r” Tap Becording as n is even or odd Ter ~~ or ten = the sequence {S,} oscillates infinitely = the given series oscillates infinitely. 7 3,9 27 les. 1. Consider 1-—+— Examples. it It is a geometric series with common ratio r = 3 . 4 |= < 1: the given series is convergent. Since | r= 2. Consider ava 3e27, Itis a geometric series with r= 3 >I = the given series is divergent 3,3,3,3 s.Consider $+ +7434 It isa geometric series with r= 1 = the given series is divergent 3.3 3 3 D der =-—+—-< + 4, Consider + It is a geometric series with r= -1 = the given series oscillates finitely 5. Consider 1 —- It is a geometric series with r = the given series oscillates infinitely NECESSARY CONDITION FOR CONVERGENCE 0. Ifa series Eu, is convergent, then lim U, Proof. Let S, denote the nth partial sum of the series Eu, Then Eu, is convergent = {S,} is convergent ON 3.22 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEy, = limS, iw finite and unique = s (say). =? im 8, = 6 Now 8,-8.1 Un lim u,= vend Hence Lu, isconvergent = ‘The converse of the above theor om is not always true, i.e. the nth term may tend, zero as ne even if the series 18 not convergent i For example, consider the series 1+ 75+ 5 #°~ 1 of Bu, 2.8 + an Jere men = 11 Im lim S, = lim vn : 2 = the series is divergent, though lim u, = lim = ‘Thus lim u,=Oisa necessary condition but not a sufficient condition for convergence | Note 1. Eu, is convergent = lim u,=0 Note 2. lim u,=0 = u, may or may not be convergent Note 3. lim u,#0 = Zu, isnot convergent APOSITIVE TERM SERIES EITHER CONVERGES OR DIVERGES TO + Proof. Let Eu, be a positive term series and S,, be its nth partial sum Then Spey tuto tut uy, = Se Su Oy Leu, >0¥ al n= Une = Sisi>S, Von = {S,} is a monotonic increasing sequence ‘Two cases arise. The sequence {S,} may be bounded or unbounded above. Case I. When {S,} is bounded above. Since {S,} is monotonic increasing and bounded above, it is convergent. = En convergent M-3:23 . When {S,} is not bounded above. since {S,} is monotonic increasi ee ing and not bounded above, itdiverges tote =» Eu, Hence a positive term series either conver jes or di Cor if u,>0 ¥ 0 and ‘Bes or diverges to +a, jim u, #0, then the series Lu, diverges to +00, Proof. u,>0 Vin = Lu, is a series of +ve terms. = %u, either converges or diverges to +00 Since jim u,#0 Given) Lu, does not converge. Hence Eu, must diverge to +, 29 (a) THE Cae AND SUFFICIENT CONDITION FOR THE CONVERGENCE OF A Pt IVE TERM SERIES Zu, IS THAT THE SEQUENCE {S,} OF ITS PARTIAL SUMS IS BOUNDED ABOVE Proof. (i) Suppose the sequence {S,} is bounded above. Since the series Eu, is of positive terms, the sequence {S,} is monotonically increasing. Since every monotonically increasing sequence which is bounded above, converges, therefore {S,} and hence 31, converges. (ii) Conversely, suppose Eu, converges. Then the sequence {S,} of its partial sums also converges. Since every convergent sequence is bounded, {S,} is bounded. In particu- lar, {S,} is bounded above 29(b) | CAUCHY’S GENERAL PRINCIPLE OF CONVERGENCE OF SERIES The necessary and sufficient condition for the infinite series 3 u, to converge is a that given € > 0, however small, there exists a positive integer m such that Via + Umi to tu, lm. Example. Prove with the help of Cauchy's general principle of convergence that the series V terest ty . a3 - loes not converge. Sol. If possible, suppose the given series is convergent. Take By Cauchy's general principle of convergence, there exists a positive integer m such that a + 2 tee i : Vonu>m miimse at or 2 ee ¥ nee () m+l m+2 on 2 Ay ATEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATH, 24 —+ By taking n= 2m, we observe that > 1 1 1 = +e et oa mel’ m+2, 2m 2m 2m 1 clogs tot ie, m+1 m+2 n 2 where n= 2m > m. This contradicts (1). > our supposition is wrong, => the given series does not converge. 2.40. IF mISAGIVEN POSITIVE INTEGER, THEN THE TWO SERIES 4, + u, +... U,,,¢ “AND U, ,, + Uy, +" CONVERGE OR DIVERGE TOGETHER ™»:? , ands, denote the wth partial sums of the two series. e hy + Uy to + Uy Proof. Let S, Then tne tment tm en th, Fy He + gy gg) = Mi Fy + Fy) Saon7 Su = &n= Sma Sm mn Om “ S,, being the sum of a finite number of terms of £1, is a fixed finite quantity, (IES, ., >a finite limit as n — «, then from (1), $0 does s, (i) 1S. |” + + as n> ©, s0 does 5, (iii) If” |” 4-2 as n > ~, 50 does 5, | (iv) IfS,, , , does not tend to any limit (finite or infinite), so does s,, = The sequences {S,} and {s,} converge or diverge together = The two given series converge or diverge together. Hence the result Note. The above theorem shows that the convergence, divergence or oscillation of a seriesis not affected by addition or omission of a finite number of its terms 2.11 IF Zu, AND Sv, CONVERGE TO u AND v RESPECTIVELY, THEN 2(u, + v) CONVERGES TO (u + v) ‘ Proof. Let +uy+ Uy tte + Uy 1 ty tiyte te, tay +0) + (uy +e) + + (U, + 0,) Then S,= uy t ut tu) +(e te, +> #0) =U, +V, | Since 31, converges tou, lim U, =u co and Be, converges tov, lim V, jim S,= lim (U,+V,)= lim U,+ lim V, =u +e = Lu, + v,) converges to (u +0). ~ 2.12 COMPARISON TESTS Test I. If Eu, and Ze ri rae d there's 7 are series of positive terms ’ E and En, is converge fh @ positive constant k such that u, m, then Zu, is aieacars me “ue r 5 ts ergen - ante SERIES 3:26 U Let ut uy + proof. " ei uy +4, and Vie, + nt Now In Shin > m - Ying SRO my, Usa Shengy Adding Mort Manton FSH, +0, 9s ot) * U, Sk, -V,) Von>m 7 U, SRV, + U,,~kV,) vVinu>m o a U, SRV, +k, Vvou>m wl) =U, ~ AV, i8 a fixed number. Since Xp. j it wh 1 Un ened bane ‘Vy 18 convergent, the sequence {V,} is con’ From (1), the sequence {U,,} is bounded above. Eu, is a series of +ve terms, {U,} is monotonic increasing. {U,,} is monotonic increasing sequence and is bounded above. It is convergent. => Zu, is convergent, Test Hl 1/Eu, and Bu, are two series of positive terms and 2u, is divergent and there isapesitve constant k such that u, >kv,, Wn >m, then Bu, is alsd divensere Proof. Let U,=u, tu, + +u, V, =O, tute ty 1 nT Uy Fey 'n Now u,>ke, Yo n>m > Ure > RU 4 Ue > Rem 49 u,, > ke, AddINE yoy + Ugg to + Uy > has + Ug oy t ve) > U,-U,,> kV, -V,,) vou>m = U, > kV, + (U,, ~ RV,,) vou>m => U,> kV, +k, von>m @) shere k= U,, ~ kV, is a fixed number Since Zu, is divergent, the sequence {V,} is divergent. = for each positive real number k,, however large, there exists a +ve integer m’ such that V,> hk von>m Let_m*=max.{m,m’}. then V">k, Von>me From (1), U,> hh tho=K vo n> me = {U,} is divergent = Xu, is divergent Test III. If Zu, and Xv, are two positive term series and there exist two positive 4, constants H and K, (independent of n) and a positive integer m such that H < 7 m, then the two series Xu, and Ev, converge or diverge together. } 13.26 ATEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEN an, Proof, Since Er, is a series of + ve terms," 7 0 vn Hck varm Un = He, He, vn>m and Zr, is convergent [See Teg \ vn>m and £0, is divergent, From (1) = Lu, is divergent [See Test ty Case III. When Zu, is convergent From (1). He,m - edu wnem a Since Lu, is convergent Zp, is convergent. [See Test i Case IV. When Su, is divergent | From (1), Ko, >, vn>m | eee ' a Oy? iq Un K>9 Since tu, is divergent. 20, is divergent [See Tesi Particular Case of Test III (When m= 0) If Bu, and Ev, are two positive term series and there exist two positive constants H and K (independent of n) such that H< 9" 0,0,>0 - = >0 Un lim “* >0 nae OF 4 But lim “= =120 = 1>0 nae Now lim 4 nm Up a given ¢ > 0, thoro oxists a +ve integer m such that oo -I|m n rex tecite vu>m 2 % . (-e)u, m (: u,2 0) Choose €> O such that I~ e> 0, Let 1-e=H,!+e=K, where H, K are >0 : Hu, m .() Case I. When Eu, is convergent From (1); Hu, m S um (HO) since iu, is convergent, Ze, is also convergent. Case IL. When Bu, is divergent From (1), Ku, >a, va>m 2 UE Me va>m @ K>0 Since 31, is divergent, Ex, is also divergent. Case Ill. When Ev, is convergent From (1), u, < Ke, vn>m Since 21, is convergent, Zu, is also convergent. Case IV. When Ev, is divergent From (1), u, > He, Vn>m Since Zu, is divergent, Zu, is also divergent. Hence Eu, and Ev, converge or diverge together. 4 (i Here tim * = 0 ca Given ¢ > 0, there exists a +ve integer m such that m Mn = ~em > u,m Ge uy > 0) Since Ze, is convergent, E11, is also convergent. (ii) Here lim - 4, :. Given M > 0, however large, there exists a +ve integer m such that 7. >MVn>m > u,> Mev, vn>m Since Ev, is divergent, Eu, is also divergent M-3.26 ATEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING Mgr, >| Uy Tost V. Let Lu, and Lv, be two positive term serie wip tn_ > Ye yn >mand Le, is convergent, then Zu, is also Conver gery net Uned (iy 17 Hag" Yn > mand Ee, is divergent, then Zu, is also divergen, Unet Uner Proof.) 9 Hh >t wee Unet Unel Umer Yel Umea Ume2 Umea Umea Ymad Umea, Ymsd Uns Ymed Un, Um Multiplying the corresponding sides of the above inequalities, we have Hmsi , Ymst vn>m un Un | ms: = w<(22}0 vn>m 7 Umel od = u, < ke, vn >m, s convergent, so is Zu, Un Yn (ii) Using <— vVn>m | Unet Uner | Umer — Umet and proceeding as in part (i), we have +<—"* Vn >m | Un Un Umer = u, >| {v, vu>m Umer = u,> ke, vn>m, Uns where k = —"*" is a fixed +ve quantity. Umer . Since Ex, is divergent, so is Eu, at SERIES } ANIMPORTANT TEST FOR COMPARIggy rs IHYPER HARMONIC SERIES oR P-SERIES) Sn 11 it: The series ) A. 1 Statemen' Sa 29 M-3.29 pp to converges ifp > 1and sifp s! root. Case I. When p > 1 1 tag L Stato te Por * 3 nP a) a 1 1 lets) Sd +d+d)(e- we) | Ww Each term of (1) after the first is less than the corresponding term in oe 1 * pet * pie eas @ But (2) is a G.P. whose common ratio = J <1 (p>) Q)is convergent = (1) is convergent Hence the given series is convergent Case II. When p = 1 ; 1 + and so on. role le wl Ble ATEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING Mary, EM ui 1 1 aah Now - ne 1 71) (2 1,1,2)+ oid(pea}lers 78 Each term of (1) after the second is greater than the corresponding term in, ) pededade 22202 % But after the second term (2) is & G.P. whose common ratio = 1 (2) is divergent. = (1) is divergent Hence the given series is divergent Case III. When p 1, n - Ev, isconvergent = Zu, is convergent. Example 3. Test the convergence of the following series 0 w fie Fe Ur Vi+J2° W2+J3 J3+Ja 4°V6 V8" *Vonen 1 =o tte ” Yn+ {nei sift fie3] n 1 Sol. (i) Here 4, Let us compare Eu, with Ev,, where t = 1 ae fied n lim “* = tim —-1 <1 Which is finite and non-zero er 1 I+1 2 14 fred n Zu, and Zc, converge or diverge together 2 - 1 1 Since En, == 7a is of the form £ w with p= a- 1 Xn, is divergent = Zu, is divergeat OF ENGINI Y M332 ATEXTBOOK EERING MATHE ue ley (i+ ‘| n 1 ze0 1) v2 (1+ } n (Hi) Here “= \aneD lim u, = Jim => Bu, does not converge. Since the given series 1s a series: of +ve terms, it does not converge, it must diverge. Hence the given series is divergent it either converges or diverges ¢ Sing, 12? 3° Example 4. Test the convergence of the series: 1 + ey + Pe addition or deletion of a finite number. Of ter, my Sol. Leaving aside the first term ( does not alter the nature of the series), we have n” “> Gap =( n Take which is finite and non-zero. Zu, and Ev, converge or diverge together. 1 : Since Se, = E — is of the form E — with p = n n Zu, isdivergent. = Lu, is divergent ample 5. Examine the convergence of the series (ea Fe eas "(n42)-1 Sol. Here Take v Which is finite and non xu, and Ze, converge or diverge together. 1 1 since = Sar oF the form with p= $ +1 gr, convergent, => 21, is convergent ne 6, Examine the convergence of the series Gio (Wav In® + 1 - n) ae = Weti-vn_Javi-vn Inviedn Sol. (i) He oe x (Rationalising) n In+i+dn (n+))-n a Take a 1 1 lim ai . a jer Tei7g Which is finite and non-zero 1+=4+1 n . Zu, and Zu, converge or diverge together. 1 1 1 since Sv, =) qa convergent ifp +5 > 1 and divergent ifp + > <1 i i ie convergent if p> 5 and divergent ifp < 5 (ii) Here Take ATEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEyy Tey ‘, converge OF diverge together. Zu, and 1 1 e si =F A in of the 4 with p =2>1 Since J) v4 =D ae is ofthe form le Zu, is convergent = Zi, is convergent ‘on in effective only whon aquare roots are involved Whereas thig mgy, | m Note. Rationalisat of Binomial Expansion is gonoral Example 7. Test the convergence of the series > se x Sol. Here “> yee peel Case I. When 0 1 so that 0< ie <1 Take 1 tim tae ty em yy 10 which is non-zero, finite. Su, and Et), converge or diverge together. 1 1 But Lv, = £ — is an infinite geometric series with common ratio — < 1 x x Ev, is convergent = Lu, is convergent Case III. When x= 1, u, = ; ‘ 1 lim w, = #0. Therefore, Bu, is divergent Hence 31, converges for x < | and x > I but diverges for x = 1 gsample 8. Show (M..U. Dec. 2012) gol. Here 1 Take n= 5 ‘Then ne ch is finite and non-zero. a _ Su, and Zu, converge or diverge together. 1 1 D ge ie otthe form YS with p=2>1 Zu, isconvergent => Lu, is convergent. since 2’, TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE ee | ratte convergence or divergence ofthe following series: 2 te 3 : : 1 eS on+l 7 y n@n-D ye 4 oe I YR rc oo ela (p and q are positive numbers) 2nd +5 In? 1 18, ek 4nb +1 “> +d i ee Ce @ ita 18, 28. 29. 10. 1. 12, 15. 18. 22. 25. 28. 2.14 of the 36 aN ATEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING Mary, AA AB AB, 5 ne ¥ {devi - Mn} a Daina 1 nt 1) 4-10 Soot as. 5) (4-8 * 7 1x20 zr sn? +1 e272 an® 4 2n47 2+3 e + 2 - 3 1 142 1+2+ a Ps 4s’ T+ V2 1+2V3 1+3V4 Pea? ea oa? + x (1- cos *) n mt a. 1 po oe, > 0, b> 0. qa+b) * @+2b)(a +30) | (a+ 4b)(a + 5b) | Answers | Convergent 2, Convergent 3. Convergent 4. Divergent Divergent 6. Divergent 7. Convergent for p > 1, divergent for pe, Convergent for p> 2, divergent for p<2 9. Divergent 1 1 Convergent for p> > , divergent forps > Convergent for q> p+ 1, divergent for qs p +1 | Convergent 13. Convergent 14, Convergent (i) Divergent (ii) Convergent 16. Divergent 17. Convergent Convergent 19. Convergent 20. Divergent 21. Convergent Convergent 28. Convergent 24. Divergent Convergent for x <1, divergent forx21 26. Divergent 27, Divergent Jonvergent 29. Convergent D'ALEMBERT'S RATIO TEST Statement. //Zu, isa positive term series, and lim “+L =1, then ase - | (i) Eu, is convergent if < 1 (i) Bu, is divergent if 1> 1 | Note. If/= 1, the test fails, ie., no conclusion can be drawn about the convergence or diver | series. The series may converge, it may diverge Pre atio Test Inpractice, Ratio Tost is used in the ie form iru, is # positive term series, and lim a ase . then net () Bu, is convergent if] > | (ii) Xu, is divergent if < | ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES . gxample 1. Discuss the convergence of the pot series oP 3h ae Oa gat OPM — Got ot vhs. p.2? 2? 3? 4 52 Wid Ft capt Sol. (i) Here _ nt? Mn sD! nP (n+) (n+I)n n? Un M(t? online? (ne DP By D'Alembert’s Ratio Test, Eu, is convergent a +a Me oma (ii) Here u, = lim =2>1 1 Ugg By D'Alembert's Ratio Test, Eu,, is convergent Me ATEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING gr, 38 (n+ D?(n+ 2)? Une =“ DI n?-(nt+ Dal nl(n +2)? (a) Here (a+ Dt ntin+ D? (at Din +2)” al 4 ne im Yoo lim n-——By = > 1 lim jim ne ne Un ( a By D'Alembert’s Ratio Test, Zu, is convergent. Example 2. Test the convergence of the following series 3 as ata ‘i nts’ w OL me cs nita Sol. () Here u, = F2 at+a (n+ +a u, __ nite “(n+ Dota 2" +a n(1+ 5) i) es a+i ele al ela uw 1e0, 150 lim —“* 2——=2 eee i By D'Alembert’s Ratio Test, Zu, is convergent _ ne p13"? cis Unset “ (ii) Here oo fe si (n+] nis" (nt! n= Ung Zu, is divergent r Re M3.30/ gsample 3. Discuss the convergence Of the series: z al al an Sol. Here ua (n+l ag yet (ey Mn (M+ D" (nary u 2 ew 1 Uns n™ ( n } (164) fo iy lim =" = | =|. eine tim (142) =e>l ( e=27 .. By D'Alembert’s Ratio Test, Du, is convergent. Example 4. Test the convergence of the following series: 2.2? 1.27.3? = S36. 5" pS tee Gi) F869 9n_ Ol Tye T3675 2 a0 @n+D 3n+d = —_B-2*.3* 8 Ee Sol. (i) Here "." 18-6. ldn Bhan =3) [Note that two new factors are added with every term in the denominator and u, has 2 - factors in the denominator.] . 1.2? .3?..n2n41? =o 1-3-5... (4n - 5X4n — 3X4n - IMdn + D Una Uy _(An-1X4n+ ag =o (1+ oO (8n+1) 38n+2 (3nX3n+3) 5**! (n+ DGn+4) 8n+5 le lin ee Ai] n)\* 8n By D'Alembert’s Ratio Test, Eu, is divergent. ATTEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING tar, fe M-3.40 Lae Example 6. Discuss the convergence of the series: tren @>9 n Sol. Here u= yaa ™ pont net oe Vine DP +1 n? + 2n+2 25 ntl mel * 1 By D'Alembert's Ratio Test, Yu, convergesif > 1 ke, x Bn = i Take 0, = fim [2 fim Fo 1+ Va which is finite and non-zero. By Comparison Test, Zu, and Eu, converge or diverge together, since J = aa is of the form J, 5 withp= 2<1 Su, diverges = Eu, diverges Hence the given series Su, converges ifx<1 and diverges if x21 Example 6. Examine the convergence or divergence of the following series for x>0 toa te a1 3N2 43 54 Sol. Hi aa ca ‘ol. Here 7 eg : Me” Gade Ma aT 2 _s2net 1 My fT a Usa (nt DVn x? DT Ae i Fg SERIES. | M-3.41 bert’s Ratio Tr By D’Alem| ‘oat, J us, conve: 1 ee utr le ae Be ited he. aaverses 2 aL 1 2 1 When = 1,u, aR Ca ) In malas 1 ) i n » = say lim = |i ke 0, => ga? tm im —_ Tal nee yy ean yd ' which is finite and non-zero By comparison su, is convergent, e est cr | Hence 211, is convergent if x? < 1 and divergent if x? > 1 | Example 7. Examine the convergence or divergence of the followin 1g series: Or | Ext ix? yay oe De Ge pe te mete, Sol. Here, leaving the first term, u,= 2-2 n= omy By D’Alembert's Ratio Test, J’ u, converges feo el x 1 and diverges if > <1, ie, x>1 2 grt _g ae a1 aa TD ent afi When x= 1,u, = jim u,=1#0 = Xu, does not converge. Being a series of + ve terms, it must. diverge Hence Zu, is convergent if x < 1 and divergent if x2 1. ‘BOOK OF ENGINEER; — ATEXTI ING MAT term series: Test for convergence the positiv as (a+ D@att) (a+ VQa+ VGa+) , Tt oy7 Br D@p+D | (B+ DOB+ VSP+D (a+ i204 1)...(na+ D a, Lenering the Bret farm 6, * hs Ga 4 1)... on +B Exampl (a+ IX2a+ D)...(na+ Vin + a+ "nel = (Ba OP + D... MB + Din + DBs (1+2)5+2 a Bl Canyon Un (+ Da+l (1+F}os n By D’Alembert’s Ratio Test, Eu, converges if 8 >1 ie, B>aso and diverges if ba ie, BB>0 When a=, the Ratio Test fails When a=8,u,=1 limu,=1#0 = Zu, does not converge. Being a series of +ve terms, it must diverge Hence the given series is convergent if B > a> O and divergent if a> B>0. TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE Discuss the convergence of the following series 2st a wo1+iyS fF, 2 21 ar ay : 1 2 3. + + as tee ot ios 4, 2! 3! at 8 tat Bt. grt a: La 8. ; 1 meee 123 * 456 * 799 7" 7(=>0) 10. a 1 uw nh. 13. 16. 18. 20, 22, 25, 2 29, 2 Doyeeo “ > eet zat! 16. x4 207+ ax 4 aes ar-2 a a1, at ag a i (n+ in +2) 4 412, 18 * 18-27 * 18-27-36 * yn 31. = , > (n+ In” Answers Convergent 2. Convergent Divergent 6. Convergent Convergent if x< 1, Divergent if x> 1 Convergent for x< 1, divergent for x21 Convergent. 14, Convergent Convergent for x< 1, divergent for x21 Convergent for x <1, divergent for x> 1 Convergent for x< 1, divergent for x> 1 Convergent 23. Convergent Convergent for x< 1, divergent for x21 Convergent 28, Convergent for.x< 1 Convergent 30. Convergent for all x 3. Convergent 4, Convergent 7. Convergent 8. Convergent 10. Convergent for x 3, divergent for x>3 12, Convergent for x< 1, divergent for x21 15. Convergent for x< 1, divergent for x21 17. Convergent for x 1, divergent for x> 1 19. Convergent for x< 1, divergent for x> 1 21. Convergent for x< 1, divergent for x21 24, Convergent for x < 1, divergent for x21 26. Convergent for x 2, divergent for x>2 divergent forx21 31. Convergent for x 1, divergent for x> 1 M-3.44 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING f J ) i | 2.15 CAUCHY'S ROOT TEST | veterm series and lim (1,)"""=1, then | Statement. // Zu, is a positit (ii) Eu, is divergent if1> 1, (1) Eu, is convergent if 1 <1 be drawn about the convergence or dy, Hn, Note. If = 1, the tost fails i.e, no conclusion can of the series ‘The series may converge, it may diverge ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Example 1. Test the convergence of ‘the following series: Ele) or Bled ny Sol. Here w=( } wm (a) a aT gol. ( Neglecting the first term, we have _jasit we lnea) * 1+ n+l pins (SE e= —h lx 2 n+2 we n +t Jim (u,)¥" = lim | —5|x=x 2 ee monly, 2 By Cauchy's root test, the series is convergent if x < 1 and divergent if x> 1. The est fils when = 1 When x= 1, &*\-oa) “| 4.7 = 1+ (1+2) n es) | = lim u, = lim ue £146 Since lim u,, # 0, Zu, cannot converge. Being a series of positive terms, it must diverge. Hence the given series is convergent if x < 1 and divergent if x> 1 (i) Here “) [ aE n ~ i =f tim (1+ 2} [im | ca we | =U+0x-42x [: lim navn] hie oe By ee test, Zu, is convergent if x < 1 and divergent if x > 1. The test w A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING Man, M348 Eg inet 2 aed" A(re7) When x= 1, Taking 1)" ch ia finite and non, =e which is finite and non-zero, By comparison tost, 21, and Eu, converge Or diverge together, since 2°, = 2 sof the form 1 vith p= 1, Ze, is divergent = Iu, is divergent , i Hence Zu, is convergent if <1 and divergent 1" z TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE = “a Discuss the convergence of the following serves : a » Sear ea) _ yinsieal eE(“4) “D(3) (tnx) (x+y =n ~(-10 ——— 9. ye 2 a > sae oa ig a (n+) x ek Ba aes n 10, 1? 5 ten ge > Wet tgs* tye Sees Answers 2, Convergent 3. Convergent 4, Convergent 6. Convergent for x< 1, divergent for x21 9. Convergent for x < 1, divergent for x21 Divergent 5. Convergent 7. Convergent Convergent for x < 1, divergent for x21 11. Convergent for x< 1, divergent for x21 ~ 10, Convergent 2.16 RAABE'S TEST Un _ i) = 1, then the Unst Statement. /f Zu,, is a series of positive terms and limn series is convergent if 1 > Land divergent if |< 1 not involve the number e, Whon “a. Some tat "VOlven ¢, we apply logarithmic test after the ot Ranbe's test i wpa an ut LOGARITHMIC TEST statement. - positive term series 2, converges or diverges according as dim n tog“ > 1 97 « 1 ae inst Note 1. The test fails if lim n log Ha = 1 aa Une. Note 2. The test is applied aftor tho failuro of Ratio test and generally when in Ratio test, 4 involves ‘¢ wel pis GAUSS TEST Statement. If for the series Eu, of positit u, a 1 a =1+5+0(4) me) ve terms, nem be expanded in the form ne Unet n then Su, converges if > Land diverges if \< 1. Note. The test never fails as we know that the series diverges for A = 1. Moreover the test is applied after the failure of Ratio test and when it is possible to expand “ in powers of 2 by Uno a Binomial Theorem or by any other method ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES 1 +o + 1.Di the rs v Example 1. Discuss the convergence ofthe series: 5+ 54+ 5-4 _ 1:3-5--(Qn=D Sol. Here, "= a5 1-3-5 ---(2n - 1X2n +1) 2-4-6---(2n\(2n +2) (2n ‘2n(2n +2) (2n -1)(2n + 1) n+] > lasn > & M-3.48 1 D'Alembert's Ratio test fails. n 1 May weet tbat pt "la [geea Jett ae lim n — iJ-3 ei ase [ined By Ranbe's test, Zu, diverges. if Mateiiatg Example 2. Discuss the convergence of the series: 35+ oa 4 ee : 12.92.62 (2n- 1)? Sol. Here y= oF ge gt an? 1.92.5? ~-(2n - 1)? (2n + 1? . Myo = “QF 42.6 ..(2n)*(2n + 2P° . ni (1+ uy _ (2n+2)? _ ea z Uner (2n+ 0)? 2f,,_1 (2 z) anit oe on lim 1 Hence the ratio test fails. ae Unet 2 n{ a -1)=n[22t2% 4 Une (Qn +0’ =n [ant +8n44-(4n? x 4n+D]_, an+3) (2n+ 1? (n+ 0? ws in = zo lasn+e ( 1 1+ 2n Raabe's test also fails. When D'Alembert ratio test fails, we can directly apply Gauss test. 2 i (ea) n Now. Hn (2n+ 2)" n A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MaTHey ‘Yj mi = An? +3n “Ons M-3.49 1 nt = 1. Thus by Gauss test, the serio, : 4 Zu, diverges e wxample 3. Discuss the convergence Of the series: z,1 213 6 1g & x? Ste +e 2 19-6 x PPS Rae agg 7 theo, Sol. Neglecting the first term, we have y, = 1:3:5...an-1) x21 n= . 4-6..(2n) n+l = 1:3-5--Qn-1) ,2nt1 Se n= 1) and wl 24-6-Qn) Baad 2n(1+4).2n(14 3 2n+2 2n+3 1 ny to) 4 ntl Qaeda) a aa(1+ 2). ( 4) x Ba) 21+ s- lim 2 = ji noe Une By Ratio Test, Zu, is convergent if a > 1 ie, x <1 and divergent if x Je lie, #1 ? If x’ = 1, then Ratio Test fails. 2 When 32 1, we have Qn +2\2n+3)_4n?+10n+6 Qn+0® —~ 4n?44n41 An? +10n+6 im nf 8 = (an? +4n41 2 = Tim 08 +88 tig nae 4n? +4n+1 ne 4 By Raabe's Test, the series converges Hence Su, is convergent if x2 <1 ie.,0 Lie, x>1. A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING Mar, May M-3.50 29,3! Example 4. Discuss the convergence of the series: 1 +> tt te a 4 wy Sol. Neglecting the firat term, we have (n+ nln and tgs = qe" nae (n+ Qt 1 nt! 4 Ai lim 7" = lim yp” (aad! * nom Une ee Rie tim (1+ 2) e By D'Alembert’s ratio test, the series converges if ae lor ifxe. x If x =e, the ratio test fails Now when involves the number e, so we do not apply Raabe’s Since the expression “* nth test but apply logarithmic test. Un 2 1 log =(n+ 1) log} 1+=]-( + 1) log} 1+ = | - loge Uns n n =(n+ » [ie(1+2)-toe(1+2)]- 1 n n Eo =a+)) =(n+ v[2- n ann Qn 4 1 3 im n log = lim nj-—-_8_ ‘ os nn n= | Bn net By log test, the series diverges. i n series Zu, converges if x < i once the give in converges if x — ex e i The test fails when x= e r When x =<. we have from (1) p eT eT 1 =|- + Dlog (1+ og e+ og (1+ 4) =n 00145 (a = ae_ate? ate? _ =ltn 2 ont * Bn 292 a‘e’ 363 111.) a pi/ -—* Fg _ae on(d-gee gis) Olney a’e? a3 2+)" Bnee a? 33 An+D sine ye? ee a 2 n+l 3(n+) nel ae’ a*e 7 ee 24,1 3in+d n 2,2 262 ae’ 1) fae?) 1 > lim nk +[s]+] [--<1 poe eae ( 2 } (3) ( 2 } 2 By Logarithmic Test, the series is divergent 1 1 Hence the given series converges for x < ~ and diverges for x > a oer 43.53 (log 2)" +x" (log 31 + x! log 4 +. oo, gol. Here y= 2"! log + INT y., = 2 flog (n+ 2]0 1 te 1 [logins pa) oe(1+3) Un © [login+2)| “z 2 togn(1+2) 1 1] 6+ 1og(1+ 2) 1| loens tl seeeelsen)| n x 2)| “x 7 log n +1 (2 2) 21/2 og n + log (1+ 2 logn + 2-3(2)", 1 1 " 1+——_-_* =1|__nlogn” 2n? logn* . Ff 2 + (1) nlogn rn? logn 1 1 " 1+ =. ll nlogn 2n* logn 1 = lim —| 78" _2n" logn 2 eee 2 Un 1+ * log nm n? logn . By Ratio Test, the series 3, converges i> 1, i, if 1 and diverges itt <1, ieifs> 1 Ratio test fails when x = 1 When x = 1, from (1) we have oe nlogn 2n? log n Une lt 2 2 ee nlogn n®logn : 1 1 } 2 2 fy =/1+ -sriet | fte| 2 - a e- nlogn 2n®logn nlogn n® logn Expanding by Binomial Theorem “[ "\nign Sa” tag nlogn n logn ( 1 2 Te | nlogn nlogn Flog a * (terms containing squares and higher power of n and log n Uns nlogn inthe denominator) y ATEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING Mare, 3.54 i o (log 0), | _ © + (terme containing" n?, ..., (0g . i Un log m : denominator) = lim oae-a}-0=! noe (Une ries Lu, 18 divergent. By Ranbe's test, the #¢ Ene nt for x < Land divergent for x2 1, Hence the given series Zu, is converse nen Example 7. Discuss the convergence of the hyper-geometric series ap, oar BB+ ,2 alot Dot 2 B+ B42) 14 Te atyeD + Tad Hy + DIY +2) Sol. Noglecting the first term, dasd(a+n-DBB+D~B+n-D yy | n= ——793n-yey t Dy +n=D afar) (arn-DiatmBB+DB+n— VB +n) Uger = 09 Bonn + DC + DY + 2) (Y= DO en) u, _ (n+ y+) 1 ( Une (a+nXPrn) x ( eae = in == ne Una Ie 1 By D'Alembert’s Ratio test the series Eu, converges if — > Tie, fx<1 and diverges wt 1 4, lim ae Ratio test fails Un Putting x= lin we have Uns By Gauss test, the sorios Zu, oiflt+y-@-BS1 ie, ifysa+p, Converges if 1 +y—a—B> | ie, ify>a+ Band rs 1 i : us the given series converges if'x < | te = wees Band diverges tree id diverges if x > 1. If x= 1, then the series TEST YOUR'KNOWLEDGE ya eR pes the convergence of the following serie a.4? 22.4? 6? 1. lt get ge? oh gee te as eo, a 145**7 40" * 7-10.15" * 2 2 32 52 Pp. 2-3 Pee bie are te B o a, aa+d) ala+dXa+2d) 2 pe as alae) Mt Berd)” bbe dXb+ad at Ls wae e+ 2)..e+n-D a te: ea (ga Go6' 126g aa ae @ ,ala+} , ala+tka+2) Wee eS tao) 1:3-5-(2n-1) x2" oy ee 2-4-6--(2n) an '*7° 1. 4710 (3n +1) T23—n 20. A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING taqry, Saas tee a. geet Rater Bate = 32 dyog2 ' Slog 3 | log 4 2? 22-4? 2 , 24? 62 . | 241+ grt tg? Serge to, a3. a, a+) 2, alat Wasa) Sxtr 7) = WIG E+” Obs as | 37. : By .00(x>0) | 8 3466078) 29. Answers 1. Divergent 2. Convergent 3. Convorgent for x5 1. divergent for 4 Divergent 5. Convergent for x < 1, divergent for x21 1 1 a 6 Convergent for x< = . divergent for x2 = 7. Convergent for xs @ ' divergent for, ! & Convergent for x? $ 1, divergent for x?> 1 ‘ 2n 1.3-5--(4n-3) x Hint Here tn = 27g (an 72) An i _ 1:3-5--(4n ~ 3X4n - Wdn 41) 2a and tnei = 9-4-6 (4n — 2X4n yan +2) a 9. Convergent for p> 2, divergent for p <2 10. Convergent for b > a + 1, divergent for bSa +1 11. Convergent for x< 1 or x= Land b > a +d, divergent for x> 1 or x= 1 and bsa+d 18. Convergent for x < 1, divergent for x>1 15. Convergent for x 1, divergent for x>1 17. Convergent for x° < 1, divergent for x°>1 12. Convergent for x> 2, divergent for x $2 14. Convergent for x< 1, divergent for x> 1 16. Divergent c 19. Convergent for x< 5, divergent fors2} 18. Convergent for x2 < 4, divergent for x22 4 20. Convergent for x < 4, divergent for 224 21. Convergent for x < 2, divergent for x22 22. Convergent for x <1, divergent for x21 28. Convergent for x < 2, divergent for x22 1 1 24. Convergent for x< 1, divergent for x21 25. Convergent for x < 7, divergent for #2 5 26. Convergent for x<1, divergent for x>1, when x= 1, convergent for b - a> 1, divergest forb-asl 27. Convergent 28. Convergent if x? < 1, divergent if x2 > 1 29. Divergent one SERS 2 sy0n"8 WTEORAL Tegy #88 v ratoment. If for s = 1, f(x) is a non-negars : hat fo) =H fOF all positive integral vainer ype MeNetonic decreasing function of x es of n, t i 7 dx converge or diverge logether, Hen the serien iy, and the integral po Note. Ifx 2h, then Eu, and J” Pix yt— Converge or diverge ogether i gsample 1. Test for convergence the series x I ns" Sol. Here 4, = i = fn) ne] For x2 1, f(x) is +ve and monotonic decreasing Cauchy's Integral Test is applicable. . de rT Now ff fedde=f a" [ ‘al . i f(z) dx converges and hence by Integral Test, Zu, also converges, ' st Example 2. Show that the series > yp converges ifp > 1 and diverges if 0

and diverges ifpsl. > 1 ence of the series: x FF > 0) Example 8. Discuss the convera oaaga 1 Sol. Here u,= aa =f) = [= ZogpP For x2 2, p> 0, f(x) is +ve and monotonic decreasing, By Cauchy's Integral Test, 5, u, and J” fla) de converge or diverge ogee. | | nee Case I. When p#1 [renae= [Fog we tds oes 1 : (log = (p— Dilog 2? finite = i; flx)dx converges = >, Us converges Sub-Case 2. When p < 1, 1 —p is +ve, so that [[roar- (log x)? | =—L- foo — (log 2)!?] = = rer [ice = ff fae diverges => Yu, diverges nae case I. When p= 1, f(x) = elas 2 [fina diverges = 5° u, diverges, Hence 2u, converges if p > 1 and diverges if 0 < psi TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE: vnatbe inegrol lst discuss the convergence of the following series = 1) i Las nineD Le 2nd 8. a nts3 co» went 8D net % y L p>0 £m log n (log log n)? * 1 8 tan yo Latah 1 2a ve Answers 1. Divergent 2. Convergent 3. Divergent 4. Convergent 5. Divergent 6. Convergent 7. Convergent 8, Convergent 9 Convergent for p> 1, divergent for p<1 10. Convergent 11. Divergent 12. Convergent 220 LEIBNITZ' TEST ON ALTERNATING SERIES Statement. The alternating series E(- 1)""!u, =u, - uy +uy- uy + (u, > OW n) converges if @u,>u,,, Vnand (i) lim u, =. Note 1. The alternating series will not be convergent if any one of the two conditions is not satished Note 2.When lim u, #0, the alternating series is oscillatory. a M53.00.) paaaNREURTRATIVEEXAMELESS SI ; 1o7 1 Example 1. Examine the convergence ofthe series: 1-5 +574 + Sol. It is an alternating # 1 uss. Ma? aed 1,1 Uy? Upa V aos ort fal orien Z(-1)" "ty = 1 wa in un Jim ns =0 ‘poth the ‘conditions of Leibnitz’s Test are sal isfied Hence the given series is convergent. Example 2. Exomine the convergence of the series: s-5+4-$4 hava d a t89 9-35 (1424344 Sol. (a) Tr is an cee series E(-1)"""u, n+2 n+l He we ned 4, @u, = n+ V?-n(n+2)_ 1 nntD nin +) >0 Van Since the second condition of Leibnitz's Test is not t satisfied, thi v (6) It is an alternating series £(- 1)""'u, ee 1 Ou,= Gy pe tat st~ tm= Pete Bea (n+08 2 2 (n+)? aa m1 2 (ne 2? oe i, n ntl ]_1nin+2)*-(n+ 09 2lined? (nea } 2 ine Din +2 =i,_ni tani 2 Gear oe = u,>u,,, Vin Gerace ¥ TART AU iH i Sime dim oe? a ay 0 ince both the conditions of Leibnitz's Tost aro satisfied, the given series is ot auaple 8. Test the convergence of the serie y ut & Sin-7 CI nr 1 2 gol. The given series is i Spot de 4, iris an alt ernating series se Dy n w= tt iY @ He On- 1) ond a,-Mst = Gbs 7O VA > Pa vn = lim ney #0. rom a (i) im tn = ae on =a n Here the second condition of Leibnitz's Test is not satisfied. Hence the given series 1 convergent. oa log 2 _ log 3. log 4 4, Show that the series “= 8 an 2 gta gl converges. Sol. The given series is an alternating series Z(— 1)"u, with = eO+D “qed Now consider the function /(x) = log = > 0 xt zt. —=E* 5 or if x> el” = (x) is monotonically decreasing for x > Je = 1.65 = f(2) > [(3) > fA) >... Inparticular fw + 1)>fin+2) Vn21 ie, Uy >Uyg Vie Also lim uw, = lim 2@*Y [Form =] nae * nove (n+) i mi = li = lim ——, =0 nim Aint Dn Ant DP Thus both the conditions of Leibnitz's Test are satisfied. Hence the given series is smmvergent, M-3.62 Example 6. Discuss the convergence of the serves FUE geret 2 nin-0) Sol. The given sorios is an alternating series yoo ‘u,, with Ps = occ ln? Un nin- WD “ = "ai (ne Da xt(_1___#) st (@sD-@-de uM = ined ned) 2 (a-Watd n n a [** x)+(1+ 9) a ce x", (1—x) and (1 + x) are all positive. Since 00 ty > Ugey VUZZ x" =0x0=0 Also lim u, = lim nae noe n(n - 1) Both the conditions of Leibnit convergent. TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE Discuss the convergence of the following series: ATEXTBOOK OF ENGINEER Ny GS ha Th itz’s Test are satisfied. Hence the given seri ew) ly ere La) -: + @ Me« ETE Tet Tat? Ween pt wy n(- yr! s ev (i 18, ) ——_— 47 Yn? x o Yar ih nel et 8M Hint. con nn = (- 1)"] wo Yar Answers convergent 2. Convergont 8. Convorgont L a1 - : Dest ae, 5 at- yrt CE 5. Convergent Ci x FU not convergent = : Not convergent 8. Convorgont 9. Convorgont 10. Convergent : Convergent 12. Convergont 18. Convergent 14, Convergent 4. convergent yn ABSOLUTE CONVERGENCE OF A SERIES Def. I/a convergent series whose terms are not all positive, remains convergent when allils terms are made positive, then it is called an absolutely convergent series, i.e., The series Eu, is said to be absolutely convergent if E | u, | is a convergent series Aseries is said to be conditionally convergent if it is convergent but does not converge absolutely. Example. Test whether the following series are absolutely convergent or conditionally convergent r et OF 2n-1 fm) 1 1 Sol. (a) The series is 1 - # ‘a3 () Inthis alternating series, each term is less than the proceeding term numerically. i (i) Moreover u,, = —j which > 0.as n> n Hence the series satisfies both the conditions of the test on alternating series and so the given series converges Again when all the term of the series are made positive, the series becomes. 1 1 which we know is a convergent series (2 here p= 2> 1) Thus the given series converges absolutely. M364 ATEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHE uy 2r(-1y"'u, (ay) : ii 2 Putting n = 1, 2,3, -. the series becomes 1- 5 +5 +7 * The series is clearly an alternating series (i) The torms go on decreasing numerically and Qn-1 By Leibnitz's Test, the series converges. But when all terms are made positive, the series becomes, 1 11 Bialsttststy* qi) lim u, = lim = =0 | Here 1 De finite #0 | Hence by comparison test series Z| u, | and £u,, behave alike, 1 =I—- is t series (. here p = 1), But 2, = is a divergen| seri p=), EL tay | diverge, Since the given series converges, and the series of absolute terms diverges, theres ) the given series converges conditionally. ‘re | 2.22. EVERY ABSOLUTELY CONVERGENT SERIES IS CONVERGENT | Proof. Let )) u, be an absolutely convergent series. aa Then )} Iu, | is convergent = By Cauchy's general principle of convergence, given ¢ > 0, there exists a positive integer m such that | Wipes + Lge bt tase Von>m | or Viger 1+ Ltige Pt tL be) Von m () Now, by triangle inequality, we have Etter + Umag to UNS La EF te bt tbe, | m (Using (1)) By Cauchy’s general principle of convergence, the series Jy a Hence } iu, | Note 1. Absolute convergence = Convergence, but convergence need not imply absolute | convergence ie., the converse of above theorem need not be true ‘nis convergent onvergent => po. Beame 1, Test the eo @i- EF ae a’ ‘ng series for convergence and absolute convergence: 1 ts ane wi- Sarat Busey pu tetseae Sol. (i) The given series is dee Yor. Zor gee Se ya, aed It is an alternating series. Here 0,= yz >0 Van 1 1 1 Since WI? Gaps YN a,>a,,, vn : 1 Also fim a, = lim Sy =0 By Leibnitz’s test, the series Zu, is convergent. Now Yiaizy4 Zaz is convergent ( p=32>1) Hence the series Zu, is absolutely convergent. (i) The given series is de ye Des oS “Se -)" By, -la converges It is an alternating series L 0 Ve Hare an nD 1 On) = TaD) nel (ne Yn +3) 1 1 ei 2n+3 Gni2 On ek * D nin+ Wn + 2n+3) In One ned) (ae iKn+ 3) n+ 2 +3) = a,> 4,4, VR Also lim oy = lim sy By Leibnite's est, the series 21, is convergent 7 ce Il aie) 1 Tak ao ‘ake 4 fa tim !4=! = tim 1, = 1, which is non-zero and finite Pega ae re a By comparison test, = | u, (: p=2> 1), £]u, | also converges Hence the given series Zu, is absolutely convergent. (iii) The given series is A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING Mary, May 1 20 v, a | and Ev, converge or diverge together. Sing Fug = Sc tn n=l n=l ny . n(n+ an 1 Yeon —2— 2 5 ey = n° y Qn It is an alternating series. Here a,= 24), ow 2n ale a(n De 1 3 _ nt oe ne2 _(n+te-n (n+2)_ 0 tenet sgn) Qn? (n+) Qn(n+Y? — 2n%in+ IP > @>a.., vn Also lim ay = lim 222 5 ti 2(2 ae Hoo ee oa ae) ce By Leibnitz’s test, the series Zu, is convergent. 1 2: Which is non-zero and finite, By comparison tost, Z|, Jand Ey 1 since =D Fy Mivorgen Co P= 1,1 1, | alg diverges, Hence the given series Eu, is conditionally convergent. n Converge or diverge together. Example 2. Test > prom aye for convergence and absolute convergence. aS) yp" en series is Su, = CD" _ : Sol. The giv x > Bega x Co'a, Itis an alternating series, eee a n(logn}?" "ny Dflog in + DP Here Clearly,a,>@,,, Vu22 lim @, = lim Also noe "noe n(logny? By Leibnitz’s test, the series’ u, is convergent. naa oe 1 Wu, => =f). fy2=—b tow eG aisen fe anes) For x2 2, f(x) is positive and monotonic decreasing By Cauchy's Integral Test, ¥Y Iu, land i f(x)dx converge or diverge together. ier Now i Fl(x)dx = if =f (log x)? tas ord =[dogxyt]_f 4 [- 1 =r |, L logx], ~ toga which is a finite quantity. A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING i4gy, M-268 E is nt <> The intogral f(x) dx in converse ) ent = The pories Sy Ita! is absolutely converge! Er] yr 1, in absolutely convergeht Hence the given series 4 i absolute convergence of the series: Example 8. Test the convergence and = eine oy z woh 1 a a wy — oS (p>) Rlog 2? 3Klog 3)” log 4) Yona acl Sol. (i) The given series is Su x (Dn nal nel It is an alternating series. n _ nel Here a= 2s Mae eet n_nt1_5n-(n+ 1g ~ O41 = ge geet vn G, — Fy, ~ 5" pte Bvt = a,>@,,; V0 Also lim a, = lim re [Fore ; | Hospital's Rule lim ——— nam 5" logs =0 By Leibnitz’s test, the series > u, is convergent -2 n+l Now | (meas! eer Ltn | i lim = lim Sian nom [Un ol bn me qyl 5>1 n By Ratio test, the series Z| u, | is convergent. Hence the given series Eu,, is absolutely convergent (i) The given series is) u, =) (-D""" I yore [z+ ao) ai It is an alternating series Here = 1 +4 ate ~— fnts 4, - O41 (142 inege 79 Vn 2 o> 4,4, Wn 1 1 lim a, = lim) +—1_| _ Also 1 | 2 aol 0 in i8 convergent, By Leibnitz’s test, the series y, mi Now lu, since the series x 7 nz ‘convergent (.. p = 2> 1), by comparison test, yu, 18 also convergent. Hence the given series is eed convergent. un = (-)" -——__ (ii) The given series eS x aa _ z (ve, itis an alternating series. 1 . Here | u,, log? forallnz2and lu, lis convergent if p > 1 and divergent oy fo

1. Now we discuss the convergence of y 4, = x (-1)" a, for0 2 n (log ny < (n+ 1) flog (n+ 1) for all n > 2 Taking reciprocals, we get Here Aye 1 i Tee a for alln2 2 nilogn)? (n+Dilogim+ne ral > a,>a,,, foralln22 Also lim — in = lim ———_ = moe" n= n (log n)? By Leibnitz’s test, x Cora, = > a ioc Hence the given series is Seed convergent ifp > 1 and conditionally convergent | nat When x = 0, the series becomes 1 +0 + 0+ and is convergent. Thus £ |, | is convergent for all x. => The given series is absolutely convergent for alll x. Since every absolutely convergent series is convergent, therefore, the given series | convergent for all x Note. In the above example, Eu, is convergent for all x lim u,,,=0 = lim = aoe Ome eet at 0 for all x. = Example 6. Discuss the convergence and absolute convergence of the series ss xox ee 2-3 +2, x being real Sol. The given series is u, Here it i ad 1 |ua| ail eae Qn+1 ons, yp teh ust] Baad “[yper pt nb lz 2n-1 aig 2n ini (: Lies +t in, el. lim 22 at 1 Tiga] eos 2n ratio test, the series lu, | . By . is convergent if 1 ie, if 2 < lie, exe hand divergent 3p <1ie fat > ie, ife>t or x<-1 patio test fail when 3 1 eye when 2=1,wehave tual __” 2n (+4) cea Uaal yd Qn x) 2n 1 1 1 sfiet i Beas) eee 1 (-bfedfaebo(s . By Gauss test, the series Z | u, | is divergent. Hence the given series is absolutely convergent when -1 Uy VR Also lim v, = lim =+— =0 a = 2n-1 By Leibnitz’s test, the series is convergent When x = - 1, the series becomes - =-E(-1)"! 1 qu, = 2-1)" Be De Qn-1 2n-1 os M372 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING Mate Since £(-1)" ' convergent, Zu, is convergent When @ >t, te, bel>d jim v, #0. Therefore x u, is not convergen, Hence Lu, is convergent if - 1 $x$ | and absolutely - if-1e< ts D CD" (x4 0" Example 7. Test the convergence of the series ie ne ("e+ 0" ED" ee yan Sol. Here u= prge aNd thal = oe 4, rea! 2Mhins »? : See (eae Tus l an : n+1 1 2(*> J tea 2 2 = lim a{is 3) = a lim ase faa] tte [x+i] |x+1] By ratio test, the series | u,, | is convergent 2 coi if |xt11<2 if feet”! Le, te. af -21 or x<-3. Ratio test fails when x=1 or -3 (yt -2" yt Whear=1 30> Ses It is an alternating series. Also E| u, | is divergent if <1 ie, flx+11>2 ie, ifeisy Here U2 GE Son ape Clearly, 0, > 0,4, Vn Also lim v, = lim + fee era By Leibnitz’s test, Eu, is convergent. 2" (- 2)" 1 ote Dr which is convergent Thus £ | u, | is convergent when -3 < x < 1. Since absolute convergence implies convergence, Eu, is convergent when —3 2, lim v, #0so that Zu, is not convergent Hence the given series is convergent if -3 < x < 1 ea oom TESTYOURKNOWLEDGE eee mrergence and absolute convergence Of the serien (1 »: phe 00 : 13,i-t+ .p7e au ile he sys 7 1 n+2 LO os al 1 wow atte titi the 1+ tie yp Tet whether the sri 1+ 35 5 = ea e 9 prove thatthe following series converge absolutely is convergent or not? IL © (-D"") sin no cpr ® aE areal (ii) y te neal ms a yn z . ) ye 2 wy ms at it. Forwbat values of x are the following series convergent: 2 = £ x - (ii) x- + -—> 2B a ao ++ 3(1- x) ~'(4x + I" converge absolutely? 1. Forwhat values of x doos the series (-1" Discuss the convergence of the series Sy (-1/" 482 ‘i +n tf on 18. Test for absolute/conditional convergence of the series 1 123,34 4.5, 56 * 36 Se ie. oar 14. 74 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING Mg; THe Mari a Answe Conditionally convergont Absolutely convergent if p> 1, conditionally cor 4. Conditionally convergent 7. Absolutely convergent nvorgont if 0< ps1 Absolutely convergent 5. Not convory, ent Conditionally convergent Conditionally convergent Absolutely convergent 10, Absolutely convergent and hence convergen, en (-l

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