DEPARTMENT: ORTHOPEADIC AND TRAUMA MEDICINE
PATHOLOGY: LECTURE ≠ NOTES
TOPIC: MICROBIOLOGY
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
I. Define Microbiology
II. Define microbes
III. Identify disciplines of microbiology
INTRODUCTION TO MICROBES
- Microbiology is the study of all living organisms that are too small to be visible with the
naked eye. This includes, bacteria, viruses, helminths , fungi and protozoa collectively
knowns as microbes
- These microbes play key roles in nutrients cycling, biodegradation climate change, food
spoilage, the cause and control of disease
- Microbiologists study microbes, and some of the important discoveries that have
underpinned modern society have resulted from the research of famous. microbiologist
such as fleming and the discovery of penicillin
THE “BRANCHES” OF MICROBIOLOGY
I. Bacteriology – study of bacteria
II. Mycology - study of fungi
III. Virology -study of viruses
IV. Parasitology - study of protozoan pathogens
THERE ARE TWO BASIC TYPES OF CELL
I. Prokaryotic -
- Prokaryotic cells do NOT have a discrete membrane bound nucleus that contains
chromosomes, this is the defining feature of a prokaryotic cell. Or no nucleus and
organelles
- Prokaryotic cells have a none membrane bound single circular DNA chromosome
(properly speaking it should not be referred to as a chromosome, but it in practice is often
called a chromosome
II. Eukaryotic –
- Eukaryotic cells DO have a membrane bound genome - consisting of more than one
LINEAR chromosome, bounded by a double layered nuclear membrane. Fungal, Protist,
plant and animal cells are eukaryotic. Or membrane bound nucleus and organelles
III. A Cellular agents (Viruses): Genomes contain either DNA or RNA; newer agent is
Proteinaceous
-
INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIOLOGY
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
1. Define bacteriology
2. Identify the classification bacteria
3. Identify ways in which bacterial reproduce
4. Discuss factor that enhancing bacterial growth
5. List common bacterial diseases
Definition – is a branch of science that is concerned with study and classification of different
bacteria.
What are bacteria?
Single celled organisms –Unicellular
Are prokaryotic micro-organisms –meaning they lack nucleus and membrane bound
organelles
Very small in size hence there is need for a microscope to see
CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA
It is based on;
(a) Morphology (the shape)
(b) Cell wall - Gram negative (bacteria with thin wall layer – stain red) and gram
positive (bacteria with thicker wall layers –stain violet)
(c) Oxygen requirements
(d) Flagella
(A) MORPHOLOGY (shapes)
SHAPES BACTERIA
Spherical Coccus
Rod shaped Bacillus
Spiral Spirilla
Comma Vibrio
Corkscrew Spirochetes
(B) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON CELL WALL
(a) Gram positive – by gram staining
(b) Gram negative - by gram staining
(c) Capsulated
(d) Non- capsulated
(e) Others – acid fast
(C) CLASSIFCATION BASED ON OXGGEN REQUIREMENTS
(a) Strict aerobes – requires oxygen
(b) Strict anaerobes – requires carbon dioxide
(c) Facultative – can grow either in presences and absences of oxygen
(D) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON FLAGELLA
(a) Non- motile – no flagella
(b) Motile e.g.
i. Monotrichous – one flagella on one end
ii. Lophotrichous – several flagella on one end
iii. Amphitrichous – both ends
iv. Peritrichous – flagella on both sides
REPRODUCTION OF BACTERIA
Two types;
(a) Asexual reproduction
(b) Sexual reproduction
(A) A SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Types of asexual reproduction
(1) Binary fusion
It involves the division of a single cell which results of two cells that are genetically
identical.
A parent cell divides so that each new cell contains a single chromosome carrying a
complete set of DNA identical to that of the parent.
(2) Budding
Each bacterium divides following unequal cell growth and a new daughter cell is formed
(3) Fragmentation
It is a form of asexual reproduction or cloning where an organism is split into fragments.
Bacteria that reproduce extensive filamentous growth reproduce by fragmentation of the
filaments into small bacillary cells each of which gives rises to new growth.
(4) Septum formation
Synthesis of new wall begins at the equatorial ridge, from this site new wall grows
peripherally; half of the entire wall of each daughter cell is derived from the spectrum.
(B) SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
(1) Conjugation
It is a process in which the genetic material of a bacterial cell of a particular strain is
transferred into that of another bacterial cell of a different stain of the two strains of
bacteria involved one acts as donor (or male) and the other as a recipient (or female)
The donor cells are known to processes a sex factor or fertility factor (F factor) as a
component of its circular DNA (F plus stain).
The recipient cell does not have this factor and hence it is described as (F minus strain )
The bacteria swaps DNA through conjugation which allows them to share traits
FACTORS ENCHANCHING BACTERIA GROWTH
(A) Warm temperature
Most bacteria grow optimally at human body temperature- around 37 degrees; some can
survive at high or low temperature that a human body temperature.
(B) Nutrients
Bacteria need to be incorrect balance of carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen etc. for synthesis of
specific material compounds.
(C) Environmental PH
Acidity and alkalinity which is important for bacteria growth (ph. 6-7)
(D) Environmental oxygen
Many types of diseases causing bacteria grow best in an oxygen environment. This is
why many commercial foods are vacuum sealed.
(E) Moisture
A bacterium needs water to grow and die, the moist tissue in the human body e.g. Mouth
vagina and nose provide excellent source of moisture for bacteria growth.
TYPES OF BACTERIA
Coccus e.g. Staphloccous, Strephtoccous
Bacillus e.g. Clotridium ,bacillus anthracis
Mycoplasma e.g.Mycoplasm buccale
Spirillum e.g. Treponema pallidum
Rickettisia e.g. Rickettisia typhi ,Rickettsia africane ( can’t live outside living cell)
